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Journal articles on the topic 'Generisch'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Heise, Elke. "Sind Frauen mitgemeint? Eine empirische Untersuchung zum Verständnis des generischen Maskulinums und seiner Alternativen." Sprache & Kognition 19, no. 1/2 (2000): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//0253-4533.19.12.3.

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Zusammenfassung: Die vorliegende Untersuchung prüft, ob sogenannte “generisch” (d.h. in geschlechtsneutralem Sinne verwendete) maskuline Sprachformen dazu führen, dass Personen geschlechtsausgewogen mental repräsentiert werden. Unter dem Vorwand einer Untersuchung zur Kreativität wurden 150 studentischen Versuchspersonen schriftlich Sätze vorgegeben, die eine Personenbezeichnung im Plural in verschiedenen Sprachformen (generisches Maskulinum, Binnen-I, Schrägstrich-Schreibweise) als Satzsubjekt enthielten. Die Versuchspersonen sollten kurze Geschichten über die bezeichneten Personen schreiben

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red. "Agomelatin generisch." NeuroTransmitter 30, no. 4 (2019): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15016-019-6723-7.

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red. "Agomelatin generisch." NeuroTransmitter 30, no. 5 (2019): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15016-019-6755-z.

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red. "Atomoxetin generisch." NeuroTransmitter 30, no. 7-8 (2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15016-019-6821-6.

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red. "Levetiracetam generisch." NeuroTransmitter 30, no. 12 (2019): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15016-019-6929-8.

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red. "Agomelatin generisch." DNP - Der Neurologe & Psychiater 20, no. 4 (2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15202-019-2251-3.

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red. "Atomoxetin generisch." DNP - Der Neurologe & Psychiater 20, no. 4 (2019): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15202-019-2252-2.

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Hecken, Thomas. "POPMUSIK, GENERISCH." POP 10, no. 1 (2021): 20–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/pop-2021-100104.

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Irmen, Lisa, and Ute Linner. "Die Repräsentation generisch maskuliner Personenbezeichnungen." Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology 213, no. 3 (2005): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0044-3409.213.3.167.

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Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Arbeit verfolgt das Ziel, Forschungsergebnisse zur Repräsentation generisch maskuliner Personenbezeichnungen im Deutschen in einen theoretischen Rahmen zu integrieren. Die Befunde stimmen darin überein, dass generische Maskulina zu einer geringeren gedanklichen Einbeziehung von Frauen als von Männern führen. Sie beruhen allerdings auf unterschiedlichen Prozeduren und Stimulusvariationen, so dass die beteiligten kognitiven Prozesse nicht ohne weiteres vergleichbar sind. Die Annahme, dass beim Lesen des Stimulusmaterials ein Situationsmodell gebildet wird und zud

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Trutkowski, Ewa. "Wie generisch ist das generische Maskulinum? Über Genus und Sexus im Deutschen." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 59 (January 1, 2018): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.59.2018.437.

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This paper examines whether gender features (masculine, feminine, neuter) in German have to be interpreted semantically, along their specific gender, or whether they allow for a gender unrelated interpretation. As to this, two experiments with two different classes of nouns (gender marked and sex marked nouns vs. gender marked and sex neutral nouns) were conducted. The first experiment supports the view that in their function as nominal predicates masculine nouns, contrary to feminine (and neuter) nouns, have the widest extension – which confirms the existence of a ‘Generic Masculine’ (Generis

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Bonnet, Andreas. "Die Rolle von Fachlichkeit für die Professionalität und Professionalisierung von Lehrer_innen – theoretische Überlegungen und empirische Befunde." Die Praxis der Lehrer*innenbildung. Ansätze – Erträge – Perspektiven 8, no. 1-2019 (2019): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/zisu.v8i1.12.

