Journal articles: 'Generic terms'

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Tristram, H. B. "On Use and Abuse of Generic Terms." Ibis 37, no. 1 (June 28, 2008): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919x.1895.tb06515.x.

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Dybkaer, René. "Generic division of ‘quantity’ and related terms." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 16, no. 12 (September 11, 2011): 649–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-011-0823-9.

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Schulze, Wolfgang. "Generic Terms for Domestic Animals in East Caucasian." IRAN and the CAUCASUS 18, no. 3 (August 21, 2014): 213–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20140303.

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The present paper aims at a closer inspection of historical layers of the lexicon of East Caucasian by looking at a small set of lexical forms that are related to the world of concepts for domestic animals. The paper concentrates on these terms also in order to discuss the question to which extent the reconstructability of corresponding forms for Proto-East Caucasian may shed light on some of the economical patterns of the speakers of this language. It will be shown that much of the terminology for domestic animals has to be related to earlier or later loan layers or to innovative processes within the subgroups. The fact that very few of the terms occurring in one of the domains at issue (‘cow’, ‘horse’, ‘donkey’, ‘pig’, ‘sheep’, ‘goat’) can be reconstructed for Proto-East Caucasian is related to the assumption that lexical terms that are strongly related to the praxeological dimension of socioeconomic concepts tend to be rather instable and adaptable over times to changes with respect to these praxeological patterns. The paper also strongly advocates for a closer consideration and isolation of loan layers present in the individual East Caucasian languages prior to any enterprise aiming at the reconstruction of Proto-East Caucasian lexical units.

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Hamilton, Mykol C. "Masculine Generic Terms and Misperception of AIDS Risk1." Journal of Applied Social Psychology 18, no. 14 (November 1988): 1222–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1988.tb01203.x.

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Lira, Claudio Andre Barbosa de, Jéssica Nathalia Soares Oliveira, Marília dos Santos Andrade, Cássia Regina Vancini-Campanharo, and Rodrigo Luiz Vancini. "Knowledge, perceptions and use of generic drugs: a cross sectional study." Einstein (São Paulo) 12, no. 3 (September 2014): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082014ao3125.

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Objective To assess the level of knowledge, perceptions and usage profile for generic drugs among laypersons. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 278 volunteers (180 women and 98 men, aged 37.1±15.8 years). A questionnaire was drawn up with questions on their use, perceptions and knowledge of generic drugs. Results Most respondents (99.6%) knew that generic drugs exist, but only 48.6% were able to define them correctly, while 78.8% of the respondents had some information about generics. This information was obtained mainly through television (49.3%). In terms of generic drug characteristics, 79.1% stated that they were confident about their efficacy, 74.8% believed that generic drugs have the same effect as branded medications, 88.8% said that generics were priced lower than branded medications, and 80.2% stated that they bought generic drugs because of price. With regard to drugs prescribed by medical practitioners, 17.6% of the participants said that their doctors never prescribed generics and only 7.5% confirmed that their doctors always prescribed generics. Conclusion For the lay public, the sample in this study has sufficient knowledge of generic drugs in terms of definition, efficacy and cost. Consequently, the volunteers interviewed are very likely to use generics. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that programs should be implemented in order to boost generic drug prescriptions by medical practitioners.

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Campbell, Jon C. "Stream Generic Terms as Indicators of Historical Settlement Patterns." Names 39, no. 4 (December 1991): 333–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/nam.1991.39.4.333.

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Erçalışkan, Abdülkadir, Duygu Seyhan Erdoğan, and Ahmet Emre Eşkazan. "Current evidence on the efficacy and safety of generic imatinib in CML and the impact of generics on health care costs." Blood Advances 5, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 3344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004194.

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Abstract Since the introduction of imatinib, the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has changed considerably. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the mainstay of CML treatment; however, the high financial burden of TKIs can be problematic for both the patients and health care systems. After the emergence of generics, reimbursement policies of many countries have changed, and generics offered an alternative treatment option for CML patients. There are many papers published on the use of generics in CML patients with conflicting results regarding both efficacy and safety. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the current literature on generic imatinib use in CML, and 36 papers were evaluated. Both in vitro and in vivo studies of generic imatinib showed comparable results with branded imatinib in terms of bioequivalence and bioavailability. In most studies, generics were comparable with the original molecule in terms of efficacy and safety, both in newly diagnosed patients and after switching from Gleevec. Some generic studies showed contradictory findings regarding efficacy and toxicity, and these differences can be attributed to some factors including the use of different generics in different countries. Both in hypothetical models and in real life, introduction of generic imatinib caused significant reduction in health care costs. In conclusion, generics are not inferior to original imatinib in terms of efficacy with an acceptable toxicity profile. Notwithstanding the generally favorable efficacy and safety of generics worldwide to date, we most probably still need more time to draw firmer conclusions on the longer-term outcomes of generics.

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Hall, F. M. "Demise of generic terms "osteoporosis" and "osteopenia" in radiology reporting." American Journal of Roentgenology 173, no. 4 (October 1999): 1127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.173.4.10511193.

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CAPRASSE, H., J. DEMARET, and P. HOUBA. "A FIRST STUDY OF GENERIC CUBIC TERMS IN GRAVITATION THEORIES." International Journal of Modern Physics D 02, no. 03 (September 1993): 257–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271893000209.

