Relevant bibliographies by topics / Geneva Conventions (1949)

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Academic literature on the topic 'Geneva Conventions (1949)'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Geneva Conventions (1949)"

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Rey-Schyrr, Catherine. "Les Conventions de Genève de 1949: une percée décisive (seconde partie)." International Review of the Red Cross 81, no. 835 (September 1999): 499–529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1560775500059770.

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At the outbreak of the Second World War, international humanitarian law was made up of the various Hague Conventions of 1907 and the two 1929 Geneva Conventions, none of which dealt in a satisfactory manner with the risks faced by the civilian population. Experience during the war made a major revision of international humanitarian law a priority after 1945. This articles traces the history of that endeavour up to the adoption by a diplomatic conference, on 12 August 1949, of the four Geneva Conventions for the protection of war victims. Particular emphasis is laid on the link between the ICRC's wartime experience with the inadequate law of the day and the negotiations for new legal provisions. The second part of the article identifies the major advances represented by the 1949 Geneva Conventions, one of the more important being the fact that the law's scope was extended to non-international armed conflicts. Though making no claim to perfection, the new Geneva Conventions nevertheless laid a sound basis on which adequate solutions may be found when military considerations and humanitarian exigencies clash.
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S. Nurbani, Erlies. "KEWAJIBAN INDONESIA BERDASARKAN KETENTUAN YANG BERSAMAAN KONVENSI JENEWA 1949." Jurnal Jatiswara 33, no. 3 (November 28, 2018): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jatiswara.v33i3.181.

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As a part of international community, which had ratify various of international agreements, Indonesia obliged to create national laws which compatible with international agreements. Since ratification of international agreements is not a final process which must comply by a state to abide the international agreements. The adjusment of national law whether with establish the new law or amendment the existed law, is repercussions of ratifications phase which state have to fulfill. One of Indonesia obligations, based on Geneva Conventions 1949 for the Protection of Victims of War, i.e common articles of Article 49 Geneva Convention I, Article 50 Geneva Convention II, Article 129 Geneva Convention III and Article 146 Geneva Convention IV is to establish national law on grave breaches of the convention and to prosecute the perpetrators. This article try to examine further on the Indonesia obligations based on th common articles and its implementaion in Indonesia, after 60 years of Indonesia accesion to the Geneva Conventions 1949 with the Law Number 59 Year 1958 on Indonesia Participation on all of Geneva Conventions 1949.
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Rautenbach, Christa. "Revisiting the Geneva Conventions: 1949-2019." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal 23 (April 24, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2020/v23i0a7843.

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This contribution reviews the book titled Revisiting the Geneva Conventions: 1949-2019, and edited by two scholars, namely Md Jahid Hossain Bhuiyan and Borhan Uddin Khan. The book is a commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the Geneva Conventions and provides Asian perspectives on the challenges of the 21st century.
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Gasser, Hans-Peter. "Universal acceptance of international humanitarian law — Promotional activities of the ICRC." International Review of the Red Cross 34, no. 302 (October 1994): 450–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400078451.

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In its Final Declaration of 1 September 1993, the International Conference for the Protection of War Victims inter alia urged all States to make every effort to:“Consider or reconsider, in order to enhance the universal character of international humanitarian law, becoming party or confirming their succession, where appropriate, to the relevant treaties concluded since the adoption of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, in particular:—the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts of 8 June 1977 (Protocol I);—the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts of 8 June 1977 (Protocol II);—the 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons and its three Protocols;—The 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict”.
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Rebkalo, M. M., and V. S. Oliinyk. "CORRESPONDENCE OF THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS (1949) WITH THE CONSTITUTIONAL AND MILITARY LEGISLATION OF UKRAINE: LEGAL ANALYSIS." Scientific Herald of Sivershchyna. Series: Law 2022, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32755/sjlaw.2022.01.019.

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The essence of the Geneva Conventions (1949), which deal with the protection of persons under the rule of the protecting state during the war are summarized in the article. The correspondence of the norms of the constitutional legislation of Ukraine with the Geneva Conventions (1949) in the context of such values as freedom, non-discrimination, justice, responsibility is studied. It is found out that the Constitution of Ukraine and some constitutional laws contain norms concerning the rights and freedoms of persons, including war prisoners and civilians, who needs protection. These norms coincide with the requirements of the Geneva Conventions (1949). But the norms of constitutional law are local in their nature, and international norms are universal ones. It is noted that the constitutional legislation and the Geneva Conventions (1949) have certain collisions. Some acts of military legislation of Ukraine and their correspondence the Geneva Conventions (1949) are analyzed. Attention is drawn to the Charter of the Internal Service of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, which defines the obligations of certain categories of persons to comply with international humanitarian law. Among them are the Assistant Brigade Commander for Legal Affairs and Chief Sergeants of the Battalion, Troop and Platoon. It is mentioned that such approach allows not only to implement the rules of the Geneva Conventions (1949), but also to control this process. The conformity of by-laws of the military legislation of Ukraine to the requirements of the Geneva Conventions (1949) is revealed. It is stated that, among other things, these acts define the information about war victims, namely: wounded and sick, persons who suffered from a shipwreck, war prisoners and others whose freedom is restricted due to armed conflict, civilians at the occupied territories. The conclusions state that the Geneva Conventions (1949) and the constitutional and military legislation of Ukraine protect the rights and freedoms of war victims, although they need some unification. Key words: Geneva Conventions, “Geneva Law”, rights and freedoms, constitutional law, military law, war prisoners, civilians, protecting state.
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Joncic, Vladan, and Milos Petrovic. "Military necessity in Geneva conventions of 1949." Medjunarodni problemi 64, no. 2 (2012): 180–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1202180j.

