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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Genes, Immediate-Early

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Academic literature on the topic 'Genes, Immediate-Early'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Genes, Immediate-Early"

1

Polyakov, P. P., A. S. Lipatova, and A. H. Kade. "MECHANISMS OF IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES ACTIVATION." Medical Herald of the South of Russia, no. 4 (January 1, 2016): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2219-8075-2016-4-4-11.

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Bullitt, Elizabeth. "Immediate-early genes and chronic pain." APS Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1058-9139(05)80236-0.

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Chiasson, Bernard J., Zoe Dennison, and Harold A. Robertson. "Amygdala kindling and immediate-early genes." Molecular Brain Research 29, no. 1 (March 1995): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-328x(94)00250-i.

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Morgan, James I., and Tom Curran. "Immediate-early genes: ten years on." Trends in Neurosciences 18, no. 2 (February 1995): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(95)80022-t.

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Lanahan, Anthony, and Paul Worley. "Immediate-Early Genes and Synaptic Function." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 70, no. 1-2 (July 1998): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nlme.1998.3836.

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SCHILLING, KARL, TOM CURRAN, and JAMES I. MORGAN. "Fosvergnügen The Excitement of Immediate-Early Genes." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 627, no. 1 (August 1991): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb25917.x.

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Robertson, H. A. "Immediate-early genes, neuronal plasticity, and memory." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 70, no. 9 (September 1, 1992): 729–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o92-112.

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The demonstration that the immediate-early gene c-fos is rapidly and transiently expressed in brain following a variety of manipulations has led to intense study of these genes to determine what physiological role they play. The very wide range of stimuli which lead to induction of immediate-early genes (IEGs) in the brain has raised concerns for the specificity of their actions and the suggestion that they might merely be involved in housekeeping functions. On the other hand, there is evidence that these genes may play a role in the transmission of information from cell surface receptors to the genetic material in many instances of neuronal plasticity, including development of seizure susceptibility (kindling), long-term potentiation, drug-induced changes, the phase shift in circadian rhythms, and spreading neuronal depression. In addition to being a putative third (or fourth) messenger involved in transduction of signals to the genetic material, activation of IEGs has proven to be a useful tool for the study of transsynaptic activation of certain neuronal pathways in the brain. Thus, studies on the induction of IEGs are proving to be especially useful in understanding some important functions and properties of the mammalian brain.Key words: immediate-early genes, brain, memory, neuronal plasticity, gene expression.

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Healy, Shannon, Protiti Khan, and James R. Davie. "Immediate early response genes and cell transformation." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 137, no. 1 (January 2013): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.09.001.

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Iadarola, Michael J. "Stimulus-transcription coupling and immediate-early genes." APS Journal 3, no. 1 (March 1994): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1058-9139(05)80237-2.

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Kawasaki, Takeru, Masahiro Tanaka, Makoto Fujie, Shoji Usami, and Takashi Yamada. "Immediate early genes expressed in chlorovirus infections." Virology 318, no. 1 (January 2004): 214–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2003.09.015.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Genes, Immediate-Early"

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Bandekar, Neha. "The Study of Immediate Early Genes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144229.

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Hazzalin, Catherine Ann. "Mitogen- and anisomycin-stimulated induction of immediate-early genes." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244746.

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Jenkins, Peter John. "Transcriptional regulation of the Epstein-Barr virus immediate early genes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367926.

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Jenkins, Robert. "The expression of immediate early genes in neuronal development and regeneration." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260577.

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Edmunds, John W. "Histone methylation at immediate-early genes : distribution, dynamics and molecular mechanisms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.442789.

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Penner, Marsha Rae. "Subregion Specific Changes In Immediate-Early Genes in the Aged Hippocampus." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194312.