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Durch die verstärkte Aufmerksamkeit für Professionalität und Professionalisierung von Lehrer_innen im Zuge der Qualitätsoffensive Lehrerbildung wird die Frage nach der Rolle von Fachlichkeit in der Professionsforschung zunehmend diskutiert. Im strukturtheoretischen Ansatz ist Professionalität über lange Zeit generisch betrachtet worden, indem die zentralen Handlungsprobleme von Lehrer_innen überfachlich verortet wurden. Aktuelle empirische und theoretische Beiträge legen jedoch nahe, dass die strukturtheoretischen Zentralprobleme - die Bearbeitung der Antinomien, der Umgang mit Ungewissheit un

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Stahlberg, Dagmar, and Sabine Sczesny. "Effekte des generischen Maskulinums und alternativer Sprachformen auf den gedanklichen Einbezug von Frauen." Psychologische Rundschau 52, no. 3 (2001): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026//0033-3042.52.3.131.

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Zusammenfassung. In der feministischen Linguistik wird angenommen, daß maskuline Bezeichnungen, die generisch benutzt werden (Bezeichnungen von Personen beiderlei Geschlechts durch die maskuline Form, wie z.B. die Wissenschaftler, die Studenten), weibliche Personen weniger vorstellbar oder sichtbar machen als männliche Personen. Verschiedene experimentelle Untersuchungen konnten diese Annahme für den englischen Sprachraum bestätigen. Für die deutsche Sprache existieren dagegen bislang sehr wenige Studien zu dieser Frage. Es werden vier Experimente vorgestellt, die untersuchen, ob unterschiedli

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Fraeyman, Jessica. "Kiest de Vlaamse consument een generisch of een merkgeneesmiddel?" Huisarts Nu 44, no. 5 (2015): 204–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40954-015-0083-8.

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Braun, Friederike, Susanne Oelkers, Karin Rogalski, Janine Bosak, and Sabine Sczesny. "“Aus Gründen der Verständlichkeit ...“: Der Einfluss generisch maskuliner und alternativer Personenbezeichnungen auf die kognitive Verarbeitung von Texten." Psychologische Rundschau 58, no. 3 (2007): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042.58.3.183.

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Zusammenfassung. Gegen geschlechtergerechte Sprache wird häufig eingewandt, dass sie die Qualität und die kognitive Verarbeitung von Texten beeinträchtige. Um diese Annahme zu testen, lasen 86 deutschsprachige Teilnehmende drei verschiedene Versionen einer fiktiven Packungsbeilage eines Medikaments, die hinsichtlich der Form der Personenbezeichnung - generisches Maskulinum, Beidnennung mit Neutralisierung, Binnen-I - variierten. Es wurde erhoben, wie gut sich die Teilnehmenden an die Inhalte des Textes erinnerten und wie sie den Text im Hinblick auf verschiedene Merkmale der Textqualität bewer

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Sars, Paul, and Sabine Jentges. "„Eigentlich ist unser Studium wie eine Reise nach Deutschland – nur viel öfter!“." Informationen Deutsch als Fremdsprache 45, no. 6 (2018): 729–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/infodaf-2018-0089.

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ZusammenfassungAn der Radboud-Universität in Nimwegen (Niederlande) erfolgte 2012 eine curriculare Neukonzeption des Bachelorstudiengangs Deutsche Sprache und Kultur, die die Grenznähe der Universität nutzt und sich durch intensive Kontakte mit ZielsprachensprechernIn diesem Beitrag ist jede Personennennung generisch zu verstehen, es sind also stets beide Geschlechter gemeint. und regelmäßige Aufenthalte im deutschsprachigen Raum auszeichnet. Die erfolgten curricularen Maßnahmen sowie angestrebten Abschlussqualifikationen werden in diesem Beitrag in einem breiteren historischen und aktuellen K

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Hein, Cathrin. "Kontrolle ist gut, Vertrauen ist besser, Bezahlung am besten." Zeitschrift für Medien- und Kulturforschung 10, no. 2 (2019): 155–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.28937/1000108359.

