Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Génétique comparative'
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Duguay, Christine. "L'analyse génétique : fichier terminologique bilingue commenté." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10863.
Full textPelgas, Betty. "Cartographie génétique comparative chez les Picea et autres pinaceae." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24131/24131.pdf.
Full textFarrant, Gregory. "Etude génomique et métagénomique de la diversité génétique, la distribution écologique et l'évolution des picocyanobactéries marines." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066075.
Full textMarine picocyanobacteria Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus genera are the most abundant photosynthetic organisms and contribute substantially to global primary production. While the genus Prochlorococcus is characterized by its high abundance in oligotrophic regions and its reduced genome, Synechococcus is characterized by a larger genetic and pigment diversity and a wider area of distribution.The main objective of this PhD thesis was to link the genetic diversity of these organisms to the environmental conditions of their ecological niche by comparative genomics and metagenomics approaches. Firstly, the development of a scaffolding method (WiseScaffolder) has allowed us to close 32 new genomes of Synechococcus which were integrated into the Cyanorak information system dedicated to the annotation of orthologous genes. These new genomes, supplementing the 65 genomes previously available for these two genera, allowed us to perform comparative analyses which led to a better understanding of the diversity and evolution of this phylum and to the definition of genes sets specific to different phylogenetic groups and thus potentially related to their adaptation to different ecological niches.These genomes were then used as reference, in conjunction with the marker gene petB gene, to analyze metagenomic data produced in the frame of the Tara-Oceans Expedition. In particular, these analyzes highlighted the genetic diversity, distribution and ecological importance of some phylogenetic clades. This work raises new hypotheses about the role of picocyanobacteria in the overall functioning of the oceans
Pasek, Sophie. "Le domaine protéique, une unité d'homologie pertinente en génomique comparative." Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EVRY0016.
Full textComparative genomics aims at understanding the different evolutionary scenario that may explain the divergence between distinct species. As a rule, comparative genomics focuses on genes but different parts of a gene could have evolved independently. To take into account this modularity, we here adopt the innovative approach focusing on domains instead of genes and we reinvestigate three problems at the light of domains. First, we introduce the notion of micro-syntenies of domains that could be defined as a local conservation of domain content and proximity across several genomes. Second we provide evidence that gene fusion/fission is a major contributor to evolution of multi-domain bacterial proteins. Third, we show the role of domain redundancy in genetic robustness as a compensation mechanism against null mutations. For each of the three above problems, focusing on genes rather than on domains enabled us to draw many interesting consequences from
Gonnet, Mathieu. "Génomique comparative des éléments génétiques de Thermococcales, un ordre d'Archaea hyperthermophiles : diversité et plasticité des génomes." Brest, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BRES2052.
Full textBertrand, Stéphanie. "Génomique comparative des récepteurs nucléaires." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSL0350.
Full textPérichon, Naour Kim. "Etude de la contribution de CNVs (variations du nombre de copies de gènes) dans les formes sévères de toxidermies." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES040.
Full textDurand, Jérôme. "Contribution à la cartographie génétique chez les Fagacées." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BOR13957/document.
Full textThe Fagaceae family comprises species of economic, ecological and social importance. In addition, these species and particularly those belonging to the Quercus genus that are present in very diverse ecological niches, constitute good models to study the adaptation of forest trees to their natural environment. To understand the genetic architecture of adaptive traits in oak, genetic linkage maps have been previously established based on dominant markers. In this thesis, we developed a second generation genetic map using the genomic resources that were available in this species. First, we bioinformatically screened an expressed sequence tags catalog assembled into a 28 000 unigene elements, for simple sequence repeats (SSRs). A set of 748 markers was developed and 255 were localized on the pedunculate oak (Q. robur L.) linkage map using a bin mapping approach. Their transferability was tested in the European chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) and common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), two phylogenetically related species to oak. Transferability rates of 28% and 56.6% were observed for beech and chestnut, respectively. A genetic map was then established for chestnut on the basis of orthologous SSRs already mapped in oak. The comparison between both maps clearly showed that the macro-synteny and the macro-colinearity were conserved across genus, opening interesting perspectives in respect to the transfer of genetic information (eg. QTLs, quantitative trait loci) from one species to another. This study will be soon completed by the mapping of orthologous markers derived from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This will made it possible to better understand the evolution of the genome of these three major species of the Fagaceae family
Salaün, Laurence. "Étude de la structure génétique de l'espèce Helicobacter pylori par l'analyse comparative de plusieurs marqueurs moléculaires." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO1T029.
Full textBarc, Julien. "Génétique des troubles de la repolarisation ventriculaire : nouveaux concepts." Nantes, 2009. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=f1bba90a-8592-47d3-8bee-6af0f6c6d4e6.
Full textSudden cardiac death (SD) without structural heart disease affects about 12 to 20000 individuals each year in Europe. These sudden deaths concern mostly young population who died of a primary cardiac arrhythmia. Several studies have been lead on mendelian forms at high risk of SD such as long QT syndrome (LQTS), short QT syndrome (SQTS) and Brugada syndrome (BrS). The identification of genes in LQTS allowed us to explain arrhythmia pathophysiology and a better management for patients. However molecular diagnosis stay lacking within 25% of LQTS patients. A pangenomic approach by CGH array shows 3 deletions in KCNQ1 and KCNH2 genes, two of them concern KCNH2 gene, one take all of gene, the second is partial and was inherited in 6 patients on 3 generations. The SQTS is a rare and heterogeneous cardiopathy, 5 genes explain all of 8 cases reported today. A clinic and molecular study of new families affected by SQTS lead to identification of mutation in CACNA1C and SLC22A5 genes, suggesting a new molecular mechanism. Conversely of LQTS, a main gene (SCN5A) is associated with BrS. However SCN5A dot not constitute discerning marker for risk-stratification of SD. We evaluate the real implication of SCN5A gene in Brugada syndrome by 5 large families study in which the phenotype do not correlate with genotype. Our new molecular results suggest rather oligogenic model
Lanquar-Danon, Viviane. "Approches de génétique moléculaire et de protéomique pour l'analyse de l'homéostasie métallique chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112084.