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The normal aging process is accompanied by changes in cognitive function. One of the brain regions known to be an early target of the aging process is the hippocampus, a medial temporal lobe structure that is critically involved in spatial learning and memory function. The formation and maintenance of memory relies on rapid and sustainable synaptic modification, which requires new gene expression. Immediate-early genes are the first genes to be induced following relevant stimuli, and include genes that encode transcription factors, such as c-fos and zif268, and effector proteins that directly influence cellular function, such as Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeletal gene) and Homer1A. Blocking the expression of any one of these genes interferes with memory function, and thus, each of these genes is thought to have a memory enhancing effect. The hypothesis tested here was that aged animals would show a reduction in the expression of memory-promoting immediate-early genes within the hippocampus, and moreover, that these changes in expression would be subregion specific, based on the finding that the dentate gyrus is most vulnerable to the aging process.Potential age-related changes in immediate-early gene expression within the hippocampus was determined under basal conditions and after induction by a simple behavioral task. Of the genes under investigation, only c-fos did not show age-related changes under basal conditions, or following behavioral induction. The remaining genes, Arc, zif268 and Homer1A, each showed subregion specific patterns of change within the hippocampus under basal conditions or following induction (or both). The coordinate expression of immediate-early genes within the hippocampus was also investigated by assessing the extent to which Arc was expressed within the same neurons as c-fos, zif268 or H1a. The coordinate transcription of these genes was not significantly altered in the aged hippocampus, even though changes in the size of Arc and zif268 neural ensembles occurs within the aged denate gyrus.Taken together, these data indicate that age-related reductions in the basal and induced levels of immediate-early genes occur within the hippocampus, and that these changes are subregion specific.

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Nicholas, J. "Structural and functional characterisation of the immediate-early genes of Herpesvirus saimiri." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379801.

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Beaulé, Christian. "Photic entrainment and instruction of immediate-early genes within the rat circadian system." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39438.pdf.

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Chakrabarti, Arindam. "PKR DEPENDENT UPREGULATION OF IMMEDIATE EARLY GENES AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE IL-10." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1176136341.

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Wagner, Jessica. "Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Expression of Immediate Early Genes (IEG’s)." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1407255006.

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Books on the topic "Genes, Immediate-Early"

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Tölle, T. R., J. Schadrack, and W. Zieglgänsberger, eds. Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6.

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R, Tölle T., Schadrack J. 1965-, and Zieglgänsberger W. 1940-, eds. Immediate early genes in the central nervous system. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1995.

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Schadrack, J., T. R. Tölle, and W. Zieglgänsberger. Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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Schadrack, J., T. R. Tölle, and W. Zieglgänsberger. Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System. Springer London, Limited, 2012.

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Reinhard, Grzanna, Brown Roger M, and National Institute on Drug Abuse., eds. Activation of immediate early genes by drugs of abuse. Rockville, MD (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857): U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1993.

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6

Gallitano, Amelia L., ed. The Role of Immediate Early Genes in Neuropsychiatric Illness. Frontiers Media SA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/978-2-88963-617-4.

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(Editor), Raphael Pinaud, and Liisa A. Tremere (Editor), eds. Immediate Early Genes in Sensory Processing, Cognitive Performance and Neurological Disorders. Springer, 2006.

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Pinaud, Raphael, and Liisa A. Tremere. Immediate Early Genes in Sensory Processing, Cognitive Performance and Neurological Disorders. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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Pinaud, Raphael, and Liisa A. Tremere. Immediate Early Genes in Sensory Processing, Cognitive Performance and Neurological Disorders. Springer, 2014.

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Pinaud, Raphael, and Liisa A. Tremere, eds. Immediate Early Genes in Sensory Processing, Cognitive Performance and Neurological Disorders. Springer US, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-33604-6.

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Book chapters on the topic "Genes, Immediate-Early"

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Evan, G. I. "Immediate-early genes — how immediate and why early?" In Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System, 1–17. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_1.

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Tölle, T. R., J. Schadrack, J. M. Castro-Lopes, and W. Zieglgänsberger. "Immediate-early genes in nociception." In Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System, 51–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_4.

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Kraus, J., B. Bacher, X. Wang, and V. Höllt. "Immediate-early genes and opioid peptides." In Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System, 104–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_6.

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Cherniack, N. S., P. C. Shenoy, R. Mishra, M. Simonson, and N. R. Prabhakar. "Induction of Immediate Early Response Genes by Hypoxia." In Frontiers in Arterial Chemoreception, 127–34. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5891-0_19.

