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1
Werthner, H. Qualitative reasoning: Modeling and the generation of behavior. Springer-Verlag, 1994.
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Werthner, Hannes. Qualitative Reasoning: Modeling and the Generation of Behavior. Springer Vienna, 1994.
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3
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., ed. Knowledge-based reasoning in the Paladin tactical decision generation system. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.
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4
Chappell, Alan R. Knowledge-based reasoning in the Paladin Tactical Decision Generation System. Langley Research Center, 1993.
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5
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., ed. Knowledge-based reasoning in the Paladin tactical decision generation system. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.
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6
United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., ed. Knowledge-based reasoning in the Paladin tactical decision generation system. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.
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7
Cornelissen, Joep Paul. Teleological reasoning and knowledge generation in marketing theory: Observations and recommendations. Business School, 2001.
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Cornelissen, Joep Paul. Teleological reasoning and knowledge generation in marketing theory: Observations and recommendations. Manchester Metropolitan University Business School, 2001.
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9
Group, IRIS, ed. Neural and intelligent systems integration: Fifth and sixth generation integrated reasoning information systems. Wiley, 1991.
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10
Sirotkin, Sergey, and Natal'ya Kel'chevskaya. Economic evaluation of investment projects. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1014648.
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The tutorial focuses on challenges of economic evaluation of investment projects. It provides both theoretical and methodological foundations of economic evaluation of investment projects and required a substantial mathematical reasoning. Lighted the economic substance of the investment structure of the investment project, commercial efficiency and financial marketability, and methods of evaluation of investment project risks.
 The material is presented using the normative legal documents, in particular the Tax code of the Russian Federation, Federal laws, accounting regulations and other sources and meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation.
 For students, postgraduates and teachers of economic universities (departments), researchers and practitioners, experts in the field of investment activities of organizations.
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Varlamov, Oleg. 18 examples of mivar expert systems. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1248446.
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Many years of research on mivar technologies of logical artificial intelligence have allowed us to create a new powerful, versatile and fast tool, which is called "multidimensional open gnoseological active net" — "multidimensional open gnoseological active net: MOGAN". This tool allows you to quickly and easily design algorithms and work with logical reasoning in the "If..., Then..." format, and it can be used to model cause-and-effect relationships in different subject areas and create knowledge bases of new-generation applied artificial intelligence systems and real-time mivar expert systems with "Big Knowledge". The reader, after studying this tutorial, you will be able to create mivar expert system with the help of CASMI Wi!Mi. 
 Designed for students, bachelors, masters and postgraduate students studying artificial intelligence methods, as well as for users, experts and specialists, creating a system of information processing and management, mivar models, expert systems, automated control systems, systems of decision support and Recommender systems.
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IGOShIN, Vladimir. Logic with elements of mathematical logic. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1856361.
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In the textbook, traditional logic is presented from the point of view of mathematical logic. Mathematization begins with the study of the topic "Concept", continues with the topic "Judgment" and reaches its greatest effectiveness in the study of deductive reasoning. Thus, the most effective part of traditional logic is subjected to mathematization.
 The issues of the relationship between logic and intuition in thought processes, the role of language in them, as well as plausible conclusions and elements of the theory of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic are considered.
 Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
 It is addressed primarily to students of mathematical fields of study and specialties of universities, especially future teachers of mathematics and computer science, studying both at the bachelor's and master's level at pedagogical and classical universities. It will also be useful for students of humanities and university specialties — lawyers, philosophers, political scientists, sociologists, economists, historians, philologists, linguists who study traditional logic and want to learn how mathematical methods penetrate into humanitarian fields of knowledge, including the direction of "Applied Informatics".
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Varlamov, Oleg. Mivar databases and rules. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1508665.