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The generic cubic contributions to the Lagrangian of gravitation theory are considered. Field equations are determined and put in their simplest form. In the framework of Bianchi I cosmological models with a metric which is power-like in time, algebraic equations are obtained and their exact solutions are derived exploiting computer algebra techniques. These solutions are fully discussed. The analysis is, presently, essentially restricted to a space-time dimension equal to four but results obtained here open the way to an analysis in any dimension.

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Betz, Volker, and Stefan Teufel. "Precise Coupling Terms in Adiabatic Quantum Evolution: The Generic Case." Communications in Mathematical Physics 260, no. 2 (August 16, 2005): 481–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00220-005-1419-1.

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CIRILO ANTÓNIO, N., N. MANOJLOVIĆ, and Z. NAGY. "TRIGONOMETRIC sℓ(2) GAUDIN MODEL WITH BOUNDARY TERMS." Reviews in Mathematical Physics 25, no. 10 (November 2013): 1343004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129055x13430046.

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We review the derivation of the Gaudin model with integrable boundaries. Starting from the non-symmetric R-matrix of the inhomogeneous spin-½ XXZ chain and generic solutions of the reflection equation and the dual reflection equation, the corresponding Gaudin Hamiltonians with boundary terms are calculated. An alternative derivation based on the so-called classical reflection equation is discussed.

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Gupta, Anil, and Leah Savion. "Greg N. Carlson. Generic terms and generic sentences. Journal of philosophical logic, vol. 11 (1982), pp. 145–181." Journal of Symbolic Logic 50, no. 3 (September 1985): 858–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274343.

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Lee, Meng-Chen, and Werner Abraham. "Episodic versus generic eventualities and nominals." STUF - Language Typology and Universals 73, no. 4 (November 26, 2020): 441–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/stuf-2020-1016.

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AbstractThis paper proposes an analysis of the DP structure of Chinese in comparison with German and other West Germanic languages, particularly English. The analysis is linked to sentence structure, particularly event structure of the respective languages and the relation between nominal classifiers and sentential tense. Chinese is a language without nominal declension; German is not as other Indo-European languages. Among the inflectional paradigms, German has retained from earlier periods, and developed further, the coding of topicality in terms of familiarity and anaphoricity. While Chinese shares with German clause syntactic topicality, it does so purely in terms of clause-early and clause-late word order. German, by contrast, involves specific positions in the serial middle field to code referential familiarity, anaphoricity, and, above all, weak versus strong referential weight to distinguish, among other functions, specific versus unspecific reference. The categories involved in coding such properties in German are determiners and the declensional morphology of attributes (‘strong’ versus ‘weak’ inflection providing specific reference). This paper investigates the regularities of weak and strong reference in Chinese. The discussion yields insight into the structural coding that Chinese provides instead of what is encoded in German in morphological terms on adjectival attributes and in terms determiners ((in)definite articles and bare nouns). In the course, the discussion around mass versus count nouns and the role of classifiers is brought up and newly evaluated on the basis of the new referential distinctions.

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Cetean, Sînziana, Călin Căinap, Olga Soriţău, Corina Tatomir, Piroska Virag, Adriana Hangan, Luminiţa Oprean, and Radu Oprean. "Platinum derivatives: generic brands vs. original, in vitro tests." Revista Romana de Medicina de Laborator 23, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rrlm-2015-0043.

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Abstract The entry of the generic drugs on the market was an impressive development of the pharmaceutical industry and due to their lower prices also a decrease in the cost price for the treatment of patients. The difference in price (sometimes even 50%) between generics and original and different response to therapy sometimes raised serious questions related to their therapeutic equivalence. The scientific community is increasingly interested in this aspect, with studies (in vitro and on patients) demonstrated statistically significant differences in terms of differences generic / original drug. In this context, the aim of our study was to assess the in vitro cytotoxic activity of oxaliplatin (original and generic drug) on DLD-1 cell lines, HT-29, and carboplatin cytotoxic activity (and the reference molecule from Santa Cruz Biotechnology) on cell line A2780. Cell viability was evaluated using the MTT assay. Regarding the cell line DLD-1, IC50 values of generics was lower than the original after exposure for 24 hours to oxaliplatin but after 48 hours of exposure were not statistically significant differences. HT-29 line has a higher resistance to chemotherapy compared with oxaliplatin, the IC 50 values after 48 hours of exposure are higher than those for the line DLD-1. IC50 values are confirmed by morphological analysis of cells. Regarding carboplatin were not recorded statistically significant differences between the two generic drugs tested. Although other studies reported differences between generic and branded drugs in terms of hypersensibility reactions, adverse effects and efficacity, we cannot extrapolate our findings to the patients. Further studies on patients are neeeded for a better evaluation of the efficacity of generic vs. original drugs.

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Bosetto, Elena, Enrico Serra, and Susanna Terracini. "Generic-Type Results for Chaotic Dynamics in Equations with Periodic Forcing Terms." Journal of Differential Equations 180, no. 1 (March 2002): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jdeq.2001.4053.

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AlAmeri, Mubarak, Miran Epstein, and Atholl Johnston. "Generic and therapeutic substitutions: are they always ethical in their own terms?" Pharmacy World & Science 32, no. 6 (October 6, 2010): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9429-2.