Full textIn plants, metal transporters play major roles in intracellular metal homeostasis. Many metal transporters are able to transport essential metal as well as toxic metals. To understand the relationship between the transport of essential metals and the detoxification of noxious metals in Arabidopsis, we have used two strategies: a targeted approach with the aim to elucidate the function of NRAMP metal transporters and a global proteomic approach to identify novel plasma membrane proteins regulated under cadmium stress. NRAMP are able to transport a broad range of metals such as Fe, Mn and Cd. Using a combination of molecular genetic, cell biological and analytical approaches, we have shown that AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 are vacuolar membrane proteins with several redundant functions: during seed germination they are essential to mobilize vacuolar Fe stores while in adult plant they are required to recycle Mn from the vacuole. In addition, the nramp3nramp4 double mutant is also hypersensitive to the oxidative stress generated by cadmium and AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 accumulates after an oxidative stress. These proteins could be involved in the supply of metal cofactors to reactive oxygen species detoxifying enzymes. The plasma membrane is the first interface where Cd stress is perceived and where cadmium may be taken up or extruded from the cell. In order to characterize novel intrinsic proteins involved in these functions, we have developed a comparative proteomic strategy based on 15N metabolic labeling of Arabidopsis cell. Comparative analysis of the plasma membrane proteome is under way and we have already identified candidate proteins regulated by Cd
Levesque, Sébastien. "Développement d'un outil génétique pour Brevibacterium aurantiacum et analyse génomique comparative de souches laitières." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34492.
Full textBrevibacterium aurantiacum is an orange-pigmented actinobacterium that confers key organoleptic properties to washed-rind cheeses during surface ripening. To date, only two complete and assembled genomes of B. aurantiacum are available and there is currently no genetic tool available to study this industrially relevant species. The acquisition of fundamental knowledge on the gene repertoire of this species and their functions is essential to understand its evolution and its role in cheese ripening In this study, 12 plasmids and 4 synthetic vectors were used to transform 6 B. aurantiacum dairy strains and one B. linens strain in the aim of adapting CRISPR-Cas9 tool for these bacterial species. Different electrocompetent cell preparation and electroporation methods were tested to transform various Brevibacterium strains, but no transformants were recovered with all the experiments. Therefore, it seems that Brevibacterium strains are recalcitrant to genetic transformation We sequenced six additional genomes of Brevibacterium and performed phylogenetic and pan-genome analyses. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that cheese isolates, previously identified as B. linens, belong to the B. aurantiacum species, making this species a key player in cheese production. B. aurantiacum genomes are composed of 2612 core genes with an open pan-genome reaching now 6259 genes. Horizontal gene transfers (HGT) between cheese actinobacteria were observed in all B. aurantiacum genomes. HGT regions involved in iron acquisition were found in five B. aurantiacum genomes, which suggests cooperative evolution between smear-ripened cheese actinobacteria. Our comparative genomic analysis provides novel insights into the evolution and the adaptation of B. aurantiacum to the cheese ecosystem.
Jubin, Claire. "Caractérisation et analyse bioinformatique comparative des profils génomiques de mutagénèse chez Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066515.
Full textDNA mutations arise during the cell growth, even under normal physiological conditions. Processes related to the maintaining of DNA integrity prevent appearance of mutations that represent a threat for the cell life and even for the whole organism. Genes implied in these processes play a role in DNA replication, recombination and reparation (3R functions). They also potentially play a role in the early stage of tumorigenesis occurring in cancers. In the “MUTome” project 11 mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were deleted for genes implicated in the 3R and cell cycle functions. High throughput sequencing of these accumulation mutation lines followed by bioinformatics analysis permitted to define the catalogue of DNA alterations induced by gene inactivation in the 11 mutants, related to base substitution, insertions/deletions and structural variations. Because genomic repetitions noise analyses, I set up a strategy to address this problem. To do so, I first identified in the reference sequence of S. Cerevisiae, the repetitive regions, covered by multi-aligned reads after the reads mapping step. In these repetitive regions, I identified intra-genomic base substitution polymorphisms existing between near exact repetitions. Consecutively, I developed an alignment filter, named “g-deNoise”, that uses information of intra-genomic polymorphism. This filter applied to MUTome data allowed SNP identification in unique genomic regions, but also in polymorphic repeated regions such as multicopy genes
Conte, Matthieu. "Développement d'une plateforme de génomique comparative dédiée aux plantes." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20221.
Full textPerrin, Agnès. "Génomique comparative des Neisseria pathogènes : apport de l'épidémiologie inverse à l'identification d'îlots de pathogénicité." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05N099.
Full textBacterial genome sequencing has brought new ways for their pathogenicity study. First describing comparative genomics tools, this thesis presents results obtained by comparing the genome of the 2 pathogenic species, Neisseria meningitidis and N. Gonorrhoeae with commensal N. Lactamica. Genomic subtractive hybridization ( Representational Difference Analysis ) then DNA array of serogroup A meningococcus Z2491 genome allow to identify precisely chromosomal regions specific for pathogenic Neisseria species, potentially related to their virulence. Finally, genomes comparisons of 50 meningococcal strains, isolated from sick or healthy persons, bring to light a 8 Kb pathogenicity island. .