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The multidimensional open epistemological active network MOGAN is the basis for the transition to a qualitatively new level of creating logical artificial intelligence. Mivar databases and rules became the foundation for the creation of MOGAN. The results of the analysis and generalization of data representation structures of various data models are presented: from relational to "Entity — Relationship" (ER-model). On the basis of this generalization, a new model of data and rules is created: the mivar information space "Thing-Property-Relation". The logic-computational processing of data in this new model of data and rules is shown, which has linear computational complexity relative to the number of rules. MOGAN is a development of Rule - Based Systems and allows you to quickly and easily design algorithms and work with logical reasoning in the "If..., Then..." format. An example of creating a mivar expert system for solving problems in the model area "Geometry"is given. Mivar databases and rules can be used to model cause-and-effect relationships in different subject areas and to create knowledge bases of new-generation applied artificial intelligence systems and real-time mivar expert systems with the transition to"Big Knowledge". 
 The textbook in the field of training "Computer Science and Computer Engineering" is intended for students, bachelors, undergraduates, postgraduates studying artificial intelligence methods used in information processing and management systems, as well as for users and specialists who create mivar knowledge models, expert systems, automated control systems and decision support systems. 
 Keywords: cybernetics, artificial intelligence, mivar, mivar networks, databases, data models, expert system, intelligent systems, multidimensional open epistemological active network, MOGAN, MIPRA, KESMI, Wi!Mi, Razumator, knowledge bases, knowledge graphs, knowledge networks, Big knowledge, products, logical inference, decision support systems, decision-making systems, autonomous robots, recommendation systems, universal knowledge tools, expert system designers, logical artificial intelligence.
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Ergativity: Argument structure and grammatical relations. CSLI Publications, 1996.
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Dancy, Jonathan. Reasoning to Normative Belief. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805441.003.0009.
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This chapter considers the first of two worked-out views that are opposed to mine, namely Joseph Raz’s claim that the only thing worth calling practical reasoning is reasoning to ‘practical beliefs’ such as the belief that one has most reason or ought, to act in a certain way. It considers Raz’s various arguments on the point, suggesting in various ways that Raz’s arguments, if sound, would apply equally well to reasoning to belief, generating a regress. It addresses issues to do with equipollence, which arrives when reasoning serves up more than one equally good form of response. It concludes that Raz’s position cannot be maintained.
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Gerstenberg, Tobias, and Joshua B. Tenenbaum. Intuitive Theories. Edited by Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.28.
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This chapter first explains what intuitive theories are, how they can be modeled as probabilistic, generative programs, and how intuitive theories support various cognitive functions such as prediction, counterfactual reasoning, and explanation. It focuses on two domains of knowledge: people’s intuitive understanding of physics, and their intuitive understanding of psychology. It shows how causal judgments can be modeled as counterfactual contrasts operating over an intuitive theory of physics, and how explanations of an agent’s behavior are grounded in a rational planning model that is inverted to infer the agent’s beliefs, desires, and abilities. It concludes by highlighting some of the challenges that the intuitive theories framework faces, such as understanding how intuitive theories are learned and developed.
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Danks, David. The Psychology of Causal Perception and Reasoning. Edited by Helen Beebee, Christopher Hitchcock, and Peter Menzies. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199279739.003.0022.
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Causal beliefs and reasoning are deeply embedded in many parts of our cognition. We are clearly ‘causal cognizers’, as we easily and automatically (try to) learn the causal structure of the world, use causal knowledge to make decisions and predictions, generate explanations using our beliefs about the causal structure of the world, and use causal knowledge in many other ways. Because causal cognition is so ubiquitous, psychological research into it is itself an enormous topic, and literally hundreds of people have devoted entire careers to the study of it. Causal cognition can be divided into two rough categories: causal learning and causal reasoning. The former encompasses the processes by which we learn about causal relations in the world at both the type and token levels; the latter refers to the ways in which we use those causal beliefs to make further inferences, decisions, predictions, and so on.
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Church, Ellen Booth. Nurturing Next-Generation Innovators: Open-Ended Activities to Support Global Thinking. Gryphon House, Incorporated, 2016.
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Accuplacer Next Generation Math Practice Test Questions: Study Guide for Arithmetic, Quantitative Reasoning, Statistics, Algebra & Advanced Algebra, ... CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017.
