Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Génétique des populations – Afrique centrale'
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Verdu, Paul. "Anthropologie génétique des populations d'Afrique centrale : histoire du peuplement Pygmée." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MNHN0002.
Full textCentral Africa is peopled by sedentary agriculturalists neighbouring hunter-gatherer populations: the Pygmies. Archaeological remains attest the presence of Homo sapiens in the Congo Bassin since at least 30,000 years. However, little is known about the origins of pygmy populations, nor is known about ancient demography or past human migrations in this area of the world. We use an interdisciplinary approach between ethnology and population genetics, aiming to unravel the unknown history of Central African peopling. First, we present elements of anthropology concerning the pygmy/non-pygmy categorization, and the DNA sampling strategy developped in three pygmy groups from Gabon and Uganda. Then, we present population genetics results on more than 30 Central African populations genotyped for 28 autosomal microsatellites. Our results converge towards a historical peopling of Central Africa where all pygmies share a common ancestor that diverged from the non-pygmies about 70,000 years ago. Moreover, our results suggest that the expansion of agriculture in Central Africa some 4,000 years ago, fundamentaly affected ancient relationships between pygmies and non-pygmies. Such expansion may have fragmented pygmy habitat, isolating the various populations. Moreover, heterogeneous gene flows from non-pygmy populations towards each pygmy group, may have enhanced the genetic differentiation found nowadays among african pygmies. Finally, such heterogeneous admixture is consistent with the various sociocultural behaviour characterizing specifically each pygmy / non-pygmy realtions, thus highlighting the potential major influence of sociological behaviours in mankind biological evolution
Truc, Philippe. "Apport de la génétique des populations à la taxonomie de "Trypanosoma brucei" et à l'épidémiologie de la trypanosomiase humaine en Afrique centrale." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20050.
Full textLe, Fur Soizic. "Les Faunes mammaliennes du Miocène supérieur du Tchad : structure des communautés et implications paléoenvironnementales." Poitiers, 2009. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Le-Fur-Soizic/2009-Le-Fur-Soizic-These.pdf.
Full textVasilache, Gouandjika Ionela. "Circulation et dérive génétique du poliovirus en Afrique Centrale et de l'ouest." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066222.
Full textSégurel, Laure. "Mode de vie et diversité génétique dans les populations humaines d'Asie Centrale." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00547600.
Full textDoumenge, Charles. "Contribution à l'étude des structures de populations d'arbres des forêts d'Afrique centrale (exemples du Gabon, Cameroun et Congo)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20285.
Full textCohuet, Anna. "Biologie et génétique des populations d'"Anopheles funestus", vecteur du paludisme en Afrique." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20123.
Full textBecker, Noémie. "La faible stature des populations pygmées d’Afrique centrale : une approche évolutive." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066006.
Full textPouyaud, Laurent. "Génétique des populations de tilapias d'intérêt aquacole en Afrique de l'ouest. Relations phylogénétiques et structurations populationnelles." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20082.
Full textLainé, Agnès. "Génétique des populations et histoire du peuplement de l'Afrique : essai d'historiographie et d'épistémologie." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00325893.
Full textDans sa relation à l'histoire du peuplement de l'Afrique, la génétique des populations implique des analyses sur trois champs différents :
- histoire des sciences,
- histoire du peuplement ancien de l'Afrique,
- histoire contemporaine, par l'analyse des liens récents entre la recherche anthropologique et les événements de l'histoire africaine.
La thèse se situe donc au carrefour de plusieurs disciplines et tente d'embrasser des situations allant du général (1ère et 2ème parties sur la situation de l'Afrique dans l'ensemble mondial) au particulier (3ème partie sur les situations régionales). Après une mise en perspective historique assez large (XVIIIe - 1950), elle se concentre sur une période restreinte (1945-1985), quarante années qui constituent la grande époque de la recherche sur la diversité biologique humaine à partir des systèmes sanguins).
Deux grandes lignes de réflexion ont été suivies :
- Une réflexion sur l'évolution de la production des sciences bio-anthropologiques dans le domaine du peuplement de l'Afrique, rapportée au contexte de l'évolution scientifique en général et au contexte politique international depuis la dernière guerre mondiale. Une analyse est conduite sur les auteurs et les grands thèmes de cette anthropologie.
- Une réflexion comparative sur les travaux produits par les principales Puissances ayant exercé une influence durable sur la recherche en Afrique dans la période susdite : Puissances coloniales, Etats-Unis. La comparaison permet en outre de révéler l'internationalisation croissante de la recherche au cours de la période d'étude. Des liens entre science et histoire sont recherchés par une étude systématique du contexte dans lequel ces travaux ont été conduits : colonisation, décolonisation, guerre froide, construction des Etats, crises politiques internes.
Ce travail est construit en trois parties dont les articulations sont à la fois thématiques et chronologiques.