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"Dezentrale, offene Blockchain-Technologien verwalten auf protokologischer Ebene Transaktionen von Daten. Durch kryptographische Methoden lassen sich die Transaktionen der Daten identifizieren. Dies geschieht – wenn kein Softwareupdate erfolgt – ohne Eingriff von aussen. Deshalb werden Blockchains als souveräne Medientechnologien vorgestellt. Sie regieren sich selbst. Damit sind sie auf Kollisionskurs mit traditionellen Souveränitäten, die entscheiden dürfen, was der Fall ist. Zu beobachten ist deshalb das Auftreten einer generisch digitalen Souveränitätsform. Deren Konsensfindung über den Zus

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Steiger, Vera, and Lisa Irmen. "Zur Akzeptanz und psychologischen Wirkung generisch maskuliner Personenbezeichnungen und deren Alternativen in juristischen Texten." Psychologische Rundschau 58, no. 3 (2007): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042.58.3.190.

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Zusammenfassung. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Akzeptanz verschiedener Personenbezeichnungsformen in einem juristischen Originaltext. In einer Online-Studie bearbeiteten Versuchsteilnehmende (N = 88) einen Lückentext, in dem sie an vorgegebenen Stellen aus verschiedenen Personenbezeichnungsformen - generisch maskulinen, geschlechterindifferenten sowie Beidnennungen - jeweils eine möglichst passende auswählten. Die selbst gestalteten Texte wurden anschließend von den Teilnehmenden hinsichtlich ihrer Verständlichkeit und Geschlechtergerechtigkeit bewertet. Die Ergebnisse der Lückentextbe

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18

Reusser, Kurt, and Christine Pauli. "Unterrichtsqualität ist immer generisch und fachspezifisch. Ein Kommentar aus kognitions- und lehr-lerntheoretischer Sicht." Unterrichtswissenschaft 49, no. 2 (2021): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42010-021-00117-8.

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ZusammenfassungOrientierten sich Allgemeine Didaktik und Unterrichtsforschung lange Zeit fast ausschließlich an generischen Qualitätsmerkmalen von Unterricht, so werden heute zunehmend ebenfalls fachdidaktische Merkmale in den Blick genommen. Der Beitrag zeichnet zuerst einige Entwicklungslinien nach, die in den vergangenen Jahren zur Erkenntnis eines Bedarfs und zu einem wachsenden Interesse an einer fachdidaktisch ausdifferenzierten Unterrichtsforschung geführt haben. Danach werden eine Reihe von Theorieproblemen benannt, die wir als Desiderata einer fachdidaktisch konkretisierten Unterricht

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Shuvaev, Vasily, Mikhail Fominykh, Vera Udaleva, et al. "It Is Safe to Change Horses in the Midstream - 3-Year Experience of Treating CML Patients with Imatinib Generics." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 5442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5442.5442.

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Abstract Introduction. The substitution of brand-name drugs with cheaper generics is a modern tendency in health-care to decrease the burden on government budget and improve access to efficient treatment. Worldwide, generics have to be identical to the original drug in terms of pharmaceutical (active ingredients) and biological (pharmacokinetic) properties. Unfortunately, in Russia, as in most countries, there are no government regulations of equivalency to a brand-name product regarding dosage, strength, route of administration, quality, performance, and intended use. In Russia, since August

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Hensel, Stephan, Markus Graube, and Leon Urbas. "Informationsmodelle im Lebenszyklus." atp magazin 60, no. 04-05 (2018): 30–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17560/atp.v60i04-05.2345.