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Weisberg, Deena Skolnick, and David M. Sobel. Constructing Science. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11939.001.0001.
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An examination of children's causal reasoning capacities and how those capacities serve as the foundation of their scientific thinking. Young children have remarkable capacities for causal reasoning, which are part of the foundation of their scientific thinking abilities. In Constructing Science, Deena Weisberg and David Sobel trace the ways that young children's sophisticated causal reasoning abilities combine with other cognitive, metacognitive, and social factors to develop into a more mature set of scientific thinking abilities. Conceptualizing scientific thinking as the suite of skills that allows people to generate hypotheses, solve problems, and explain aspects of the world, Weisberg and Sobel argue that understanding how this capacity develops can offer insights into how we can become a more scientifically literate society. Investigating the development of causal reasoning and how it sets the stage for scientific thinking in the elementary school years and beyond, Weisberg and Sobel outline a framework for understanding how children represent and learn causal knowledge and identify key variables that differ between causal reasoning and scientific thinking. They present empirical studies suggesting ways to bridge the gap between causal reasoning and scientific thinking, focusing on two factors: contextualization and metacognitive thinking abilities. Finally, they examine children's explicit understanding of such concepts as science, learning, play, and teaching.
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Neta, Ram. The Motivating Power of the A Priori Obvious. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797074.003.0010.
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How does moral reasoning motivate? Michael Smith argues that it does so by rationally constraining us to have desires that motivate, but the plausibility of his argument rests on a false assumption about the relation between wide-scope and narrow-scope constraints of rationality. Michael Huemer argues that it does so by generating motivating appearances, but the plausibility of his argument rests on a false assumption about the skeptical costs of a thoroughgoing empiricism. The chapter defends an alternative view, according to which moral facts can be a priori obvious, and our a priori knowledge of them can motivate us to act.
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Mitsuyo, Toyoda. Recollecting Local Narratives on the Land Ethic. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190456320.003.0011.
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Indigenous Japanese narratives about the land and its relation with human societies have been handed down from generation to generation as guides to appropriate human conduct. Though Japan has a rich heritage of such narratives about nature, their value has not been properly appreciated because of the adoption of a modern epistemology, which is primarily based on scientific reasoning. Japanese mythological accounts of the world provide a treasure trove of ideas for constructing a land ethic rooted in local traditions. Aldo Leopold’s land ethic offers the notion of biotic community based on his actual observation of nature from an ecological perspective, treating humans as plain members and citizens of the biotic community. Japanese nature narratives provide guidance for living safely and sustainably in harmony with the natural world. The collection of these narratives, therefore, is an important source for a Japanese land ethic built upon the unique cultural heritage of Japan.
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Aldrich, John H., James E. Alt, and Arthur Lupia. The Eitm Approach: Origins and Interpretations. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0037.
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This article describes the National Science Foundation (NSF)'s initiative to close the gap between theory and methods. It also deals with the Empirical Implications of Theoretical Models (EITM) as currently understood as a way of thinking about causal inference in service to causal reasoning. Additionally, it explores the approach's origins and various ways in which NSF's call to EITM action has been interpreted. It makes a brief attempt to explain why the EITM approach emerged, why it is valuable, and how it is currently understood. It then contends that EITM has been interpreted in multiple ways. It emphasizes a subset of extant interpretations and, in the process, offers views about the most constructive way forward. The idea of EITM is to bring deduction and induction, hypothesis generation and hypothesis testing, close together.
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Coseru, Christian. Consciousness and Causal Emergence. Edited by Jonardon Ganeri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199314621.013.24.
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In challenging the physicalist conception of consciousness advanced by Cārvāka materialists such as Bṛhaspati, the Buddhist philosopher Śāntarakṣita addresses a series of key issues about the nature of causality and the basis of cognition. This chapter considers whether causal accounts of generation for material bodies are adequate in explaining how conscious awareness comes to have the structural features and phenomenal properties that it does. Arguments against reductive physicalism, it is claimed, can benefit from an understanding of the structure of phenomenal consciousness that does not eschew causal-explanatory reasoning. Against causal models that rely on the concept of potentiality, the Buddhist principle of “dependent arising” underscores a dynamic conception of efficient causality, which allows for elements defined primarily in terms of their capacity for sentience and agency to be causally efficacious.
