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Journal articles on the topic 'Genetic modified food'
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PAPPAS (Φ. ΠΑΠΠΑΣ), F., and M. STEFANIDOU (Μ. ΣΤΕΦΑΝΙΔΟΥ). "Genetically modified food." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 57, no. 3 (November 29, 2017): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15047.
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International consensus has been reached on the principles regarding evaluation of the food safety of genetically modified plants. The concept of substantial equivalence has been developed as part of a safety evaluation framework, based on the idea that existing foods can serve as a basis for comparing the properties of genetically modified foods with the appropriate counterpart. Substantial equivalence is a starting point in the safety evaluation, rather than an endpoint of the assessment. The development and validation of new profiling methods, such as DNA microarray technology, proteomics and metabonomics for the identification and characterization of unintended effects, which may occur as a result of the genetic modification, is recommended. The assessment of the allergenicity of newly inserted proteins and of marker genes is discussed. Also, the post-marketing surveillance of the foods derived from genetically modified crops is imperative.
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Su, Stefani, Idil Daloglu Ezhuthachan, and Punita Ponda. "Genetically modified foods and food allergy." Journal of Food Allergy 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/jfa.2020.2.200012.
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Genetic modification of foods is one of the many ways of processing that can enhance foods to increase desirable qualities, such as herbicide tolerance, bacteria and insect resistance, improved nutritional value, and delayed ripening. However, a theoretical potential to increase the allergenicity of food proteins has been the subject of concern from critics. To prevent adverse effects from genetically modified (GM) crops, national and international organizations tightly regulate their production and recommend rigorous safety testing. Some safety tests were developed to assess potential allergenicity by studying the product’s similarity to known allergenic proteins, its resistance to pepsin digestion, and its binding to immunoglobulin E (IgE) from sera of patients with known relevant allergies. To date, these safety assessments have only identified rare GM foods with the potential to lead to immunologic reactions. These foods were stopped from being marketed commercially, and the products on the market now have passed required safety assessments. The rise in the prevalence of food allergy preceded the commercialization of GM foods and has also occurred in countries with limited access to GM crops, which highlights a lack of causative association between the two. Several studies provided further reassurance with no evidence of higher potency in specific IgE binding to GM foods. There are no studies that demonstrate adverse reactions due to GM food consumption, and GM foods may have the beneficial potential to silence major allergenic proteins. Therefore, physicians and other health-care professionals should counsel patients that the scientific data do not support an increased risk of allergic responses to GM foods.
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Mukhammadiyeva, G. F., D. O. Karimov, O. V. Dolgikh, A. V. Krivtsov, and A. A. Mazunina. "Genetically modified food products: peculiarities of genetic identification." Health Risk Analysis, no. 4 (December 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2018.4.08.
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Mukhammadiyeva, G. F., D. O. Karimov, O. V. Dolgikh, A. V. Krivtsov, and A. A. Mazunina. "Genetically modified food products: peculiarities of genetic identification." Health Risk Analysis, no. 4 (December 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21668/health.risk/2018.4.08.eng.
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Shaw, Alison. "“It just goes against the grain.” Public understandings of genetically modified (GM) food in the UK." Public Understanding of Science 11, no. 3 (July 2002): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0963-6625/11/3/305.
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This paper reports on one aspect of qualitative research on public understandings of food risks, focusing on lay understandings of genetically modified (GM) food in a UK context. A range of theoretical, conceptual, and empirical literature on food, risk, and the public understanding of science are reviewed. The fieldwork methods are outlined and empirical data from a range of lay groups are presented. Major themes include: varying “technical” knowledge of science, the relationship between knowledge and acceptance of genetic modification, the uncertainty of scientific knowledge, genetic modification as inappropriate scientific intervention in “nature,” the acceptability of animal and human applications of genetic modification, the appropriate boundaries of scientific innovation, the necessity for GM foods, the uncertainty of risks in GM food, fatalism about avoiding risks, and trust in “experts” to manage potential risks in GM food. Key discussion points relating to a sociological understanding of public attitudes to GM food are raised and some policy implications are highlighted.
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Teng, Phuah Kit, Bernard Lim Jit Heng, and Siti Intan Nurdiana Wong Abdullah. "Consumers’ Switching Preference from Conventional Food to Genetically Modified Food." Asia Proceedings of Social Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 2, 2018): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31580/apss.v2i3.228.
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Today, the demand for quality food is increasing and genetically modified food has become part of the Asian diet. Based on the potential of GM food products and Malaysia’s plan to expand its biotechnology industry, the market for GMO will surge if Malaysian consumers are well-informed on the advantages of GM food products. Therefore, this study proposed nine hypothesis to understand Malaysia consumers’ preference for switch from conventional food to genetically modified food. The result indicates that utilitarian, aversive and informational reinforcement will increase consumers’ preference towards genetic modified food if they are aware that genetically modified food brings more advantages than disadvantages to human being. In addition, result shows that consumer who switch will have higher intention to recommend GMO food to others and willing to pay more for GMO food.
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A.M.Z, Azlin, Baki R, Enio M.S.K, and J. Ho Abdullah, S. "Awareness and Acceptance Of Genetic Modified Food (GMF) Among The Malaysian Consumers." JBMP (Jurnal Bisnis, Manajemen dan Perbankan) 6, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jbmp.v6i1.424.
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The halal industry is growing vigorously to cater the Muslim consumers in Malaysia. The acceptance, awareness and perception towards the genetic modified food (GMF) is still insufficient to fulfil the Malaysian market and expectantly plays a major role in a long period. The purpose of this paper is to fill the knowledge gap to the study of GMF conducted in Malaysia. Qualitative data were collected via open-ended interview with four participants from various background namely Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) researcher, P3, P4 and P1 by using single case and different site. All interviews were audio recorded, transcribed and analysed. Almost all participants familiar with the term genetic modified organism (GMO) or genetic modified food (GMF) which are two different entities but similar in biotechnology scope. Almost all participants were familiar with the term of genetic modified food. Since most of the participants came out with the science and biotechnology background, they perceived the GMF product but some of them did not trust of these products for various reasons. The participants agreed on the need for more information from a trusted and credible source that can easily access by the consumers. This study provides an in-depth insight into consumer’ awareness, perception and evaluation concerning the halalan toyyiban status of genetic modified food in Malaysia. The novelty of these finding could provide information for the biotechnology food industry to expand its market and develop its profitability and reliability to promo sustainable food production and consumption in the population.
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Bouzenita, Anke Iman. "Islamic Legal Perspectives on Genetically Modified Food." American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v27i1.354.