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Ribeiro de Almeida, Alberto. "Geographical Indications Versus Trade Marks and Generic Terms: The US–China Agreement." IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 51, no. 3 (March 2020): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40319-020-00923-0.

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Lehec, Joseph. "Cover Times and Generic Chaining." Journal of Applied Probability 51, no. 01 (March 2014): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200010214.

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A recent result of Ding, Lee and Peres (2012) expressed the cover time of the random walk on a graph in terms of generic chaining for the commute distance. Their argument is based on Dynkin's isomorphism theorem. The purpose of this article is to present an alternative approach to this problem, based only on elementary hitting time estimates and chaining arguments.

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Lehec, Joseph. "Cover Times and Generic Chaining." Journal of Applied Probability 51, no. 1 (March 2014): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1395771427.

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A recent result of Ding, Lee and Peres (2012) expressed the cover time of the random walk on a graph in terms of generic chaining for the commute distance. Their argument is based on Dynkin's isomorphism theorem. The purpose of this article is to present an alternative approach to this problem, based only on elementary hitting time estimates and chaining arguments.

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Katz, Gabriel. "Complexity of shadows and traversing flows in terms of the simplicial volume." Journal of Topology and Analysis 08, no. 03 (June 8, 2016): 501–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793525316500217.

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We combine Gromov’s amenable localization technique with the Poincaré duality to study the traversally generic vector flows on smooth compact manifolds [Formula: see text] with boundary. Such flows generate well-understood stratifications of [Formula: see text] by the trajectories that are tangent to the boundary in a particular canonical fashion. Specifically, we get lower estimates of the numbers of connected components of these flow-generated strata of any given codimension. These universal bounds are basically expressed in terms of the normed homology of the fundamental groups [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] denotes the double of [Formula: see text]. The norm here is the Gromov simplicial semi-norm in homology. It turns out that some close relatives of the normed homology spaces [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] form obstructions to the existence of [Formula: see text]-convex traversally generic vector flows on [Formula: see text].

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JEONG, KWANG SIK. "SEQUESTERED UPLIFTING AND THE PATTERN OF SOFT SUPERSYMMETRY BREAKING TERMS." Modern Physics Letters A 23, no. 24 (August 10, 2008): 1981–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732308027345.

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We examine the pattern of soft supersymmetry breaking terms in moduli stabilization, where an uplifting potential is provided by spontaneously broken supersymmetry in a generic sequestered sector. From stationary conditions, we derive the relation between moduli F-term vacuum expectation values which does not depend on the details of sequestered uplifting. This moduli F-term relation that reflects the sequestering structure is crucial for identifying the dominant source of soft terms of visible fields.

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Scharfe, Hartmut, and Peter M. Schare. "The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya, and Mīmāṃsā." Journal of the American Oriental Society 120, no. 1 (January 2000): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/604912.

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Zhuang, Xiong, and Bacalis N. C. "A generic procedure for determining atomic LS spectral terms and their LS eigenfunctions." Chinese Physics B 18, no. 2 (February 2009): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/18/2/026.

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Kastrup, H. A. "Quantization in terms of symplectic groups: The harmonic oscillator as a generic example." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 284 (March 1, 2011): 012036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/284/1/012036.

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Scharf, Peter M. "The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyaya, and Mimamsa." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 86, no. 3 (1996): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006608.

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VAN NOORT, THOMAS, ALEXEY RODRIGUEZ YAKUSHEV, STEFAN HOLDERMANS, JOHAN JEURING, BASTIAAN HEEREN, and JOSÉ PEDRO MAGALHÃES. "A lightweight approach to datatype-generic rewriting." Journal of Functional Programming 20, no. 3-4 (July 2010): 375–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796810000183.

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AbstractTerm-rewriting systems can be expressed as generic programs parameterised over the shape of the terms being rewritten. Previous implementations of generic rewriting libraries require users to either adapt the datatypes that are used to describe these terms or to specify rewrite rules as functions. These are fundamental limitations: the former implies a lot of work for the user, while the latter makes it hard if not impossible to document, test, and analyze rewrite rules. In this article, we demonstrate how to overcome these limitations by making essential use of type-indexed datatypes. Our approach is lightweight in that it is entirely expressible in Haskell with GADTs and type families and can be readily packaged for use with contemporary Haskell distributions.

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Sen, Sumana, and Naveen Kumar Bandari. "Attitude and knowledge towards prescription of generic drugs: online study across Telangana." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 9, no. 9 (August 25, 2020): 1375. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20203622.

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Background: Generic drugs are similar in terms of strength, safety and therapeutic benefit as compared to innovator counterparts. Generics have a favourable financial profile and a positive effect on medication adherence. Palpable change was not observed with the use of generics. This study has been designed to gauge the knowledge and attitude concerning generic drugs among medical students in their 5th semester of MBBS course and interns in the final six months of their compulsory rotatory residential internship (CRRI) program in the state of Telangana.Methods: It was a cross sectional, online-questionnaire based study across medical colleges in Telangana. The questions were designed with the help of Google forms and the website links were circulated to the participants through students and interns’ whatsapp groups.Results: 95.1% of interns and 92.7% of students had knowledge of generic drugs. Significant number of students had a notion that brand drugs are for serious illnesses. Majority in both the groups maintained a neutral opinion when it came to mandatory prescribing of generics.Conclusions: Our study revealed a similar knowledge level about generic in both the groups and 40.9% of interns and 41.4% of students had a knowledge score of more than or equal to 80. Interns didn’t agree with incentivisation of brand drugs. 37.9% of interns and 32.3% of students had an attitude score of more than or equal to 80. Therefore implementation of certain practices like stocking of more generics at medical college pharmacies, more research and incentivisation of generic use can translate into a rise of generic usage.