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Lobina, David J. Probing recursion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785156.003.0007.
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The experimental probing of recursion in human performance is fraught with non-trivial problems. Here, a number of case studies from the literature are analysed that contrast with the approach set out in chapter 5, and it is proposed that they give little information about the underlying mental processes at play within each of these domains. Among the questions discussed are whether experimental participants employ recursive rules in parsing artificial strings of nonsense syllables, the role of self-embedded structures in reasoning and general cognition, and the reputed connection between structural features of a visuospatial object and the corresponding recursive rules needed to represent or generate it. What a recursive process would actually look like and how one could go about probing its presence in human behaviour is then re-emphasized.
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Holt, Robin, and Mike Zundel. What Paradox? Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.3.
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This chapter investigates the relationship between paradox and the logical typing of classes and members. Class-based thinking affords efficiency in communication and the progressive, additive development of knowledge, but also creates fissures, shortcuts, truncations, and delimitations that generate paradoxical confusion when the rough ground of experience is brought into communion with the smooth conceptual space occupied by classes and members. The chapter explores possibilities for a different form of analytic reasoning manifest in a physiologically adapted style of movement that emphasizes interconnectedness and interdependency, which Gregory Bateson calls “grace”: the successful integration of smaller with wider arcs of awareness. This is developed here into a method for studying organizational phenomena using the example of an organizational routine, arguing that this may be one way of analytically appreciating the interactive systems that forever evade our conscious and conceptual grasp.
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Lassiter, Daniel. Previous work on graded modality: Lewis and Kratzer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701347.003.0003.
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This chapter begins the discussion of graded modality with a review of two influential previous accounts. Lewis’ qualitative theory of comparative goodness begins with an ordinal scale – like those discussed in chapter 2, but composed of propositions rather than individuals. Measurement-theoretic considerations reveal that Lewis’ semantics is inadequate on several fronts, including the interpretation of quantitative comparisons (much better than) and a problematic ‘maximax’ feature that Lewis himself identifies. Kratzer’s proposal – a modification of Lewis’ which extends the account to non-gradable modals and graded epistemics – is presented, along with a compositional implementation using tools developed in ch.2. This theory shares the problems of Lewis’ theory, and adds additional problems due to unified treatment of epistemic and deontic modals. While this unification is methodologically attractive, it is also empirically problematic because epistemic and deontic comparatives generate radically different validities in cases involving disjunction and subset reasoning.
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Park, Jin Y. Zen Buddhism and the Space of Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499778.003.0004.
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This essay discusses Buddhist ethics from Zen and Huayan Buddhist perspectives. It proposes that Zen Buddhist ethics underlines the importance of the ethical agent’s awareness of the fundamental gap between the reality of the world and the agent’s capacity to fully understand the total reality, and this gap inevitably creates a tension in the ethical agent’s mind. This tension is a positive guideline that demands of the ethical agent a constant and consistent self-reflection when making ethical decisions. Moral norms can offer a contour of our ethical life, but, from the Zen and Huayan perspectives, crucial to ethical reasoning is one’s capacity to be aware of multifaceted causes and conditions that generate an event and the venerability of the ethical agent’s hermeneutic capacity to fully grasp the total realty. Ethics emerges in the space of this tension when the tension is positively channeled through the moral agent’s self-cultivation.
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Bryman, Alan, and David A. Buchanan, eds. Unconventional Methodology in Organization and Management Research. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796978.001.0001.