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Für eine durchgängige Digitalisierung sind Informationsmodelle unabdingbar. Insbesondere durch immer kürzere Produktlebenszyklen müssen jeweils auch Anpassungen an den zugehörigen Modellen vorgenommen werden. Dazu müssen diese Modelle so generisch gestaltet sein, dass sie mit den auftretenden Änderungen umgehen können. Informationsmodelle haben daher, ebenso wie Software, einen Lebenszyklus. In diesem Beitrag wird dieser mit seinen unterschiedlichen Phasen näher betrachtet und aufgezeigt, wie die einzelnen Phasen dieses Lebenszyklus unterstützt werden müssen, um mit den auftretenden Änderungen

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Shuvaev, Vasily, Mikhail Fominykh, Vera Udaleva, et al. "The Devil Is Not As Black As He Is Painted - 3-Year Experience of Treating Newly Diagnosed CML Patients with Imatinib Generics." Blood 128, no. 22 (2016): 5441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.5441.5441.

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Abstract Introduction. A generic drug is a pharmaceutical drug considered to be equivalent to a brand-name product. A generic drug has to contain the same active ingredients as those of the original formulation. Regulatory agencies used to require that generics be identical to their brand-name counterparts with regards to pharmacokinetic properties. In most cases, generic products are available after the patent protection given to a drug's original developer expires. In Russia, a patent protection lasts for a 10-year period from registration of the original drug. To this day, twelve Imatinib g

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Praetorius, Anna-Katharina, and Cornelia Gräsel. "Noch immer auf der Suche nach dem heiligen Gral: Wie generisch oder fachspezifisch sind Dimensionen der Unterrichtsqualität?" Unterrichtswissenschaft 49, no. 2 (2021): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42010-021-00119-6.

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ZusammenfassungIm vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Versuch unternommen, zentrale Aspekte der elf Positionsbeiträge des vorliegenden Themenheftes „Unterrichtsqualität – fachspezifisch oder generisch? Ein Update zu Perspektiven aus der Fachdidaktik und der allgemeinen Lehr-Lernforschung“ (Heft 2, 2021) im Hinblick auf die Frage nach der Fachspezifität von Dimensionen der Unterrichtsqualität zusammenzufassen und zu diskutieren. Als Grundlage für den Vergleich wird ein Syntheseframework verwendet, zu dem auch die Autor*innen des Themenheftes Stellung genommen haben. Es zeigt sich ein großes Ausmaß an

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Walach, Harald, and Martin Loef. "Lebensstil und Demenz – Befunde und Überlegungen." Zeitschrift für Komplementärmedizin 09, no. 05 (2017): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-116648.

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ZusammenfassungDer Fokus der Demenzforschung liegt nach wie vor auf der Untersuchung der molekularen, pathophysiologischen Mechanismen. Wir umreißen in diesem Beitrag einige unserer Befunde, die aus systematischen Überblicksarbeiten der Literatur herrühren. Daraus kann man ableiten, dass Demenz sehr wohl einige Zusammenhänge mit Verhalten, vor allem mit dem Lebensstil und der Ernährung aufweist und daher auch durch entsprechende Lebensstiländerungen präventiv und aktiv angegangen werden kann. Die Empfehlungen, die wir daraus für unser lebensstilbasiertes Präventionsprogramm abgeleitet haben, s

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Schmidt, Carsten Oliver, Juliane Fluck, Martin Golebiewski, et al. "COVID-19-Forschungsdaten leichter zugänglich machen – Aufbau einer bundesweiten Informationsinfrastruktur." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 64, no. 9 (2021): 1084–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00103-021-03386-x.

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ZusammenfassungPublic-Health-Forschung, epidemiologische und klinische Studien sind erforderlich, um die COVID-19-Pandemie besser zu verstehen und geeignete Maßnahmen zu ergreifen. Daher wurden auch in Deutschland zahlreiche Forschungsprojekte initiiert. Zum heutigen Zeitpunkt ist es ob der Fülle an Informationen jedoch kaum noch möglich, einen Überblick über die vielfältigen Forschungsaktivitäten und deren Ergebnisse zu erhalten. Im Rahmen der Initiative „Nationale Forschungsdateninfrastruktur für personenbezogene Gesundheitsdaten“ (NFDI4Health) schafft die „Task Force COVID-19“ einen leichte

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Bertoldi, Andréa D., Aluísio J. D. Barros, and Pedro C. Hallal. "Generic drugs in Brazil: known by many, used by few." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 21, no. 6 (2005): 1808–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2005000600029.