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Martín-Moncunill, David, Miguel-Ángel Sicilia-Urban, Elena García-Barriocanal, and Salvador Sánchez-Alonso. "Evaluating the degree of domain specificity of terms in large terminologies." Online Information Review 39, no. 3 (June 8, 2015): 326–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-02-2015-0052.

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Purpose – Large terminologies usually contain a mix of terms that are either generic or domain specific, which makes the use of the terminology itself a difficult task that may limit the positive effects of these systems. The purpose of this paper is to systematically evaluate the degree of domain specificity of the AGROVOC controlled vocabulary terms as a representative of a large terminology in the agricultural domain and discuss the generic/specific boundaries across its hierarchy. Design/methodology/approach – A user-oriented study with domain-experts in conjunction with quantitative and systematic analysis. First an in-depth analysis of AGROVOC was carried out to make a proper selection of terms for the experiment. Then domain-experts were asked to classify the terms according to their domain specificity. An evaluation was conducted to analyse the domain-experts’ results. Finally, the resulting data set was automatically compared with the terms in SUMO, an upper ontology and MILO, a mid-level ontology; to analyse the coincidences. Findings – Results show the existence of a high number of generic terms. The motivation for several of the unclear cases is also depicted. The automatic evaluation showed that there is not a direct way to assess the specificity degree of a term by using SUMO and MILO ontologies, however, it provided additional validation of the results gathered from the domain-experts. Research limitations/implications – The “domain-analysis” concept has long been discussed and it could be addressed from different perspectives. A resume of these perspectives and an explanation of the approach followed in this experiment is included in the background section. Originality/value – The authors propose an approach to identify the domain specificity of terms in large domain-specific terminologies and a criterion to measure the overall domain specificity of a knowledge organisation system, based on domain-experts analysis. The authors also provide a first insight about using automated measures to determine the degree to which a given term can be considered domain specific. The resulting data set from the domain-experts’ evaluation can be reused as a gold standard for further research about these automatic measures.

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MALTCHIK, LEONARDO, VANESSA CALEFFI, CRISTINA STENERT, DAROLD PAUL BATZER, MARIA TERESA FERNANDEZ PIEDADE, and WOLFGANG JOHANNES JUNK. "Legislation for wetland conservation in Brazil: Are existing terms and definitions sufficient?" Environmental Conservation 45, no. 3 (December 11, 2017): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892917000522.

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SUMMARYLaws are crucial tools to protect wetlands. How these laws are written has important implications for conservation. We assessed all wetland terms and definitions in Brazilian legislation to identify whether legislation uses any generic terms to represent several or all types of wetlands and to determine if definitions with clear descriptors exist that can easily be used to identify wetland systems. A total of 116 local wetland-related terms and 21 wetland definitions were found in Brazilian legislation. A direct Portuguese translation of the term ‘wetlands’ was found only once in the New Forest Code. The insertion of the term ‘wetlands’ in the New Forest Code has important practical implications for the conservation, since all different Brazilian wetland types would be represented by the generic term ‘wetlands’. The existence of a definition of the term ‘wetlands’ associated with attributes of water and biota in Federal legislation will help environmental technicians to identify wetland systems and to recognize different wetland types. The insertion of this definition in the New Forest Code would make it clear that the drainage of any wetland type – large or small – is prohibited, and those who do so would be breaking Brazilian environmental law.

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Mansfield, Sarah J. "Generic drug prices and policy in Australia: room for improvement? A comparative analysis with England." Australian Health Review 38, no. 1 (2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah12009.

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Objective To assess the degree to which reimbursement prices in Australia and England differ for a range of generic drugs, and to analyse the supply- and demand-side factors that may contribute to these differences. Methods Australian and English reimbursement prices were compared for a range of generic drugs using pricing information obtained from government websites. Next, a literature review was conducted to identify supply- and demand-side factors that could affect generic prices in Australia and England. Various search topics were identified addressing potential supply-side (e.g. market approval, intellectual property protection of patented drugs, generic pricing policy, market size, generic supply chain and discounting practices) and demand-side (consumers, prescribers and pharmacists) factors. Related terms were searched in academic databases, official government websites, national statistical databases and internet search engines. Results Analysis of drug reimbursement prices for 15 generic molecules (representing 45 different drug presentations) demonstrated that Australian prices were on average over 7-fold higher than in England. Significant supply-side differences included aspects of pricing policy, the relative size of the generics markets and the use of clawback policies. Major differences in demand-side policies related to generic prescribing, pharmacist substitution and consumer incentives. Conclusions Despite recent reforms, the Australian Government continues to pay higher prices than its English counterpart for many generic medications. The results suggest that particular policy areas may benefit from review in Australia, including the length of the price-setting process, the frequency of subsequent price adjustments, the extent of price competition between originators and generics, medical professionals’ knowledge about generic medicines and incentives for generic prescribing. What is known about the topic? Prices of generic drugs have been the subject of much scrutiny over recent years. From 2005 to 2010 the Australian Government responded to observations that Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prices for many generics were higher than in numerous comparable countries by instituting several reforms aimed at reducing the prices of generics. Despite this, several studies have demonstrated that prices for generic statins (one class of cholesterol-lowering drug) are higher in Australia compared with England and many other developed countries, and prices of numerous other generics remain higher than in the USA and New Zealand. Recently there has been increasing interest in why these differences exist. What does this paper add? By including a much larger range of commonly used and costly generic drugs, this paper builds significantly on the limited previous investigations of generic drug prices in Australia and England. Additionally, this is the first comprehensive investigation of multiple supply- and, in particular, demand-side factors that may explain any price differences between these countries. What are the implications for practitioners? Practitioners may contribute to the higher prices of generic medications in Australia compared with England through relatively low rates of generic prescribing. There are also significant implications for health policy makers, as this paper demonstrates that if Australia achieved the same prices as England for many generic drugs there could be substantial savings for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.