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Hunt, S. P., L. A. McNaughton, R. Jenkins, and W. Wisden. "Immediate-early gene activation as a window on mechanism in the nervous system." In Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System, 18–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_2.

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Dragunow, M. "Differential expression of immediate-early genes during synaptic plasticity, seizures and brain injury suggests specific functions for these molecules in brain neurons." In Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System, 35–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_3.

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Herdegen, T., S. Brecht, C. E. Fiallos-Estrada, H. Wickert, F. Gillardon, S. Voss, R. Bravo, and M. Zimmermann. "A novel face of immediate-early genes: transcriptional operations dominated by c-Jun and Jun D proteins in neurons following axotomy and during regenerative efforts." In Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System, 78–103. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_5.

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Kasof, G., T. Curran, and J. I. Morgan. "Transgenic mice studies of immediate-early genes: from markers to mutants." In Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System, 116–31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_7.

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Schlingensiepen, K. H., M. Kunst, W. Gerdes, and W. Brysch. "Complementary expression patterns of c-jun and jun B in rat brain and analysis of their function with antisense oligonucleotides." In Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System, 132–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_8.

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Ryseck, R. P., D. Carrasco, and R. Bravo. "Characterization and expression of relB, a new member of the rel/NF-κB family of transcription factors." In Immediate-Early Genes in the Central Nervous System, 146–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79562-6_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Genes, Immediate-Early"

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Shvab, Anna, Guangyan Sun, Bin Li, Felipe Beckedorff, Guy J. Leclerc, Ramin Shiekhattar, and Julio C. Barredo. "Abstract 1289: AICAR inhibits protein kinase D1 activity leading to epigenetic downregulation of immediate early genes via the NF-kB pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs18-1289.

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Shvab, Anna, Guangyan Sun, Bin Li, Felipe Beckedorff, Guy J. Leclerc, Ramin Shiekhattar, and Julio C. Barredo. "Abstract 1289: AICAR inhibits protein kinase D1 activity leading to epigenetic downregulation of immediate early genes via the NF-kB pathway in acute lymphoblastic leukemia." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2019; March 29-April 3, 2019; Atlanta, GA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1289.

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Kute, Stephanie M., and David A. Vorp. "Regional Association of Biological and Hemodynamic Parameters in Distal End-to-Side Vascular Anastomoses Perfused Ex Vivo." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32513.

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Vascular bypass graft failure is a significant clinical problem and is frequently due to the formation of intimal hyperplasia (IH) [1–3]. IH is characterized by the accumulation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and extracellular matrix in the intima of the vessel, which occurs when the normal balance between vascular cell proliferation and apoptosis (regulated cell death) is altered [4]. The disturbed flow present at the anastomosis has been implicated in the formation of IH and the link between hemodynamics and graft failure is via a complex cascade of events whereby biomechanical forces cause biological responses [5, 6]. For example, immediate early genes (IEG) such as c-fos, c-jun and egr-1 are involved in the signaling pathways for proliferation and apoptosis. When extracellular biomechanical stimuli (e.g. shear stress) cause the expression of IEG, their protein products translocate to the nucleus. These proteins regulate the expression of a number of genes implicated in cardiovascular disease including growth factors, adhesion molecules, proapoptotic substrates and coagulation factors [7–9]. Because IEG are involved in both proliferation and apoptosis, their expression may upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis and could play a vital role in the IH formation in vascular bypass grafts.

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Tse, Janson W., Anderly C. Chueh, Ian Y. Luk, Fiona Chionh, Yvonne Yeung, Georgia A. Corner, Dominic C. Ng, Hoanh Tran, Amardeep S. Dhillon, and John M. Mariadason. "Abstract 5112: Histone deacetylase and proteasome inhibitors synergistically induce apoptosis in colon cancer, multiple myeloma and CTCL cells through induction of the immediate early genes ATF3 and JUN." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-5112.

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Beck, George R., Corinne E. Camalier, Brian Hood, and Thomas P. Conrads. "Abstract 3789: Elevated inorganic phosphate stimulates immediate early gene expression and requires FGF receptor signaling." In Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am10-3789.