Moumen, Bouziane. "Génomique comparative et analyse in silico des prophages dans le groupe Bacillus cereus." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30009.
Full textThe Bacillus cereus group comprises bacteria taxonomically close with various phenotypes. The genomes of these bacteria are quite plastic and gene flow between closely strains could play an important role in their evolution. Among mobile elements, prophages may have an impact on the evolution of these emerging bacterial pathogens. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the functionality of phIS3501, a prophage, which is integrated into the hlyII gene of B. Thuringiensis ATCC35646. Excision of phIS3501 resulted in the formation of an intact hlyII gene coding for a potentially active toxin. The similarity of this mode of regulation with that demonstrated in Staphylococcus aureus suggests a selection for this type of system in pathogenic bacteria. An in silico study was conducted on 14 genomes of the B. Cereus group for their prophages content. 36 prophages and prophage remnants were detected. The results of this analysis and comparative genomics suggest that prophages are widespread in this group of bacteria. The genetic exchange between these bacteria is common facilitating evolution through prophage-mediated recombination. Several genes that have no direct relationship with the development of phages were found in the genomes of these prophages. These genes may have a role in lysogenic conversion and could participate in the pathogenicity emergence by a clonal expansion or horizontal gene transfer
Azou, Goyema Quentin. "Données génétiques et médicales : identification et discrimination : approche comparative entre l'Europe et l'Afrique subsaharienne." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOD003.
Full textHuman genetic data, because of its scientific and judicial polyphormism, is a case for new legislation. Although it is usually presented as medical data, its specific aspect should be taken into consideration, since it concerns the innermost part of the individual. The knowledge of this data is essential to medical progress, namely the treatment and prevention of some family disorders. Its specificity requires the creation of adequate judicial standards. On account of its intrinsic ambivalence, genetic and medical data cannot be used as personal data because, as a means of personal identification, it ceases to be so as soon as it loses its power to stigmatize. Collecting and circulating genetic and medical data will be a major challenge in the years to come. The rule of law allowing the use of this data should ensure the confidentiality necessary to the protection of people's private lives. Trying to draw the line between the private part and the universal one raises some crucial issues such as public interest versus private one, universality versus individuality. Whatever the terms we use, this distinction has played a major part throughout various studies and debates. Comparison with the European approach and the African one shows the dilemma between the protection and the disclosure of medical and genetic data. It reveals the diversity of ethics and legal technical; it explains the different socio-cultural customs. Our aim is to go towards audience the written contributions and also the numerous discussions further. This work is subdivided in two parts: genetic data and identification on Human Being (I); genetic data and discrimination risks (II)
Brisset, Sophie. "Apport de l'hybridation génomique comparative (CGH) sur puce en cytogénétique constitutionnelle : applications à l'étude de remaniements télomériques et à l'analyse chromosomique d'une cellule unique." Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N03S.
Full textComparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) on metaphase spreads and microarray CGH are genome-wide analyses of DNA copy number imbalances. First of all, we studied telomeric rearrangements by microarray CGH. Fetuses with increased nuchal translucency have been analysed with conventional and microarray CGH. Precise characterisation of a de novo unbalanced chromosomal abnormality has been achieved using microarray CGH. Secondly, we performed CGH analysis of a single cell. A reliable DOP-PCR protocol have been developed to amplify single lymphocytes DNA. Trisomy 21 has been detected on a single lymphocyte by microarray CGH. Chromosomal analysis of a single cell or few cells is promising and should be applied in prenatal diagnosis or cancer
Martianov, Igor. "Etude comparative des fonctions des facteurs de transcription TBP et TLF/TRF2 chez la souris." Strasbourg 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13003.
Full textTranscription is the synthesis of all types of RNA using DNA as a template. The regulation of transcription initiation requires many transcription factors. Amongst these, TBP is a key transcription factor because it is required for transcription by all three RNA polymerases and was considered a "universal" transcription factor. The universal role of TBP has been challenged by the discovery of the TBP-related factors, TRF1 and TLF/TRF2. During my thesis work, I studied the relative roles played by TBP and TLF/TRF2 in the mouse through inactivation of the corresponding genes by homologous recombination. TBP-/- embryos undergo growth arrest between the 8 cell and blastocyst stages when the pool of maternal TBP has been depleted. These blastocysts undergo apoptosis after two days of culture in vitro. Although TBP can no longer be detected at the blastocyst stage, loss of TBP does not lead to an arrest of pol II transcription. In contrast, an arrest of pol I and pol III transcription was observed. These results show that TBP is required for cell proliferation and reveal a TBP-independent pol II transcription mechanism which allows reinitiation and maintenance of gene transcription in vivo. TLF-/- female mice are viable and fertile, whereas TLF-/- male mice are sterile. An examination of their testis shows a complete absence of mature spermatozoon. In these mice, spermiogenesis is interrupted at step 7 as the round haploid spermatids undergo the transition to elongating spermatids. In the absence of TLF, the round haploid spermatids die through apoptosis at this stage. A more detailed examination of the round haploid spermatids indicates aberrant heterochromatin organisation with fragmentation of the chromocenter. Thus, despite their similarity TBP and TLF/TRF2 have very different functions in vivo
Perkins, Vincent. "Étude de la diversité génomique de la levure d'intérêt fromager, Geotrichum candidum." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68169.