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Dancette, Jeanne Eugenie. "Semantic relations in the field of retailing." Terminology 13, no. 2 (November 19, 2007): 201–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.13.2.05dan.

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Understanding the semantic relations between terms in specialized texts is of critical importance in translation and terminology, and generally speaking in learning from texts. Our research highlights the advantages of formalizing them in order to build hierarchies and sets of horizontal conceptual relations (i.e. process-oriented relations) for knowledge acquisition. This paper discusses a method for extracting domain-specific semantic relations in specialized texts. Obviously, some texts are more appropriate than others in this regard. ‘Knowledge-rich’ texts such as encyclopaedia and textbooks are considered good materials because of the density and richness of thematic information. Considering them as such, we used the encyclopaedic articles of the Dictionnaire analytique de la distribution/Analytical Dictionary of Retailing. We retrieved over 3000 terms semantically related to all 350 headwords of the Dictionary, and grouped them into 28 classes of relations (paradigmatic, i.e. generic, specific, agent, goal, instrument, recipient, location, etc., and also syntagmatic, such as related verbs and adjectives). This paper discusses in particular the generic, agent and property relations and examines the linguistic markers that permit their retrieval.

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Carbone, R., E. Sasso, and V. Umanità. "Structure of generic quantum Markov semigroup." Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 20, no. 02 (June 2017): 1750012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219025717500126.

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In this paper, we study some relevant properties of generic quantum Markov semigroups, in particular related to their asymptotic behavior. We can describe the structure of the set of fixed points and of the invariant states in terms of the Hamiltonian’s spectrum and of the communication classes of the classical Markov process associated with the diagonal part of the semigroup. Moreover we study the decoherence-free algebra and we complete the characterization of environmental decoherence for a generic quantum Markov semigroup.

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Sarvasy, Hannah. "Sexless babies, sexed grandparents." International Journal of Language and Culture 3, no. 1 (July 22, 2016): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.3.1.06sar.

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Languages that lack grammatical gender often still index the sex of humans and higher animates through lexical means (Braun 2001). In the Papuan language Nungon, natural sex is indicated lexically, with gendered person and kin terms. Certain person terms may also function as nominal modifiers. Indexation of sex in these person and kin terms is partially dependent on age. The older the speaker or focal person for the kin relationship, the more likely that his/her sex will determine the term chosen to refer to the addressee or secondary person in the kin relationship. Most kin and person terms for small children disregard the sex of the child; such terms instead employ the sex of the focal person to describe the relationship with the child. Unlike with children, there are no completely gender-neutral terms for adults, although the dedicated male person terms amna, “man” and ketket, “boy” function in certain contexts with generic reference, meaning “human” and “youth.” Generic application of amna, “man” relates to syntax: amna as object argument of deverbal participle expressions has generic reference, as does amna under negation. Thus, indexation of sex is seen to be partially dependent (per Aikhenvald & Dixon 1998) on negation.

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Ranjbaran, Abdolrasoul, Mohammad Ranjbaran, and Aref Baharvand. "A STEP TOWARD DEVELOPMENT OF GENERIC FRAGILITY CURVES." NED University Journal of Research XVII, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35453/nedjr-stmech-2017-0012.

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A phenomenon (failure) is considered as the change of state of the system (structure) between the origin (hazard threshold) and the destination (failure) points. The survive and the lost ratios of the system characteristics (stiffness) are defined in this paper in terms of stiffness, and the survive and failure (phenomenon) functions. The phenomenon functions are defined (in turn) in terms of the system identification parameter (state variable) and two control parameters. These parameters were calibrated by mapping them on four selected key points including origin, quarter point, middle point and end points in the system behaviour space. The failure function was used as fragility function. The validity of the work was verified by comparing the results with the fragility curves of four nuclear power plant containment vessels.

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SCHUNCK, FRANZ E., and DIEGO F. TORRES. "BOSON STARS WITH GENERIC SELF-INTERACTIONS." International Journal of Modern Physics D 09, no. 05 (October 2000): 601–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271800000608.

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We study boson star configurations with generic, but not nontopological, self-interaction terms. When compared with the usual λ|ψ|4 potential, similar results for masses and number of particles appear. However, changes are noticed in the order of a few percent of the star mass. We explore, using catastrophe theory, the stability properties of the configurations and look for possible observational outputs that may differentiate one model from the other: gravitational redshifts, rotation curves of accreted particles, and lensing phenomena are computed for our new cases.