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The fundamental question of international law of armed conflict is the question of military necessity principle in international law of armed conflict, ie. in international humanitarian law. Hearings on this issue is necessary because it is still the danger that the principle of recognition of the needs of military regulations and deceive the application of international law of armed conflict. That?s why the military needs to be seen as a permitted deviation from compliance with rules of war. Extreme, this concept has led to the emergence of the theory of the military. Its radical variant of the proceeds from the Maxims of German classical scholars of international law. The result of theoretical assumptions had the effect of limiting the acceptance of military necessity of the first codification of the day. The four Geneva Conventions of 1949. The heavily consider the military. In all the texts of international conventions is determined by military necessity, as a circumstance or set of circumstances which affect the duty of obeying the regulations of international law. In international law there is no general rule of military necessity as a basis or reason for justified violations of rules of international law of armed conflict. The rules of international law represent a compromise between the desire for a decoration rules of warfare and the need to ensure all the necessary tools that can lead to victory. The four Geneva Conventions of 1949. the military need to provide in terms of the principles of humanity. Set rules on military necessity in the Geneva Conventions give the right correction factor in the role of the law of armed conflict. The Geneva Conventions there is a degree of confusion in terminology, where the concept of military necessity needlessly allocated a number of synonyms. This is because the international law of armed conflict and emerged as a normative regulation of proportionality between the military needs) and general principles and humane principles.
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Forsythe, David P. "The 1949 Geneva Conventions after Seventy Years." Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations 25, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02503001.

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van Elst, Richard. "Implementing Universal Jurisdiction Over Grave Breaches of the Geneva Conventions." Leiden Journal of International Law 13, no. 4 (December 2000): 815–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156500000480.

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As the most serious war crimes (grave breaches) should not be left unpunished, the 1949 Geneva Conventions contain an unusually worded obligation to either prosecute such a suspected war criminal or to hand him over to another country to be tried there (aut judicare aut dedere in stead of aut dedere aut judicare). Fifty years on, less than one in six of the parties to the Conventions have established universal jurisdiction over grave breaches which is necessary to prosecute a suspect if he was to be found in their country. An assessment and classification of the Conventions, national laws, prosecutions and practical obstacles. But if, what God forbid, these Conventions should ever have to be applied, they must be obeyed.M.W. Mouton, Diplomatic Conference, Geneva 16 July 1949
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Triansyah, Zuhri, and Maratun Saadah. "Pelanggaran Prinsip Kemanusiaan terhadap Tawanan Perang di Penjara Abu Ghraib Ditinjau dari Konvensi Jenewa 1949." Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 3, no. 1 (February 26, 2022): 01–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/up.v3i1.14776.

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This article discusses forms of legal responsibility regarding violations of humanitarian principles in humanitarian law against the treatment of prisoners of war in Abu Ghraib prison in terms of the Geneva convention of 1949. Legal liability is an obligation that arises from violations committed by individuals or the state because they are considered contrary to the law or conventions. applicable. This article uses a normative juridical method with the main source being legal materials containing normative legal rules. The results of the discussion of this article show that the principle of state responsibility related to human rights violations is realized by taking legal action against individual perpetrators and providing compensation to victims and is regulated in the Geneva Conventions. Second, the United States is responsible for the provisions stipulated in the Geneva Conventions of 1949 concerning violations of humanitarian principles by bringing to justice the perpetrators who have violated humanitarian principles through the United States military court.
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Meron, Theodor. "The Geneva Conventions as Customary Law." American Journal of International Law 81, no. 2 (April 1987): 348–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2202407.