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Genetically modified food (GMF) is part of our reality as consumers worldwide. The techniques and possibilities involved require an Islamic legal (fiqhi) study in order to determine the assumptions underlying its consumption, production, and related research. This paper places the study of GMF within a holistic context by taking into consideration the societal background and rationale within which it has been developed. It investigates the possibility of transferring such fiqhi devices as istihalah (chemical transformation), istihlak (extreme dilution), and others to GMF in regard to combining genetic material from permissible and non-permissible sources; raises several questions and concerns about using the maqasidi scheme; and discusses GMF’s permissibility under the aspects of changing creation or “harnessing nature.”
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Bouzenita, Anke Iman. "Islamic Legal Perspectives on Genetically Modified Food." American Journal of Islam and Society 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v27i1.354.
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Genetically modified food (GMF) is part of our reality as consumers worldwide. The techniques and possibilities involved require an Islamic legal (fiqhi) study in order to determine the assumptions underlying its consumption, production, and related research. This paper places the study of GMF within a holistic context by taking into consideration the societal background and rationale within which it has been developed. It investigates the possibility of transferring such fiqhi devices as istihalah (chemical transformation), istihlak (extreme dilution), and others to GMF in regard to combining genetic material from permissible and non-permissible sources; raises several questions and concerns about using the maqasidi scheme; and discusses GMF’s permissibility under the aspects of changing creation or “harnessing nature.”
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Milosevic, Mirjana, Marija Zlokolica, Petar Sekulic, Mirjana Jarak, and Ksenija Taski. "Genetically modified soybean plants and their ecosystem." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 106 (2004): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0416039m.
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Transgenic plants are developed by introgressing new genes using methods of molecular genetics and genetic engineering. The presence of these genes in plant genome is identified on the basis of specific oligonucleotides primers, and the use of PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and DNA fragments multiplication. Genetically modified plants such as soybean constitute a newly created bioenergetic potential whose gene expression can cause disturbance of the biological balance ecosystem, soil structure and soil microbiological activity. Genetically modified plants may acquire monogenic or polygenic traits causing genetic and physiological changes in these plants, which may elicit a certain reaction of the environment including changes of microbiological composition of soil rhizosphere. The aim of introgressing genes for certain traits into a cultivated plant is to enhance its yield and intensify food production. There are more and more genetically modified plant species such as soybean, corn, potato, rice and others and there is a pressure to use them as human food and animal feed. Genetically modified soybean plants with introgressed gene for resistance to total herbicides, such as Round-up, are more productive than non-modified herbicide-sensitive soybeans.
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Gomez-Otamendi, Jaaasai. "Bioethics and Genetically Modified Foods." Mexican Bioethics Review ICSA 1, no. 1 (July 5, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/mbr.v1i1.4852.
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Currently, the genetic modification of plants, animals and other organisms has intensified and has allowed the development of increasingly advanced methods. The creation of transgenic foods, their use and distribution have generated various positions, since there is no certainty about their effects on human health or the environment. The objective of bioethics is then to question what is the best environment for the development of new food technologies and balances the ideas of the sectors that support or reject the production and use of genetically modified organisms, and in this way promotes clear and free knowledge of the information contained in these products.
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Tas, Mürsel, Melek Balci, Alev Yüksel, and Nese Sahin Yesilçubuk. "Consumer awareness, perception and attitudes towards genetically modified foods in Turkey." British Food Journal 117, no. 5 (May 5, 2015): 1426–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2014-0047.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to evaluate awareness and perception of GM foods of Turkish consumers living in Istanbul, Turkey. Design/methodology/approach – A consumer survey consisting of 23 questions has been prepared. Totally 1,315 people participated in the survey. Awareness of the consumers about genetically modified organisms, willingness to purchase GM foods, acceptability of GM foods by consumers and legislations and information sources were assessed in the questionnaire. Nonparametric test were applied in order to unravel demographic differences. Findings – The results of the survey showed that consumers generally know what genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are, but they do not have enough information about the genetic modification process. The main concerns of consumers about GMFs are their carcinogenic effects to human. In addition, corn was found to be the most concerned GMF. The usage of GMOs in health sector and in preventing environmental pollution were the most approved areas by the consumers, whereas the majority of consumers disapproved the use of genetic modifications in food applications. Research limitations/implications – A limitation of this study is the sample including high percentage of educated young consumers. Hence, the survey can be improved and applied to higher number of participants living in different regions in Turkey for being more representative for all Turkish consumers. Practical implications – Some suggestions for food producers and food policy makers are also provided in this study. Originality/value – There has been little research concerning Turkish consumers’ attitude and knowledge towards gene technology and GMFs. Also, there has not been a similar survey in the province of Istanbul.
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Rowland, I. R. "Genetically modified foods, science, consumers and the media." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, no. 1 (February 2002): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2001135.
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In contrast to the situation in the USA, where a wide range of genetically modified (GM) foods is available, in Europe very few GM products have been approved for marketing as foods, and there is widespread public concern about their safety and environmental impact. The marketing of a GM crop for food use in Europe falls under the EC novel foods regulations, and applications require the submission of an extensive dossier of information. The safety evaluation of GM foods presents considerable problems both in the conduct and interpretation of experimental studies, because conventional toxicity tests used in the evaluation of simple chemicals may not be appropriate for whole foods. To rationalise the safety evaluation process and to circumvent the difficulties in toxicological assessment of food materials, the concept of substantial equivalence has been developed. The concept is that if it can be demonstrated that the novel food is essentially similar to its conventional counterpart in terms of critical nutritional or anutritional components, then it is likely to be no more or less toxic than the latter. The possible introduction of unintended effects by the genetic modification process is particularly problematic for the safety evaluation process. The new genomic and post-genomic techniques are potentially valuable in the safety evaluation of GM foods, although they are as yet in their infancy.
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Talyn, Becky, Rachael Lemon, Maryam Badoella, Darwin Melchiorre, Maryori Villalobos, Raquel Elias, Kelly Muller, Maggie Santos, and Erik Melchiorre. "Roundup®, but Not Roundup-Ready® Corn, Increases Mortality of Drosophila melanogaster." Toxics 7, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics7030038.
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Genetically modified foods have become pervasive in diets of people living in the US. By far the most common genetically modified foods either tolerate herbicide application (HT) or produce endogenous insecticide (Bt). To determine whether these toxicological effects result from genetic modification per se, or from the increase in herbicide or insecticide residues present on the food, we exposed fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, to food containing HT corn that had been sprayed with the glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup®, HT corn that had not been sprayed with Roundup®, or Roundup® in a variety of known glyphosate concentrations and formulations. While neither lifespan nor reproductive behaviors were affected by HT corn, addition of Roundup® increased mortality with an LC50 of 7.1 g/L for males and 11.4 g/L for females after 2 days of exposure. Given the many genetic tools available, Drosophila are an excellent model system for future studies about genetic and biochemical mechanisms of glyphosate toxicity.