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This book describes twelve unconventional methodologies in organization and management research. These include unconventional research settings and data sources, unconventional research designs and data collection methods, unconventional analytic approaches, and designs and methods that exploit new technology developments. Our aim is to encourage dialogue and experimentation with regard to the development of innovative, unconventional approaches to organization and management research. Several commentators have criticized the way in which research methods have become more formulaic, and have argued for greater diversity in research approaches. The methodological perspective that we adopt also shapes our interpretation of the information that we gather. Different methods generate different kinds of information, leading to different ways of understanding the phenomena that we are investigating. Our methods influence our styles of theorizing, ways of thinking and reasoning, and forms of writing and reporting research. This book will be of value to academic researchers in organization and management studies, Doctoral candidates, and Masters students on MBA and similar programmes.
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Walton, Christopher. Agency and the Semantic Web. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199292486.001.0001.
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This highly topical text considers the construction of the next generation of the Web, called the Semantic Web. This will enable computers to automatically consume Web-based information, overcoming the human-centric focus of the Web as it stands at present, and expediting the construction of a whole new class of knowledge-based applications that will intelligently utilize Web content. The text is structured into three main sections on knowledge representation techniques, reasoning with multi-agent systems, and knowledge services. For each of these topics, the text provides an overview of the state-of-the-art techniques and the popular standards that have been defined. Numerous small programming examples are given, which demonstrate how the benefits of the Semantic Web technologies can be realized at the present time. The main theoretical results underlying each of the technologies are presented, and the main problems and research issues which remain are summarized. Based on a course on 'Multi-Agent Systems and the Semantic Web' taught at the University of Edinburgh, this text is ideal for final-year undergraduate and graduate students in Mathematics, Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence, and Logic and researchers interested in Multi-Agent Systems and the Semantic Web.
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Siegler, Robert S. Emerging Minds. Oxford University Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195077872.001.0001.
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How do children acquire the vast array of concepts, strategies, and skills that distinguish the thinking of infants and toddlers from that of preschoolers, older children, and adolescents? In this new book, Robert Siegler addresses these and other fundamental questions about children's thinking. Previous theories have tended to depict cognitive development much like a staircase. At an early age, children think in one way; as they get older, they step up to increasingly higher ways of thinking. Siegler proposes that viewing the development within an evolutionary framework is more useful than a staircase model. The evolution of species depends on mechanisms for generating variability, for choosing adaptively among the variants, and for preserving the lessons of past experience so that successful variants become increasingly prevalent. The development of children's thinking appears to depend on mechanisms to fulfill these same functions. Siegler's theory is consistent with a great deal of evidence. It unifies phenomena from such areas as problem solving, reasoning, and memory, and reveals commonalities in the thinking of people of all ages. Most important, it leads to valuable insights regarding a basic question about children's thinking asked by cognitive, developmental, and educational psychologists: How does change occur?
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Lenhard, Johannes. Calculated Surprises. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190873288.001.0001.
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In this book, Lenhard concentrates on the ways in which computers and simulation are transforming the established conception of mathematical modeling. His core thesis is that simulation modeling constitutes a new mode of mathematical modeling that is rearranging and inverting key features of the established conception. Although most of these new key features—such as experimentation, exploration, and epistemic opacity—have their precursors, the new ways in which they are being combined is generating a distinctive style of scientific reasoning. Lenhard also documents how simulation is affecting fundamental concepts of solution, understanding, and validation. He feeds these transformations back into the philosophy of science, thereby opening up new perspectives on longstanding oppositions. By combining historical investigations with practical aspects, the book is accessible for a broad audience of readers. Numerous case studies covering a wide range of simulation techniques are balanced with broad reflections on science and technology. Initially, what computers are good at is calculating—with a speed and accuracy far beyond human capabilities. Lenhard goes further and investigates the emerging characteristics of computer-based modeling, showing how this initially simple observation is creating a number of surprising challenges for the methodology and epistemology of science. These calculated surprises will attract both philosophers and scientific practitioners who are interested in reflecting on recent developments in science and technology.
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Wilson, Mark. Physics Avoidance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803478.001.0001.