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OLIVEIRA, BRUNO C. D. S., and JEREMY GIBBONS. "Scala for generic programmers." Journal of Functional Programming 20, no. 3-4 (July 2010): 303–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796810000171.

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AbstractDatatype-generic programming (DGP) involves parametrization of programs by the shape of data, in the form of type constructors such as ‘list of’. Most approaches to DGP are developed in pure functional programming languages such as Haskell. We argue that the functional object-oriented language Scala is in many ways a better choice. Not only does Scala provide equivalents of all the necessary functional programming features (such as parametric polymorphism, higher-order functions, higher-kinded type operations, and type- and constructor-classes), but it also provides the most useful features of object-oriented languages (such as subtyping, overriding, traditional single inheritance, and multiple inheritance in the form of traits). Common Haskell techniques for DGP can be conveniently replicated in Scala, whereas the extra expressivity provides some important additional benefits in terms of extensibility and reuse. We illustrate this by comparing two simple approaches in Haskell, pointing out their limitations and showing how equivalent approaches in Scala address some of these limitations. Finally, we present three case studies on how to implement in Scala real DGP approaches from the literature: Hinze's ‘Generics for the Masses’, Lämmel and Peyton Jones's ‘Scrap your Boilerplate with Class’, and Gibbons's ‘Origami Programming’.

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Martina, Silvia, Dante Cornago, Livio Garattini, and I. H. A. G. O. Gruppo di studio I.H.A.G.O. "Incentivi ai farmaci generici a livello di ASL: l’osservatorio I.H.A.G.O." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2002): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v3i2.746.

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Generic drugs are pharmaceutical products that contain an active substance whose patent-covered period expired and are marketed with the name of the molecule. The public health authorities of most EU countries agree on the importance of generic drugs in rationalising the pharmaceutical market, particularly by favouring reasonable pricing of “mature” products. In contrast with this wide consensus, the market share of generic drugs remains quite poor in Italy, despite recent regulatory incentives for the promotion of their use. The longlasting lack of specific laws - reference-price politics were introduced only in 2001- and the unusually long patent-covered period fixed by the past legislation are among the main reasons for the scarce utilisation of generics in Italy. The awareness of the importance of promoting initiatives conducted on a local (ASL), and not only national (SSN) scale conducted to the I.H.A.G.O. project, an observatory on the diffusion of generics in several local health districts. The project analyses the impact, in terms of market share, of local promoting activities (investigated by means of questionnaires) conducted during the year 2001 in 11 ASLs (local health districts), deliberately selected among the most active in terms of promotion of the use of generics. The I.H.A.G.O. observation revealed several praiseworthy promotional efforts, particularly of informative and cultural kind, conducted by some of the considered ASLs. Unfortunately, these measures seem not to have had a practical impact on the generics market in the observed districts: the market share increase was superior to the one observed on national scale only in 4 of the considered ASLs, in other 4 it was similar, and in the remaining 3 it resulted even inferior. It appears useful to plan further measures to support the diffusion of generics, maybe by motivating health operators to their prescription with the introduction of “prize/punishment” mechanisms.

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Amini, Amir, Pejman Shabani, and Mohsen Gharesi. "Drift-Like Terms Minimization in the Responses of a Generic Tin Oxide Gas Sensor." Key Engineering Materials 605 (April 2014): 511–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.605.511.

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The responses of a tin oxide gas sensor vary with humidity level in the surrounding atmosphere. Such response variations can cause error in the estimation of the concentration level of the target gas and need compensation measures. Different methods have been used to compensate the effect of humidity, which usually require utilization of other parallel environmental sensors and costly data fusion methodology. Particularly, such a drift alters the response patterns obtained from a real or virtual sensor array and hinders gas recognition. Here, we report response patterns recorded from a virtual array made by operating temperature modulation at different ambient humidity levels for three different target gases. Humidity level varied from 30-70% and response patterns were recorded for methanol, ethanol and 1-propanol at a wide concentration range. It is shown that by utilizing the thermal shock-induction method for the temperature modulation of the sensor, the drift levels are low, and with a single set of training data collected at RH=50%, responses obtained in the whole humidity range can be discriminated from each other. The clusters volumes in the feature space grow with the span of the ambient humidity variations, but they remain separate allowing gas recognition.

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Kamio, Akio. "English generic we, you, and they: an analysis in terms of territory of information." Journal of Pragmatics 33, no. 7 (July 2001): 1111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-2166(00)00052-7.

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Brandao, Danilo Iglesias, Hildo Guillardi, Helmo K. Morales-Paredes, Fernando Pinhabel Marafao, and Jose Antenor Pomilio. "Optimized Compensation of Unwanted Current Terms by AC Power Converters Under Generic Voltage Conditions." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 63, no. 12 (December 2016): 7743–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tie.2016.2594226.

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Weijters, Bert, Elke Cabooter, and Hans Baumgartner. "When Cheap Isn't the Same as Not Expensive: Generic Price Terms and Their Negations." Journal of Consumer Psychology 28, no. 4 (April 16, 2018): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1041.