Full textThe yeast Geotrichum candidum is used in several specialty cheeses varieties, such as mold and smear-ripened cheeses, and plays several roles during cheese ripening. Its ability to metabolize proteins, lipids and organic acids enables its growth on the cheese surface and participate to the development of organoleptic properties. By alkalinizing the surface duringi ts growth, it also establishes suitable conditions for the growth of other ripening microorganisms. Yet, several technological abilities of G. candidum are strains dependent. However, little information is available related to the genetic characteristics that define the flavoring and functional properties of this yeast during the ripening of cheeses. A detailed understanding of G. candidum metabolic activities is a priority for both artisanal cheese makers and large industrial cheese factories in order to detect the most efficient strains for their product. The main objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity within the G. candidum species by comparative genomic and to propose a rapid molecular method for the identification and characterization of the strains. Eight strains of G. candidum of dairy origin was sequenced. The genomes obtained had an average of 24.5 Mb and 5,230 putative genes. The sequence homologies show that the strains divide into three distinct groups for which each contains unique genes. On the basis of the genomic sequences, a MLST method was optimized and validated for 41 G. candidum strains. This method reproduces the results obtained for the genomic analysis and allows a rapid identification of the strains and their grouping.The results generated in this project will improve our understanding of the physiology and the utility of the G. candidum strains during the ripening of cheese to ultimately be able to better control it.
Brouard, Jean-Simon. "Analyse comparative de génomes chloroplastiques et d'algues vertes de la classe chlorophyceae." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28592/28592.pdf.
Full textDelaherche, Arnaud. "Adaptation d'Œnococcus œni à l'environnement œnologique : approches génomique comparative, transcriptomique et protéomique." Bordeaux 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR21385.
Full textGiven its capacities to tolerate acid pH, high ethanol concentrations and many non characterized inhibitors, O. Oeni is a bacterial species particularly well adapted to eonological environments. To resolve recurrent fermentation problems winemakers often use selected malolactic starters in a lyophylized form. Nevertheless, progress still needs to be made in order to improve the efficiency of these starters. Numerous studies done by research laboratories and manufacturers demonstrate that O. Oeni adaptation to wine is highly strain depend. The aim of this study is to try to highlight the differences between the well adapted strains and the others. This study, based on molecular genetics and proteomics such as comparative genomic, comparative genomic hybridization aarray and 2D electrophoresis relies on a collection of strains characterized by their oenological capacity
Vaysse, Amaury. "Identification des signatures génétiques de la sélection chez le chien." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00676015.
Full textAbdelmouttaleb, Idrissia. "Évaluation comparative des facteurs de risque nutritionnels, génétiques et inflammatoires de la sténose coronaire." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10326.
Full textVanden, Abeele Samuel. "Comparative phylogeography of widespread tree species from the Congo Basin." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/298065.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Jung, Paul. "Réarrangements chromosomiques et génomique fonctionnelle chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae : génomique comparative des génomes mitochondriaux des levures hémiascomycètes." Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2010/JUNG_Paul_2010.pdf.
Full textPoint mutations and gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) such as insertions, duplications or translocations are key parameters of genome evolution. Two approaches have becn used in this study. The first one focused on the impacts of GeRs and fusion genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In our laboratory, a positive selection screen based on a mutated allele of the URA2 gene was used to obtain a set of mutants possessing different GCRs. In ail cases, GCRs are Iinked to the fusion of the ATCase part of URA2 with other genes. During this work, we have first precisely determined the impacts of GCRs and gene fusions on cell function. Main results show that GCRs impair ccli function according to ploidy rather thal1 the kind of rearrangement. Fusion genes can also lead to dysfunctions because functions associated to genes implicated in this fusion can be impaired as it is the case for the ATCase activity. The second approach of this study focused on the analysis of mitochondrial genomes of the osmotolerant yeasts Pichia sorbitophila and Pichia farnosa and their comparison with other mitochondrial sequences of hemiascomyceteous yeasts. This study indicates that P. Sorbitophila and P. Jarinosa are two phylogeneticaUy distant species
Sánchez, Castro Marta. "Génétique des malformations cardiaques congénitales : apport de la technique de puces à ADN génomique (Comparative Genomic Hybridisation ; aCGH)." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=05592c2e-47c9-4945-b913-3119094e970d.
Full textOur project consists of the analysis by aCGH of a series of 316 patients with Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) such as transposition of the great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot and coarctation of the aorta with the aim to detect genomic microdeletions and microduplications and thus to identify new genes contributing to CHD. The identification of new genes contributes to improve the understanding of the molecular and embryological mechanisms underlying these defects and enable better genetic counseling. Our study led to the identification of rare de novo or inherited 21 microdeletions and 50 microduplications, some of them comprising candidate genes for CHD. Bioinformatic analysis of the data demonstrated that many microdeletions/microduplications include genes with FOXC1 transcription factor binding sites. These microdeletions/microduplications might hamper the expression of genes that are regulated by FOXC1 during heart development. Otherwise, among the rearrangements identified, we detected a ~1 Mb deletion upstream of SOX9 in patients presenting with heart defects and Pierre Robin syndrome. We have shown that this deletion includes several putative cardiac enhancers. These results suggest that deregulation of SOX9 might be responsible for CHD. Finally, we identified a duplication of the 5’ half of SEMA3D, generating a truncated poly-A tailed mRNA of SEMA3D. These results suggest that truncated SEMA3D may have hampered the migration of cardiac neural crest cells during heart development, and thus contributed to CHD
Gabriel, Sophie. "Etude comparative de levures pathogènes du genre Candida. Apport d'une approche multidisciplinaire dans la compréhension de la biologie de ces espèces." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20215.
Full textYouenou, Benjamin. "Les sols anthropisés, incubateurs d'agents bactériens pathogènes de l'homme : typage génétique, métabolique et antibio-résistance d'agents opportunistes." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10150.
