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Journal articles on the topic 'Genetic code'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Cavalcanti, Andre R. O., and Laura F. Landweber. "Genetic code." Current Biology 14, no. 4 (2004): R147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2004.01.041.

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2

Fimmel, Elena, and Lutz Strüngmann. "Linear codes and the mitochondrial genetic code." Biosystems 184 (October 2019): 103990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2019.103990.

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3

Habrel, Mykola, and Mykhailo Habrel. "GENETIC CODE OF THE CITY." Current problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 63 (April 14, 2022): 18–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2077-3455.2022.63.18-41.

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Advances in genetics as a science have led the authors to believe that its methods and approaches can be used in urban research and in justifying decisions on spatial organization and urban development. Using the theoretical and methodological tools of genetics revealed the content of the phenomenon of "genetic top" in urban planning and urban development: understood the key provisions of genetics as a science of heredity – the origin and evolution of organisms, substantiated their feasibility for research on urban history and modern cities; the peculiarities of the genetic method for the stud

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4

Omachi, Yuji, Nen Saito, and Chikara Furusawa. "Rare-event sampling analysis uncovers the fitness landscape of the genetic code." PLOS Computational Biology 19, no. 4 (2023): e1011034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011034.

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The genetic code refers to a rule that maps 64 codons to 20 amino acids. Nearly all organisms, with few exceptions, share the same genetic code, the standard genetic code (SGC). While it remains unclear why this universal code has arisen and been maintained during evolution, it may have been preserved under selection pressure. Theoretical studies comparing the SGC and numerically created hypothetical random genetic codes have suggested that the SGC has been subject to strong selection pressure for being robust against translation errors. However, these prior studies have searched for random ge

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5

KOJIMA, Tatsuya, Yuuki HAYASHI, and Hiroaki SUGA. "Genetic Code Reprogramming." Seibutsu Butsuri 52, no. 1 (2012): 004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2142/biophys.52.004.

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6

OHAMA, Takeshi, Yuji INAGAKI, Yoshitaka BESSHO, and Syozo OSAWA. "Evolving genetic code." Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B 84, no. 2 (2008): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/pjab.84.58.

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7

Marshall, J. "The genetic code." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 16 (2014): 5760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1405652111.

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8

Helser, Terry L. "Genetic Code Wordsearch." Journal of Chemical Education 80, no. 4 (2003): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed080p417.

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9

YARUS, MICHAEL, and ERIC L. CHRISTIAN. "Genetic code origins." Nature 342, no. 6248 (1989): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/342349b0.

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10

Osawa, S., A. Muto, T. Ohama, Y. Andachi, R. Tanaka, and F. Yamao. "Prokaryotic genetic code." Experientia 46, no. 11-12 (1990): 1097–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01936919.

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11

Giegé, Richard. "Genetic code expansion." Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 10, no. 6 (2003): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsb0603-414.

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12

Sleator, Roy D. "The genetic code." Artificial DNA: PNA & XNA 5, no. 2 (2014): e29408. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/adna.29408.

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13

Nangle, Leslie A., Valérie de Crécy Lagard, Volker Döring, and Paul Schimmel. "Genetic Code Ambiguity." Journal of Biological Chemistry 277, no. 48 (2002): 45729–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m208093200.

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14

Weiss, Kenneth M., and Anne V. Buchanan. "“The” genetic code?" Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 14, no. 1 (2005): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/evan.20033.

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15

Singh, Brijendra. "Perceptions about Genetic Code and its Evolution." Indian Journal of Genetics and Molecular Research 5, no. 2 (2016): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijgmr.2319.4782.5216.4.

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16

Rubino, I. Alex, Anna Saya, and Bianca Pezzarossa. "Percept-Genetic Signs of Repression in Histrionic Personality Disorder." Perceptual and Motor Skills 74, no. 2 (1992): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.451.

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Several types of perceptual distortions of two anxiety-arousing visual stimuli are coded as repression in the Defense Mechanism Test, a tachistoscopic, percept-genetic technique. Given the well-established correspondence between hysteria and repression, the study included a clinical validation of these variants of repression against the diagnosis of histrionic personality disorder. 41 subjects with evidence of this disorder on the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II were compared with 41 nonhistrionic controls. Significantly more histrionics were coded for the type of repression in which t

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17

Geyer, Regine, and Amir Madany Mamlouk. "On the efficiency of the genetic code after frameshift mutations." PeerJ 6 (May 21, 2018): e4825. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4825.