La première partie situe le sujet dans l'histoire depuis le XVIIIe siècle. Il s'agit le plus souvent de appels brefs sur la situation de la biologie et de l'anthropologie, sur la connaissance des Occidentaux au sujet de l'Afrique subsaharienne et sur la naissance des théories transformistes. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur les aspects épistémologiques et idéologiques des travaux de Charles Darwin, leurs prolongements dans les différents domaines de l'érudition africaniste (linguistique, ethnologie, anthropologie physique) et de la politique internationale (impérialisme, nationalisme, colonisation, libéralisme et communisme). Le troisième volet de cette partie retrace l'émergence de la génétique des populations au carrefour des sciences de l'hérédité, des théories de l'évolution, de la mathématique statistique et de l'immunologie. La contribution personnelle de l'auteur est d'avoir fait de cette histoire déjà connue une lecture originale en adoptant le point de vue central de l'Afrique dans cette perception occidentale où s'entrecroisent les questions scientifiques, idéologiques, religieuses et politiques. Ainsi apparaît l'étonnante permanence des idées, des controverses, des représentations sur les origines de l'Homme et des "races", des interrogations sur la nature et la généalogie des Hommes. En Afrique, ces thèmes ont été alimentés par la présence de groupes de populations nettement différenciés aux yeux des Occidentaux, qui ont vu en eux les descendants des races originelles. Lieu de convergence de trois grands courants migratoires supposés, l'Afrique est devenu, dans l'imaginaire occidental, le miroir de cette triangulation raciale blanche, noire et asiatique.
Dans la deuxième partie, est traité l'ensemble des publications qui forment les sources. Le premier chapitre (§2,1) est une description d'un premier ensemble constitué de toutes les publications parues de 1950 à 1985 faisant état de données originales sur la typologie sanguine de populations africaines. Il s'agit d'une étude formelle d'un fichier de références bibliographiques réalisée par des moyens informatiques. Au plan méthodologique, cet aspect de la recherche est le plus original. La bibliographie, un corpus de 898 références livrées en annexe, y est traitée comme des séries d'informations quantifiables, ce qui a permis une description des principales caractéristiques de la production scientifique sur le sujet : pays émetteurs, Etats africains concernés, marqueurs étudiés, nature et thèmes des supports de publications... Une analyse diachronique de ces éléments est présentée.
Il s'y s'ajoute une documentation plus spécifiquement anthropo¬logique (§2,2), c'est-à-dire des textes qui se proposent d'interpréter la distribution des caractères sérologiques envisagés comme marqueurs. Est étudiée l'évolution du contexte scientifique, social et politique, dans lequel toutes ces publications ont pris place, très différent de celui qui précède la deuxième guerre mondiale (§2,2) : le concept de race est questionné, la recherche sur l'origine des ethnies africaines rejoint la problématique des origines de l'Homme. Aussi le troisième chapitre (§2,3) est consacré à cette question centrale de la place du peuplement de l'Afrique dans l'histoire mondiale du peuplement humain, thème majeur de l'anthropologie biologique sur toute la période considérée, mais où émerge en contrepoint, dès la fin des années cinquante, une anthroplogie de l'adaptation, faisant de l'Homme africain un acteur de son évolution sur sa terre. Il apparaît un regard différencié en fonction de l'origine des chercheurs (Britanniques, Sud-Africains), façonnés souvent par la perspective dans laquelle leur culture nationale les porte à effectuer les catégorisations des peuples en présence. Les évolutions sont appréciées en parallèle de celle, concomitante, des autres sciences (linguistique, archéologie, histoire) et de la participation croissante des intellectuels africains à la réflexion sur leur histoire et leur identité.
La troisième partie présente l'étude de trois régions de l'Afrique choisies pour servir une démarche comparative :
1)-l'Afrique de l'Est sous influence belge (Rwanda, Burundi, est du Zaïre), où est présentée notamment une analyse des travaux d'anthropologie biologique sur les populations hutu et tutsi, l'évolution des conceptions de l'historiographie coloniale au sujet de l'origine de ces ethnies et la place de ces travaux dans les suites politiques tragiques de ces clivages ethniques.
2)-l'Afrique orientale britannique de la région des Grands Lacs (Ouganda, sud du Soudan, nord-ouest de la Tanzanie et ouest du Kenya), où est retracée l'évolution des travaux scientifiques en relation avec l'émergence difficile de certains jeunes Etats africains, le problème des populations du sud du Soudan, d'une part, la question des clivages entre peuples nilotiques ou soudaniques, et bantu, d'autre part. Il est décrit comment les résultats de la biologie ont invalidé les classifications classiques (hamites, nilotiques) et qu'apparaissent de nouvelles conceptions, régionales plutôt que linguistiques. Par ailleurs ces résultats, à l'issue de la période considérée, confirment une rencontre sans doute très ancienne entre des peuples africains issus de parties différentes de l'Afrique, leur entrecroisement progressif et très intime dans la région des Grands Lacs, confirmant les analyses les plus récentes dans les domaines de la linguistique historique et de l'archéologie des éco-systèmes.