Full textOpportunistic bacterial pathogens (obp) of Man are found in hospital setting where they are responsible for nosocomial infections as well as in terrestrial and aquatic natural environments. Obp often show high intrinsic antibiotic resistance level. Moreover, the intensive use of antibiotics in clinical settings can lead to the emergence of "Multi Drug Resistant" strains. The anthropisation of the natural environment leads to modifications in bacterial diversity of these environments and can affect the prevalence and the antibiotic resistance properties of obp. My research focused on the impact of organic amendments on the prevalence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance properties of obp. A study on the species Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the “Burkholderia cepacia complex" (Bcc) was conducted on sites in Burkina Faso amended or not with raw urban wastes. This study showed differences in antibiotic resistance properties between the 3 models. S. maltophila frequently showed MDR phenotypes unlike P. aeruginosa and Bcc. A comparative genomics study between S. maltophilia strains from environmental or clinical origin showing sensitive or MDR phenotypes was performed to elucidate the genetic origins of heterogeneity in the resistance phenotypes. A variation in the efflux pumps content was observed between strains. The expression of an efflux pump specific to an environmental MDR strain was then evaluated and confirmed its likely involvement in antibiotic resistance and adaptation to environmental parameters such as temperature
Sentausa, Erwin. "Intraspecies comparative genomics of Rickettsia." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5082/document.
Full textThe Rickettsia genus is composed of Gram-negative, obligate intracellular bacteria that cause a range of human diseases around the world. New techniques have led to progress in the identification and classification of Rickettsia, including the introduction of molecular methods like sequence comparison (16S rRNA, ompA, ompB, gltA, sca4 …) and the creation of the subspecies status. Genomics and next-generation sequencing have opened a new way to learn more about the pathogenesis and evolution of Rickettsia. The first part of this thesis is a review on the advantages and limitations of genomics in prokaryotic taxonomy, while the second part consists of the genomic analyses of five Rickettsia subspecies and a new Rickettsia species. Using high-throughput sequencing methods, we obtained the draft genomes of R. sibirica sibirica, R. sibirica mongolitimonae, R. conorii indica, R. conorii caspia, R. conorii israelensis, and R. gravesii. This work can be a basis of further studies to increase the understanding on the disease-causing mechanisms, evolutionary relationships, and taxonomy of rickettsiae
Cossu, Matteo. "Genomic evolution of archaea thermococcales." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS028.
Full textThe main goal of my PhD project is to investigate the genomic evolution of the Archaea Thermococcales order. I am interested in understanding how mobile genetic elements (MGE) can influence the evolution of genomes. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we were able to explore the different aspects of this phenomenon in silico, in vitro and in vivo. Through in silico analyses of all available completely sequenced Thermococcales genomes, we showed that this order displays a characteristic high level of rearrangements potentially disrupting gene expression patterns. In a first approach, we investigated the existence of chromosomal organization. The inefficiency in predicting origin and termination of replication on the sole basis of chromosomal DNA composition or skew, motivated us to use a different approach based on biologically relevant sequences. We determined the position of the origin of replication (oriC) in all 21 sequenced Thermococcales genomes. The potential position of the termination was predicted in 19 genomes at or near the dif site, where chromosome dimers are resolved before DNA segregation. Computation of the core genome uncovered a number of essential gene clusters with a remarkably stable chromosomal position across species, using oriC as reference. On the other hand, core-free regions appear to correspond to putative integrated mobile elements. These observations indicate that a remarkable degree of “order” has been maintained across Thermococcales even if they display highly scrambled chromosomes, with inversions being especially frequent. The discovery and characterization of a new organism, Thermococcus nautili allowed us to better understand the underlying mechanism causing these inversions. The sequencing and in silico analysis of its genome strongly suggested the involvement of a new class of tyrosine recombinases in genomic plasticity. T. nautili pTN3 plasmid, which is found integrated into the chromosome and also self-replicating encodes an integrase belonging to this class. Similar plasmids have also been found integrated in the chromosome of other sequenced Thermococcales (e.g. TKV4 in T. kodakarensis). In order to test its enzymatic activity, we overproduced and purified the integrase encoded by pTN3. In vitro experiments first determined the minimal sequence segment required for integrase activity and optimized the enzymatic reaction in vitro. Due to this early results, we were able to demonstrate the excision/integration reaction observed with other tyrosine recombinases. Additionally, the in vivo excision of a related integrated element (TKV4 from T. kodakarensis) by the pTN3 integrase was performed during this study. The IntpTN3 gene has been cloned into an E. coli/Thermococcus shuttle vector for transformation and expression in T. kodakarensis. After incubation, cells showed the presence of the TKV4-integrated element in free circular form. Finally, we were able to mimic in vitro chromosomal inversion using synthetic substrates containing integration target sequences. We were also able to show that pTN3 integrase possesses an activity which can mediate large scale genomic inversions using different sites and therefore explain the rearrangements observed in Thermococcales)
St-Cyr, Jérôme. "Étude comparative du profil d'expression génétique entre populations du Grand Corégone (Coregonus clupeaformis) à l'aide de biopuces à ADN." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/25022/25022.pdf.
Full textGonzalez, Carolina. "Etude de l'interaction moléculaire Xanthomonas oryae - riz : Caractérisation de nouvelles souches de Xanthomonas oryae en Afrique et identification de gènes de défense par des approches de transcriptome et de génétique inverse." Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0735.