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Guo, Hongshan, Gabriel Golczer, Shyamala Maheswaran, Michael S. Lawrence, and Daniel A. Haber. "Abstract 2473:NR4A1suppresses cancer replication stress through R-loop-dependent inhibition of immediate early gene transcriptional elongation." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2021; April 10-15, 2021 and May 17-21, 2021; Philadelphia, PA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-2473.

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Chueh, Anderly C., Lars Togel, and John M. Mariadason. "Abstract 2629: Sustained immediate-early gene induction is linked to histone deacetylase inhibitor-induced apoptosis in multiple tumour types." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-2629.

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Reports on the topic "Genes, Immediate-Early"

1

Zhang, Xiao-kun. Immediate-Early Response Genes as Targets for Breast Cancer Treatment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada405234.

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Wagner, Jessica A. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Expression of Immediate Early Genes (IEG's). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada627540.

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Ron, Eliora, and Eugene Eugene Nester. Global functional genomics of plant cell transformation by agrobacterium. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7695860.bard.

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The aim of this study was to carry out a global functional genomics analysis of plant cell transformation by Agrobacterium in order to define and characterize the physiology of Agrobacterium in the acidic environment of a wounded plant. We planed to study the proteome and transcriptome of Agrobacterium in response to a change in pH, from 7.2 to 5.5 and identify genes and circuits directly involved in this change. Bacteria-plant interactions involve a large number of global regulatory systems, which are essential for protection against new stressful conditions. The interaction of bacteria with their hosts has been previously studied by genetic-physiological methods. We wanted to make use of the new capabilities to study these interactions on a global scale, using transcription analysis (transcriptomics, microarrays) and proteomics (2D gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry). The results provided extensive data on the functional genomics under conditions that partially mimic plant infection and – in addition - revealed some surprising and significant data. Thus, we identified the genes whose expression is modulated when Agrobacterium is grown under the acidic conditions found in the rhizosphere (pH 5.5), an essential environmental factor in Agrobacterium – plant interactions essential for induction of the virulence program by plant signal molecules. Among the 45 genes whose expression was significantly elevated, of special interest is the two-component chromosomally encoded system, ChvG/I which is involved in regulating acid inducible genes. A second exciting system under acid and ChvG/Icontrol is a secretion system for proteins, T6SS, encoded by 14 genes which appears to be important for Rhizobium leguminosarum nodule formation and nitrogen fixation and for virulence of Agrobacterium. The proteome analysis revealed that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), a metabolite secreted by wounded plants, induces the synthesis of an Agrobacterium lactonase which degrades the quorum sensing signal, N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL), resulting in attenuation of virulence. In addition, through a transcriptomic analysis of Agrobacterium growing at the pH of the rhizosphere (pH=5.5), we demonstrated that salicylic acid (SA) a well-studied plant signal molecule important in plant defense, attenuates Agrobacterium virulence in two distinct ways - by down regulating the synthesis of the virulence (vir) genes required for the processing and transfer of the T-DNA and by inducing the same lactonase, which in turn degrades the AHL. Thus, GABA and SA with different molecular structures, induce the expression of these same genes. The identification of genes whose expression is modulated by conditions that mimic plant infection, as well as the identification of regulatory molecules that help control the early stages of infection, advance our understanding of this complex bacterial-plant interaction and has immediate potential applications to modify it. We expect that the data generated by our research will be used to develop novel strategies for the control of crown gall disease. Moreover, these results will also provide the basis for future biotechnological approaches that will use genetic manipulations to improve bacterial-plant interactions, leading to more efficient DNA transfer to recalcitrant plants and robust symbiosis. These advances will, in turn, contribute to plant protection by introducing genes for resistance against other bacteria, pests and environmental stress.

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Crowley, David E., Dror Minz, and Yitzhak Hadar. Shaping Plant Beneficial Rhizosphere Communities. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594387.bard.