3)-les pays de l'Afrique occidentale situés à l'intérieur de la boucle du Niger (Burkina Faso, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Bénin, Nigeria), où sont comparées les approches de l'anthropologie française, britannique et américaine, leur évolution avant et après les indépendances : centres d'intérêts et différences d'interprétation. Cette analyse permet de prendre du recul sur l'ensemble des travaux réalisés sur l'Afrique par les Puissances considérées et de retrouver le fil d'une réflexion amorcée dans les chapitres des premières et deuxième parties sur la façon différente dont les Puissances ont intériorisé l'idée d'évolution au XIXe siècle : la conception que se sont faite les Européens des devoirs et des droits du plus apte envers le moins apte, inscrite au coeur de l'idéologie coloniale, a également influé sur le mode d'administration des peuples colonisés. Du côté britannique l'anthropologie biologique a tendu à répondre aux besoins de compréhension et d'organisation hiérarchique de la société coloniale. Ceci est également valable pour les territoires sous influence belge en Afrique orientale. Du côté des Français en Afrique de l'Ouest, l'anthropologie n'a été que dans une moindre mesure chargée de répondre au même besoin. Du même coup l'anthropologie française n'a pas été ébranlée, comme l'ont été les conceptions des Britanniques, par l'avènement des Etats africains à la fin des années 1950. L'anthropologie biologique anglo-saxonne a reflété les changements politiques et, par conséquent, a évolué plus vite vers cette anthropologie de l'adaptation promise par les idées darwiniennes, mais paralysée pendant plus d'un siècle par le besoin de justifier l'entreprise coloniale. Les travaux des Américains en Afrique, très tôt orientés sur les questions adaptatives, suscitent des réflexions du même ordre, en raison de leur émergence à ce moment crucial de l'histoire de l'Afrique, à la veille des indépendances, en raison aussi de leur caractère marginal dans la production anthropologique américaine, restée très naturaliste.
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Les aspects scientifiques ne sont pas négligés : les découvertes successives des systèmes sanguins, l'évolution des méthodes d'analyse et d'investigation, la réflexion épistémologique. La thèse montre l'importance extrême accordée par les chercheurs aux hémoglobines atypiques (notamment l'hémoglobine S responsable d'une maladie grave nommée drépanocytose), caractères qui ont semblé durant plusieurs décennies promettre des informations anthropologico-historiques de premier plan. Il a été montré que cette préoccupation devant les hémoglobines anormales a des raisons multiples dont certaines sont à rechercher dans les débuts de la génétique des populations, en ce qu'elle comportait de préoccupations eugénistes.
En conclusion de la troisième partie, après avoir résumé les hypothèses récentes de la recherche bio-anthropologique sur la diversité humaine (théorie de l'Eve africaine, théorie polycentriste), il est procédé à une critique des principaux problèmes épistémologiques, méthodologiques et conceptuels des travaux actuels (légitimité des arborescences, horloges moléculaires, distances génétiques, coalescence, ambiguité du statut épistémologique des catégories ethniques, critique historique des données et des échantillons). Un bilan des acquis et des perspectives de ces recherches en matière d'histoire du peuplement, est présenté. Enfin, on s'interroge sur les possibilités de développement d'une génétique historique.
Pouget, Rousseau Cécile. "Evolution des populations serviles dans les sociétés peules d'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Centre." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100052.
Full textTraditionally nomadic breeders, the Fulani have settled themselves in several countries by instituting political structures based on Islam. In this movement of installation, they have captured a servile population wich had to carry out especially agricultural works. Today, on places of these former theocratic states, former masters and former slaves live together. Our research characterized the emancipation of these populations of servile origin, especially conditions of their economic development, in the Fulani societies of Macina, Fouta Djalon and Adamawa. The expression of the social status of the former slaves indicates that the former slaves can no longer be considered as slaves but that they have not became Fulani. The current organization of the habitations, the economic activities of both populations and their relationships to share space show that to each societies corresponds a form of emancipation. In the Fouta Djalon, if the former masters still control land tenure and thus exert pressures on the former slaves, in reality the competition between each other expresses itself to the level of their economic success. In Adamawa, apart some exceptions, we can notice the demographic and economic marginalisation of the former slaves. In the Macina, the relationships between Fulani and Rimaïbe and their activities are complementary, both of these groups are submitted to the insecurity of the local production. The former masters oppose a certain ideological resistance to the emancipation of their slaves, especially by means of Islam and Fulani values. But, they can not hinder their economic development witch is more dued to the own dynamism of the populations of servile origin and to the economic, ecologic local conditions than dued to the relationships that the former captives maintain with the former masters
Courtin, David. "Étude de la sensibilité génétique à la trypanosomose humaine africaine à "Trypanosoma brucei gambiense" en Afrique de l'Ouest et Centrale." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20080.
Full textOtt, Cécile Chantal. "Exploitation forestière et droits des populations locales et autochtones en Afrique centrale (Cameroun, Congo, Congo RDC et Gabon)." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO30047.
Full textThe forests of Cameroon, Congo, CongoRCD and Gabon are full of enormous resources. Several possibilities are available to these countries by the richness and diversity of fauna, flora, exploitation of resources underground resources, wood and non wood forest products. Logging of these resources could be an effective means of improving the living conditions of local and indigenous people who depend on these forests. However, despite the legal, political and economic setup by different governments, people's participation in forest management is very relative. The promotion and protection of their social and economic rights also remain problematic
Bahuchet, Serge. "Les Pygmées Aka et Baka : contribution de l'ethnolinguistique à l'histoire des populations forestières d'Afrique Centrale." Paris 5, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA05H072.