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At first glance, the question of the customary character of the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 for the Protection of Victims of War might appear academic. After all, the question arises infrequently in view of the universal acceptance of the Conventions as treaties (they are binding on even more states than the Charter of the United Nations). That the matter may have practical importance, however, was recently brought home by its consideration by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in the merits phase of Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua. Moreover, in numerous countries where customary law is treated as the law of the land but an act of the legislature is required to transform treaties into internal law, the question assumes importance if no such law has been enacted. Failure to enact the necessary legislation cannot affect the international obligations of these countries to implement the Geneva Conventions; but invoking a certain norm as customary rather than conventional in such situations may be crucial for ensuring protection of the individuals concerned.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Geneva Conventions (1949)"

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Kawai, Toshinobu. "1977 protocol II additional to the 1949 Geneva Conventions and customary international law." Thesis, University of Hull, 2001. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5450.

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Traditionally the laws of war, or widely known as international humanitarian law today, in principle did not cover civil wars but only wars between States. The Geneva Conventions were adopted in 1949 to increase the protection of victims in armed conflicts, but the protection of the victims in internal conflict by the Conventions was limited. Thus, Protocol II additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 was introduced in 1977 to be specifically applicable to non-international armed conflicts in order to ameliorate the conditions of those who suffer in such conflict. A State confronting a conflict in its own territory is almost always unwilling to apply an international treaty to the situation, and therefore the pace of the ratification of Protocol II has been slow. The State is not bound by the treaty unless she ratifies it, and an internal war tends to become severe and cruel with few regulations. Despite such inadequate protection, however, customary international law based on State practice and opinio furls applies to such circumstances. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to ascertain the customary status of Protocol II. This thesis first examines whether customary rules had existed before the introduction of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, and proceeds to study what is customary international law applicable to non-international armed conflict. Then this author determines whether each article of Protocol II has become customary by investigating into State practice and opinio juris, and he finds through the investigation that only a little part of the Protocol has become customary. Notwithstanding such insufficient protection for the victims in civil conflict, however, the general principles of the laws of war are always applicable to internal conflict. In addition this writer emphasises the importance of the domestic "implementation" of the humanitarian rules and recommends the introduction of a unified and simplified treaty in the future revision of the Geneva Conventions and their Protocols.
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Childers, Rex A. "The Rationality of Nonconformity: the United States decision to refuse ratification of Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 1949." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1214247432.

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Al, Zamil Khalid M. Z. "The legal status of prisoners of war in Islamic law : assessment of its compatibility with the 1949 Geneva Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war." Thesis, University of Hull, 2002. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:3568.

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Military confrontations in many parts of the world raise concerns regarding the treatment of prisoners of war. Whilst the regime of prisoners of war under international law is clearly codified in the 1949 Geneva Convention relating to the treatment of prisoners of war, questions arise, particularly from western thinkers, regarding their treatment under Islamic law. This thesis attempts to fill this gap in the literature. The legal status of prisoners of war as presented in the Quran and Sunna and interpreted by prominent Islamic scholars is analysed and compared with the Geneva Convention provision is examined.The discussion begins in Chapter One with an examination of the context in which the issue of prisoner of war status arises. The concept and legitimacy of war are discussed and the rules of war, as well as relations between Islamic and non-Islamic States areexamined. In Chapter Two, the definition of the term 'prisoners of war' in each legal system is examined, and the classes of people excluded from the definition areconsidered. Chapter Three investigates the legal status of prisoners of war from the moment of capture, with reference to the coercion of prisoners of war to reveal military secrets protection inside the camps, the labour and financial status of prisoners of war,and the right to food and clothing, to communication with the outside world, to medical attention and to freedom of religious practice. There follows in Chapter Four a discussion of the ways in which capture may be terminated.The thesis shows that Islam provides for the just and humane treatment of prisoners of war and its rules are in general consistent with the provisions of international law. There are, however, some differences, such as the Islamic provision on enslavement attributable to differences in historical context. Such discrepancies however, have either been removed by changing custom, or can be resolved by analogy and by application of the general rules of just and humane treatment. There is, therefore, no reason why an Islamic country should not conform with the generally accepted principles of international law on the treatment of prisoners of war.
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Ikoghou-Mensah, David. "Reflexions sur le caractere imperatif des normes de jus cogens en droit international general." Reims, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REIMD002.

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Si l'idee d'un "ordre public" est commune a tous les systemes de droit, son incorporation dans le droit international positif est recente : elle a ete le fait de la convention de vienne sur le droit des traites du 23 mai 1969 entree en vigueur le 27 01 1980. Dans l'ordre juridique international, cette idee se traduit par la consecration des normes de jus cogens dont le pouvoir de qualification appartient a la communaute internationale des etats dans son ensemble et auxquelles aucune derogation n'est autorisee. Manifestement, cette cate gorie de droit superieur implique un flechissement du butoir de la souverainete de l'etat. Quoique codifiee par le traite des traites, la notion proteiforme de jus cogens debordera ce cadre pour s'appliquer a l'ensemble de l'activite des etats. Les travaux de la commission du droit international en matiere de responsabilite le montrent. De plus, le role du juge international, capital dans la construction et l'application de ce jus cogens, se trouvera renforce. Autant de raisons qui inclinent a ne pas sous-estimer le jus cogens. Mais il ne sied pas non plus de le sur-estimer : cette evolution normative ne s'appuie pas sur un renforcement institutionnel susceptible d'en assurer l'effectivite. La tache d'application du jus cogens incombera aux etats. Et meme si une responsabilite internationale nouvelle (d'ordre penal) est attachee a cette application, cette protection decentralisee de l'ordre public international sera un facteur d'affaiblissement de la portee du droit imperatif general.
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Besnaci-Lancou, Fatima. "Les missions du Comité international de la Croix-Rouge (CICR) pendant la guerre d'Algérie et ses suites (1955-1963) en Algérie, au Maroc et en Tunisie." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040229.