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Maksudova, N. "473 Problems of toxicological evaluation of food products containing genetic-modified sources." Toxicology Letters 144 (September 2003): s127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(03)90472-3.
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Schnettler, Berta, Horacio Miranda, José Sepúlveda, and Marianela Denegri. "Consumer preferences of genetically modified foods of vegetal and animal origin in Chile." Food Science and Technology 32, no. 1 (March 6, 2012): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-20612012005000025.
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Given the debate generated by Genetically Modified (GM) foods in developed and developing countries, the aim was to evaluate the importance of determining factors in the preference of consumers in Temuco and Talca in central-southern Chile for GM foods using conjoint analysis and to determine the existence of different market segments using a survey of 800 people. Using conjoint analysis, it was established that, in general, genetic modification was a more important factor than either brand or price in the consumer's decision to purchase either food. Cluster analysis identified three segments: the largest (51.4%) assigned greatest importance to brand and preferred genetically modified milk and tomato sauce; the second group (41.0%) gave greatest importance to the existence of genetic manipulation and preferred non-genetically modified foods; the smallest segment (7.6%) mainly valued price and preferred milk and tomato sauce with no genetic manipulation. The three segments rejected the store brand and preferred to pay less for both foods. The results are discussed based on studies conducted in developed and developing countries.
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Goryacheva, O. N., and S. A. Goryacheva. "IMPORTANCE OF MEDIA EDUCATION FOR YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE FIELD OF FOOD BIOTECHNOLOGY." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 2 (April 23, 2020): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2020-2-179-185.
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Influence of the media on the market of biotechnological products has been studied. Awareness of citizens about food technologies and genetically modified foods has been analysed. Position of state institutions and the scientific community regarding genetic engineering, broadcast through the media, indirectly affects the attitude of young people to genetically modified foods. The results of a sociological survey of young people and an analysis of media materials have revealed the importance of media resources in shaping public opinion. The study has clarified that among young people the attitude to genetically modified foods is largely determined by expert assessments of public people and advertising that creates the image of the product. The relevance of the issue lies in understanding the importance of informing the population in matters of biotechnology in general and media education of the youth audience in particular. The conducted study on the attitude of young people to genetically modified products and food bioengineering has assisted in revealing the importance of the issue raised by the authors and allowed them to formulate recommendations on providing a comprehensive program to increase youth media literacy in food biotechnology. The proposals aimed at providing a comprehensive program for improving media literacy are related to the search for ways to increase the level of public confidence in genetically modified foods.
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Zdjelar, G., Z. Nikolić, I. Vasiljević, B. Bajić, D. Jovičić, M. Ignjatov, and D. Milošević. "Detection of genetically modified soya, maize, and rice in vegetarian and healthy food products in Serbia." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 31, No. 1 (January 10, 2013): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/105/2012-cjfs.
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The presence of genetic modifications was analysed in a total of 100 samples of non-labelled vegetarian and healthy food products. The basic raw materials in the samples tested comprised maize, soya, and/or rice. The screening of all samples was performed using the primers for CaMV35S promoter. The positive samples from this initial screening were further subjected to the analysis of specific transgenic material to determine the type of GMO present with subsequent quantification. Roundup Ready soya was found in eight samples, but its content was below the limit of 0.9%. None of the analysed samples of food products contained GM maize and GM rice. Considering that the investigated samples were imported mainly from EU countries, it can be concluded that the control of GMOs is carried out systematically and in accordance with the Serbian GMO Law.
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Li, Ji, Huijuan Liu, Terri H. Beaty, Hua Chen, Benjamin Caballero, and Youfa Wang. "Heritability of Children's Dietary Intakes: A Population-Based Twin Study in China." Twin Research and Human Genetics 19, no. 5 (August 15, 2016): 472–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2016.61.
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Background: Despite evidence for some genetic control of dietary intake in adults, there is little evidence of how genetic factors influence children's dietary patterns. Objective: To estimate heritability of dietary intake in twin children from China and test if genetic effects on dietary intakes vary by the children's socio-economic status (SES). Methods: A sample of 622 twins (162 monozygotic and 149 dizygotic pairs; 298 boys and 324 girls aged 7–15 years) was recruited in South China. Dietary intakes were assessed using a validated 145-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Pooled and sex-specific dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis. Heritability was estimated using structural equation models. Results: Heritable components differed by gender and for nutrients and food groups; and estimated heritability of dietary patterns was generally greater in girls than boys. In boys, estimated heritabilities ranged from 18.8% (zinc) to 58.4% (fat) for nutrients; and for food group, 1.1% (Western fast foods) to 65.8% (soft drinks). In girls, these estimates ranged from 5.1% (total energy) to 38.7% (percentage of energy from fat) for nutrients, and 12.6% (eggs) to 94.6% (Western fast foods) for food groups. Factor analysis identified five food patterns: vegetables and fruits, fried and fast foods, beverages, snacks and meats. Maternal education and family income were positively associated with higher heritabilities for intake of meat, fried, and fast food. Conclusions: Genetic influence on dietary intakes differed by gender, nutrients, food groups, and dietary patterns among Chinese twins. Parental SES characteristics modified the estimated genetic influence.
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Makarewicz-Marcinkiewicz, Agnieszka. "Wpływ genetycznych modyfikacji żywności na stan zdrowia jako kwestia społeczna." Wrocławskie Studia Politologiczne 24 (May 7, 2018): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1643-0328.24.7.
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The influence of genetic modification of food on health as a contemporary social issueThe article attempts to demonstrate that the process of genetic modification of food and its consequences in the form of influencing the health of entire societies, agro-ecosystems and the environment, which increasingly depends on the degree to which basic needs are met, is a contemporary social issue. Based on the results of mainly biochemical and biotechnological research, the types of genetic modifications of food and their impact on health have been analysed. Secondary analysis of the studies allowed the identification of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome of laboratory animals in reaction to the consumption of genetically modified plants. The paper also analyses the documents of the European Union and the Polish legislation concerning the admission to cultivation and subsequent trade of food products containing genetically modified ingredients.
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Markoulatos, P., N. Siafakas, A. Papathoma, E. Nerantzis, B. Betzios, V. Dourtoglou, and M. Moncany. "Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Protein and Genetic Traits in Genetically Modified Food." Food Reviews International 20, no. 3 (September 2004): 275–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/fri-200029418.
