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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Genetic engineering Public opinionAustralia'
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1
Pearl, Esther, and n/a. "Requirements for splicing by Cne PRP8, a novel intein from cryptococcus neoformans." University of Otago. Department of Biochemistry, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070405.145703.
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Inteins are autocatalytic protein domains that splice out of the nascent polypeptide shortly after translation, requiring no co-factors to facilitate splicing. There is an intein coding sequence within the Prp8 gene of Cryptococcus neoformans, a human pathogen that causes cryptococcosis in immunocompromised people. The intein, Cne PRP8, is a drug target as Prp8 is a central component of the spliceosome and thus believed to be essential to the fungus. Improved knowledge of the intein and its requirements for splicing can contribute to design of a screening system and the search for an inhibitor of intein splicing.
Purification of Cne PRP8 for crystallisation was performed using either an N- or a C-terminal His�Tag�, where the N-terminal His�Tag� was removed by 3C protease prior to crystallisation trials. C-terminally His�Tagged� Cne PRP8 formed the largest crystals. The crystals were triangular plates with stepped faces. A 2.8 Å data set was collected with an R[merge] of 0.151 and a mosaicity of 2.1�. A smaller crystal gave a 3.6 Å data set with an R[merge] of 0.085 and a mosaicity of 1.5�. Molecular replacement was not sufficient to solve the structure, likely because the data were weak and the molecules in the asymmetric unit too numerous. Purified Cne PRP8 was additionally shown by circular dichroism to lack regular secondary structure, suggesting that regions of Cne PRP8 could be natively unstructured.
Cne PRP8 was expressed as a fusion protein between Haemophilus influenzae trigger factor (HiTF) and a chitin binding domain (CBD). Antibodies to the different parts of the fusion protein facilitated the observation of splicing ability by western blotting. From this it was determined that Cne PRP8 is capable of splicing in a foreign protein context. Context is important, with maximum splicing occurring when Cne PRP8 has two native N-terminal extein residues and one native C-terminal extein residue. The first residue and the last two residues of Cne PRP8 are essential for splicing; additionally the conserved threonine (T62) and histidine (H65) were shown to be catalytically important. Also required for splicing are arginine 154, tyrosine 162, and aspartate 166. Leucine 161 undergoes ~50% splicing when mutated to alanine, and tryptophan 151 undergoes limited C-terminal cleavage, but no splicing, when mutated to alanine. Tryptophan 151 was identified as a potentially crucial residue, which may function to prevent C-terminal cleavage before the N-terminal rearrangements have taken place. Overall it appears that Cne PRP8 residues that are more diverged from the general intein consensus are less essential for splicing.
Wild type Cne PRP8 is insensitive to zinc inhibition in vivo. It is also unresponsive to cadmium, calcium, cobalt, lithium, magnesium, manganese and nickel. However, a partially splicing-deficient mutant exhibited further inhibition in response to zinc and cadmium. This mutant also showed a limited increase in splicing efficiency in response to temperatures lower than 37�C.
This study has identified critical residues, in addition to those at the splice junctions necessary for catalysis, which participate in splicing intermediates.
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Rupar, Verica. "Investigating the Journalistic Field:The Influence of Objectivity as a Journalistic Norm on the Public Debate on Genetic Engineering in New Zealand." The University of Waikato, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2596.