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Sambhav, Kumar, Puneet Tandon, and Sanjay G. Dhande. "A generic mathematical model of single point cutting tools in terms of grinding parameters." Applied Mathematical Modelling 35, no. 10 (October 2011): 5143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2011.04.017.

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Grix, Jonathan. "Introducing Students to the Generic Terminology of Social Research." Politics 22, no. 3 (September 2002): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.00173.

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The aim of this article is twofold: first, to present an accessible way of introducing students to the key generic terms of social science research. There is an obvious need for clarifying the generic tools and terminology of the social sciences across the disciplines, as academics argue past each other, using identical terms but attaching different meanings to them. Secondly, this article presents the interrelationship between the core concepts of social science (ontology, epistemology, methodology, methods and sources). This ‘directional’ and logical relationship needs to be understood, if students – and academics – are to engage in constructive dialogue and criticism of each others' work.

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Algaba, A., E. Freire, and E. Gamero. "Hypernormal Form for the Hopf-Zero Bifurcation." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 08, no. 10 (October 1998): 1857–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127498001583.

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In this paper we present hypernormal forms up to an arbitrary order for equilibria of tridimensional systems having a linear degneracy corresponding to a pair of pure imaginary eigenvalues and a third one zero. These simplest normal forms are obtained assuming some generic conditions on the quadratic terms, and using C∞-conjugacy as well as C∞-equivalence. Also, the case of ℤ2-symmetric systems is considered. In this situation, the hypernormal forms are characterized under generic conditions on the cubic terms. In all the cases, we provide recursive algorithms that compute explicitly the hypernormal form coefficients, in terms of the normal form coefficients.

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Graham, John. "Scientists Debate Nuclear Source Terms." Journal of the IEST 28, no. 6 (November 1, 1985): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.1.28.6.9576573654361842.

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The nuclear source term, defined as the quantity, timing, and characteristic of the release of radioactive material to the environment following a core-melt accident, was thoroughly debated in 1985. This debate, summarized here, turns on the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC) source term for radioactive iodine, which is postulated as potentially the most life-threatening radionuclide that might escape in a nuclear power-plant accident. A generic radioiodine source term has been used by NRC as the surrogate for all others; thus, it has become one of the bases on which nuclear-safety regulations are founded. Following the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident, from which only traces of radioiodine escaped, scientists began arguing that nuclear regulations based on source-term calculations are erroneous and should be modified. The American Nuclear Society (ANS) and industry researchers have concluded that warranted reductions in the NRC source terms could range from a factor of ten to several factors of ten in most accident scenarios. The American Physical Society (APS), after agreeing with a large body of the conclusions from the other research groups, has told NRC that its source-term data base is still inadequate because of the existence of a number of uncertainties it found therein. Although APS presented no such conclusion, its findings made clear to NRC that an early reduction of all source terms is not warranted. The anti-nuclear lobby agrees with APS. The NRC has taken a cautious, conservative approach to the revision of its regulations based on new source-term data, although it too concedes that its old methodologies and conclusions must be revised and ultimately superceded.

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Vemu, Susmitha, Triveni Manchu, and Meenakshi Lella. "Knowledge, attitude and practices of rural medical practitioners on generic medicines." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 7 (June 24, 2019): 1652. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20192666.

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Background: An unqualified medical practitioner without any formal registration and practicing allopathic medicine in rural areas in India can be called Rural Medical Practitioner (RMP). RMPs enjoy a great deal of practice in rural areas by taking advantage of lacunae in the public health system. Government of India is currently popularising generic medicines, but still certain doubts exist even among doctors and how far the RMPs are aware of generic medicines is a big issue. They influence a lot of uneducated people, so the knowledge, attitude and practices they follow have a large impact on society.Methods: A cross sectional, prospective study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude and the practices of 152 RMPs on generic medicines for a period of three months. A 23-item questionnaire was well designed, pre-validated and distributed to RMPs in and around Guntur district. The results were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: 92% of the participants were aware of generic drugs. More than 80% believed that they are equivalent in terms of efficacy and safety to their branded counterparts and are available at reasonable prices. 95.4% RMPs believed that prescribing generic drugs will decrease the pharmaco-economic burden of the country. Almost all of them agreed on the need for the updates and education on generics by means of continuing medical education (CMEs).Conclusions: The participants had good amount of knowledge on generic drugs but there are concerns regarding quality and therapeutic efficacy of generic drugs. Proper awareness about the generic prescription practice may improve the patient compliance by reducing economic burden to the patients.

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Tuncay, Berna, Sergio Pagano, Mario De Santis, and Pierpaolo Cavallo. "Prescribing Behavior of General Practitioners for Generic Drugs." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 5919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165919.

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The factors influencing General Practitioners’ (GPs) prescribing behavior are diverse in terms of health care policies and regulations, GPs’ education and experience, demographic trends and disease profiles. Thus, it can be useful to analyze the specific local patterns, as they affect the quality of healthcare and the stability of the healthcare market. The aim of the present longitudinal retrospective study is to investigate the prescription of generic drugs in a database of about 4.6 million prescriptions from a sample of 38 GPs practicing in Salerno, Italy, within a timeframe of 15 years, from 2001 to 2015. The GPs in our study show a general tendency to increase prescriptions of generic drugs during the studied time span, to fulfill regulatory obligations and with some differences in prescription behavior according to age, gender and experience. The generics prescription depends also on the different diagnoses, with some diagnostic areas showing a greater generic drug prescription rate. Expanding this research to larger datasets would allow deepening the knowledge of the patterns of GPs’ prescribing decisions, to provide evidence to be used in comparison between different national settings.