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Charlebois, Sylvain, Simon Somogyi, Janet Music, and Caitlin Cunningham. "Biotechnology in food." British Food Journal 121, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 3181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-07-2018-0471.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to measure Canadian attitudes towards genetic engineering in food, for both plant-based and livestock, assess trust towards food safety and overall regulatory system in Canada. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory study is derived from an inductive, quantitative analysis of primary data obtained from an online survey of adults, aged 18 and over, living in Canada for at least 12 months. An online survey was widely distributed in both French and English. Data were collected from 1,049 respondents. The sample was randomized using regional and demographic benchmarks for an accurate representation of the Canadian population. The completion rate of the survey was 94 per cent. Based on the sampling design, the margin of error is 3.1 per cent, 19 times out of 20. Findings Consumers misunderstand the nature of genetic engineering or do not appreciate its prevalence in agrifood or both. In total, 44 per cent of Canadians are confused about health effects of genetically engineered foods and ingredients. In total, 40 per cent believe that there is not significant testing on genetically engineered food to protect consumers. In total, 52 per cent are uncertain on their consumption of genetically engineered food, despite its prominence in the agrifood marketplace. Scientific literacy of respondents on genetic engineering is low. While Canadians are divided on purchasing genetically engineered animal-based products, 55 per cent indicated price is the most important factor when purchasing food. Research limitations/implications More research is required to better appreciate the sociological and economic dimensions of incorporating GM foods into our lives. Most importantly, longitudinal risks ought to be better understood for both plant- and animal-based GM foods and ingredients. Additional research is needed to quantify the benefits and risks of GM crops livestock, so business practices and policies approach market expectations. Significantly, improving consumers’ scientific literacy on GM foods will reduce confusion and allow for more informed purchasing decisions. Indeed, a proactive research agenda on biotechnologies can accommodate well-informed discussions with public agencies, food businesses and consumers. Originality/value This exploratory study is one of the first to compare consumers’ perceptions of genetic engineering related to animal and plant-based species in Canada since the addition of genetically modified salmon to the marketplace.
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Hornitzky, M., and A. Ghalayini. "Honey produced from genetically modified canola (Brassica napus) nectar will not need to be labelled as a GM food under current Australian guidelines." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 8 (2006): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04205.
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Food or ingredients labelled as genetically modified (GM) contain either new genetic material or protein as a result of genetic modification. In Australia, a 1% threshold, below which labelling is not required, exists for the unintended presence of GM material in non-GM foods. The canola pollen content by dry weight in a range of canola honey samples from diverse geographical areas in Australia was determined to be 0.2 ± 0.12%, well below the 1% threshold. Two GM canola honey samples sourced from Canada contained 0.19 and 0.24% of canola pollen. This work indicates honey derived from GM canola crops will not need to be labelled as a GM food.
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ORLANDI, PALMER A., KEITH A. LAMPEL, PAUL K. SOUTH, SAMIR K. ASSAR, LAURENDA CARTER, and DAN D. LEVY. "Analysis of Flour and Food Samples for cry9C from Bioengineered Corn." Journal of Food Protection 65, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.2.426.
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StarLink corn is a variety of yellow corn that has been genetically modified by the insertion of an altered cry9C gene into the plant genome, resulting in expression of the insecticidal Cry9C protein. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has approved StarLink corn for use in animal feed but not in food intended for human consumption. Therefore, under the U.S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, any food intended for human consumption in which the presence of StarLink corn is indicated by the presence of either the Cry9C protein or the cry9C gene would be considered adulterated. Extraction and PCR-based methods were used to detect the presence of the cry9C DNA initially in corn flour and corn meal, and then these methods were extended to the analysis of processed corn products, including taco shells, cereals, baby foods, party snacks, and chips, for the presence of this modified genetic material. In a survey of 63 products, the cry9C transgene was detected in 4 taco shells.
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Jin, Taiyue, Jiyoung Youn, An Na Kim, Moonil Kang, Kyunga Kim, Joohon Sung, and Jung Eun Lee. "Interactions of Habitual Coffee Consumption by Genetic Polymorphisms with the Risk of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Combined." Nutrients 12, no. 8 (July 26, 2020): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12082228.
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Habitual coffee consumption and its association with health outcomes may be modified by genetic variation. Adults aged 40 to 69 years who participated in the Korea Association Resource (KARE) study were included in this study. We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on coffee consumption in 7868 Korean adults, and examined whether the association between coffee consumption and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined was modified by the genetic variations in 4054 adults. In the GWAS for coffee consumption, a total of five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in 12q24.11-13 (rs2074356, rs11066015, rs12229654, rs11065828, and rs79105258) were selected and used to calculate weighted genetic risk scores. Individuals who had a larger number of minor alleles for these five SNPs had higher genetic risk scores. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) to examine the association. During the 12 years of follow-up, a total of 2468 (60.9%) and 480 (11.8%) participants were diagnosed as prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, respectively. Compared with non-black-coffee consumers, the OR (95% CI) for ≥2 cups/day by black-coffee consumers was 0.61 (0.38–0.95; p for trend = 0.023). Similarly, sugared coffee showed an inverse association. We found a potential interaction by the genetic variations related to black-coffee consumption, suggesting a stronger association among individuals with higher genetic risk scores compared to those with lower scores; the ORs (95% CIs) were 0.36 (0.15–0.88) for individuals with 5 to 10 points and 0.87 (0.46–1.66) for those with 0 points. Our study suggests that habitual coffee consumption was related to genetic polymorphisms and modified the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined in a sample of the Korean population. The mechanisms between coffee-related genetic variation and the risk of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes combined warrant further investigation.
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Nalluri, Nirmala, and Vasavi Rama Karri. "Recent advances in genetic manipulation of crops: A promising approach to address the global food and industrial applications." Plant Science Today 7, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2020.7.1.659.
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Continuous increase in world’s population demands high food production, which has become a major challenge to the humanity. When there is sufficient amount of nutritious food to all the people there will be no problem of food scarcity. So, to increase the food production, many countries are adopting strategies of genetic engineering to enhance the crop yield. Recombinant DNA technology can be a viable source to develop genetically modified crops with enhanced resistance and improved yields to fight against malnutrition and food scarcity. With this technology, selected traits can be inserted into the plant genome, unlike traditional plant breeding, where many characters of two different crops will be combined which may lead to genetic modification at an extensive level. Present review focuses on the methods of plant transformation and outlines the scope of genetic transformation for improved crop production by transferring selected genes for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. In addition, current study also provides information about various genetically modified crops produced worldwide and their commercialization towards various biotechnological products like GM livestock, GM microorganisms, vaccines and industrial products like bio-plastic produced from the transgenic plants.