Full textThese works concern the study of Xanthomonas oryae-rice iunteraction and they are present in two parts. The first part concerns the characterization of Xanthomonas oryae strains in Africa. Different genetic analyses (RFLP, Rep-PCR, FAFLP) were developed and carried out to the identification of new strains of Xanthomonas oryae pv. Oryae (Xoo) and Xanthomonas oryae pv. Oryzicola (Xoc). Three new races of Xoo were characterized. We show that the Xoo African strains are different from the Asian Xoo strains. The subtractive hybridization between African and Asian Xoo strains shows that the majority of the putative genes isolated from the African genome correspond to unknown function. The second part of these works concerns the identification of rice defense genes during an incompatible interaction by combining substractive hybridization approach and microarray analysis. These works allowed to characterize genes involved in the incompatible answer and to localize them on the rice pseudomolecules. Some of these genes were validated by QRTPCR. Insertion lines weree identified and tested for their reaction towards the Xoo strain PX0339. All the acquired results and perspectives of these works are discussed in this report
Rochard, Lucie. "Identification et validation de gènes candidats pour l’holoprosencéphalie." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S017.
Full textHoloprosencephaly (HPE) is the most common congenital brain malformation (1 / 250 fetuses), resulting from a defect in cleavage of the forebrain. We study isolated HPE, which represents approximately 40% of cases. Four genes have been identified as responsible for the HPE (SHH, SIX3, ZIC2, TGIF1). Mutations or deletions of these genes allow us to explain only 70% of cases; we still have to identify other HPE genes. Thus, we look for recurrent rearrangements in our patients using array CGH. In this thesis, the study of a cohort of 111 patients allowed us to highlight two main candidate genes. This work presents the identification and validation of the involvement of these genes in animal models
Muller, Jean. "Analyse du cytosquelette par des approches bioinformatiques à haut débit de génomique comparative et de transcriptomique." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/MULLER_Jean_2006.pdf.
Full textThe work of my PhD focuses on applications of bioinformatics methodologies and high throughput analysis techniques to study the cytoskeleton. My work also highlights several novel bioinformatics developments allowing the study of highly complex biological systems like the cytoskeleton. In the first part, comparative genomics and particularly phylogenetic profiling methods are discussed. ComIcs, a new tool, was developed to automatically establish the phylogenetic profiles for the complete set of cytoskeleton genes in 41 eukaryotic organisms. Results revealed several major limitations of the method linked either to highly similar protein families or the lack of complete proteomes for some organisms. Some of these issues were addressed by an in depth analysis of actin and the Actin-Related Proteins family. This led to the implementation of ARPAnno, a web server dedicated to the identification of protein sequences similar to actin. In the second part, I described the development of a new dedicated microarray, named Actichip, to monitor the expression profiles of cytoskeleton genes. The development of this dedicated tool required the implementation of CADO4MI, a new program for the design of specific oligonucleotide probes for microarrays. The strategy and a first application of Actichip are presented in this part
Stef, Marianne. "Mise en oeuvre de la technique d'hybridation génomique comparative sur puces à ADN pour l'analyse du dosage génique en génétique médicale." Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21262.
Full textGenomic abnormalities, such as deletions, duplications or amplifications of chromosome segments are responsible for a number of genomic disorders. Array-CGH, a recent technology, seems very appropriate to identify these aberrations. Array-CGH microarrays contain various genomic fragments derived from the studied locus, as well as other control loci that are hybridized with genomic DNA from a patient and from a reference, labeled with distinct fluorochromes. Fluorescence intensity ratios between test and reference labeled DNA are calculated for each fragment and the length of the aberration could thus be defined. We used and optimized this technology to identify deletions in Rubinstein-Taybi patients, with different kinds of targets to increase the resolution of array-CGH
April, Julien. "Étude de l'évolution et de la diversité des poissons d'eau douce de l'Amérique du Nord par une approche génétique comparative." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30173/30173.pdf.
Full textIntraspecific and interspecific genetic variation has been studied among North America’s freshwater fishes in order to improve our current knowledge on the evolution of biodiversity and to facilitate the conservation of this richness. Firstly, we generated a standard reference library of mitochondrial DNA sequences (DNA barcodes) for 752 North American freshwater fish species to provide an independent calibration of taxonomic uncertainty and to establish a more accessible molecular identification key for its application. This study demonstrates that 90% of known species can be delineated using barcodes. Results further suggest that current North American freshwater fish taxonomy at the species level significantly conceals diversity in some groups, while artificially creating diversity in others. Secondly, we studied intraspecific and interspecific genetic divergence in order to describe and identify the underlying evolutionary causes of general patterns of biodiversity distribution. This study supports a dual role involving both the late Pliocene-Pleistocene climatic fluctuations and metabolic rate in determining latitudinal gradients of genetic divergence. Thirdly, patterns of mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA (AFLP) have been studied among different codistributed pairs of glacial lineages in order to verify the generality of allopatric speciation. This study shows that the Eastern Great-Lakes drainage represents a multi-species suture zone for glacial lineages of freshwater fishes with variable levels of genetic divergence. AFLP analyses among four pairs of lineages indicate that lineages with relatively deep levels of mitochondrial DNA sequence divergence (>2 %) developed strong reproductive barriers. By describing different levels of divergence and reproductive isolation in different co-occurring fishes, we offer strong evidence that allopatric speciation has contributed significantly to the diversification of North Eastern American freshwater fishes. This thesis therefore offers a new molecular identification tool for freshwater fish of North America and brings strong evidences that allopatric speciation has played a predominant role in generating biodiversity.
Lelandais, Gaëlle. "Analyse comparative, intra et inter espèces, de transcriptomes de levures." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077206.
