Journal articles: 'Geniculate ganglion'

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Magliulo, Giuseppe, Francesca Alla, Giovanna Colicchio, and Guido Trasimeni. "Geniculate Ganglion Meningioma." Skull Base 20, no. 03 (October 30, 2009): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1242196.

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Semaan, Maroun T., William H. Slattery, and Derald E. Brackmann. "Geniculate Ganglion Hemangiomas." Otology & Neurotology 31, no. 4 (June 2010): 665–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e3181d2f021.

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Lahlou, Ghizlene, Yann Nguyen, Francesca Yoshie Russo, Evelyne Ferrary, Olivier Sterkers, and Daniele Bernardeschi. "Geniculate Ganglion Tumors." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 155, no. 5 (August 9, 2016): 850–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599816661482.

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Chung, C. J., Suresh Mukherji, Lynn Fordham, William Boydston, and Roger Hudgins. "Geniculate ganglion meningioma." Pediatric Radiology 27, no. 11 (November 17, 1997): 847–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002470050252.

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Mu, Xiaofei, Yong Quan, Jiang Shao, Jianfeng Li, Haibo Wang, and Ruozhen Gong. "Enlarged Geniculate Ganglion Fossa." Academic Radiology 19, no. 8 (August 2012): 971–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2012.03.025.

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Ayajiki, Kazuhide, Toshiki Tanaka, Tomio Okamura, and Noboru Toda. "Evidence for nitroxidergic innervation in monkey ophthalmic arteries in vivo and in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 279, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): H2006—H2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.4.h2006.

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In anesthetized monkeys, electrical stimulation (ES) of the pterygopalatine or geniculate ganglion dilated the ipsilateral ophthalmic artery (OA). The induced vasodilatation was unaffected by phentolamine but potentiated by atropine. Intravenous N G-nitro-l-arginine (l-NNA) abolished the response, which was restored byl-arginine. Hexamethonium-abolished vasodilator responses induced solely by geniculate ganglionic stimulation. Thel-NNA constricted OA; l-arginine reversed the effect. Destruction of the pterygopalatine ganglion constricted the ipsilateral artery. Helical strips of OA isolated under deep anesthesia from monkeys, denuded of endothelium, responded to transmural ES with relaxations, which were abolished by tetrodotoxin and l-NNA but were potentiated by atropine. It is concluded that neurogenic vasodilatation of monkey OA is mediated by nerve-derived nitric oxide (NO), and the nerve is originated from the ipsilateral pterygopalatine ganglion that is innervated by cholinergic neurons from the brain stem via the geniculate ganglion. The OA appears to be dilated by mediation of NO continuously liberated from nerves that receive tonic discharges from the vasomotor center. Acetylcholine liberated from postganglionic cholinergic nerves would impair the release of neurogenic NO.

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Grigaliunas, Arturas, Robert M. Bradley, Donald K. MacCallum, and Charlotte M. Mistretta. "Distinctive Neurophysiological Properties of Embryonic Trigeminal and Geniculate Neurons in Culture." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 2058–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2002.88.4.2058.

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Neurons in trigeminal and geniculate ganglia extend neurites that share contiguous target tissue fields in the fungiform papillae and taste buds of the mammalian tongue and thereby have principal roles in lingual somatosensation and gustation. Although functional differentiation of these neurons is central to formation of lingual sensory circuits, there is little known about electrophysiological properties of developing trigeminal and geniculate ganglia or the extrinsic factors that might regulate neural development. We used whole cell recordings from embryonic day 16 rat ganglia, maintained in culture as explants for 3–10 days with neurotrophin support to characterize basic properties of trigeminal and geniculate neurons over time in vitro and in comparison to each other. Each ganglion was cultured with the neurotrophin that supports maximal neuron survival and that would be encountered by growing neurites at highest concentration in target fields. Resting membrane potential and time constant did not alter over days in culture, whereas membrane resistance decreased and capacitance increased in association with small increases in trigeminal and geniculate soma size. Small gradual differences in action potential properties were observed for both ganglion types, including an increase in threshold current to elicit an action potential and a decrease in duration and increase in rise and fall slopes so that action potentials became shorter and sharper with time in culture. Using a period of 5–8 days in culture when neural properties are generally stable, we compared trigeminal and geniculate ganglia and revealed major differences between these embryonic ganglia in passive membrane and action potential characteristics. Geniculate neurons had lower resting membrane potential and higher input resistance and smaller, shorter, and sharper action potentials with lower thresholds than trigeminal neurons. Whereas all trigeminal neurons produced a single action potential at threshold depolarization, 35% of geniculate neurons fired repetitively. Furthermore, all trigeminal neurons produced TTX-resistant action potentials, but geniculate action potentials were abolished in the presence of low concentrations of TTX. Both trigeminal and geniculate neurons had inflections on the falling phase of the action potential that were reduced in the presence of various pharmacological blockers of calcium channel activation. Use of nifedipine, ω-conotoxin-MVIIA and GVIA, and ω-agatoxin-TK indicated that currents through L-, N-, and P/Q- type calcium channels participate in the action potential inflection in embryonic trigeminal and geniculate neurons. The data on passive membrane, action potential, and ion channel characteristics demonstrate clear differences between trigeminal and geniculate ganglion neurons at an embryonic stage when target tissues are innervated but receptor organs have not developed or are still immature. Therefore these electrophysiological distinctions between embryonic ganglia are present before neural activity from differentiated receptive fields can influence functional phenotype.