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Cette thèse porte sur les missions du Comité international de la Croix Rouge (CICR) pendant la guerre d’Algérie et ses suites. Le CICR intervient, d’une part, dans le cadre de guerres opposant des États et, d’autre part, en cas de conflit armé non international afin de tenter d’assurer le respect des règles humanitaires. Au cours des « évènements » algériens, les arrestations massives de membres et militants du Front de libération nationale (FLN) finissent par saturer les prisons et contribuent à la création de centres d’assignation. Par ailleurs, dès l’indépendance de l’Algérie, des milliers de supplétifs de l’armée française sont internés dans des camps, puis incarcérés pour nombre d’entre eux. L’objectif de ce travail doctoral est l’étude des principales initiatives entreprises par le CICR afin de faire appliquer quelques règles du droit humanitaire aux personnes concernées, pendant les sept années et demi de guérilla et après l’indépendance algérienne. Il est essentiellement question de prisons et de camps d’internement où les délégués contrôlent les conditions matérielles, le traitement et la discipline appliqués aux nationalistes et, plus tard, aux Européens pro-Algérie française arrêtés à partir du début de l’année 1961 ainsi qu’aux anciens supplétifs, de février à août 1963. Il s’agit également d’actions mises en place par le CICR afin d’accéder aux prisonniers français aux mains du FLN. Ce travail aborde également, dans une moindre mesure, diverses actions d’aide humanitaire en direction des populations réfugiées au Maroc ou en Tunisie et des personnes déplacées puis reléguées par l’armée française dans des camps de regroupement
This thesis examines the missions of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) during the Algerian War and its aftermath. The ICRC intervenes both in wars between states and in non-international armed conflicts, in an attempt to ensure the respect of humanitarian rules. During the “events” in Algeria, mass arrests of members and militants of the FLN (Algerian National Liberation Front) led to overcrowding in the prisons and was a factor in the establishment of internment camps. Immediately after independence, thousands of Muslim auxiliaries in the French army were interned in camps; many were subsequently imprisoned. This study looks at the main initiatives taken by the ICRC to ensure that the rules of humanitarian law were applied to the people involved during the seven and a half year of guerrilla warfare and after Algeria’s independence. It focuses on prisons and internment camps in which its delegates inspected material conditions and the treatment and discipline applied to nationalists and, later, to Europeans known to be pro French Algeria, who were arrested from the beginning of 1961, and former auxiliaries, interned between February and August 1963. It also examines initiatives taken by the ICRC to gain access to French prisoners in the hands of the FLN and, to a lesser degree, various humanitarian actions to help refugees in Morocco and Tunisia as well as people forcibly displaced by the French army and grouped together in camps
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Bounda, Sosthène. "Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge en Afrique centrale à la fin du XXe siècle : cas du Cameroun, du Congo Brazzaville, du Congo Kinshasa et du Gabon de 1960 à 1999." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30053/document.