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Immonen, Aino-Maria, and Harri Tuomas Luomala. "Different shades of displeasure." British Food Journal 119, no. 12 (December 4, 2017): 2740–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-08-2016-0374.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the differential consequences of fear and anger for consumers’ responses to genetically modified (GM) foods, and to identify substantive concerns that differentiate consumers’ negative emotional responses into fear and anger in the GM food context. Design/methodology/approach With survey data obtained from university students (n=267), structural equation modeling is used to assess relationships between four types of consumer concerns about the genetic modification of food, fear and anger, and two types of consumer responses to GM food products. Findings Intentions to make complaints about GM foods are increased by anger, but reduced by fear. Readiness to use GM foods is reduced by fear, but not by anger. Fear is strengthened by health-related concerns, while anger is strengthened by market-related concerns associated with the genetic modification of food. Research limitations/implications The generalizability of the findings is limited by the student sample. The study confirms the applicability of cognitive appraisal theories of emotion in the context of GM food consumption. The findings help GM food marketers and societal opinion influencers to identify consumers’ concerns that need to be addressed to manage consumers’ antagonistic or avoiding emotion-driven responses to GM foods. Originality/value This study is the first to show that discrete emotions of the same negative valence have distinct effects on consumer acceptance of GM foods, and to distinguish substantive concerns that in particular foster fear and anger in the GM food context.
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Zakharova, I. N., Yu A. Dmitrieva, E. B. Machneva, and A. N. Tsutsaeva. "The development of food preferences: anatomical and genetic determinants, important factors of taste development in children." Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health 3, no. 2 (2020): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-2-119-125.
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Since ancient times, scientists and philosophers were interested in the sense of taste, the mechanisms of its development, anatomical structures responsible for taste, and its importance. Currently, it is clear that food preferences are the main determinant of the development of nutrition and food behavior. Food preferences begin to develop in the early childhood and retain throughout the life. Therefore, inculcating correct nutritional behavior with respect to healthy food is a promising approach to improve the quality of diet being one of the key factors affecting human health. This article addresses current data on morphology, genetics, embryology, and ontogeny of gustatory system as well as major factors affecting the development of food preferences in a child. Most of these factors are modified ones, therefore, the aim of this review is to draw the attention of pediatricians since this is pediatrician who makes evidence-based recommendations on child nutrition and provides adequate feeding strategy.Keywords: genetics, food preferences, taste, taste receptors, children, smell, ontogeny, tongue, baby food, healthy lifestyle.For citation: Zakharova I.N., Dmitrieva Yu.A., Machneva E.B., Tsutsaeva A.N. The development of food preferences: anatomical and genetic determinants, important factors of taste development in children. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2020;3(2):119–125. DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2020-3-2-119-125.
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Picard, M., P. B. Siegel, P. A. Geraert, G. Uzu, and P. E. V. Williams. "Behavioural adaptation of two genetic stocks of broilers to protein/energy dietary choice." BSAP Occasional Publication 20 (1997): 119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00043597.
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Chickens have been selected for millenniums on their ability to select food in complex and variable environments. Artificial selection for juvenile body weight using a single balanced food might have modified the ability of chickens to adapt to a choice feeding situation (Siegel and Dunnington, 1990). However, diet selection for protein has been demonstrated in many recently published experiments (for review: Forbes and Shariatmadari, 1994).
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Gacovski, Živko, Goce Cilev, and Biljana Petrovska. "Introduction of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) -Health Risks and Benefits for Animals and Citizens of Republic of Macedonia." АГРОЗНАЊЕ 15, no. 3 (June 15, 2015): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/agren1403309g.
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Genetically modified organisms (GMO) are organisms whose genetic modification of heritable genetic material (DNA) is a planned amendment to the unnatural way by applying modern techniques of genetic engineering, or, a gene or genes from one organism are inserted into another organism,what in nature with a natural breeding would never be created. GMOs are a source of modified laboratory food, supplements and various additives.The subject of this research paper is to see the impact of GM food as a threat or a benefit on the health of humans and animals, as well as its application in the Republic of Macedonia. Comparative analysis of scientific research in the field of modern biotechnology science using the technique of genetic engineering has been used in this paper. From the analysis of previous research, there are no official data on possible effects on human health, and animal tests have shown negative effects on their health.
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Pribylova, R., I. Pavlik, and M. Bartos. "Genetically modified potato plants in nutrition and prevention of diseases in humans and animals: a review." Veterinární Medicína 51, No. 5 (March 20, 2012): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5540-vetmed.
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Genetically modified organisms (GMO) become a real constituent of our lives and nowadays, they are commonly introduced into the food chain of people and animals in some states. Among higher organisms, plants are used above all for genetic modifications; potatoes are a suitable model plants for this purpose. Nowadays, a number of various genetic modifications of potato plants are available, particularly those with increased resistance to biological agents and factors of the external environment or with improved nutritional value. Plants that produce proteins of the immune system of man or animals or substances that may be used as vaccines in human or veterinary medicine are highly important. Modified potato plants that produce biomaterials for potential applications in the industry are a significant category.
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Debucquet, Gervaise, Régis Baron, and Mireille Cardinal. "Lay and scientific categorizations of new breeding techniques: Implications for food policy and genetically modified organism legislation." Public Understanding of Science 29, no. 5 (June 15, 2020): 524–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963662520929668.
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The rapid development of new genetic breeding techniques is accompanied by a polarized debate around their risks. Research on the public perception of these techniques lags behind scientific developments. This study tests a method for revealing laypeople’s perceptions and attitudes about different genetic techniques. The objectives are to enable laypeople to understand the key principles of new genetic breeding techniques and to permit a comparison of their modes of classification with those of scientific experts. The combined method of a free sorting task and focus groups showed that the participants distinguished the techniques that did not induce any change in DNA sequence, and applied two different logics to classify the other breeding techniques: a Cartesian logic and a naturalistic logic with a distinct set of values. The lay categorization differed substantially from current scientific categorizations of genetic breeding techniques. These findings have implications for food innovation policy and genetically modified organism legislation.
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Gadani, F., G. Bindler, H. Pijenburg, L. Rossi, and J. Zuber. "Current PCR Methods for the Detection, Identification and Quantification of Genetically Modified Organisms(GMOs): a Brief Review." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 19, no. 2 (July 1, 2000): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0698.
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AbstractAnalytical methods based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology are increasingly used for the detection of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequences associated with genetically modified organisms (GMOs). In the European Union and Switzerland, mandatory labeling of novel foods and food ingredients consisting of, or containing GMOs is required according to food regulations and is triggered by the presence of newly introduced foreign DNA sequences, or newly expressed proteins. In order to meet regulatory and consumer demand, numerous PCR-based methods have been developed which can detect, identify and quantify GMOs in agricultural crops, food and feed. Moreover, the determination of genetic identity allows for segregation and traceability (identity preservation) throughout the supply chain of GM crops that have been enhanced with value-added quality traits. Prerequisites for GMO detection include a minimum amount of the target gene and prior knowledge of the type of genetic modification, such as virus or insect resistance traits, including controlling elements (promoters and terminators). Moreover, DNA extraction and purification is a critical step for the preparation of PCR-quality samples, particularly for processed agricultural crops such as tobacco. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art of PCR-based method development for the qualitative and quantitative determination and identification of GMOs, and includes a short summary of official and validated GMO detection methods.