Full textWith an ethnolinguistical approach i question the cultural relationship between two pygmy groups with different languages, Baka from Cameroon (oubanguian speaking community) and aka from C. A. R. (Bantu). By using a very wide vocabulary thematicaly arranged (nature, plants, animals, techniques, society, religion, music) i am able to show the common origin of both aka and Baka from a unique ethnic group nammed Baakaa. They separate while encoutering Bantu c10 villagers (for the aka) and oubanguian villagers (from Gbanzili-sere subgroup). By taking into account vocabularies from related languages spoken by non-pygmy groups, i look for the conditions of pygmy linguistical "mutation" : the association between these societies was based upon religious conceptions, due to both differences in appearance and forest specialization of the pygmies, obvious through the common vocabulary. Before their association with villagers, Baakaa pygmies were already forest hunter-gatherers. Lexical analysis and ethnographical comparisons give data to examine phenomenon of borrowing and transfer between differing societies, thus contributing to the more general problems of lexical evolution. The second important point resides in the lexical marks of an origin from eastern Congo basin for the Baakaa pygmies
Ndiade, Bourobou Dyana. "Dynamique spatiale et temporelle de la diversité génétique d’une espèce rare en Afrique Centrale : baillonella toxisperma Pierre (le Moabi)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20045/document.
Full textIf genetic diversity patterns of gregarious rainforest forest trees are well known, few knowledges are available about low density tree species. Does those last one follow the same genetic distribution pattern? Which biotic and abiotic factors underline the spatial structure and evolution of the genetic diversity of such species? In order to improve the knowledge of the biology of such species, we have propose through nuclear microsatellite(nuc) and chlorosplastic (cp) markers to (i) analyse the reproductive system of a low density tree species, (ii) assess its dispersal capacity through seeds and pollen, and finally to (iii) describe the spatial genetic structure at a fine and large scale. We have addressed those questions with Baillonella toxisperma Pierre (commonly named Moabi), a commercial tree of many uses, known to be rare (1 ind/15ha à 20 ha) and distributed through different ecologicals areas of Congo basin. Three main results rise from our study: (i) Despite a strong isolation of the adults, B. toxisperma has a dominant allogamous reproductive system (tm ≈ 98%) with a reduce rate of self-pollination (1- tm< 3%) which is probably due to occurrence of protandry. (ii) As expected in the case of low density trees, the spatial statistic (Sp) of the fine spatial genetic structure is very low [Spnuc = 0.003 ; Spcp = 0.015]. Those reflected a very high gene flow mediated through pollen [σp = 9.8 km à 10.8 km] and seeds [σs = 4.0 km à 6.3 km], that probably mediated by efficient dispersal vectors like bats, human and elephant. At a large scale, a phylogenetic signal has been detected between individuals located in both side of the thermic equator, mainly between those from the block forest of Cameroon and Gabon [RST = 0.313 > RSTp = 0.115, P < 0.001]. Two discretes genetics units from the Gabon block forest which separate individuals of the West coastal forests from the lowland forest ones (in the inland) have also been detected and showed a moderate genetic differentiation [FST = 0.068, P < 0.001]. The genetic differentiation between these three units could be explained by a geographical isolation during past climatic disturbances in the African rainforest, occurred in the Pleistocene and Holocene, and which will be still maintained up to date by a reproductive isolation caused by flowering asynchrony periods among individuals. The occurrence of these three genetic units suggests a biogeographical repartition of B. toxisperma in the Congo basin that is mainly due to the past and current climate. Our conclusions may lead to implement conservation strategies and sustainable management programm for biodiversity in Central Africa
Lecompte, Emilie. "Systématique et évolution des rongeurs du groupe Praomys (Rodentia, Murinae)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MNHN0042.
Full text[The systematics and evolution of Murinae pose many problems. Africa appears as an important endemism center for these rodents, but the origin and the modalities of the murine radiation on this continent remains uncertain. The Praomys group appears as a good model for the study of the Africa population modalities by Murinae, because of its important diversity, its abundance in rodent communities, as well as its presence in all sub-Saharan biotopes. An integrative approach, combining chromosomal, morphological and molecular data have been carried out. The sequencing of the cytochrome b mitochondrial gene and a portion of the IRBP nuclear gene allowed a robust phylogeny production. The confrontation of the morphological and molecular phylogenies, with the integration of paleontological, biochemical and cytogenetical data allowed to highlight the monophyly of a group comprising the African genera of the Praomys group, as well as the paraphyly of most of its genera, showing important convergence phenomena. Also, this allows to review the Praomys group systematics. These results allow to propose a spatio-temporal framework for the Murinae evolution, and in particular for the Praomys group. Thus, the Murinae radiation in Africa would have been resulted of, at least, three dispersion stages, probably issued from Asia. The different lineages within the Praomys group probably result from an adaptive radiation at the end of the Miocene, about 7-9 Myr]
Solano, Philippe. "Implications épidémiologiques de la variabilité génétique des populations de glossines. Cas de "Glossina palpalis" en Afrique de l'ouest." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20169.
Full textMaiga, Ascofaré Oumou. "Evolution de la résistance de Plasmodium falciparum aux médicaments antipaludiques, principalement en Afrique, selon une approche de génétique des populations." Paris 5, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA05P616.