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Statistical and biochemical studies of the standard genetic code (SGC) have found evidence that the impact of mistranslations is minimized in a way that erroneous codes are either synonymous or code for an amino acid with similar polarity as the originally coded amino acid. It could be quantified that the SGC is optimized to protect this specific chemical property as good as possible. In recent work, it has been speculated that the multilevel optimization of the genetic code stands in the wider context of overlapping codes. This work tries to follow the systematic approach on mistranslations a

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18

Ardell, David H., and Guy Sella. "No accident: genetic codes freeze in error–correcting patterns of the standard genetic code." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1427 (2002): 1625–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1071.

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The standard genetic code poses a challenge in understanding the evolution of information processing at a fundamental level of biological organization. Genetic codes are generally coadapted with, or ‘frozen‘ by, the protein–coding genes that they translate, and so cannot easily change by natural selection. Yet the standard code has a significantly non–random pattern that corrects common errors in the transmission of information in protein–coding genes. Because of the freezing effect and for other reasons, this pattern has been proposed not to be due to selection but rather to be incidental to

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19

Aisah, Isah, B. Subartini, and A. Muhaemin. "Endomorphism Representation Matrix From Standard Genetic Code." JURNAL ILMIAH SAINS 20, no. 1 (2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jis.20.1.2020.27787.

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Mutations are changes in genetic material that can occur at the level of genes or chromosomes. Mutations at the gene level are structural changes in the genetic code. In this paper we will investigate the necessary and sufficient conditions for an endomorphism called autumorphism. The method used in this research paper is a review of literature conducted by collecting literature from previous studies in accordance with the study discussed. Mathematically, genetic mutations can be viewed with an endomorphism and automorphism f in the vector space which maps the standard genetic code sequence of

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20

José, Marco, and Gabriel Zamudio. "Symmetrical Properties of Graph Representations of Genetic Codes: From Genotype to Phenotype." Symmetry 10, no. 9 (2018): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym10090388.

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It has long been claimed that the mitochondrial genetic code possesses more symmetries than the Standard Genetic Code (SGC). To test this claim, the symmetrical structure of the SGC is compared with noncanonical genetic codes. We analyzed the symmetries of the graphs of codons and their respective phenotypic graph representation spanned by the RNY (R purines, Y pyrimidines, and N any of them) code, two RNA Extended codes, the SGC, as well as three different mitochondrial genetic codes from yeast, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The symmetry groups of the SGC and their corresponding phenotypic

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21

Kumar, Balaji, and Supreet Saini. "Analysis of the optimality of the standard genetic code." Molecular BioSystems 12, no. 8 (2016): 2642–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6mb00262e.

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Many theories have been proposed attempting to explain the origin of the genetic code. In this work, we compare performance of the standard genetic code against millions of randomly generated codes. On left, ability of genetic codes to encode additional information and their robustness to frameshift mutations.

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22

Yarus, Michael. "The Genetic Code Assembles via Division and Fusion, Basic Cellular Events." Life 13, no. 10 (2023): 2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13102069.

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Standard Genetic Code (SGC) evolution is quantitatively modeled in up to 2000 independent coding ‘environments’. Environments host multiple codes that may fuse or divide, with division yielding identical descendants. Code division may be selected—sophisticated gene products could be required for an orderly separation that preserves the coding. Several unforeseen results emerge: more rapid evolution requires unselective code division rather than its selective form. Combining selective and unselective code division, with/without code fusion, with/without independent environmental coding tables,

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23

Jewel, Delilah, and Abhishek Chatterjee. "Rewriting the genetic code." Science 372, no. 6546 (2021): 1040–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abi9892.

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24

Gorman, Jessica. "Amending the Genetic Code." Science News 164, no. 7 (2003): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3982036.

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25

Wang, Lei, Jianming Xie, and Peter G. Schultz. "EXPANDING THE GENETIC CODE." Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure 35, no. 1 (2006): 225–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.biophys.35.101105.121507.