Full textIdentification of genes whose products function together in the cell is a major task of post-genomic approaches. An increasing number of studies use DNA microarrays for comprehensive investigations of genetic network architecture and lends itself to comparative analyses of two or more transcriptome states, i. E. The expression level of all the genes expressed in a cell at any given time. Distinguishing the similar from the dissimilar in large-scale data sets, comparative analyses of several transcriptome states promises to improve fundamental understanding of both the universality and the specialization of molecular biological mechanisms. In this context, suitable bioinformatic analyses compatible with well-designed biological experiments are very desirable. We present here two approaches for pair-wise comparisons. The first one - intra-specie - consists in comparing for a given genome several transcriptome states in various cellular conditions, while the second one - inter-species - lies in comparing two genomes captured in the same state, e. Subject to the same environmental changes
Boivin, Solen. "Potentialités invasives et structure génétique des populations d'insectes : étude comparative de Megastigmus spermotrophus et Megastigmus schimitscheki, ravageurs de graines de conifères." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112154.
Full textMy work is related to the ecological study (through morphological measures and experiment of forced layings) and genetical study (with microsatellites markers) of two species of Megastigmus, whose larvae are seed consumers of conifers. M. Spermotrophus is a pest of the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii). This insect is come from North America and it has been introduced in Europe and New Zealand along with his host used for reforestration. M. Schimitscheki is a pest of the cedars (Cedrus spp. ), originated from minor Asia and introduced recently into the south of France. The morphological gradients of the insects M. Spermotrophus in North America, not found in Europe, are explained by the morphological variations of consumed seeds. These results, supported by those of the genetic study, show that M. Spermotrophus have been introduced several times from various North-American sources. These gradients led to question us on the course of the first stages of the invasion. Our study show that the fitness of large females is more significant than those of the females of small size (in term of number of eggs and quality of attacked seeds). The large morphological variation of M. Spermotrophus probably facilitated their invasion in new environment. The genetic study of M. Schimitscheki showed that the invasion in France comes from a single and recent event of introduction. The current success of expansion of this insect, in spite of the existence of a competitor of the same genus, results from the earlier emergence of M. Schimitscheki than its competitors and of its particular dynamic of prolonged diapause
Luis, Patricia. "Etude de la diversité génétique et fonctionnelle de champignons du sol présentant une activité laccasique : mise au point d'outils moléculaires et application à l'étude comparative de sols agricoles et forestiers." Nancy 1, 2004. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2004_0030_LUIS.pdf.
Full textSoil microorganisms are involved in biogeochemical cycles. Fungal laccases, exoenzymes lacking substrate specificity, promote the degradation and the condensation of a wide diversity of organic components. They likely play a central role in the formation, stabilization, degradation and then in the cycling of soil organic matter (SOM). To investigate the role of these enzymes, we have developed molecular methods based on PCR allowing the in situ monitoring of the distribution and expression profiles of basidiomycetes laccase genes in soils. For all analyzed soils, we showed a positive correlation between quantity of SOM and the observed fungal species diversity. Temperate forest soils are characterized by a wide diversity of fungal species and an important spatial heterogeneity of the fungal communities. The laccase-gene expression analysis underlines that only a fraction of the total genetic potential was expressed and that several differences exist between rhizosphere and bulk soil
Prochazkova, Martina. "Recherche d'anomalies cytogénétiques spécifiques des lymphomes T cutanés primitifs." Bordeaux 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003BOR21046.
Full textPrimary cutaneous lymphomas (PCL) are malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoproliferations, presenting in the skin at the time of diagnosis. Primary cutaneous CD30-positive large T-cell lymphomas (CD30+ CTCL) represent 9 % of all PCL. The prognosis of CD30+ CTCL is usually favourable, in contrast to mycosis fungoI͏̈DE transformed to CD30+ CTCL (MF-T). As cytogenetic abnormalities that could play a role in CD30+ CTCL and MF-T remain unknown, we investigated the chromosomal aberrations involved in these lymphoproliferations by the use of comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) In addition, we established a protocol for PCL cell culture in order to obtain tumour chromosomes spreads allowing karyotype analysis by G-banding and multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridization. CGH study was performed in a series of 17 CD30+ CTCL tumour skin samples. We demonstrated that chromosomal abnormalities were non-randomly distributed between relapsing and non-relapsing CD30+ CTCL tumours. In relapsing tumours several chromosome alterations were identified, whereas in non-relapsing tumours no chromosome aberration or only one chromosome abnormality was observed. In relapsing tumours, the mean number of chromosome imbalances is 8 per tumour sample. Gains affecting chromosomes 1,9 and 17, and losses on chromosomes 6, 8 and 18 are detected recurrently in CD30+ CTCL cells. Moreover in a series of six MF-T tumour samples was also performed a CGH analysis. In this preliminary study our results showed differences between chromosome imbalances found in CD30+ CTCL and MF-T. Although further molecular and cytogenetic studies of PCL tumours are required to increase the number of tumor samples analysed and to define minimal chromosome region of deletion and gain, data presented here provide original insight into chromosomal events that may be significant in explaining PCL pathogenesis and could lead to the identification of genes implicated in PCL progression
Duret, Laurent. "Evolution des séquences non-codantes chez les vertébrés : étude des contraintes fonctionnelles et structurales par analyse comparative de gènes homologues." Lyon 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LYO10051.
Full textLecompte, Odile. "De l'analyse du génome de Pyrococcus abyssi à l'étude de protéines informationnelles : Stratégies de validation et d'exploitation des données en génomique comparative." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002STR13153.