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This study evaluated knowledge and use of generic drugs in a population-based sample of adults from a southern Brazilian city. The outcomes were: the proportion of generics in total medicines used; theoretical and practical knowledge about generics; and strategies used to buy medicines on medical prescriptions. The recall period for drug utilization was 15 days. The proportion of generics in total medicines was 3.9%. While 86.0% knew that generics cost less and 70.0% that the quality is similar to brand name medicines, only 57.0% knew any packaging characteristics that distinguish generics fro

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Lira, Claudio Andre Barbosa de, Jéssica Nathalia Soares Oliveira, Marília dos Santos Andrade, Cássia Regina Vancini-Campanharo, and Rodrigo Luiz Vancini. "Knowledge, perceptions and use of generic drugs: a cross sectional study." Einstein (São Paulo) 12, no. 3 (2014): 267–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-45082014ao3125.

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Objective To assess the level of knowledge, perceptions and usage profile for generic drugs among laypersons. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with 278 volunteers (180 women and 98 men, aged 37.1±15.8 years). A questionnaire was drawn up with questions on their use, perceptions and knowledge of generic drugs. Results Most respondents (99.6%) knew that generic drugs exist, but only 48.6% were able to define them correctly, while 78.8% of the respondents had some information about generics. This information was obtained mainly through television (49.3%). In terms of generic drug cha

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Szymanski, David M., and Paul S. Busch. "Identifying the Generics-Prone Consumer: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Marketing Research 24, no. 4 (1987): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002224378702400411.

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The authors conducted a meta-analysis of the generics literature. The meta-analysis reveals the strongest predictors of a proneness to buy generic products are consumer perceptions of generics’ quality and price and consumers’ overall evaluation of generic products. Demographic and psychographic variables and consumer shopping behaviors are related only weakly to consumers’ proneness to buy generics.

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GELMAN, SUSAN A., INGRID SÁNCHEZ TAPIA, and SARAH-JANE LESLIE. "Memory for generic and quantified sentences in Spanish-speaking children and adults." Journal of Child Language 43, no. 6 (2015): 1231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000915000483.

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AbstractGeneric language (Owlseat at night) expresses knowledge about categories and may represent a cognitively default mode of generalization. English-speaking children and adults more accurately recall generic than quantified sentences (All owlseat at night) and tend to recall quantified sentences as generic. However, generics in English are shorter than quantified sentences, and may be better recalled for this reason. The present study provided a new test of the issue in Spanish, where generics are expressed with an additional linguistic element not found in certain quantified sentences (L

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TARDIF, TWILA, SUSAN A. GELMAN, XIAOLAN FU, and LIQI ZHU. "Acquisition of generic noun phrases in Chinese: learning about lions without an ‘-s’." Journal of Child Language 39, no. 1 (2011): 130–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000910000735.

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ABSTRACTEnglish-speaking children understand and produce generic expressions in the preschool years, but there are cross-linguistic differences in how generics are expressed. Three studies examined interpretation of generic noun phrases in three- to seven-year-old child (N=192) and adult speakers (N=163) of Mandarin Chinese. Contrary to suggestions by Bloom (1981), Chinese-speaking adults honor a clear distinction between generics (expressed as bare NPs) and other quantified expressions (‘all’/suo3you3 and ‘some’/you3de). Furthermore, Mandarin-speaking children begin to distinguish generics fr

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&NA;. "Glenmark Generics gets go ahead for generic azathioprine." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1666 (2008): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200816660-00064.