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Le comité international de la Croix-Rouge en abrégé CICR est une organisation humanitaire fondée en 1863 par le Comité de cinq citoyens suisses: Gustave Moynier, Henri Dunant, Guillaume Dufour, Louis Appia, Théodore Maunoir. Crée à la base pour secourir et venir en aide aux victimes de guerre, sur une initiative d'Henri Dunant d'après un souvenir de la Guerre de Solferino, le CICR élargira son champ d'action après la Convention de Genève de 1949. En effet, le CICR est l'ONG la plus représentée dans le monde et c'est à juste titre qu'elle fut Prix-Nobel de la paix en 1901 remis à Henri Dunant, en 1917, 1944, 1963, pour son effort lors des différents conflits, mais aussi le prix Balzan pour l'humanité, la paix et la fraternité entre les peuples en 1996. Elle s'est établie progressivement dans tous les continents après la seconde Guerre Mondiale. Avant cela, elle n'était qu'une ONG essentiellement européenne. En Afrique Centrale, la délégation de la Croix-Rouge Internationale était basée à Yaoundé au Cameroun et comprenait les pays d'Afrique Centrale tels que le Congo, la RD Congo, le Gabon, la Guinée Equatoriale et le Sao-Tomé. Dans ces pays l'oeuvre du CICR varie selon les besoins Humanitaires des uns et des autres. En effet, plus un Etat est en guerre, plus l’intervention du CICR est importante. Cette intervention se fait dans le respect des règles établies lors des différentes Conventions de Genève, de la Haye et bien d’autres encore. De ces différentes conférences est né le Droit international humanitaire qui codifie l’action du CICR sur le terrain, surtout en temps de guerre, mais aussi celles des autres ONG, y compris les entités onusiennes. Le Droit international est le respect des Droits de l’homme et son environnement en période de conflit armé. Ainsi l’action du CICR en Afrique Centrale a été plus importante en République Démocratique du Congo qu’au Gabon qui est resté sans conflits guerriers depuis 1960, date de départ de notre borne chronologique. Les pays qui font l’objet de notre étude ont connu diverses péripéties : la guerre de Bakassi pour le Cameroun, la guerre civile du Congo Brazzaville et la guerre à multiples facettes interminable en République Démocratique du Congo. L’intervention du CICR en temps de paix est souvent confiée aux Sociétés nationales qui doivent former les secouristes, diffuser le Droit international humanitaire, entre autres de leurs activités quotidiennes de supplier les gouvernements dans leurs missions de santé, d’hygiène. Même cette mission du CICR en temps de paix vise la limitation des dégâts en temps de guerre
The International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC abstract is a humanitarian organization founded in 1863 by the Committee of five Swiss citizens: Moynier, Henry Dunant, Guillaume Dufour, Louis Appia, ThéodoreMaunoir. Creates the basis for the relief and assistance to victims of war, an initiative of Henry Dunant from a memory of the War of Solferino, the ICRC will extend its scope after the Geneva Convention of 1949. In Indeed, the ICRC is the NGO most represented in the world and it is appropriate that it was price-Nobel Peace Prize in 1901 awarded to Henri Dunant, in 1917, 1944, 1963 for his effort during the different conflicts, but also the Balzan Prize for humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples in 1996. It was established gradually in all continents after the Second World War. Before that, she was a mostly European NGOs. In Central Africa, the delegation of the International Red Cross is based in Yaounde, Cameroon and includes the Central African countries such as Congo, DR Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea and Sao Tome. In these countries the work of the ICRC varies Humanitarian needs of each other. The more a country is at war, most of the ICRC's intervention is important. This procedure is done in accordance with the rules established in the various Geneva Conventions, the Hague and many others. Of these conferences was born on international humanitarian law that codifies the ICRC's work in the field, especially in time of war, but also those of other NGOs, including UN entities. International law is respect for human rights and the environment in times of armed conflict. Thus the ICRC's work in Central Africa was greater in Democratic Republic of Congo and Gabon, which remained without military conflicts since 1960, starting date of our chronological terminal. The countries that are the subject of our study experienced various vicissitudes: Bakassi war for Cameroon, the civil war in Congo Brazzaville and war multifaceted ending in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The intervention of the ICRC in time of peace is often left to National Societies must train rescuers dissemination of international humanitarian law, including their daily activities to beg governments in their health missions, hygiene. Even the ICRC mission in peacetime is damage limitation in time of war
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Korsakoff, Alexandra. "Vers une définition genrée du réfugié : étude de droit français." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC018.

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Cette thèse se donne pour objet de tester, dans le contexte spécifique du droit français, la véracité et la pérennité des critiques féministe puis genrée de la définition du réfugié consistant à dénoncer la non-prise en compte des persécutions subies par les femmes et les minorités sexuelles dans le cadre de l’élection audit statut. Et c’est un constat mitigé qui ressort de l’étude car, en dépit des nombreuses pressions internationales et européennes invitant à une analyse genrée de la notion, ces critiques héritées des années 1980 apparaissent, dans une large mesure, encore d’actualité. Certes, le phénomène d’exclusion des persécutions liées au genre qu’elles dénonçaient s’est quelque peu affaibli, en ce que les persécutions subies par les femmes et les membres des minorités sexuelles ne sont, par principe, plus exclues du champ de la définition du réfugié. Mais il n’existe cependant toujours pas de volonté, politique ou juridictionnelle, visant à les intégrer pleinement dans l’analyse. En effet, les efforts consentis pour leur prise en compte se révèlent encore insuffisants, laissant demeurer des obstacles subtils à leur intégration, des obstacles d’autant plus délicats à identifier et à surmonter
The purpose of this thesis is to test, in the specific context of French law, the veracity and durability of feminist and gendered review of the refugee definition, which consists in denouncing the failure to take into account persecutions suffered by women and sexual minorities in the election process. It is a mixed conclusion that emerges from the study because, despite the numerous international and European pressures calling for a gendered analysis of the concept, these criticisms inherited from the 1980s still appear, to a large extent, to be relevant. Admittedly, the exclusion of gender-related persecution that they denounced has somewhat weakened, because persecutions suffered by women and members of sexual minorities are no longer excluded, as a matter of principle, from the scope of the refugee definition. However, there is still no political or jurisdictional will to fully integrate them into the analysis. Indeed, the efforts made to take them into account are still insufficient, leaving subtle obstacles to their integration, obstacles that are all the more difficult to identify and overcome
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Gernandt, Leon. "The protection of water during armed conflict." Diss., 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/16843.