Full textP. Falciparum exhibits a high level of genetic diversity providing an important resource for environemental adaptation. At the molecular level, SNPs in parasitic genes are involved in this adaptation. We focused on 2 aspects of the dynamics of antimalarial drug resistance in parasite populations from African sites. First, we addressed the origin of the triple mutant dhfr alleles (3M) conferring pyrimethamine resistance. We compared the genetic diversity of chromosomes carrying the wild-type (WT) or the 3M allele in a large collection isolates that represents 11 African sites. Four microsatellite markers closely linked to the dhfr gene were genotyped. We found that, combined with natural selection, migration of parasites carrying an ancestral triple-mutant dhfr allele from Asia (rather than recurrent mutations) drives the spread of the dhfr alleles in Africa. Second, we provided evidence that population genetics is a powerful tool to detect medically important loci. Seven populations were studied and 12 rSNPs located in 4 antimalarial resistance genes (crt, mdr1, dhfr, dhps), 5 aSNPs in 2 vaccine candidate genes (MSP1, AMA1) and 17 neutral SNPs (nSNPs) were chosen. The genetic differentiation observed at the rSNPs is higher than that obtained with nSNPs, indicating a local adaptation of populations for resistance genes. No difference was observed between nSNPs and aSNPs. The genetic differentiation provided a robust tool to detect loci subject to recent directional selection. These studies illustrate the role of migration and local adaptation in the evolution of resistance of P. Falciparum to antimalarial drugs. P. Falciparum exhibits a high level of genetic diversity providing an important resource for environemental
Kefi, Rym. "Diversité de l'ADN mitochondrial de quelques populations humaines préhistoriques et actuelles de l'Afrique du Nord." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX20652.
Full textThe anthropological and genetic studies revealed the complexity of the settlement of North Africa. We proposed to study the mitochondrial DNA diversity of a Tunisian population from Maktar. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Maktar has received genetic flows coming from Europe, Near-East and sub-Saharan region. Maktar population appears close to Egyptians and Mauritanians. We also studied the mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in ancient population from archaeological site of Taforalt (Morroco-12. 000 years BP), from archaeological site of Afalou (Algeria, 11. 000 years-15. 000 years) and from archaeological site of Wadi-Gabgaba (Egypt-6000 years BP). The genetic composition of these prehistoric populations showed the absence of sub-Saharan haplogroups suggesting that iberomaurusian individuals (Afalou and Taforalt) were not originated from sub-Sudan region. The gene flow across the Sahara desert in the northern Africa would be after 12. 000 years BP
Makoundou, Esaï. "Analyse des statistiques imparfaites. Evolution démographique des pays francophones d'Afrique centrale (Cameroun, Congo, Gabon, République centrafricaine, Tchad)." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00389502.
Full textNjiokou, Flobert. "Génétique et biologie des populations de deux hôtes intermédiaires de schistosomes à oeuf à éperon terminal "Bulinus globusus" (Morelet,1866) et "B[ulinus] truncatus" (Audouin, 1827) : conséquences épidémiologiques." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20137.
Full textVera, Charles. "Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité génétique des schistosomes et de leurs hôtes intermédiaires : polymorphisme de la compatibilité entre diverses populations de "Schistosoma haematobium"," S. bovis" et "S. curassoni" et les bulins hôtes potentiels en Afrique de l'Ouest." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20232.
Full textAnnan, Zeinab. "Structure génétique des populations de Plasmodium falciparum, agent de forme grave du paludisme, chez l'homme et les anophèles vecteurs en Afrique." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20158.
Full textMombo, Landry-Erik. "Polymorphisme génétique humain (loci G6PD, TNF-alpha, CD1, MBL et CCR5) en relation avec la susceptibilité/résistance au paludisme à plasmodium falciparum et à l'infection à HIV-1 en Afrique Centrale (Gabon)." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066229.
Full textBiguezoton, Abel Sènagbè. "Invasion biologique & écologie de la santé vétérinaire : le cas des communautés de tiques et pathogènes associés au Bénin et au Burkina Faso à l’heure de leur invasion par la tique du bétail Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT115/document.
Full textWest Africa is undergoing fast spread of the cattle tick associated with highest economic losses worldwide: Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, which was accidentally introduced in Benin and Côte d'Ivoire in early 2000s. In 2011, Burkinabe farmers complain about the impossibility of controlling very large infestations of their cattle by ticks (causing morbidity and loss of livestock weight): results of R. microplus infestation. This thesis has two key objectives for the determination of animal health protection measures. The first is to understand the mechanisms involved in this invasion by population genetic tools (e.g. tests of the existence of privileged invasions corridors, genetic structure of tick populations, population size estimates between introduction areas and invasion front, distance of gene flow by tick generation). Coupling these informations with those of resistance to the common acaricides used in farming will allow assessing of the most control strategies to stop current invasion. The second is to anticipate the impact of the invasion on the epidemiology of pathogens vectored by cattle ticks. It will be here first to assess the impact of the presence / absence of R. microplus (vector of Babesia bovis, B. bigemina and Anaplasma marginale) on the native cattle ticks’ communities
Maganga, Gaël Darren. "Identification et caractérisation des virus à ARN potentiellement pathogènes pour l'homme chez les populations de chauves-souris d'Afrique Centrale." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20072/document.