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PGPR bacteria include taxonomically diverse bacterial species that function for improving plant mineral nutrition, stress tolerance, and disease suppression. A number of PGPR are being developed and commercialized as soil and seed inoculants, but to date, their interactions with resident bacterial populations are still poorly understood, and-almost nothing is known about the effects of soil management practices on their population size and activities. To this end, the original objectives of this research project were: 1) To examine microbial community interactions with plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and their plant hosts. 2) To explore the factors that affect PGPR population size and activity on plant root surfaces. In our original proposal, we initially prqposed the use oflow-resolution methods mainly involving the use of PCR-DGGE and PLFA profiles of community structure. However, early in the project we recognized that the methods for studying soil microbial communities were undergoing an exponential leap forward to much more high resolution methods using high-throughput sequencing. The application of these methods for studies on rhizosphere ecology thus became a central theme in these research project. Other related research by the US team focused on identifying PGPR bacterial strains and examining their effective population si~es that are required to enhance plant growth and on developing a simulation model that examines the process of root colonization. As summarized in the following report, we characterized the rhizosphere microbiome of four host plant species to determine the impact of the host (host signature effect) on resident versus active communities. Results of our studies showed a distinct plant host specific signature among wheat, maize, tomato and cucumber, based on the following three parameters: (I) each plant promoted the activity of a unique suite of soil bacterial populations; (2) significant variations were observed in the number and the degree of dominance of active populations; and (3)the level of contribution of active (rRNA-based) populations to the resident (DNA-based) community profiles. In the rhizoplane of all four plants a significant reduction of diversity was observed, relative to the bulk soil. Moreover, an increase in DNA-RNA correspondence indicated higher representation of active bacterial populations in the residing rhizoplane community. This research demonstrates that the host plant determines the bacterial community composition in its immediate vicinity, especially with respect to the active populations. Based on the studies from the US team, we suggest that the effective population size PGPR should be maintained at approximately 105 cells per gram of rhizosphere soil in the zone of elongation to obtain plant growth promotion effects, but emphasize that it is critical to also consider differences in the activity based on DNA-RNA correspondence. The results ofthis research provide fundamental new insight into the composition ofthe bacterial communities associated with plant roots, and the factors that affect their abundance and activity on root surfaces. Virtually all PGPR are multifunctional and may be expected to have diverse levels of activity with respect to production of plant growth hormones (regulation of root growth and architecture), suppression of stress ethylene (increased tolerance to drought and salinity), production of siderophores and antibiotics (disease suppression), and solubilization of phosphorus. The application of transcriptome methods pioneered in our research will ultimately lead to better understanding of how management practices such as use of compost and soil inoculants can be used to improve plant yields, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. As we look to the future, the use of metagenomic techniques combined with quantitative methods including microarrays, and quantitative peR methods that target specific genes should allow us to better classify, monitor, and manage the plant rhizosphere to improve crop yields in agricultural ecosystems. In addition, expression of several genes in rhizospheres of both cucumber and whet roots were identified, including mostly housekeeping genes. Denitrification, chemotaxis and motility genes were preferentially expressed in wheat while in cucumber roots bacterial genes involved in catalase, a large set of polysaccharide degradation and assimilatory sulfate reduction genes were preferentially expressed.

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Chejanovsky, Nor, and Suzanne M. Thiem. Isolation of Baculoviruses with Expanded Spectrum of Action against Lepidopteran Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7586457.bard.