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Water has been used for military purposes in the past and still continues today, i.e. poisoning of enemy water, attacking enemy water installations, etc. This conduct denies access to water, affects the supply of water, health, supply of electricity, etc. Public international law, such as treaties (e.g. The 1949 Geneva Conventions), customary international law, etc, regulate the protection of water during armed conflict. Chapter I of the dissertation analizes the public international law ire the abovementioned. The application of public inteniational law, depends on the municipal law of the state concerned. This municipal law is, in the case of South Africa, found in the 1996 Constitution. The 1996 Constitution contains specific provisions regarding inter alia the legal obligations of the South African security services, the legal status of international agreements, as well as the application of customary international law and international law. Chapter II of the dissertation analizes the abovementioned wrt the legal obligations of the SA National Defence Force ire the subject matter.
Constitutional, International & Indigenous Law
LL.M. (Public International Law)
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Graf, Amori. "South Africa’s responsibility to investigate and/or prosecute international crimes." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/10844.

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LL.M. (International Law)
Although international law is still a relatively new field within the South African legal system, South Africa has come a long way since the unsuccessful prosecution of Wouter Basson (1999- 2002) for apartheid crimes in the North-Gauteng high court. Recent cases as well as media reports have focused the attention once again on South-Africa‟s obligation to investigate and prosecute certain international crimes. Although criminal investigation and prosecution is generally, not only the duty of a domestic legal system, but also within the discretion of the domestic authorities, certain offences are so heinous that they are regarded as international crimes. It has been accepted since the Nuremburg trials, conducted after World War II, that the whole international community has an interest in the effective punishment and deterrence of international crimes.2 A right and sometimes even a duty to prosecute international crimes may arise from a multilateral treaty to which a state is party, such as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and various terrorism conventions. South Africa is a signatory to the abovementioned treaties. The focus of this dissertation is on South Africa‟s responsibility in terms of international law to investigate and prosecute international crimes. The author researched the question whether South Africa complied with its international law obligations.
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Books on the topic "Geneva Conventions (1949)"

1

Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War (1949 Geneva, Switzerland). The Geneva conventions of August 12, 1949. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1990.

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1907-, Levie Howard S., and Diplomatic Conference for the Establishment of International Conventions for the Protection of Victims of War (1949 : Geneva, Switzerland), eds. Protection of war victims: Protocol 1 to the 1949 Geneva conventions. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1985.

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1907-, Levie Howard S., and Diplomatic Conference on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts (1974-1977 : Geneva, Switzerland), eds. The Law of non-international armed conflict: Protocol II to the 1949 Geneva conventions. Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff, 1987.

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Gimmerthal, Michael. Kriegslist und Perfidieverbot im Zusatzprotokoll vom 10. Juni 1977 zu den vier Genfer Rotkreuz-Abkommen von 1949 (Zusatzprotokoll I). Bochum: N. Brockmeyer, 1990.

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The Geneva Convention: The hidden origins of the Red Cross. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton, 2005.

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Bennett, Angela. The Geneva Convention: The hidden origins of the Red Cross. Stroud: Sutton Pub., 2006.

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Affairs, Canada Dept of External. Geneva conventions: Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol 1, with Annexes) and of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol 2) (with Canadian Reservations and Statements of Understanding). S.l: s.n, 1991.

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Ittifāqīyat Jīnīf al-Rābiʻah li-ḥimāyat al-madanīyīn li-ʻām 1949 M wa-taṭbīquhā fī al-arāḍī al-Filasṭīnīyah al-muḥtallah. [Gaza: s.n.], 2000.

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Duwayk, Mūsá Jamīl al-Qudsī. Ittifāqīyat Jīnīf al-Rābiʻah li-ʻām 1949 wa-intifāḍat al-Aqṣá: Dirāsah fī al-qānūn al-dawlī al-ʻāmm. al-Quds: Jāmiʻat al-Quds, Kullīyat al-Ḥuqūq, 2005.

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Heaton, Colin D. Occupation and insurgency: A selective examination of the Hague and Geneva Conventions on the Eastern Front, 1939-1945. New York: Algora Pub., 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Geneva Conventions (1949)"

1

Meriboute, Zidane. "The Emblems of the 1949 Geneva Conventions: Their Content and Meaning." In Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 258–72. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-745-6_9.