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This thesis explores the relationship between journalism as a specific type of socio-cultural practice and the production of meaning in public discussion. Through a case study of newspaper coverage of the issue of genetic engineering in New Zealand (2001-2002), it specifically examines journalists' newsgathering methods, their use of sources and their story-telling frames, and analyses how the news media uses the norm of objectivity to shape public debate on contentious issues. The study argues that elements and structures of journalistic practice both determine a newspaper's ability to address events and issues in a meaningful way and define a newspaper's potential to create a space for public debate. Drawing on field theory, discourse studies and the sociology of journalism, the thesis develops a new operational framework for investigation of journalistic practice by looking at the ideal of objectivity as a method of news gathering, an account of representing reality, and an attitude towards the reality so constructed. This framework is applied in the case study of newspaper coverage of the GE issue where four components of journalistic practice are analysed: journalistic form, transparency of newsgathering, sources and frame. Using content analysis, discourse analysis, interviews and a survey, the thesis explores the relationship between journalistic norms around these elements of the practice and the discursive potential of the news text to represent, interpret and construct reality. The findings of this study highlight the tension between outmoded forms of practice and the complexity of issues in the public domain. The analysis reveals how the norm of objectivity, originally developed as a shield for the defence of the autonomy of the profession to mediate reality, became, in the case of media coverage of genetic engineering, an obstacle in extending journalism's potential to contribute to public debate. As a method, objectivity failed to provide a set of transparent protocols for the representation of the issue in the public arena; as an account, it reflected the impossibility of separating 'facts' from 'views' and positions of detachment from those of partisanship; and as an attitude, objectivity was endangered by the increasing power of economic imperatives in the production of news. Following this analysis, the thesis explores the influence of journalistic norms on public debate by looking at journalism as a text, as a discursive practice and as a field of cultural production. The GE issue, constructed in the New Zealand press as a key component of the 'knowledge economy', drew attention to the dynamics between the economic imperatives and professional standards of the journalistic field. The objectivity norm was reduced in news reports to reporting 'what people say' rather than what the issue or argument meant, which led to a simplification of the genetic engineering issue in the public domain. The study concludes with the call for a re-examination of the journalistic field in light of the press's incapacity to challenge the status quo and map the social world for its readers.
3
Crain, Stacie M. "Designer Genes: An analysis of a theoretical framework for policy proposals in relation to genetic engineering as a reproductive technology." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/44317.
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With the new capabilities of genetic engineering and such biotechnologies, come added considerations for policy makers. If gene therapy (or even embryo selection) becomes common practice, we must look not only to creating policies that protect the interests of individuals in the legal and social realms, but consideration must also be given to the equality of opportunity in the genetic sense. This additional level brings with it much significance; one can argue that financial disparity is at least theoretically surmountable but it is difficult to account for intentional genetic alterations that would forever give certain individuals a physical advantage over non-enhanced persons.
It is with these new boundaries that genetic policy must find itself creating legislation; it is also with these new boundaries that policy will find its greatest hurdles. Given the ever-expanding field of biotechnology and gene therapy, one can hardly expect policy written today to be up-to-date ten, or even two years from now. Instead of focusing, therefore, on specific recommendations, I will center my discussion on a broad framework that outlines the arguments that should be considered when dealing with genetic engineering and public policy.
After creating a theoretical structure centered on historical experiences and the philosophical writings of John Rawls, we will delve deeper into the actual possibilities created by genetic engineering and embryo selection. I will further analyze the differences between positive and negative genetic interventions and discuss the consequences of these differences as they should (or should not) affect policy. This particular distinction and the implications of these differences on policy will serve as the bulk of my discussion.Master of Arts
4
Ruiz, Oscar Nemesio. "MULTIGENE METABOLIC ENGINEERING VIA THE CHLOROPLAST GENOME." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4458.
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The vast majority of valuable agronomic traits are encoded polygenetically. Chloroplast genetic engineering offers an alternate approach to multigene engineering by allowing the insertion of entire pathways in a single transformation event, while being an environmentally friendly approach. Stable integration into the chloroplast genome and transcription of the phaA gene coding for beta-ketothiolase was confirmed by Southern and northern blots. Coomassie-stained gel and western blots confirmed hyperexpression of beta-ketothiolase in leaves and anthers, with high enzyme activity. The transgenic lines were normal except for the male sterile phenotype, lacking pollen. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a collapsed morphology of the pollen grains. Transgenic lines followed an accelerated anther developmental pattern, affecting their development and maturation, resulting in aberrant tissue patterns. Abnormal thickening of the outer wall, enlarged endothecium and vacuolation, decreased the inner space of the locules, affecting pollen grain and resulted in the irregular shape and collapsed phenotype. Reversibility of the male sterility phenotype was achieved by exposing the plants to continuous illumination, producing viable pollen and copious amounts of seeds. This is the first report of engineered cytoplasmic male sterility and offers a new tool for transgene containment for both nuclear and organelle genomes. Detailed characterization of transcriptional, posttranscriptional and translational processes of heterologous operons expressed via the chloroplast genome is reported here. Northern blot analyses performed on chloroplast transgenic lines harboring seven different heterologous operons, revealed that in most cases, only polycistronic mRNA was produced or polycistrons were the most abundant form and that they were not processed into monocistrons. Despite such lack of processing, abundant foreign protein accumulation was detected in these transgenic lines. Interestingly, a stable secondary structure formed from a heterologous bacterial intergenic sequence was recognized and efficiently processed, indicating that the chloroplast posttranscriptional machinery can indeed recognize sequences that are not of chloroplast origin, retaining its prokaryotic ancestral features. Processed and unprocessed heterologous polycistrons were quite stable even in the absence of 3'UTRs and were efficiently translated. Unlike native 5' UTRs, heterologous secondary structures or 5'UTRs showed efficient translational enhancement independent of any cellular control. Finally, we observed abundant read-through transcription in the presence of chloroplast 3'UTRs. Such read-through transcripts were efficiently processed at introns present within native operons. Addressing questions about polycistrons, as well as the sequences required for their processing and transcript stability are essential for future approaches in metabolic engineering. Finally, we have shown phytoremediation of mercury by engineering the mer operon via the chloroplast genome under the regulation of chloroplast native and heterologous 5'UTRs. These transgenenic plants hyperexpress were able to translate MerA and MerB enzymes to levels detectable by coomassie stained gel. The knowledge acquired from these studies offer guidelines for engineering multigene pathways via the chloroplast genome.Ph.D.
Department of Biomolecular Science
Health and Public Affairs
Biomolecular Science
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Ahmed, Muhammad Faisal. "Studies on the tissue culture and potential for the development of a genetic transformation system for avocados (Persea americana Mill.) /." View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030728.134303/index.html.
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Wickson, Fern. "From risk to uncertainy Australia's environmental regulation of genetically modified crops /." Access electronically, 2005. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20060727.135007/index.html.
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Most, Michael Thomas. "PRIVATIZING AGRICULTURAL GENETICS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS AND IMPLICATIONS OF CREATING PROPERTY FROM A ONCE RES NULLIUS PUBLIC GOOD." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/544.
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For milennia, agricultural genetics were common-pool, open access (or res nullius) resources, unencumbered by the assignment of property rights. Beginning in 1930, a series of legislative and judicial actions incrementally altered the legal definition of agricultural genetics and, ultimately, permitted the application of utility patents to a resource that was once free to all. In the factitious process of creating ownable property from that which was previously shared, the potential consequences of privatizing these res nullius resources were often unanticipated, underappreciated or entirely dismissed. Ramifications include not only the widely publicized concerns of environmental contretemps and the potentially insalubrious effects of consuming transgenic foods, but also more obscure implications, many of which are economically counterproductive and socially undesirable (e.g., promoting farmers onto a technology treadmill that requires them to implement successive iterations of evolving technologies or risk becoming noncompetitive; creating hostilities between technology adopters and non-adopting farmers which, in turn, complexifies social relationships and diminishes the quality of rural life; encouraging questionable corporate behaviors; promoting strategic hold-ups whereby broadly applied patents constrain the widespread use of licenses and consequently inhibit further evolution of technologies, and; creating patent thickets that produce bottlenecks, slow innovation, and increase transaction costs). Proponents of biotechnology seek to strengthen the inchoate property to the point of adoption by minimizing or negating controversial aspects while emphasizing potentially positive outcomes. Opposing interests attempt to exploit potentially negative implications or outcomes in an attempt to weaken the propertization to the point of abandonment. (According to Radin (2000b), the term, propertization, refers to the creation of property, often intangible, or at least less tangible than traditional chattel assets, through a socially sanctioned, uncertain and malleable process.) The success of any attempt to privatize agricultural genetics is not assured, and opportunistic stakeholders opposing or promoting the creation of the property will attempt to exploit this incertitude to influence the outcome of the inchoate propertization. Thus, unlike ownership of conventional, tangible properties (e.g., land or chattel), the successful (or, equally, unsuccessful) privatization of agricultural genetic sequences is dependent upon the process of creating the property, itself. Employing grounded theory methodologies, this dissertation analyzes five case studies to develop a unique model describing the uncertain process of creating property from agricultural genetics and facilitate explaining why certain propertization attempts are successful while others are not.