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“Physics avoidance” refers to the fact that we frequently cannot reason about nature in the straightforward manner we anticipate, but must seek alternate policies to address the questions we want answered in a tractable way. Within both science and everyday life, we find ourselves tacitly relying upon thought processes that reach useful answers in opaque and roundabout manners. Conceptual innovators are often puzzled by the techniques they develop, when they stumble across reasoning patterns that are easy to implement but difficult to justify. But simple techniques frequently rest upon complex foundations—a young magician learns how to execute a card guessing trick without understanding how its progressive steps squeeze in on a correct answer. As we collectively improve our inferential skills in this evolving manner, we often wander into unfamiliar explanatory landscapes in which simple words encode physical information in complex and unanticipated ways. We have learned how to reach better conclusions, but we have become baffled by our successes. At its best, philosophical reflection illuminates the natural developmental processes that generate these confusions. But a number of widely shared methodological presumptions currently operate to opposite effect—they obscure the very tactics that advance our descriptive capacities. To correct these misapprehensions, sharper diagnostic tools are wanted. The nine new essays within this collection illustrate this need for finer discriminations through a range of informative cases of historical and contemporary significance.
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Fuerstein, Michael. Experiments in Living Together. Oxford University Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197784280.001.0001.
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Abstract This book argues that democracy enables progress through “experiments in living”: trying out new moral ideas and learning from the experience of acting on them together. Drawing on research in social psychology and several detailed historical case studies—same-sex marriage, women’s integration into the workforce, and school desegregation—the book illuminates the role of novel experience in building community: linkages of emotion and identity across a democratic public. And it shows how these linkages enable diverse citizens to flourish together. Democracy promotes valuable forms of experimentation through its distinctive egalitarian architecture. By distributing basic powers indiscriminately, it gives the most aggrieved a fulcrum to initiate changes in practice. By refiguring patterns of social interaction, such changes generate transformative changes in social experience that support moral learning. Prevailing “deliberative” approaches to democracy, by contrast, neglect the role of such experience in shaping citizens’ deliberative reasoning. Likewise, technocratic (or “epistocratic”) skeptics of democracy focus on short-term measures of voter competence but neglect the impact of experience on long-term changes in social beliefs and practice. The moral rationality of democracy cannot be gauged from surveys of “voter knowledge.” The book’s analysis yields a prescription for democracy’s contemporary malaise: repairing democracy in the face of populist threats requires attending to failures of community more than improving knowledge or competence.
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Langland-Hassan, Peter. Explaining Imagination. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815068.001.0001.
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Imagination will remain a mystery—we will not be able to explain imagination—until we can break it into simpler parts that are more easily understood. Explaining Imagination is a guidebook for doing just that, where the simpler parts are other familiar mental states like beliefs, desires, judgments, decisions, and intentions. In different combinations and contexts, these states constitute cases of imagining. This reductive approach to imagination is at direct odds with the current orthodoxy, which sees imagination as an irreducible, sui generis mental state or process—one that influences our judgments, beliefs, desires, and so on, without being constituted by them. Explaining Imagination looks closely at the main contexts where imagination is thought to be at work and argues that, in each case, the capacity is best explained by appeal to a person’s beliefs, judgments, desires, intentions, or decisions. The proper conclusion is not that there are no imaginings after all, but that these other states simply constitute the relevant cases of imagining. Contexts explored in depth include: hypothetical and counterfactual reasoning, engaging in pretense, appreciating fictions, and generating creative works. The special role of mental imagery within states like beliefs, desires, and judgments is explained in a way that is compatible with reducing imagination to more basic folk psychological states. A significant upshot is that, in order to create an artificial mind with an imagination, we need only give it these more ordinary mental states.
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Copeland, Rita. Emotion and the History of Rhetoric in the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845122.001.0001.