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Han, Hannah Yang, Catherine Paquet, Laurette Dubé, and Daiva E. Nielsen. "Diet Quality and Food Prices Modify Associations between Genetic Susceptibility to Obesity and Adiposity Outcomes." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 3349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113349.
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The role of the retail food environment in obesity risk is unclear, which may be due in part to the lack of consideration of individual differences in the responsivity to food cues. This cross-sectional investigation geo-temporally linked the CARTaGENE biobank (including genetic, dietary, lifestyle, and anthropometric data) with in-store retail food environment data to examine interactions between a polygenic risk score (PRS) for obesity and (1) diet quality (n = 6807) and (2) in-store retail food measures (n = 3718). The outcomes included adiposity-related measures and diet quality assessed using the 2010 Canadian-adapted Healthy Eating Index. A vegetable:soft drink ratio was constructed for each retail measure to assess the relative healthfulness of exposures. Generalized linear models adjusted for individual and neighborhood socio-demographic factors were used to evaluate main and interactive effects. Diet quality significantly modified the association between polygenic risk of obesity and body mass index, waist circumference, and body fat percent. A significant interaction was also observed between PRS and regular price of vegetables in relation to soft drinks on waist circumference. These results replicate previous reports of diet moderating polygenic risk of obesity and suggest that prices of low vs. high-energy density foods are an intervention target to address population obesity rates.
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Brookes, Graham. "Identity Preservation of Genetically Modified Organisms in the Food Chain: Requirements, Methods, and Costs." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 85, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/85.3.762.
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Abstract The use of the technology of genetic modification (GM) in European agriculture and the food supply chain is currently controversial. Because of strong anti-GM technology sentiments, the use of ingredients derived from plants containing GM have largely been eliminated from foods manufactured for direct human consumption by the food supply chain in much of the European Union (EU). During the past year, the attention of those opposed to the technology has turned to the use of GM ingredients in livestock production systems by incorporation of GM soy and maize in animal feed. A discussion is presented of the key issues relating to this subject, focusing on how supplies of GM or non-GM products are segregated or how their identities are preserved. The discussion is centered on GM maize and soybeans into which agronomic traits, such as herbicide tolerance and/or insect resistance, have been incorporated. These are currently the only crops into which some varieties containing GM have been approved for use in the EU.
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Baran Ekinci, Melike, and Filiz Ozcelik. "Monitoring of genetic modified maize in food and feedstuff by qualitative and quantitative PCR methods." New Biotechnology 29 (September 2012): S126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2012.08.351.
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Petrlová, J., S. Křížková, V. Šupálková, M. Masařík, V. Adam, L. Havel, K. J. Kramer, and R. Kizek. "The determination of avidin in genetically modified maize by voltammetric techniques." Plant, Soil and Environment 53, No. 8 (January 7, 2008): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2185-pse.
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Quality assurance is a major issue in the food industry. The authenticity of food ingredients and their traceability are required by consumers and authorities. Plant species such as barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i>), rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>), sunflower (<i>Helianthus annus</i>), wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) and maize (<i>Zea mays</i>) are very common objects of interest of genetic modification (GMO); therefore the development of specific assays for their specific detection and quantification of GMO are needed. Furthermore, the production and trade of genetically modified lines from an increasing number of plant species brings about the need for control within research, environmental risk assessment, labeling-legal, and consumers’ information purposes. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on modification of working electrode could be suitable tools for these purposes. Here, we report using of an avidin-modified carbon paste electrode for rapid and sensitive determination of avidin in plant extract solution and in a transgenic maize extract. The process could be used to determine avidin concentrations up to 3pM in solution and 170nM in a maize seed extract. Moreover, we applied the method to analyze different maize flours.
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Kaluđerović, Željko, and Jovana Potpara. "UNDERSTANDING OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS." Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 2, no. 2 (September 2012): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.091209.
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During the last sixteen years biotechnology, genetic engineering, transgenic organisms or genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been raising numerous controversies. In the scientific sphere, genetic engineering and GMOs represent a special challenge for geneticists, breeders and physicians, in philosophy it is a topic of interest for bioethicists and agricultural ethicists, environmentalists are interested in the interconnectictions between new technology and environment protection, for multinational companies this is a potential source of huge profits, and for certain governments they represent an instrument for strategic control of food production within their countries as well as internationally. By taking into account the views of both advocates and opponents of this "revolutionary" method, authors believe that we should not a priori reject new and insufficiently studied technologies, but that in this particular it is necessary to be extremely cautious, in other words that from (bio)ethical point of view only those GMO investigations limited to scientific purposes are justified, provided that all required precautions have been taken. Also, authors are of the opinion that in this region as well as in Europe as a whole, at this moment, transgenic organisms are not necessery, neither in agricultural production nor in the food chain. Arguments for such a statement are found primarily in the potential issues that intentional breeding of GMOs might inflict upon the human health and environment. Namely, if borders of individual species are not overstepped and if their endogenous traits are made stronger, the potential risk of causing irreparable damage for both present and future generations which may be brought by changed biological succession will be reduced, i.e. one of the four fundamental bioethical principles will be applied and that is the nonmaleficence. Further intentional decreasing of biodiversity should not be allowed, which means that it is necessary to respect as much as it is possible the complexity of the very nature, its autonomy and "otherness".
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Hasell, Ariel, and Natalie Jomini Stroud. "The Differential Effects of Knowledge on Perceptions of Genetically Modified Food Safety." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 32, no. 1 (July 13, 2019): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edz020.
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Abstract Despite scientific consensus in the US that genetically modified (GM) foods are generally as safe as conventionally grown foods, the public remains skeptical about their safety. Extant research shows mixed results about the relationship between knowledge and attitudes when it comes to public opinion of GM foods in the US. This study uses data from the Pew American Trends Panel to examine the relationship between knowledge about GM foods and beliefs about their safety, in addition to what may be moderating these relationships. Results show that the relationship between knowledge and belief varies across different types of knowledge and that the effect of knowledge is moderated by perceptions of the immorality of genetic modification, rather than political or religious views.
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Norman, H. D., R. L. Powell, and G. R. Wiggans. "Comparison of Genetic Evaluations from Animal Model and Modified Contemporary Comparison." Journal of Dairy Science 74, no. 7 (July 1991): 2309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(91)78404-x.