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EKHOLM, TOBIAS. "REGULAR HOMOTOPY AND VASSILIEV INVARIANTS OF GENERIC IMMERSIONS Sk → ℝ2k-1, k ≥ 4." Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 07, no. 08 (December 1998): 1041–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218216598000565.

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The regular homotopy class of a generic immersion Sk → ℝ2k-1 is calculated in terms of its self intersection manifold with natural additional structures. There is a natural notion of Vassiliev invariants of generic immersions. These may take values in any Abelian group G. It is proved that, for any m, the group of mth order G-valued invariants modulo invariants of lower order is isomorphic to G and that the Vassiliev invariants are not sufficient to separate generic immersions, which can not be obtained from each other by a regular homotopy through generic immersions.

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Bhatia, Vijay. "Generic integrity in document design." Document Design 1, no. 3 (December 31, 1999): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dd.1.3.01bha.

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Genre is realization of a set of communicative purposes embedded in recurring rhetorical contexts displaying typical cognitive structuring. Most professional documents display their typical 'generic integrity' which is often identifiable in terms of a combination of text-internal and text-external factors. Although generic integrity is somewhat flexible and fluid, and dependent on participant relationship and institutional discursive practices, it is one of the important contributors to effective and successful design and development of professional and public documents. In this paper, I would like to consider examples of public documents from legal and business settings to focus on the generic integrity of these documents in the context of issues like the simplification and easification of legal documents, selection and appropriation of linguistic resources in the textualization of professional genres, reader accessibility of professional and public discourse, suggesting implications for the writer's commitment to the intended message and readership(s), in the act of document design, and the relationship between the design and performance of professional documents in their real contexts of use.

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Shuvaev, Vasily, Mikhail Fominykh, Vera Udaleva, Irina I. Zotova, Regina Golovchenko, Dzhariyat Shikhbabaeva, Irina Martynkevich, et al. "The Devil Is Not As Black As He Is Painted - 3-Year Experience of Treating Newly Diagnosed CML Patients with Imatinib Generics." Blood 128, no. 22 (December 2, 2016): 5441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5441.5441.

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Abstract Introduction. A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug considered to be equivalent to a brand-name product. A generic drug has to contain the same active ingredients as those of the original formulation. Regulatory agencies used to require that generics be identical to their brand-name counterparts with regards to pharmacokinetic properties. In most cases, generic products are available after the patent protection given to a drug's original developer expires. In Russia, a patent protection lasts for a 10-year period from registration of the original drug. To this day, twelve Imatinib generics have been registered in Russia. Aim. To assess the safety and efficacy of Imatinib generics for treatment of newly diagnosed Chronic myelogenous leukemia patients that have been in our center since August 2012. Materials and methods. 30 newly diagnosed CML patients were started on generics. The drugs: 1) GenericPh 100 mg, in capsules (Ph-Syntez, Russia); 2) GenericG 100 mg, in tablets (Laboratorio TUTEUR S.A.C.I.F.I.A., Argentina); 3) GenericIm 100 mg, in tablets (Sandoz d.d. (Slovenia). Switching from one generic to another was done due to intolerance. We analyzed the range and frequencies of adverse events (AE), cumulative incidences of complete hematologic (CHR), major cytogenetic (MCyR), complete cytogenetic (CCyR), and early molecular responses (BCR-ABL<10% by IS), as well as the rate of BCR-ABL<1% by IS, major molecular (MMR) and molecular 4.0 log (MR4.0, BCR-ABL<0.01% by IS) responses at time-points according to the National CML diagnostic and treatment guidelines. The response rates were assessed only in regard to the generic treatment (with death, progression and switching to second-generation inhibitors as competing risks). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and cumulative incidence function. Results. Duration of the treatment with generics was 7-45 months, with a median of 13 months (GenericPh (27) + GenericG (2) + GenericIm (1)). No unexpected adverse events were observed during the Imatinib generics treatment. The generics tolerance did not differ from that of the original brand-name drug. Six patients were switched to second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI2) due to Imatinib intolerance. One patient progressed to blastic phase at 3 months after diagnosis. Three deaths were registered (1 - due to CML and 2 due to concomitant diseases). Overall survival rate was 90% and CML-related mortality - 3%. CHR at 3 months of the treatment was achieved in 93% of the patients. Cumulative response rates for cytogenetic and molecular responses are presented in Table 1. MR4.0 was registered in 23% of patients during overall treatment. Seven patients were switched to TKI2 due to insufficient efficacy of Imatinib. At the time of analysis 13 patients remained on Imatinib generics treatment: 12 patients with CCyR and 1 with PCyR, including 10 patients with MMR. Conclusion. Use of generics demands evaluation of its equivalency and control during its adoption into clinical practice. In terms of efficacy or tolerance no significant differences between the Imatinib generics studied and the original brand-name drug in newly diagnosed CML patients were found. Disclosures Shuvaev: Pfizer: Honoraria; BMS: Honoraria; Novartis pharma: Honoraria. Fominykh:BMS: Honoraria; Novartis Pharma: Honoraria.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Generic terms'

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