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GARCIA, RONALD, JAAKKO JARVI, ANDREW LUMSDAINE, JEREMY SIEK, and JEREMIAH WILLCOCK. "An extended comparative study of language support for generic programming." Journal of Functional Programming 17, no. 2 (2007): 145–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796806006198.

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AbstractMany modern programming languages support basic generics, sufficient to implement type-safe polymorphic containers. Some languages have moved beyond this basic support, and in doing so have enabled a broader, more powerful form of generic programming. This paper reports on a comprehensive comparison of facilities for generic programming in eight programming languages: C++, Standard ML, Objective Caml, Haskell, Eiffel, Java, C# (with its proposed generics extension), and Cecil. By implementing a substantial example in each of these languages, we illustrate how the basic roles of generic

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Yu, Yang, and Marc Maliepaard. "Interchangeability of Generics—Experiences and Outlook Toward Pharmacokinetics Variability and Generic‐Generic Substitution." Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 105, no. 2 (2018): 292–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1250.

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Iizuka, Toshiaki, and Kensuke Kubo. "The generic drug market in Japan: will it finally take off?" Health Economics, Policy and Law 6, no. 3 (2010): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133110000332.

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AbstractHistorically, brand-name pharmaceuticals have enjoyed long periods of market exclusivity in Japan, given the limited use of generics after patent expiration. To improve the efficiency of the health-care system, however, the government has recently implemented various policies aimed at increasing generic substitution. Although this has created expectations that the Japanese generic drug market may finally take off, to date, generic usage has increased only modestly. After reviewing the incentives of key market participants to choose generics, we argue that previous government policies d

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Erçalışkan, Abdülkadir, Duygu Seyhan Erdoğan, and Ahmet Emre Eşkazan. "Current evidence on the efficacy and safety of generic imatinib in CML and the impact of generics on health care costs." Blood Advances 5, no. 17 (2021): 3344–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004194.

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Abstract Since the introduction of imatinib, the management of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has changed considerably. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the mainstay of CML treatment; however, the high financial burden of TKIs can be problematic for both the patients and health care systems. After the emergence of generics, reimbursement policies of many countries have changed, and generics offered an alternative treatment option for CML patients. There are many papers published on the use of generics in CML patients with conflicting results regarding both efficacy and safety. In this pap

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Xanthopoulou, Sofia-Sotiria, and Korina Katsaliaki. "Policies and perceptions on generic drugs: The case of Greece." Health Services Management Research 32, no. 1 (2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0951484817752630.

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The increase in the consumption of generic drugs to reduce pharmaceutical expenditure is a challenge for many countries, especially during the economic crisis. The purpose of the present study is to review the Greek market of generic drugs and the decisions that shape it, to determine the factors that affect Greek patients’ and doctors’ attitudes about generic substitution and present a set of measures for all stakeholders based on the findings of the secondary and primary analysis. The study includes (a) an analysis of international and national reports and legislation on drugs policies and (

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IWABE, KOZO. "Generics and Homogeneity (A. Cohen, Think Generic!: The Meaning and Use of Generic Sentences)." ENGLISH LINGUISTICS 19, no. 2 (2002): 461–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.9793/elsj1984.19.461.

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Ammar, H., C. Rémuzat, and M. Toumi. "PHP45 Impact of Generics Policy on the Generic Penetration." Value in Health 15, no. 7 (2012): A297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2012.08.587.

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Moon, J., J. Nkurunziza, A. Jambi, E. Seoane-Vazquez, J. Qian, and R. A. Hansen. "Generic competition and Authorized Generics in the United States." Value in Health 18, no. 3 (2015): A92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2015.03.540.

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Falcone, Nicholas. "Repositioning Generics: The Comparative Value of Liability in FDA's Proposed Rule on Labeling." American Journal of Law & Medicine 41, no. 2-3 (2015): 483–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098858815591529.