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Thu Hien, Le Thi, Le Thi Thu Ha, Pham Le Bich Hang, and Nguyen Hai Ha. "CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF GENE TECHNOLOGY TO MEDICINE AND AGRICULTURE IN SELECTED EUROPEAN COUNTRIES (UK, FRANCE, GERMANY." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 16, no. 2 (December 17, 2018): 197–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/16/2/13429.
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In European countries, particularly in the United Kingdom, France, and Germany, grants for biotechnology, especially in gene technology, are growing rapidly each year, and boosting the development of industries. In the field of medicine and health care, these countries focus on the diagnosis of genetic diseases, cancers, transmission diseases by polymerase chain reaction - related techniques, and next generation sequencing technologies (NGS); implementing clinical trials for the treatment of cancers and single-gene genetics by gene therapy; improving the prevention by using recombinant vaccines. Advanced genetic engineering shortens diagnostic time and improves accuracy compared to conventional diagnostic methods and offers new hope to patients with serious diseases, limiting the spread of communicable diseases, thereby improving the quality of health care in the future. In the area of agriculture, the typical application of modern biotechnology is the development of genetically modified organisms including plants and animals with desired characteristics. In these countries, however, the cultivation of genetically modified plants or the importation of genetically modified food and feed is restricted by strict government regulations on biosafety. But overall, in comparison with other countries in the region and in the world, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany have advanced genetic engineering with a number of research projects that benefit people in various fields, improving the quality of life.
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Weir, Michael J., and Thomas W. Sproul. "Identifying Drivers of Genetically Modified Seafood Demand: Evidence from a Choice Experiment." Sustainability 11, no. 14 (July 19, 2019): 3934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11143934.
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The aquaculture industry has expanded to fill the gap between plateauing wild seafood supply and growing consumer seafood demand. The use of genetic modification (GM) technology has been proposed to address sustainability concerns associated with current aquaculture practices, but GM seafood has proved controversial among both industry stakeholders and producers, especially with forthcoming GM disclosure requirements for food products in the United States. We conduct a choice experiment eliciting willingness-to-pay for salmon fillets with varying characteristics, including GM technology and GM feed. We then develop a predictive model of consumer choice using LASSO (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator)-regularization applied to a mixed logit, incorporating risk perception, ambiguity preference, and other behavioral measures as potential predictors. Our findings show that health and environmental risk perceptions, confidence and concern about potential health and environmental risks, subjective knowledge, and ambiguity aversion in the domain of GM foods are all significant predictors of salmon fillet choice. These results have important implications for marketing of foods utilizing novel food technologies. In particular, people familiar with GM technology are more likely to be open to consuming GM seafood or GM-fed seafood, and effective information interventions for consumers will include details about health and environmental risks associated with GM seafood.
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Barrows, Geoffrey, Steven Sexton, and David Zilberman. "Agricultural Biotechnology: The Promise and Prospects of Genetically Modified Crops." Journal of Economic Perspectives 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.28.1.99.
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For millennia, humans have modified plant genes in order to develop crops best suited for food, fiber, feed, and energy production. Conventional plant breeding remains inherently random and slow, constrained by the availability of desirable traits in closely related plant species. In contrast, agricultural biotechnology employs the modern tools of genetic engineering to reduce uncertainty and breeding time and to transfer traits from more distantly related plants. Critics express concerns that the technology imposes negative environmental effects and jeopardizes the health of those who consume the “frankenfoods.” Supporters emphasize potential gains from boosting output and lowering food prices for consumers. They argue that such gains are achieved contemporaneous with the adoption of farming practices that lower agrochemical use and lessen soil. The extensive experience with agricultural biotechnology since 1996 provides ample evidence with which to test the claims of supporters and opponents and to evaluate the prospects of genetic crop engineering. In this paper, we begin with an overview of the adoption of the first generation of agricultural biotechnology crops. We then look at the evidence on the effects of these crops: on output and prices, on the environment, and on consumer health. Finally, we consider intellectual property issues surrounding this new technology.
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da Silva, Glacy Jaqueline, and Antonio Costa de Oliveira. "Genes Acting on Transcriptional Control during Abiotic Stress Responses." Advances in Agriculture 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/587070.
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Abiotic stresses are the major cause of yield loss in crops around the world. Greater genetic gains are possible by combining the classical genetic improvement with advanced molecular biology techniques. The understanding of mechanisms triggered by plants to meet conditions of stress is of fundamental importance for the elucidation of these processes. Current genetically modified crops help to mitigate the effects of these stresses, increasing genetic gains in order to supply the agricultural market and the demand for better quality food throughout the world. To obtain safe genetic modified organisms for planting and consumption, a thorough grasp of the routes and genes that act in response to these stresses is necessary. This work was developed in order to collect important information about essential TF gene families for transcriptional control under abiotic stress responses.
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Flynn, K. J., A. Mitra, H. C. Greenwell, and J. Sui. "Monster potential meets potential monster: pros and cons of deploying genetically modified microalgae for biofuels production." Interface Focus 3, no. 1 (February 6, 2013): 20120037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2012.0037.
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Biofuels production from microalgae attracts much attention but remains an unproven technology. We explore routes to enhance production through modifications to a range of generic microalgal physiological characteristics. Our analysis shows that biofuels production may be enhanced ca fivefold through genetic modification (GM) of factors affecting growth rate, respiration, photoacclimation, photosynthesis efficiency and the minimum cell quotas for nitrogen and phosphorous (N : C and P : C). However, simulations indicate that the ideal GM microalgae for commercial deployment could, on escape to the environment, become a harmful algal bloom species par excellence, with attendant risks to ecosystems and livelihoods. In large measure, this is because an organism able to produce carbohydrate and/or lipid at high rates, providing stock metabolites for biofuels production, will also be able to attain a stoichiometric composition that will be far from optimal as food for the support of zooplankton growth. This composition could suppress or even halt the grazing activity that would otherwise control the microalgal growth in nature. In consequence, we recommend that the genetic manipulation of microalgae, with inherent consequences on a scale comparable to geoengineering, should be considered under strict international regulation.
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Chmurzynska, Agata, and Monika A. Mlodzik. "Genetics of fat intake in the determination of body mass." Nutrition Research Reviews 30, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 106–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954422417000014.