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26

Chin, J. W. "Reprogramming the Genetic Code." Science 336, no. 6080 (2012): 428–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1221761.

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27

Zahn, Laura M. "Expanding the genetic code." Science 363, no. 6429 (2019): 831.7–832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.363.6429.831-g.

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28

Wang, Lei, and Peter G. Schultz. "Expanding the genetic code." Chemical Communications, no. 1 (December 17, 2001): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b108185n.

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29

Chin, Jason W. "Reprogramming the genetic code." EMBO Journal 30, no. 12 (2011): 2312–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/emboj.2011.160.

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30

de Duve, Christian. "The second genetic code." Nature 333, no. 6169 (1988): 117–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/333117a0.

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31

Mukai, Takahito, Marc J. Lajoie, Markus Englert, and Dieter Söll. "Rewriting the Genetic Code." Annual Review of Microbiology 71, no. 1 (2017): 557–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-micro-090816-093247.

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32

ARNAUD, CELIA. "EXPANDING THE GENETIC CODE." Chemical & Engineering News 88, no. 8 (2010): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v088n008.p009.

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33

Ibba, Michael, and Dieter Söll. "Genetic Code: Introducing Pyrrolysine." Current Biology 12, no. 13 (2002): R464—R466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00947-8.

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34

Xie, Jianming, and Peter G. Schultz. "An expanding genetic code." Methods 36, no. 3 (2005): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.04.010.

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35

Pohlmeyer, Roland. "The genetic code revisited." Journal of Theoretical Biology 253, no. 3 (2008): 623–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2008.04.028.

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36

Calder, Nigel. "The genetic code explained." New Scientist 192, no. 2578 (2006): s12—s13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(06)61014-2.

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37

Kubli, E. "Genetic code 1990. Introduction." Experientia 46, no. 11-12 (1990): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01936917.

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38

Jukes, T. H. "Genetic code 1990. Outlook." Experientia 46, no. 11-12 (1990): 1149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01936925.

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39

North, Geoffrey. "Third Genetic Code Anyone?" Current Biology 21, no. 6 (2011): R203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.02.024.

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40

Schimmel, Paul, and Kirk Beebe. "Genetic code seizes pyrrolysine." Nature 431, no. 7006 (2004): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/431257a.

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41

Jukes, T. H. "Genetic Code 1990. Outlook." Experientia 47, no. 4 (1991): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01972083.

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42

Cropp, T. Ashton, and Peter G. Schultz. "An expanding genetic code." Trends in Genetics 20, no. 12 (2004): 625–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2004.09.013.

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43

Ninio, Jacques. "The revised genetic code." Origins of Life and Evolution of the Biosphere 20, no. 2 (1990): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01808278.

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44

Doty, Paul. "Translating the genetic code." Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia 12, no. 1 (2007): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070120118.

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45

Lemke, Edward A. "The Exploding Genetic Code." ChemBioChem 15, no. 12 (2014): 1691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201402362.

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46

Findley, G. L., and S. P. McGlynn. "A generalized genetic code." International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 16, S6 (2009): 313–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/qua.560160720.

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47

Wang, Lei, and Peter G. Schultz. "Expanding the Genetic Code." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 44, no. 1 (2005): 34–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200460627.

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48

Celia Henry Arnaud. "Rewriting bacteria’s genetic code." C&EN Global Enterprise 99, no. 21 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-09921-scicon3.

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49

Rozhoňová, Hana, Carlos Martí-Gómez, David M. McCandlish, and Joshua L. Payne. "Robust genetic codes enhance protein evolvability." PLOS Biology 22, no. 5 (2024): e3002594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002594.

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The standard genetic code defines the rules of translation for nearly every life form on Earth. It also determines the amino acid changes accessible via single-nucleotide mutations, thus influencing protein evolvability—the ability of mutation to bring forth adaptive variation in protein function. One of the most striking features of the standard genetic code is its robustness to mutation, yet it remains an open question whether such robustness facilitates or frustrates protein evolvability. To answer this question, we use data from massively parallel sequence-to-function assays to construct a

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50

Wang, Kaihang, Wolfgang H. Schmied, and Jason W. Chin. "Reprogramming the Genetic Code: From Triplet to Quadruplet Codes." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 51, no. 10 (2012): 2288–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201105016.

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