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Our long-term goal is to learn to control (expand and restrict) the host range of baculoviruses. In this project our aim was to expand the host range of the prototype baculovirus Autographa cali/arnica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) towards American and Israeli pests. To achieve this objective we studied AcMNPV infection in the non-permissive hosts L. dispar and s. littoralis (Ld652Y and SL2 cells, respectively) as a model system and the major barriers to viral replication. We isolated recombinant baculoviruses with expanded infectivity towards L. dispar and S. littoralis and tested their infectivity towards other Lepidopteran pests. The restricted host range displayed by baculoviruses constitutes an obstacle to their further implementation in the control of diverse Lepidopteran pests, increasing the development costs. Our work points out that cellular defenses are major role blocks to AcMNPV replication in non- and semi-permissive hosts. Therefore a major determinant ofbaculovirus host range is the ability of the virus to effectively counter cellular defenses of host cells. This is exemplified by our findings showing tliat expressing the viral gene Ldhrf-l overcomes global translation arrest in AcMNPV -infected Ld652Y cells. Our data suggests that Ld652Y cells have two anti-viral defense pathways, because they are subject to global translation arrest when infected with AcMNPV carrying a baculovirus apoptotic suppressor (e.g., wild type AcMNPV carryingp35, or recombinant AcMNPV carrying Opiap, Cpiap. or p49 genes) but apoptose when infected with AcMNPV-Iacking a functional apoptotic suppressor. We have yet to elucidate how hrf-l precludes the translation arrest mechanism(s) in AcMNPV-infected Ld652Y cells. Ribosomal profiles of AcMNPV infected Ld652Y cells suggested that translation initiation is a major control point, but we were unable to rule-out a contribution from a block in translation elongation. Phosphorylation of eIF-2a did not appear to playa role in AcMNPV -induced translation arrest. Mutagenesis studies ofhrf-l suggest that a highly acidic domain plays a role in precluding translation arrest. Our findings indicate that translation arrest may be linked to apoptosis either through common sensors of virus infection or as a consequence of late events in the virus life-cycle that occur only if apoptosis is suppressed. ~ AcMNPV replicates poorly in SL2 cells and induces apoptosis. Our studies in AcMNPV - infected SL2ceils led us to conclude that the steady-state levels of lEI (product of the iel gene, major AcMNPV -transactivator and multifunctional protein) relative to those of the immediate early viral protein lEO, playa critical role in regulating the viral infection. By increasing the IEl\IEO ratio we achieved AcMNPV replication in S. littoralis and we were able to isolate recombinant AcMNPV s that replicated efficiently in S. lifforalis cells and larvae. Our data that indicated that AcMNPV - infection may be regulated by an interaction between IE 1 and lED (of previously unknown function). Indeed, we showed that IE 1 associates with lED by using protein "pull down" and immunoprecipitation approaches High steady state levels of "functional" IE 1 resulted in increased expression of the apoptosis suppressor p35 facilitating AcMNPV -replication in SL2 cells. Finally, we determined that lED accelerates the viral infection in AcMNPV -permissive cells. Our results show that expressing viral genes that are able to overcome the insect-pest defense system enable to expand baculovirus host range. Scientifically, this project highlights the need to further study the anti-viral defenses of invertebrates not only to maximi~e the possibilities for manipulating baculovirus genomes, but to better understand the evolutionary underpinnings of the immune systems of vertebrates towards virus infection.

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Davidson, Irit, Hsing-Jien Kung, and Richard L. Witter. Molecular Interactions between Herpes and Retroviruses in Dually Infected Chickens and Turkeys. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7575275.bard.