Full textWith the advance of genomics, the amount and diversity of available sequences have substantially increased but, in parallel, the errors in prediction and annotation have proliferated in databases. We have emphasised the creation of accurate protocols for data validation and analysis, relevant to the study of genomes or protein families. The annotation and analysis of the Pyrococcus abyssi genome, a hyperthermophilic archaeon, has lead to the definition of a general scheme of visualisation and study of massive genomic data and to the development of the GScope software platform. We have annotated 1765 protein genes in P. Abyssi and analysed their phylogeny. This has revealed a remarkable diversity of the phylome, with numerous genes involved in heterotrophy being acquired by lateral gene transfer from bacteria. Our comparison of 3 complete Pyrococcus genomes has deciphered some elements responsible for the genomic plasticity at work in Archaea. An original method of true orthologs detection has also been developed, highlighting the high polymorphism within Pyrococcus and challenging the molecular clock hypothesis in this lineage. The second part of our work is dedicated to the in-depth analysis of informational proteins. It largely relies on the exploitation of the integrative view offered by multiple alignments. We have thus demonstrated the recruitment of a new domain responsible for the exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase D. The analysis of conservation within the 24 families of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases has also allowed the identification of targets for specific drug design. Finally, we have inventoried the ribosomal proteins in 66 complete genomes. The phylogenetic distribution was particularly interesting in Archaea since it revealed the elimination of 15% of ribosomal proteins in the course of evolution and constitutes the first example of reductive evolution at a primary domain scale
Blandin, Gaëlle. "Évolution des génomes de levures : analyse de la redondance et génomique comparative." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077171.
Full textHide, Mallorie. "Variabilité pathogénique du complexe "Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani", agent de la leishmaniose viscérale : Etude comparative des caractères biologiques, génétiques et d'expression génique." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20051.
Full textTrapp-Fragnet, Laëtitia. "Etude comparative de l'interaction de la sous-unité vTR de MDV et de la sous-unité cTR du poulet avec la télomérase." Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4001.
Full textThe Marek's disease is a T lymphoma induced by a herpesvirus, the Marek's disease virus. The aim of my phD consisted of the characterization of the first viral RNA telomerase component identified in the very virulent MDV-RB1B strain. The telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein that is involved in telomere lengthening and that is detected at least in 85% of human cancers. In order to characterize vTR, I made a comparative study of this gene with its avian ortholog cTR, which is 88%. Homologous to vTR. We realized an expression study of vTR, which led us to hypothesize that the promoter region of vTR could be a combination of a promoter similar to cTR and a promoter, which could be induced during tumorigenesis. Otherwise, we demonstrated the fonctionnality of vTR, which thus seems to be more efficient than cTR. We also confirmed by a mutagenesis study that the CR1 domain of vTR is the template sequence, that the integrity of the pseudonoeud domain is essential for the telomerase activity and that the H box of vTR permits the nucleolar localisation of vTR in cells. According to the telomerase involvement in cancers, vTR could be considered as a determinant factor in the tumorigenesis induced by MDV
Courtine, Damien. "Génomique comparative d'isolats phylogénétiquement proches appartenant au genre Thermococcus, une archée hyperthermophile." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0149/document.
Full textThe immense genomic diversity of microorganisms allows them to live everywhere, even in extreme environments such as deep hydrothermal vents. Scattered over the seabed, these are a good model for studying the biogeography and genomes diversification. A comparative genomics approach has been used on closely related isolates, of the genus Thermococcus. This work aimed at identifying mechanisms that have a role in the diversification of these genomes, and also to identify genes involved in this differentiation. For this purpose, two groups of about 20 isolates with different geographical origins were selected and sequenced.The geographical isolation resulting from colonization of new hydrothermal systems is likely to be a diversification and speciation factor for some isolates. But when hydrothermal sites are relatively close, it would seem that gene transfer between isolates is still possible. In this case, adaptation to new ecological niches would be a factor contributing to the genomes diversification. The comparative genomics approach allowed highlighting genes specific to certain subgroups, related to species. These genes are involved in amino acid metabolism, energy production and the transport of inorganic ions. This reflects selection pressures that these organisms may experience in these environments, otherwise hostile to many forms of life
Trémouillaux-Guiller, Jocelyne. "Etude comparative des méthodologies de sélection de cultures cellulaires végétales à haute capacité d'accumulation : application à des souches et lignées clonales biosynthétisant des alcaloides dihydrofuoquinoleiques." Tours, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOUR3804.
Full textCrost, Cécile. "Etude comparative de la régulation transcriptionnelle des opérons foo et clp, codant respectivement pour les adhésines F1651 et CS31A." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF21469.
Full textDelahaye-Duriez, Andrée. "Identification de nouveaux gènes impliqués dans des maladies ophtalmologiques rares en utilisant la CGH-array." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077066.
Full textThe karyotype detects a chromosomal anomaly in 7. 7% to 10% of neonates with ocular birth defect. The introduction of microarray technology showed a very high rate of rearrangements below the resolution of karyotyping. My objectives in this work were to characterize using comparative genome hybridisation-based microarray analysis (array-CGH) chromosomal regions involved in rare ophthalmologic disorders, and then to identify new genes. In the first part of my work, we performed array-CGH in 65 patients presenting syndromal ocular developmental anomalies. A causal or potentially causal anomaly was found for 15% of them. Four had a pathogenic deletion involving a gene known to be involved in ocular anomalies (FOXC1 or OTX2}, while 4 others had a pathogenic deletion not classically associated with ocular malformations: del(17)(pl3. 3p!3. 3), del(10)(pl4p!5. 3) and del(16)(pl 1. 2pl 1. 2). In collaboration with other teams, we gathered patients to study genotype-phenotype correlations for 6p25 and 17pl3. 3 deletions. The second part of my work focused on a candidate gene study: ARHGEF26. Sequencing this gene in other patients with similar phenotype and studying the index patient family segregation, we could not demonstrate the ARHGEF26 involvement in this phenotype. This second part highlights the limits and difficulties of gene identification using array-CGH. These results demonstrate that array-CGH-based chromosomal analysis, beyond its importance for diagnosis and genetic counselling, can help to establish new genotype-phenotype correlations for chromosomal anomalies as well as identify potential new regions involved in rare ophthalmologic disorders