Full textThe number of viruses détected in bats is growing, the most common are RNA viruses. The identification in different bat species of viruses that cause major epidemics or pandemics in human such as SARS coronavirus, Nipah and Henda viruses, the filoviruses Ebola and Marburg has raised awareness of potential risk that these animals may present to human health, as well as real possibilities of development of new diseases in future years. This work had two objectives: (i) to identify and characterize the viruses circulating in populations of bats in Central Africa and (ii) to explore and identify bioecological factors that could explain the viral richness observed in some bats species seen in tropical Africa forest. From 3472 individuals tested accounting for 16 species from Gabon, Congo and the Central African Republic, we established the presence of Marburg virus in Egyptian fruit bats (Rousettus aegyptiacus) in Gabon and identified viral sequences of paramyxoviruses close related to emerging and re-emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses (Nipah virus, Hendra viruses and mumps virus) in fruit bats. Sequences of novel coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses and flaviviruses have also beenidentified. Moreover, the fragmentation of the range and roost type have been identified as determinants of viral richness in 15 bats species of Central Africa. Bats in Central Africa thus would be reservoirs of viruses related to viruses pathogenic for humans. These animals would lead to the emergence of encephalitis Henipavirus in Africa and the reemergence of certain human diseases such as mumps, measles. Further research will be conducted to continue the genetic characterization of viruses detected from bats in Central Africa and to determine the zoonotic risk associated with these viruses. Ecological studies will also be performed to identify the risk factors for the emergence of bats viruses potentially pathogenic for humans
Boussougou, Alain. "La concentration des populations dans les anciens chantiers d'exploitation forestière en Afrique centrale : Esquisse d’une anthropologie des rapports à la forêt dans les territoires recomposés au Cameroun et au Gabon." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05H011/document.
Full textThis thesis reports on the nature of the relationship to the forest of former employees migrants settled in the former logging camps. It is deployed on a dual approach diachronic and synchronic. The diachronic approach is divided into two time scales: the "pre-industrial age" and "industrial age". This fragmentation of the past this work has provided two of the three parts on which it is articulated. Regarding the first temporality, it reconstructs the living conditions of populations and the mode of management predominate in the forest before installation and the influence of the forest industry. The analysis reveals that "the pre-industrial age" people lived mainly in the forest and they managed sustainably. The second, puts the populations in the world of work sites and demonstrates that with the creation of wage employment, the latter, did longer perceived the forest as a fundamental economic alternative. It sheds light on social dynamics imported by the rise of wage labor: the modernization of localities, changing patterns of living, social needs, attitudes and the easing of relations of dependence of households to the forest. It puts forward the central role of employment in maintaining pressure on household forest land resources. The latter approach leans on the post-employment and examines the return of populations to the massive exploitation of the forest because of the widespread insecurity and lack of alternatives. Thus, after carrying out the comparison of two approaches used, the thesis leads to the assertion of the existence of non-sustainable management of forests in the old workings
Ally, Hadija Mussa. "Genetic diversity and structure of the superabundant whitefly populations, vectors of viruses causing diseases of cassava in three East African countries (Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda)." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0012.
Full textHigh population of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, a cryptic species complex had been associated with the vectoring and spread of viruses causing two diseases of cassava in East Africa: the cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and cassava brown streak disease (CBSD). Among the B. tabaci species, sub-Saharan Africa 2 (SSA2) was the vector associated with an epidemic of CMD since the 1990s in Uganda. However, this species is now replaced by the SSA1 and led to development of another epidemic by CBSD since the mid 2000s. The spread of both diseases toward South and West Africa is feared with this new supposed invader. In my thesis I have used ecological data and molecular approaches (mitochondrial and nuclear markers) to better understand the factors driving the presence of the superabundant whitefly populations on cassava in East Africa. We have analyzed: i) species abundance, diversity and distribution (geographic and host plants) along a transect survey over three East African countries: Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, ii) the genetic diversity and structure of current populations of B. tabaci species, and iii) comparing genetic changes between the old and new populations collected in 1997 and 2017, respectively.This study involving large number of samples provided insights of a more complex picture than expected. SSA1 was found to be the source of the some observed outbreaks although other species, notably IO and sub-group 3 of SSA1 (SSA1-SG3) have also shown this capability. The observed outbreaks are therefore not just related to a single species in East Africa. In addition, we showed that the species community and its genetic diversity differ from one country to another, involving different epidemiological situations, without any clear pattern of invasion detected between the countries. Analysis of old samples did not show the involvement of a new species or the emergence of a new population in 20 years, although the dynamics within the whitefly genetic groups was observed over time. Our results contributed new knowledge on the super abundant populations on cassava in Eastern Africa and help develop targeted control measures for the local populations
Bogreau, Hervé. "Déterminants épidémiologiques de la distribution des populations de Plasmodium falciparum en Afrique inter-tropicale et implications pour la lutte antipaludique, la surveillance et le contrôle des résistances." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20691.
Full textSezonlin, Michel. "Phylogéographie et génétique des populations du foreur de tiges de céréales Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) en Afrique subsaharienne : implications pour la lutte biologique contre cet insecte." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112195.