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Cherukumilli, Sri. "Expression of Human Interferon in Transgenic Tobacco Chloroplasts." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2005. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/747.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucfBachelors
Burnett College of Biomedical Sciences
Molecular Biology and Microbiology
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Crawford, Alistair, and n/a. "Bad Behaviour: The Prevention of Usability Problems Using GSE Models." Griffith University. School of Information and Communication Technology, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20061108.154141.
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The aim of Human Computer Interaction or HCI is to both understand and improve the quality of the users' experience with the systems and technology they interact with. Recent HCI research requirements have stated a need for a unified predictive approach to system design that consolidates system engineering, cognitive modelling, and design principles into a single 'total system approach.' At present, few methods seek to integrate all three of these aspects into a single method and of those that do many are extensions to existing engineering techniques. This thesis, however proposes a new behaviour based approach designed to identify usability problems early in the design process before testing the system with actual users. In order to address the research requirements, this model uses a new design notation called Genetic Software Engineering (GSE) in conjunction with aspects of a cognitive modelling technique called NGOMSL (Natural GOMS Language) as the basis for this approach. GSE's behaviour tree notation, and NGOMSL's goal orientated format are integrated using a set of simple conversion rules defined in this study. Several well established design principles, believed to contribute to the eventual usability of a product, are then modelled in GSE. This thesis addresses the design of simple interfaces and the design of complex ubiquitous technology. The new GSE approach is used to model and predict usability problems in an extensive range of tasks from programming a VCR to making a video recording on a modern mobile phone. The validity of these findings is tested against actual user tests on the same tasks and devices to demonstrate the effectiveness of the GSE approach. Ultimately, the aim of the study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new cognitive and engineering based approach at predicting usability problems based on tangible representations of established design principles. This both fulfils the MCI research requirements for a 'total system approach' and establishes a new and novel approach to user interface and system design.
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Sheumack, Michele Denise, and n/a. "StarLink(TM) Corn: A Case Study." Griffith University. School of Science, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040401.151800.
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The 18 September 2000 disclosure that StarLink corn, a genetically engineered variety not approved for human consumption, had been detected in food was a seminal event in agricultural biotechnology. This thesis presents a comprehensive case study of the StarLink incident (part one), reviews the StarLink situation in terms of crisis management theory (part two) and develops crisis management theory using the StarLink incident as an example of a crisis (part three). Part one provides background information, then a meticulous day-by-day account of StarLink-related events. Part two presents a detailed overview of crisis management theory, then examines the StarLink situation in terms of pre-crisis (warning signals, preconditions for a crisis, crisis trigger), crisis (how Aventis, the biotechnology provider, managed the crisis and opinions concerning crisis handling) and post-crisis (lessons learned). Part three develops crisis management theory using the StarLink situation as an example of a crisis. It evaluates whether the StarLink incident possessed characteristics predicted for modern crises and suggests other factors which may become more prevalent and significant in future crises. The StarLink incident delivers certain practical lessons for managers, regulators and others and demonstrates a number of characteristics of modern crises.
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Stewart, Alan V. "Plant breeding aspects of ryegrasses (Lolium sp.) infected with endophytic fungi." Phd thesis, University of Canterbury. Lincoln College, 1987. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20071005.172250/.
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Some aspects of the presence of systemic endophytic fungi in agriculturally important New Zealand grasses were studied in relation to plant breeding. Seedling resistance to adult Argentine stem weevil feeding in perennial ryegrass, Italian ryegrass and tall fescue was found to be related to the presence of their respective Acremonium endophytes in the seed rather than to plant genetic resistance. In addition a study of perennial ryegrass revealed that this resistance was independent of endophyte viability. The seedling resistance conferred by the endophyte of Italian ryegrass was found to be beneficial for field establishment. This endophyte differs from that in perennial ryegrass and tall fescue in that it does not confer resistance to Argentine stem weevil on mature plants, but only on seedlings. The extent of plant genetic seedling tolerance to adult Argentine stem weevil feeding was limited to broad inter-specific differences, with tall fescue more tolerant than perennial ryegrass and both of these more tolerant than Italian ryegrass. This ranking corresponds with previous observations on feeding preference on mature plants. A study of factors affecting the concentration of endophyte mycelia in infected seed of perennial ryegrass revealed that plant genetic factors had little effect. The major factors studied were: 1) the endophyte concentration in the maternal parent plant directly influenced the endophyte concentration in the seed. 2) nitrogen fertilizer applications to a seed crop reduced the concentration of mycelia in the seed, with earlier applications having a greater effect. 3) application of the fungicide propiconazole (Tilt) to a seed crop reduced the endophyte concentration in the seed. 4) the endophyte concentration in the seed was found to directly influence the endophyte concentration in seedlings, six month old plants and that of seed harvested from a first year seed crop. As there have been no previous reports of tetraploid perennial ryegrass cultivars with endophyte an experiment was conducted to determine if these could be developed by the standard procedure of colchicine treatment. The results revealed that endophyte was retained following colchicine treatment.