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AbstractBody mass and fat intake are multifactorial traits that have genetic and environmental components. The gene with the greatest effect on body mass is FTO (fat mass and obesity-associated), but several studies have shown that the effect of FTO (and of other genes) on body mass can be modified by the intake of nutrients. The so-called gene–environment interactions may also be important for the effectiveness of weight-loss strategies. Food choices, and thus fat intake, depend to some extent on individual preferences. The most important biological component of food preference is taste, and the role of fat sensitivity in fat intake has recently been pointed out. Relatively few studies have analysed the genetic components of fat intake or fatty acid sensitivity in terms of their relation to obesity. It has been proposed that decreased oral fatty acid sensitivity leads to increased fat intake and thus increased body mass. One of the genes that affect fatty acid sensitivity is CD36 (cluster of differentiation 36). However, little is known so far about the genetic component of fat sensing. We performed a literature review to identify the state of knowledge regarding the genetics of fat intake and its relation to body-mass determination, and to identify the priorities for further investigations.
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Steinbrenner, Jens, and Gerhard Sandmann. "Transformation of the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis with a Phytoene Desaturase for Accelerated Astaxanthin Biosynthesis." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 12 (September 29, 2006): 7477–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01461-06.
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ABSTRACT Astaxanthin is a high-value carotenoid which is used as a pigmentation source in fish aquaculture. Additionally, a beneficial role of astaxanthin as a food supplement for humans has been suggested. The unicellular alga Haematococcus pluvialis is a suitable biological source for astaxanthin production. In the context of the strong biotechnological relevance of H. pluvialis, we developed a genetic transformation protocol for metabolic engineering of this green alga. First, the gene coding for the carotenoid biosynthesis enzyme phytoene desaturase was isolated from H. pluvialis and modified by site-directed mutagenesis, changing the leucine codon at position 504 to an arginine codon. In an in vitro assay, the modified phytoene desaturase was still active in conversion of phytoene to ζ-carotene and exhibited 43-fold-higher resistance to the bleaching herbicide norflurazon. Upon biolistic transformation using the modified phytoene desaturase gene as a reporter and selection with norflurazon, integration into the nuclear genome of H. pluvialis and phytoene desaturase gene and protein expression were demonstrated by Southern, Northern, and Western blotting, respectively, in 11 transformants. Some of the transformants had a higher carotenoid content in the green state, which correlated with increased nonphotochemical quenching. This measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence can be used as a screening procedure for stable transformants. Stress induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis by high light showed that there was accelerated accumulation of astaxanthin in one of the transformants compared to the accumulation in the wild type. Our results strongly indicate that the modified phytoene desaturase gene is a useful tool for genetic engineering of carotenoid biosynthesis in H. pluvialis.
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Li, Youzhu, Xianghui Gao, Mingying Du, Rui He, Shanshan Yang, and Jason Xiong. "What Causes Different Sentiment Classification on Social Network Services? Evidence from Weibo with Genetically Modified Food in China." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 1345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041345.
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(1) Background Genetic Modification (GM) refers to the transfer of genes with known functional traits into the target organism, and ultimately the acquisition of individuals with specific genetic traits. GM technology in China has developed rapidly. However, the process is controversial; thus, future development may be hindered. China has become the world’s largest importer of GM products. Research on the attitudes towards GM food in China will help the government achieve sustainable development by better understanding and applications of the technology. (2) Methods This research utilizes data from Sina Weibo (microblog), one of the biggest social network services (SNS) in China. By using the self-created Python crawler program, comments related to the genetically modified food in the People’s Daily account are analyzed. Sentiment classifications are analyzed via multivariate logistic regression. (3) Results Based on the factor analysis, theme type characteristics, the propagation characteristics, the body information characteristics, and the comment characteristics have different degrees of influence on the user’s emotional distribution. (4) Conclusion Practical implications and conclusions are provided based on the results at the end.
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Dashti, Hassan S., Angela Chen, Iyas Daghlas, and Richa Saxena. "Morning diurnal preference and food intake: a Mendelian randomization study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 5 (August 29, 2020): 1348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa219.
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ABSTRACT Background Poor dietary choices may underlie known associations between having an evening diurnal preference and cardiometabolic diseases. Assessing causal links between diurnal preference and food intake is now possible in Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses. Objectives We aimed to use a 2-sample MR to determine potential causal effects of genetic liability to a morning preference on food intake. We also examined potential causal effects of a morning preference on objectively captured response performances to email-administered 24-h diet recalls. Methods We used genetic variants associated with a morning preference from a published genome-wide association meta-analysis. Our outcomes included 61 food items with estimates from a food-frequency questionnaire in the UK Biobank (n = 361,194). For significant findings, we repeated the analysis using intake estimates from modified 24-h diet recalls in a subset of overlapping participants (n = 146,086). In addition, we examined 7 response performance outcomes, including the time and duration of responses to 24-h diet recalls (n = 123,035). MR effects were estimated using an inverse-variance weighted analysis. Results Genetic liability to a morning preference was associated with increased intake of 6 food items (fresh fruit, alcohol with meals, bran cereal, cereals, dried fruit, and water), decreased intake of 4 food items (beer plus cider, processed meat, other cereals [e.g., corn or frosted flakes], and full cream milk), increased temperature of hot drinks, and decreased variation in diet (PFalse Discovery Rate < 0.05). There was no evidence for an effect on coffee or tea intake. Findings for fresh fruit, beer plus cider, bran cereal, and cereal were consistent when intakes were estimated by 24-h diet recalls (P < 0.05). We also identified potential causal links between a morning preference with earlier timing and a shorter duration for completing email-administered 24-h diet recalls. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence for a potentially causal effect of a morning preference with the increased intake of foods known to constitute a healthy diet, suggesting possible health benefits of adopting a more morning diurnal preference.
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Famela, Ajeng, and Efridani Lubis. "THE EFFECTIVENESS ARRANGEMENTS OF THE GENETIC ENGINEERING USE ON CORN FOOD PRODUCTS EVENT MON 87427." DE'RECHTSSTAAT 4, no. 2 (January 10, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jhd.v4i2.1531.
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The development of science and technology has triggered the use of genetic engineering in food, one of them is in the corn event MON 87427 which is tolerant to glyphosate herbicide. However, it makes ambivalence because on one side the use of genetic engineering offers many advantages but on the other hand the genetic engineering potentially keeping concerns about its safety for human health as well as the environment. The aim of this study is to protect consumers from insecurities of genetically modified food products. The method used in this research is Juridical Normative, data collection techniques used is by through literature research methods, interviews and comparative approaches.Based on the results of the research, the measurement of the safety level of genetically engineered products (PRG) includes the assessment of genetic information, substantial equivalence, allergenicity and toxicity. The regulation on the use of genetic engineering in PRG does not accommodate the halal status of the product in terms of the MUI fatwa that the results of corn PRG event MON 87427 are not halal, so that the lack of effective regulation has an impact on the protection of Muslim consumers in particular. Preventive legal protection focuses on the assessment of food and labeling which in reality there is no product labeled by the PRG, so legal repressive protection is accommodated by Article 79 of Law Number 18 of 2012 concerning Food that will be given administrative sanctions.