Full textBusseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is a major pest of maize and cultivated sorghum in sub-Saharan Africa. The observed difference in the life features and the ecology of species among East and West African populations suggest the existence of populations genetically differentiated in accordance with the geography or biotope types. The role of host plant, particularly that related to two major cultivated plant consumed by insect, in possible of genetic structure of its populations is being established. A large phylogeographic study based on use of one mitochondrial marker, the cytochrome b and on analysis of numerous samplings (590 individuals from 112 localities including the major part of the spatial distribution of borer) has been performed. This study has showed the presence of three main haplotype clades (W, KI, KII) corresponding to populations isolated in West and East Africa in Pleistocene, around one million years ago. Clade W localized in West Africa split geographically from clade KI and clade KII that are partially sympatric. Clade KI is limited to one part of East Africa whereas clade KII shows a large geographical distribution covering well East, Central and Southern sub-Saharan Africa. Phylogenetic, F-statistics, calculated demographic parameters and nested clade phylogeographic analyses results confirmed that the clades, after their isolation in three different refuge areas, experienced geographic and demographic expansion even if local populations were characterized by the phenomena of restricted gene flow with isolation by distance. Mismatch distribution analysis and the negative values of Tajima D index are consistent with a demographic expansion hypothesis of three clades. Significant genetic differentiations have been highlighted at various hierarchical levels by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The Cameroon Volcanic Line and the Rift Valley appear to be two factors contributing to the genetic structure of B. Fusca populations. The highest haplotype and nucleotide diversity in Ghanaian (clade W), Eritrean (clade KI) and Kenyan (clade KII) regions has allowed identifying them as the likelihood geographic centres of origin of each clade. The population genetic history of B. Fusca as revealed by mitochondrial genome analysis appears independent to sorghum domestication and introduction and expansion of maize. The ancient genetic structure is maintained through different periods with recurrent and local shift of B. Fusca individuals from wild host plants to cultivated. An original parallel has been able to be performed with the results of phylogeographic study of this graminaceous insect and all those of many studies related on African mammalian herbivorous. This parallel analysis indicates that similar paleoclimatic factors have likely shaped animal populations from distant groups associated with African graminaceous environments
Djogbenou, Luc Salako. "Dynamique des mécanismes de résistance aux insecticides liés à la modification de cibles dans les populations naturelles d’Anopheles gambiae s. L. D’Afrique de l’Ouest." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20085.
Full textVector control is one of the most effective methods of malaria prevention in sub-Saharan Africa. Resistance to pyrethroid insecticides (kdr mutation) has appeared in vectors of malaria, especially in An. Gambiae s. L. The effectiveness of pyrethroid-treated nets seems to be threatened by this resistance and the search for alternative insecticides is a priority. In the laboratory, as in field studies, the presence of an acetylcholinesterase mutation (ace-1R), which confers resistance to carbamates and organophosphates (insecticides proposed as alternatives to pyrethroids), provides an advantage to An. Gambiae s. S. In contact with the insecticide. This advantage is shown in heterozygotes by measuring the partial dominance of the gene. In the absence of insecticides, a genetic cost affects some life history traits of resistant mosquitoes, reducing their chances of reproduction. This genetic cost is probably due to the important reduction of enzymes activity coded by ace-1R. The ace-1R mutation is already present in high frequencies in natural populations of West Africa. This distribution results from a single mutation event that has been spread across our study sites by migration. Its presence in M and S forms of Anopheles gambiae s. S. Is due to a introgression phenomenon. The mutation is present in the two alleles : one ace-1R resistant allele made of a copy of the ace-1 gene carrying the G119S mutation, and one duplicated allele, Ag-ace-1D, that carries one susceptible and one resistant G119S copy linked on the same chromosome. This duplication might reduce the cost associated with the resistance and impair vector control strategies based on alternating insecticides. These alleles are in competition in natural populations of Anopheles gambiae, the primary vector of malaria in West Africa. In Benin, two species of the An. Gambiae complex (An. Gambiae s. S. And An. Arabiensis) were found either alone or in sympatry. In An. Gambiae s. S. , the S molecular form is present in almost all localities, whereas the M form was found in high proportions only in the south and the north. The study of resistance mechanisms due to target site modification in Anopheles gambiae s. L. And Culex quinquefasciatus reveal that many populations are resistant to DDT and permethrin. In Anopheles gambiae, the comparison of mortality with DDT and permethrin indicates that the resistance is due in large part to the kdr mutation. However, the distribution of this mutation is variable between sites. Our study showed a strong link between the frequency of the kdr mutation and agricultural use of insecticide against cotton pests. In all cases, very few samples of the two species (An. Gambiae and Cx. Quinquefasciatus) were found to be resistant to the carbamates and organophosphates used. The frequency of the ace-1R mutation was also small. This indicates that the use of carbamates and organophosphates might still be used in a resistance management strategy. These studies offer interesting perspectives on the possibilities of vector control for prevention of malaria. In fact, they allow improving our understanding of the biology and ecology of the vector and on the resistance mechanisms. In the pursuit of a better vector control strategy, it would be interesting for scientists in developed countries studying genomic to work in collaboration with scientists in areas where malaria is present and with local institutions
Van, Vliet Nathalie. "Variabilité spatiale et temporelle au sein du système "chasseur-animal-territoire de chasse villageois" : pour une approche géographique de l'estimation de la durabilité de la chasse en Afrique centrale : cas de Cephalophus SPP, du nord-est Gabon." Toulouse 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU20006.