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Kadiyala, Akhil. "Development and Evaluation of an Integrated Approach to Study In-Bus Exposure Using Data Mining and Artificial Intelligence Methods." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1341257080.
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McManigal, Barney. "Controlling controversial science : biotechnology policy in Britain and the United States (1984-2004)." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:eda8d57b-66dc-4cd6-8ad4-d863ae43e8ed.
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This thesis addresses the puzzle of variation in first-generation regulatory policies for controversial science and technology, as demonstrated in the cases of agricultural genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and human embryonic stem cell research in the United Kingdom and the United States. Why did policy outcomes vary in each technology case? This study answers this question by placing greater emphasis on institutional factors. Although works within institutional analysis, bureaucracy and regulation literatures make significant progress in revealing how existing institutions can shape outcomes, how far one can characterize bureaucratic behavior and whether interest groups capture regulation, they nevertheless create an opening for research that: describes a mechanism for path dependence to explain variation in policies; shows the degree to which bureaucratic behaviors can influence outcomes; and, highlights instances in which regulatory officials hold power. This thesis makes an original contribution by providing new historical details relating to these cases, and by providing an extensive elaboration of Pierson’s criteria for increasing returns and a so-called secondary test of path dependence to explain outcomes. The study recounts the biography of key policy documents in each case by tracing the process of decision-making through government and archival sources, secondary literature and more than 40 elite interviews. In doing so, it details the activities of key governmental bodies within the European Union, UK and US. Moreover, it shows how the Coordinated Framework (1986) and Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 framework represented decision-making structures which triggered changes in actors and interests and shaped permissive outcomes for GMOs and stem cell research in the US and UK, respectively. Furthermore, lack of comparable structures may help account for restrictive policies for GMOs in Europe and the UK, and for stem cell research in the US.
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Senate, University of Arizona Faculty. "Faculty Senate Minutes February 6, 2017." University of Arizona Faculty Senate (Tucson, AZ), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622775.
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McLean, Michael John. "What do people think about GM pasture grasses? : an assessment of public attitudes to a new technology developed by the Molecular Plant Breeding CRC." Master's thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151610.
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Edwards, Jenny. "Gene Technology in Action : the effect of a gene technology workshop on the attitudes of senior high school students towards gene technology." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/145131.
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Rupar, Verica. "Investigating the journalistic field the influence of objectivity as a journalistic norm on the public debate on genetic engineering in New Zealand /." 2007. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20070801.115859/index.html.
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Makaure, Cleopas. "An analysis of public perception towards consuming genetically modified crops and the acceptance of modern agricultural biotechnology: a South African case study." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/25568.
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Text in EnglishSouth Africa is one of the biggest producers of genetically modified crops in the world. However, recent studies in South Africa show a low public willingness to consume genetically modified crops and accept modern agricultural biotechnology. The study analysed public perception towards consuming genetically modified crops and the acceptance of modern agricultural biotechnology in South Africa. 220 participants (N = 220) were sampled from the city of Kempton Park and the Chi-square formula was used to determine how well the sample represented the population under study. Data was collected using a 7-point Likert scale questionnaire designed following the guidelines for developing a theory of planned behaviour questionnaire in Ajzen (1991, 2001). Data analyses were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The Cronbach’s alpha and Exploratory Factor Analysis were both used to determine the internal consistency and validity of the questionnaire. Correlations, independent sample t-tests, ANOVA, linear regression, and path analysis were also conducted. Findings of the study confirmed that there is low public willingness to consume genetically modified crops and to accept modern agricultural biotechnology in South Africa.
Development Studies
M.A. (Development Studies)