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Generic drugs occupy a unique position in the U.S. pharmaceuticals market. On one hand, generics are a product of basic free-market economic reasoning. Congress enacted the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 (Hatch-Waxman) based on the uncontroversial assumption that inexpensive generic competition would reduce prescription drug costs. On the other hand, the generic drug industry is primarily a regulatory creation; Hatch-Waxman facilitates generic competition by permitting generic manufacturers to rely heavily on prior expenditures of pioneer drug manufacturers, inc

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Ushkalova, E. A., S. K. Zyryanov, and K. E. Zatolochina. "Generic substitutions of antiepileptic drugs: Is it possible to put an end to the discussion?" Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics 10, no. 1S (2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/2074-2711-2018-1s-75-80.

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A policy on generic substitutions, which is aimed at reducing the cost-effectiveness of pharmacotherapy, was proposed by the WHO at the end of the 20th century; however, but the debate about their economic benefits has continued until now. There have been the most active discussions of whether an epileptic patient may be switched from brand-name to generic antiepileptic drugs. The paper gives data obtained in Russian and foreign studies of the therapeutic efficacy and safety of anticonvulsant generics versus their brand- name drugs, as well as the impact of generic substitutions on the cost-ef

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Mansfield, Sarah J. "Generic drug prices and policy in Australia: room for improvement? A comparative analysis with England." Australian Health Review 38, no. 1 (2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah12009.

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Objective To assess the degree to which reimbursement prices in Australia and England differ for a range of generic drugs, and to analyse the supply- and demand-side factors that may contribute to these differences. Methods Australian and English reimbursement prices were compared for a range of generic drugs using pricing information obtained from government websites. Next, a literature review was conducted to identify supply- and demand-side factors that could affect generic prices in Australia and England. Various search topics were identified addressing potential supply-side (e.g. market a

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van Rooij, Robert, and Katrin Schulz. "A Causal Semantics of IS Generics." Journal of Semantics 37, no. 2 (2020): 269–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffz023.

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Abstract The felicity, or acceptability, of IS generics, i.e. generic sentences with indefinite singulars, is considerably more restricted compared to BP generics, generics with bare plurals. The goal of this paper is to account for the limited felicity of IS generics compared to BP generics, on the one hand, while preserving the close similarity between the two types of generics, on the other. We do so by proposing a causal analysis of IS generics, and show that this corresponds closely with a probabilistic analysis of BP generics.

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MacKenna, Brian, Helen J. Curtis, Alex J. Walker, Seb Bacon, Richard Croker, and Ben Goldacre. "Suboptimal prescribing behaviour associated with clinical software design features: a retrospective cohort study in English NHS primary care." British Journal of General Practice 70, no. 698 (2020): e636-e643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20x712313.

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BackgroundElectronic health record (EHR) systems are used by clinicians to record patients’ medical information, and support clinical activities such as prescribing. In England, healthcare professionals are advised to ‘prescribe generically’ because generic drugs are usually cheaper than branded alternatives, and have fixed reimbursement costs. ‘Ghost-branded generics’ are a new category of medicines savings, caused by prescribers specifying a manufacturer for a generic product, often resulting in a higher reimbursement price compared with the true generic.AimTo describe time trends and practi

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Van Rooij, Robert. "Generics and typicality." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 61 (January 1, 2018): 443–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.61.2018.506.

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Cimpian et al. (2010) observed that we accept generic statements of the form ‘Gsare f ’ on relatively weak evidence, but that if we are unfamiliar with group G and we learn ageneric statement about it, we still interpret it in a much stronger way: (almost) all Gs are f .This paper makes use of notions like ‘representativeness’ and ‘contingency’ from (associativelearning) psychology to provide a semantics of generics that explains why people accept genericsbased on weak evidence. We make use of the Heuristics and Biases approach of Tverskyand Kahneman (1974) and the Associative Theory of Probab

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Iizuka, Toshiaki. "Physician Agency and Adoption of Generic Pharmaceuticals." American Economic Review 102, no. 6 (2012): 2826–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.6.2826.