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Tumors in commercial poultry are caused mainly by infection with avian herpes and retroviruses, the herpesvirus Marek's disease virus (MDV) and the retroviruses, reticuloendotheliosis (REV), lymphoid leukosis, subgroups A-I and J (ALV and ALV-J) in chickens, or Iymphoprolipherative disease (LPDV) in turkeys. Infection with one virus aggravates the clinical outcome of birds that are already infected by another oncogenic virus. As these viruses do not interfere for infection, MDV and one or more retroviruses can infect the same flock, the same bird and the same cell. While infecting the same cell, herpes and retroviruses might interact in at least three ways: a) Integration of retrovirus genomes, or genomic fragments (mainly the LTR) into MDV;b) alteration of LTR-driven expression of retroviral genes by MDV immediate- early genes, and c) by herpesvirus induced cellular transcriptional factors. The first type of molecular interaction have been demonstrated to happen efficiently in vitro by Dr. Kung, in cases multiple infection of cell cultures with MDV and REV or MDV and ALV. Moreover, Dr. Witter showed that an in vitro-created recombinant, RM1, had altered in vitro replication and in vivo biological properties. A more comprehensive characterization of RM1 was carried out in the present project. We sought to highlight whether events of such integrations occur also in the bird, in vivo. For that, we had first to determine the prevalence of dually-infected individual birds in commercial flocks, as no systematic survey has been yet reported. Surprisingly, about 25% of the commercial flocks infected with avian oncogenic viruses had a multiple virus infection and 5% of the total samples ana lysed had multiple virus sequences. Then, we aimed to evaluate and characterize biologically and molecularly the resulting recombinants, if formed, and to analyse the factors that affect these events (virus strains, type and age of birds and time interval between the infection with both viruses). The perception of retrovirus insertions into herpesviruses in vivo is not banal, as the in vivo and in vitro systems differ in the viral-target cells, lymphocytes or fibroblasts, in the MDV-replicative type, transforming or productive, and the immune system presence. We realized that previous methods employed to study in vitro created recombinant viruses were not adequate for the study of samples taken directly from the bird. Therefore, the Hot Spot-combined PCR was developed based on the molecularly known RM1 virus. Also, the PFGE that was used for tissue cultured-MDV separation was inefficient for separating MDV from organs, but useful with feather tips as a source of bird original MDV. Much attention was dedicated now to feathers, because if a recombinant virus would be formed in vivo, its biological significance would be evident by horizontal dissemination through the feathers. Major findings were: a) not only in vitro, but also in vivo MDV and retrovirus co-infections lead to LTR integrations into MDV. That was shown by the detection of chimeric molecules. These appeared in low quantities and as quasispecies, thus interfering with sequence analysis of cloned gel-purified chimeric molecules. Mainly inserts were located in the repeat long MDV fragments. In field birds chimeric molecules were detected at a lower frequency (2.5%) than in experimentally infected birds (30-50%). These could be transmitted experimentally to another birds by inoculation with chimeric molecules containing blood. Several types of chimeric molecules were formed, and same types were detected in birds infected by a second round. To reproduce viral integrations, in vivo infection trials were done with field inoculate that contained both viruses, but the chimeric molecule yield was undetectable.

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Halevy, Orna, Sandra Velleman, and Shlomo Yahav. Early post-hatch thermal stress effects on broiler muscle development and performance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597933.bard.

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In broilers, the immediate post-hatch handling period exposes chicks to cold or hot thermal stress, with potentially harmful consequences to product quantity and quality that could threaten poultry meat marketability as a healthy, low-fat food. This lower performance includes adverse effects on muscle growth and damage to muscle structure (e.g., less protein and more fat deposition). A leading candidate for mediating the effects of thermal stress on muscle growth and development is a unique group of skeletal muscle cells known as adult myoblasts (satellite cells). Satellite cells are multipotential stem cells that can be stimulated to follow other developmental pathways, especially adipogenesis in lieu of muscle formation. They are most active during the first week of age in broilers and have been shown to be sensitive to environmental conditions and nutritional status. The hypothesis of the present study was that immediate post-hatch thermal stress would harm broiler growth and performance. In particular, growth characteristics and gene expression of muscle progenitor cells (i.e., satellite cells) will be affected, leading to increased fat deposition, resulting in long-term changes in muscle structure and a reduction in meat yield. The in vitro studies on cultured satellite cells derived from different muscle, have demonstrated that, anaerobic pectoralis major satellite cells are more predisposed to adipogenic conversion and more sensitive during myogenic proliferation and differentiation than aerobic biceps femoris cells when challenged to both hot and cold thermal stress. These results corroborated the in vivo studies, establishing that chronic heat exposure of broiler chicks at their first two week of life leads to impaired myogenicity of the satellite cells, and increased fat deposition in the muscle. Moreover, chronic exposure of chicks to inaccurate temperature, in particular to heat vs. cold, during their early posthatch periods has long-term effects of BW, absolute muscle growth and muscle morphology and meat quality. The latter is manifested by higher lipid and collagen deposition and may lead to the white striping occurrence. The results of this study emphasize the high sensitivity of muscle progenitor cells in the early posthatch period at a time when they are highly active and therefore the importance of rearing broiler chicks under accurate ambient temperatures. From an agricultural point of view, this research clearly demonstrates the immediate and long-term adverse effects on broiler muscling and fat formation due to chronic exposure to hot stress vs. cold temperatures at early age posthatch. These findings will aid in developing management strategies to improve broiler performance in Israel and the USA. BARD Report - Project4592 Page 2 of 29

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