Full textThe present work based on duiker surveys, interviews with hunters and multi-agent modeling, aims at showing that current biological models fail to suggest efficient solutions to manage hunting activities because they ignore the complexity of spatial and temporal patterns that influence biological sustainability of hunting. Duikers (six sympatric species in our study aera) are small forest antelopes belonging to the Cephalophineae (genera Cephalophus). Our study was conducted in North-East Gabon, in the Ogooué Ivindo province, which remains far from economic activities and undeveloped, but conserves a unique biodiversity value. The results of this study can be summarized in the following three results : the notion of maximum sustainable yield developed by biological models is insufficient to understand and predict the sustainability of hunting ; for a same level of offtakes, the "hunter-animal-village territory" system can be sustainable or not depending on the spatial and temporal distribution of offtakes and of hunted populations ; within the village territory, as observed in Ntsieté, "source-sink" dynamics are likely to occur between aeras hunted all year around (along hunting trails close to the village), aeras hunted only at certain seasons (along hunting trails far from the village) and un-hunted aeras (far from hunting trails), ensuring the sustainability of the system. With a combination of ethnological and biological data and taking into account spatial and temporal dimensions in human-nature interactions, the present work presents an original geographical approach to study the sustainability of hunting in Central Africa
Bouiges, Axelle. "Ecologie moléculaire de l’écosystème forestier tropical africain." Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE3012.
Full textThe aim of this project was to carry out a molecular ecology study, not only on a single species, but on a whole functional group. In the africain forest ecosystem, some species are typical of the forest while others are typical of the savanna, and have undergone stages of expansion and regression during Quaternary climate changes. Do their genomes share a common signature of the ensuing demographic history? I worked on nine species from the Zaprionus genus (Drosophilidae). For six species, I was able to gather a complete dataset including two population samples of N=20 (15 in one case) for 10 nuclear genes and one mitochondrial gene. I investigated the signature of population expansion by using Tajima’s DT, Fu’s FS, and the mismatch distribution. The demographic history of each species was investigated using Bayesian methods including BEAST (for mtDNA) and a recombination model using FastSimCoal (for nuclear DNA), with available molecular clocks. Five forest-dwelling species show the signature of a population expansion: Z. aff. proximus, Z. davidi, Z. sepsoides, Z. taronus et Z. vittiger. A sixth species, Z. indianus, shows a more complex history in agreement with its dependence on savanna. The completion of the analysis of the whole dataset was precluded by the time-consuming numerical procedures involved. To conclude, the genome of all of these species – either form savanna of from the forest – shows the signature of past climatic changes, thus validating an "ecosystem genomics" approach
Lopez, Marie. "Sélection naturelle et adaptation aux changements rapides de pressions environnementales chez l'Homme." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS605.
Full textThroughout their recent evolutionary history, humans have colonized various ecological habitats, adopted different lifestyles and experienced massive demographic changes. However, the mechanisms of natural selection acting on the genome during periods of changes in selective constraints remain to be characterized. In this context, the study of exome sequences and genotyping data from 600 Pygmy rainforest hunter-gatherers and non-Pygmy farmers from 14 populations have allowed us to (1) evaluate the impact of their recent demographic changes on the efficacy of negative selection in their genomes and (2) identify the mechanisms of positive selection and the biological functions involved in the adaptation of Pygmies to their environments. Our results show that, despite their opposite recent demographic histories, Pygmy and non-Pygmy populations exhibit no differences in their additive and recessive mutational loads, and highlight the beneficial role of admixture on reducing the burden of recessive deleterious mutations. In addition, our results suggest that genes involved in both the regulation of immunity and metabolic pathways related to insulin are under convergent polygenic selection in several Pygmy populations from central Africa. To conclude, this works contributes to the better understanding of mechanisms of negative and positive natural selection in shaping the human genetic diversity
Gbeha, Elias. "Variabilité Génétique des Populations Ouest-Africaines." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/2790.
Full textThe unravelling of our genetic heritage has revealed a demogenetic segueway leading to an increased susceptibility of certain individuals to complex infectious diseases. In order to characterize genetic variability among the West African populations, we analyzed 659 X chromosomes at the dys44 locus which comprises 35 SNPs and a microsatellite spanning a region 2853 bp upstream and 5034 bp downstream of exon 44 of the dystrophine gene in Xp21.3. The resulting genotypes, obtained by dynamic allele specific oligonucleotide hybridization and acrylamide gel electrophoresis, were used for haplotype construction. Gene diversity parameters such as the haplotypic diversity (G) and fixation indexes (Fst) were estimated. Multidimensional analysis of the data, including principal component analysis was also performed. Of the 68 distinct haplotypes detected in our data set, 26 were novel. The mean haplotypic diversity (Gmoy) was 0.91 ± 0.03 for this West African region which was shown to be more heterogeneous than the rest of the continent (Gmoy = 0.85 ± 0.04). However, despite certain sub-regional differences in the distribution of dys44 variants, the analysis of molecular variance showed an overall decline in the genetic distance between Sub-Saharan populations (Fst = 1.5% ; p<10-5). Certain variants, such as the Eurasian-specific haplotype B006, appear to suggest a Trans-Saharan gene flux between North African and Sub-Saharan populations as exemplified by the observed genetic pool of one of the ubiquitous populations of the Nigerian-Congolese linguistic family: The Fulani. Our results are also in agreement with a phyletic heritage between the Biaka, the Afro-Americans and the populations of the Volta-Congo language subfamilies.