Academic literature on the topic 'Genetically engineered soy'

Gene-cloning processes enable us to produce large amounts of a DNA sequence so that its function can be studied. These technologies can also be applied in medicine and agriculture to genetically engineer production of biological proteins or whole organisms with new or modified traits. At the heart of these applications is the capability to produce recombinant proteins from cloned genes in host cells. ‘Genetic engineering’ outlines some of these applications: recombinant pharmaceuticals, monoclonal therapeutic antibodies, recombinant protein vaccines, gene therapy, and genetically modified food

This chapter discusses the method of killing the mhesvi from within its body. The argument made is that attacking mhesvi from within represents the applied value of the knowledge of mhesvi's bionomics and internal mobilities, both internally (nyongororo moving within its body) and in situations of intimacy (nuptial flights). The first section deals with research (from the 1920s to the 1970s) on parasitization—the destruction of the mhesvi through deliberately promoting the proliferation of nyongororo naturally found in its body. These hutachiwana either were naturally lethal to mhesvi or could be genetically engineered to be so. The second type of research focused on sterilizing the chipukanana through the capture and release of sterile males by means of chemical sterilants and gamma radiation.

Disruption of cells is necessary when the desired product is intracellular. Many commercial intracellular products are proteins, such as soluble enzymes or soluble genetically engineered peptides. However, a number of genetically engineered proteins in E. coli are present in the cell as insoluble inclusion bodies; although this may be due to the chosen lysing conditions. This chapter concentrates on the extraction of soluble enzymes. To achieve a good yield of an intracellular product, it is generally a good idea to minimize the number of steps involved in the purification, as there is loss of material associated with each step. Since cell disruption is an extra procedure which itself may demand a further clarification step, it may be worth investigating if extraction of the protein can be made directly from the cell lysate (the disrupted material) without a cell debris clarification step. It may also be possible to manipulate the cell so that it excretes the protein into the surrounding growth medium, and thus, not require an extraction procedure (if the subsequent dilution of the product by the broth can be tolerated). The choice of disruption method usually follows one of the two directions: (a) Can a given disrupter be used for a particular cell type? (b) Which is the best method of extracting a product? The former often occurs in a laboratory context, whilst the latter is a question to be asked during scale-up of a process when costs are paramount. This chapter tries to accommodate both questions. Whatever type of disruption process is adopted, there are some key questions to be addressed. These are briefly discussed in the remaining sections of this overview. A recent comprehensive review of many disruption techniques is given by Middelberg. It is well known that some enzymes are more stable than others. The disruption method can impose great physical and chemical stress on the enzyme. Enzymes which are stable in the cell, perhaps by virtue of being attached to membranes, will be released into the medium during disruption.

Coal is now used mainly as fuel for the production of electricity. Worldwide about 28% of commercial energy production depends on coal. In the United States it is about 31% and in some coal rich but oil poor countries such as China, Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic the figures are 73%, 56%, 95% and 86%, respectively (1). Because of the ample supply of available coal, dependence on coal as an energy source will probably remain high for some time to come. However, coal is the most polluting of all fuels; its main pollutants are sulfur dioxide and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Depending on its origin, coal contains between 1 and 2.5% or more sulfur. This sulfur comes in three forms: pyrite (FeS2), organic bound sulfur, and a very small amount of sulfates (2). Upon combustion, about 15% of the total sulfur is retained in the ashes. The rest is emitted with flue gases, mostly as SO2 but also, to a lesser extent, as SO3. This mixture is frequently referred to as SOx (2). The three basic approaches to the control of SOx emission are prepurification of coal before combustion, removal of sulfur during combustion, and purification of flue gases. The first approach, referred to as a benefication process, is based on a difference in specific gravity between coal (sp gr = 1.2–1.5) and pyrite (sp gr = 5). Although the technical arrangements may vary, in essence the procedure involves floating the crushed coal in a liquid of specific gravity between that of pure coal and that of pyrite. Coal is removed from the surface while pyrite and other minerals settle to the bottom. Coal benefication can reduce sulfur content by about 40% (2). Although gravity separation is presently the only procedure in use, research was initiated on microbial purification of coal. A research project conducted by the Institute of Gas Technology, with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, was aimed at the development of genetically engineered bacteria capable of removing organic sulfur from coal. Inorganic sulfur can be removed by the naturally occurring bacteria Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, Thiobacillus thiooxidans, and Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (3).

With the advent of problems in genetics that are either too difficult or too dangerous to solve experimentally, it is important to have mathematical tools available so that these problems may be solved through modeling and computation. To this end we developed a mathematical experimentation procedure to simulate the evolution of a population of individuals. The procedure employs genetic algorithm methodology to study a ‘species’ that is comprised of solutions to the Laplace equation. The algorithm is applied to the study of a particularly significant and controversial problem: The release of g