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Roberti di Sarsina, Jacopo. "The Content of the Obligations to Investigate and Prosecute International Humanitarian Law Violations—The 1949 Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols." In Transitional Justice and a State’s Response to Mass Atrocity, 13–48. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-276-7_2.

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Cadwalader, George. "The Rules Governing the Conduct of Hostilities in Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions of 1949: A Review of Relevant United States References." In Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law 2011 - Volume 14, 133–71. The Hague, The Netherlands: T. M. C. Asser Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-855-2_5.

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Walter, Christian, Silja Vöneky, Volker Röben, and Frank Schorkopf. "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) (12.12.1977)." In Terrorism as a Challenge for National and International Law: Security versus Liberty?, 1390–464. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-18896-1_60.

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Tardu, Maxime. "The United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment." In International Geneva Yearbook 1988, 13–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1939-1_2.

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Vagts, Detlev F., and Theodor Meron. "The Geneva Conventions of 1949*." In Humanizing the Laws of War, 106–20. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680252.003.0006.

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Blest, Geoffrey. "The Geneva Conventions of 1949." In War and Law since 1945, 80–114. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206996.003.0004.

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"The Development of the Geneva Conventions." In Revisiting the Geneva Conventions: 1949-2019, 12–39. Brill | Nijhoff, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004375543_003.

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"International Legal Protection of Persons Affected by War: Challenges and the Way Forward." In Revisiting the Geneva Conventions: 1949-2019, 1–11. Brill | Nijhoff, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004375543_002.

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"The Legal Status and Protection of the Rights of Prisoners of War." In Revisiting the Geneva Conventions: 1949-2019, 40–74. Brill | Nijhoff, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004375543_004.

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Conference papers on the topic "Geneva Conventions (1949)"

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Sinyaeva, Natella. "THE MORAL IMPERATIVE OF MINIMALLY FAIR WEAPON SYSTEMS AUTONOMY WITH THE USE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." In Development of legal systems in Russia and foreign countries: problems of theory and practices. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02090-6-0-148-156.

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The author considers a controversial and very relevant topic. If military power can become legitimate and morally just, from the point of view of international humanitarian Law. In order to guarantee the exclusion of humanitarian mistakes or civilians’ destructions acts by autonomous artificial intelligence (AI) systems. In author`s opinion, to prevent attacks on IHL-protected objects with appropriate symbols, sites and surrender signals there is needed a preventive form of "minimally fair" weapon autonomy. The minimum fair forms of weapon autonomy differ favorably from other maximally fair forms proposed today by a certain group of scientists and states. This article will examine how speculative approach to the use of artificial intelligence distracts from bringing existing weapons into compliance with international humanitarian Law. Special attention is paid to the Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, article 36.1.
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Harahap, Gorga Alam, Amad Sudiro, and Thelisia Kristin. "Protection of in Civil Citizens International Armed Conflict Based Geneva IV Convention in 1949." In The 2nd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201209.110.

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Zwetsloot, M., P. Mor, and R. Prince. "The Development of a Low to Medium Power Atmospheric Mobile Plasma System." In ITSC 1999, edited by E. Lugscheider and P. A. Kammer. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc1999p0275.

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Abstract In order to coat hard-to-reach coating areas or parts with a complex geometry, it is often necessary to reduce the power of the "plasma flame." Conventional plasma systems are not designed for operation at lower power levels. Plasma arc stability as well as coating quality and performance are significantly reduced below a threshold current level. Conventional plasma systems are therefore unsuitable for this type of application. A novel inverter-based plasma system has been developed to overcome this problem. This paper provides information about this plasma system with technical properties and some application examples. The goal is to develop a plasma system designed to operate at lower power levels and at the same time be used for general "every day application". Paper includes a German-language abstract.
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Wu, Xuqiang, and Bingen Yang. "A Closed-Form Approach to Transient Dynamic Response of One-Dimensional Distributed Systems." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/vib-8141.

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Abstract A closed-form transient analysis of one-dimensional distributed dynamic systems is presented. The proposed approach, called the Z-Prime Method, starts with inverse Laplace transform of a distributed transfer function formulation. Through establishment of a relation between transfer function residues and system eigensolutions, the closed-form transient response of the distributed system under general external, boundary and initial disturbances is obtained. Unlike conventional modal expansion, the proposed method does not depends on any orthogonal eigenfunctions.
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Waldron, Kenneth J., and S. V. Sreenivasan. "A Study of the Position Problem for Multi-Circuit Mechanisms." In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0212.

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Abstract It has been known for a very long time that the commonly used techniques for solution of the position problem of planar mechanisms are not general. Nevertheless, it is remarkable that many textbooks, and even reference books on planar kinematics do not acknowledge this fact. Others mentioned it briefly in passing. Even classic reference works such as Hain (1967) simply state that those problems which cannot be solved by conventional methods should be solved by trial and error.
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KOBALADZE, Lika. "CHILD WELL-BEING AS AN ELEMENT TO THE RIGHT TO HAPPINESS." In Proceedings of The Third International Scientific Conference “Happiness and Contemporary Society”. SPOLOM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2022.20.