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Rhetoric is an engine of social discourse and the art charged with generating and swaying emotion. The history of rhetoric provides a continuous structure by which we can measure how emotions were understood, articulated, and mobilized under various historical circumstances and social contracts. This book is about how rhetoric in the West from Late Antiquity to the later Middle Ages represented the role of emotion in shaping persuasions. It is the first book-length study of medieval rhetoric and the emotions, coloring in what has largely been a blank space between about 600 CE and the cusp of early modernity. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages, as in other periods, constituted the gateway training for anyone engaged in emotionally persuasive writing. Medieval rhetorical thought on emotion has multiple strands of influence and sedimentations of practice. The earliest and most persistent tradition treated emotional persuasion as a property of surface stylistic effect, which can be seen in the medieval rhetorics of poetry and prose, and in literary production. But the impact of Aristotelian rhetoric, which reached the Latin West in the thirteenth century, gave emotional persuasion a core role in reasoning, incorporating it into the key device of proof, the enthymeme. In Aristotle, medieval teachers and writers found a new rhetorical language to explain the social and psychological factors that affect an audience. With Aristotelian rhetoric, the emotions became political. The impact of Aristotle’s rhetorical approach to emotions was to be felt in medieval political treatises, in poetry, and in preaching.
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Purcell, Kate. Geographical Change and the Law of the Sea. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743644.001.0001.
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This book examines the implications of geographical change for maritime jurisdiction under the law of the sea. In a multistranded intervention, it analyses and critiques both the explicit and implicit reasoning underpinning the familiar claim that maritime limits are, as a general rule, ambulatory—shifting with changes to the coast. The book examines and challenges related and analogous arguments regarding the implications of geographical change for maritime boundaries. It attempts to clarify the principles and presumptions bearing upon an assessment of the fluidity of boundaries generally. Finally, it considers and contests claims that entitlement to maritime space will be lost if the features generating such entitlement are submerged by rising seas. This analysis is extended in a comment on the implications of a loss of habitable land and large-scale population displacement for continuing territorial sovereignty and statehood. The in-depth analysis of the existing law in this book offers new answers to the question of the implications of geographical change for entitlement to maritime space, maritime limits, and international maritime boundaries. It also helps to clarify the circumstances in which either or both territorial sovereignty and statehood may be lost, explaining why the impacts of climate change upon land and population will not automatically have this result—even if the affected State is no longer ‘effective’ as a State or territorial sovereign. The book includes an analysis of the principle of intertemporal law that suggests a useful framework for considering questions of stability and change in international law more broadly.
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Rampinelli, Giuliano Arns, and Solange Machado. Manual de sistemas fotovoltaicos de geração distribuída: Teoria e prática. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-330-5.
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This book started from a desire to contribute scientifically with the knowledge about photovoltaic solar energy – an art promoted and developed by members of School of Sun and the NTEEL Solar. It has been possible through the research groups from School of Sun Project and the Electric Energy Technological Nucleus – Solar (NTEEL Solar). The School of Sun is a project from Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC) which promotes scientific knowledge by the promotion of the information. The NTEEL Solar is a group which develops projects and scientific research in Photovoltaic Solar Energy and its applications. This work presents topics about the Brazilian electrical sector and its commercialization of energy, concepts about the reasoning and measurement of the solar radiation, characteristics and technologies of photovoltaic cells and modules; characteristics and technologies of inverters; monitoring and analysis of the photovoltaic systems; consumptions and generation profiles, rules and law, operation and maintenance of systems, softwares to dimension and simulate systems, and energy efficiency at buildings. It is a pleasure to share these research results from projects and scientific researches with you, dear reader. We would like to thank all the people that have been helping us with research so far, especially with this book. We are also thankful for the organizations which have been supporting us: the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), the School of Sun (UFSC), the Electric Energy Technological Nucleus – NTEEL Solar, Graduate Program in Energy and Sustainability (PPGES), the Undergraduate Program in Energy Engineering, the Coordination of Personnel Improvement of Graduate and Undergraduate Studies (CAPES), The National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) and the Foundation of Support to Scientific Research and Innovation from Santa Catarina State (FAPESC). This book contributes scientifically to the promotion of renewable technology, reliable, competitive; towards sustainable development. We hope that you appreciate it and have a great reading.