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I examine physician agency in health care services in the context of the choice between brand-name and generic pharmaceuticals. I examine micro-panel data from Japan, where physicians can legally make profits by prescribing and dispensing drugs. The results indicate that physicians often fail to internalize patient costs, explaining why cheaper generics are infrequently adopted. Doctors respond to markup differentials between the two versions, indicating another agency problem. However, generics' markup advantages are short-lived, which limits their impact on increasing generic adoption. Addit

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de la Cuerda, Ángel Luis Rodríguez. "The Spanish Generic Market: Opportunities and Challenges." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 7, no. 2 (2010): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jgm.2010.7.

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A decade after generic medicines were first introduced in Spain there are now 187 active ingredients in the market and the government has approved 5.105 generic medicines. The sector enjoyed continued growth until 2008, when it slowed down (growth was only 2.4 per cent). The market share of generics is low compared to most European countries — 14 per cent by volume and 6.5 per cent by value whereas in northern European countries generics account for between 35 and 45 per cent of the market or more, but new government policies may help to stimulate generic utilization. On balance these first 10

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McGee, Shelley-Ann Marion. "The economic and pricing impact of authorized generic medicines in South Africa." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing 9, no. 1 (2015): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijphm-11-2013-0059.

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Purpose – This paper aims to examine whether authorized generics (AGs) have influenced prices and market shares in markets for molecules facing generic competition in South Africa. AGs (clones), which are identical to the originator brands, offer a solution for originator companies to protect their markets from independent generic (IG) competition. IG competitors have claimed that AGs have a negative impact on pricing and competition. Design/methodology/approach – In a retrospective analysis, pricing and quantity data for 24 months post generic entry were extracted for oral solid dosage form p

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Drake, Keith M., and Thomas G. McGuire. "Generic Entry Before the Agreed-Upon Date in Pharmaceutical Patent Settlements." Journal of Competition Law & Economics 16, no. 2 (2020): 188–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joclec/nhaa007.

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ABSTRACT Drug patent litigation settlements specify a date for generic entry and typically include a so-called acceleration clause allowing the generic to enter earlier in certain circumstances. An agreed-upon date between a brand and a generic with “first-filer” status is particularly salient because this date also affects when other generics may enter. It has been unclear the degree to which acceleration clauses increase competition—by accelerating entry—or decrease competition, by deterring pursuit of entry by potential generic competitors. This paper documents the entry outcome after first

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Hsu, Chia-Chen, Chia-Lin Chou, Shu-Chiung Chiang, Tzeng-Ji Chen, Li-Fang Chou, and Yueh-Ching Chou. "Urban-Rural Disparity of Generics Prescription in Taiwan: The Example of Dihydropyridine Derivatives." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/905213.

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The aim of the current study was to investigate the urban-rural disparity of prescribing generics, which were usually cheaper than branded drugs, within the universal health insurance system in Taiwan. Data sources were the cohort datasets of National Health Insurance Research Database with claims data in 2010. The generic prescribing ratios of dihydropyridine (DHP) derivatives (the proportion of DHP prescribed as generics to all prescribed DHP) of medical facilities were examined against the urbanization levels of the clinic location. Among the total 21,606,914 defined daily doses of DHP, 35.

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DeJesus, Jasmine M., Maureen A. Callanan, Graciela Solis, and Susan A. Gelman. "Generic language in scientific communication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 37 (2019): 18370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1817706116.

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Scientific communication poses a challenge: To clearly highlight key conclusions and implications while fully acknowledging the limitations of the evidence. Although these goals are in principle compatible, the goal of conveying complex and variable data may compete with reporting results in a digestible form that fits (increasingly) limited publication formats. As a result, authors’ choices may favor clarity over complexity. For example, generic language (e.g., “Introverts and extraverts require different learning environments”) may mislead by implying general, timeless conclusions while glos

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