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The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child51 (the Children’s Convention), which Georgia signed up to in 1994, sets out the inherent rights of all children. Child wellbeing can only exist when children have all of their rights fulfilled – these include the rights to survival and development; to be free from discrimination; to have their best interests considered; and to participate and have their voices heard and considered. Child wellbeing is an overarching social state that can only be achieved when certain conditions are met52 . Even if some children experience wellbeing in some domains, child wellbeing can only exist when all children experience wellbeing and are happy. As for the Right to Happiness, the Resolution adopted by the UN General Assembly on 28 June 201253 identifies the pursuit of happiness as "a fundamental human goal" and promotes a more holistic approach to public policy and economic growth — one that recognizes happiness and wellbeing as important pieces of sustainable and equitable development. Key words: Child Well-Being, Right to Happiness, Element of Happiness, Children Happiness indicators
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Liu, P., and J. N. Siddall. "Determination of the Minimum Evidence Set in Expert Systems Using Boolean Methods." In ASME 1989 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1989-0055.

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Abstract A new method is proposed for rapidly solving expert system applications using Boolean algebra formulations. The method consists of two algorithms, applied after the conventional hierarchical type rules have been converted to Boolean expressions. The first algorithm automatically reduces the expressions to the equivalent of only two levels in a logic network, eliminating all intermediate conclusions, and also minimizes the number of inputs per rule. This algorithm has general application in the condensation of rule systems, and makes possible the use of high speed bit matching in specific solutions. The second algorithm operates on the reduced rule set so that, in a given application, a rapid solution is achieved using the fewest possible items of evidence, or user inputs. It is believed that these algorithms will be particularly useful in applications where high speed solutions are important.
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Hillström, Fredrik. "Applying Axiomatic Design to Interface Analysis in Modular Product Development." In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0147.

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Abstract Modular products fulfil various overall functions through the combination of distinct building blocks or modules. This paper outlines a method that helps the designer clarify how interfaces between modules influence module functions, and select the best interface location. The method utilizes Suh’s axiomatic design theory together with conventional DFMA tools (Design For Manufacture and Assembly). In this approach, the information contained in the functional and physical hierarchies is utilized to clarify the interface/function interaction. DFMA tools are used to obtain a measure of the information content or complexity of each interface. Furthermore, a product-modelling tool designed to support these activities (and axiomatic design in general) is discussed. An example that illustrates the use of the method is provided.
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Verros, G., S. Natsiavas, and G. Stepan. "Control of a Quarter-Car Model With Variable Damping." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/vib-8042.

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Abstract Dynamics of a strongly nonlinear quarter-car model is investigated. The nonlinearity is due to a control strategy which selects the damping coefficient of the car suspension in a way that the resulting semi-active system approximates the performance of an active suspension system designed to produce sky-hook damping. According to this control strategy, the damping coefficient switches between two different positive values, leading to a piecewise linear dynamical model. For this model, the equation of motion is first presented in a general normalised form. Then, an appropriate methodology is applied for obtaining exact periodic motions for the case of forcing resulting from a road with harmonic profile. This methodology is based on employing the exact solution form within response intervals where the damping coefficients remain constant. The unknowns of the problem are then determined by imposing a set of periodicity and matching conditions. The stability analysis of the located motions is also performed by applying a method which is suitable for piecewise linear systems. Next, this analysis is applied and representative numerical results are obtained. Namely, response diagrams are presented, showing the effect of the important system parameters on the existence, amplitude and stability properties of various branches of periodic solutions. The results are also compared to those of the conventional suspension systems, including passive bilinear shock absorbers.
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Khair, K. R., and P. N. Singh. "Non-Linear Stress Analysis of Threaded Connection With High Strength Ratio Materials." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22750.

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When the relative strength ratio of nut-to-bolt thread is high, the weaker of the two threads will deflect under the relatively stiff action of the other. The rules of the ASME B1.1-1989 provide general design rules for designing non-critical threaded joints. Most threaded joint designs are based on these rules. In most cases, the strengths of the stud and the nut are about the same. This paper addresses plastic deformation and strain in the threaded part of a component (stud) whose strength is about 7 times more than the mating threads. An axisymmetric finite element analysis was performed using nonlinear material properties and nonlinear contact elements between the surfaces of the threads. The results were used to calculate the collapse load for the thread following the rules of Appendix F of the ASME B&PV. It was found that the collapse (maximum allowed) load calculated using this nonlinear finite element approach and Appendix F of ASME code is 50% higher than the load calculated using the conventional elastic methods given in the ASME code rules would be acceptable.
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