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Usrey, W. Martin, John B. Reppas, and R. Clay Reid. "Specificity and Strength of Retinogeniculate Connections." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 3527–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.3527.

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Retinal ganglion cells and their target neurons in the principal layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) of the thalamus have very similar, center-surround receptive fields. Although some geniculate neurons are dominated by a single retinal afferent, others receive both strong and weak inputs from several retinal afferents. In the present study, experiments were performed in the cat that examined the specificity and strength of monosynaptic connections between retinal ganglion cells and their target neurons. The responses of 205 pairs of retinal ganglion cells and geniculate neurons with overlapping receptive-field centers or surrounds were studied. Receptive fields were mapped quantitatively using a white-noise stimulus; connectivity was assessed by cross-correlating the retinal and geniculate spike trains. Of the 205 pairs, 12 were determined to have monosynaptic connections. Both the likelihood that cells were connected and the strength of connections increased with increasing similarity between retinal and geniculate receptive fields. Connections were never found between cells with <50% spatial overlap between their centers. The results suggest that although geniculate neurons often receive input from several retinal afferents, these multiple afferents represent a select subset of the retinal ganglion cells with overlapping receptive-field centers.

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9

Dožić, A., M. Ćetković, S. Marinković, D. Mitrović, M. Grujičić, M. Mićović, and M. Milisavljević. "Vascularisation of the geniculate ganglion." Folia Morphologica 73, no. 4 (November 28, 2014): 414–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5603/fm.2014.0063.

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10

Casas-Rodera, Pablo, Luis Lassaletta, María José Sarriá, and Javier Gavilán. "Haemangiomas of the Geniculate Ganglion." Acta Otorrinolaringologica (English Edition) 58, no. 7 (January 2007): 327–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2173-5735(07)70359-9.

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11

De Waele, L. F., G. Alessi, B. Noens, B. D'haen, and H. Colle. "Facial nerve geniculate ganglion schwannoma." Surgical Neurology 71, no. 1 (January 2009): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2008.10.044.

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Isaacson, Brandon, Steven A. Telian, Paul E. McKeever, and H. Alexander Arts. "Hemangiomas of the Geniculate Ganglion." Otology & Neurotology 26, no. 4 (July 2005): 796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mao.0000178131.51235.35.

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13

Oldenburg, Michael S., Matthew L. Carlson, Kathryn M. Van Abel, Colin L. Driscoll, and Michael J. Link. "Management of Geniculate Ganglion Hemangiomas." Otology & Neurotology 36, no. 10 (December 2015): 1735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0000000000000891.

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14

Iannella, Giannicola, Michele Valente, Antonio Greco, Mario Appiani, and Giuseppe Magliulo. "Vascular Leiomyoma and Geniculate Ganglion." Journal of Neurological Surgery Reports 74, no. 01 (May 9, 2013): 051–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1346977.

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15

Sato, Tadasu, Yu Yamaguma, Yu Sasaki, Noriyuki Kanda, Nobuyuki Sasahara, Souichi Kokubun, Takehiro Yajima, and Hiroyuki Ichikawa. "Sensory Neurons in the Human Geniculate Ganglion." Cells Tissues Organs 204, no. 1 (2017): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000470835.

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The geniculate ganglion (GG) contains visceral and somatic sensory neurons of the facial nerve. In this study, the number and cell size of sensory neurons in the human GG were investigated. The estimated number of GG neurons ranged from 1,580 to 2,561 (mean ± SD = 1,960 ± 364.6). The cell size of GG neurons ranged from 393.0 to 2,485.4 μm2 (mean ± SD = 1,067.4 ± 99.5 μm2). Sensory neurons in the GG were significantly smaller in size than those in the dorsal root (range = 326.6-5343.4 μm2, mean ± SD = 1,683.2 ± 203.8 μm2) or trigeminal ganglia (range = 349.6-4,889.28 μm2, mean ± SD = 1,529.0 ± 198.48 μm2). Sensory neurons had similar cell body sizes in the GG and nodose ganglion (range = 357.2-3,488.33 μm2, mean ± SD = 1,160.4 ± 156.61 μm2). These findings suggest that viscerosensory neurons have smaller cell bodies than somatosensory neurons. In addition, immunohistochemistry for several neurochemical substances was performed on the human GG. In the ganglion, sensory neurons were mostly immunoreactive for secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine-like 1 (94.3%). One third of GG neurons showed vesicular glutamate transporter 2 immunoreactivity (31.3%). Only 7.3% of GG neurons were immunoreactive for transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1. Sensory neurons in the human GG may respond to gustatory, nociceptive, and/or mechanoreceptive stimuli from tongues, soft palates, and external auditory canals.

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Capelle, Hans-Holger, Makoto Nakamura, Thomas Lenarz, Almuth Brandis, Bernd Haubitz, and Joachim K. Krauss. "Cavernous angioma of the geniculate ganglion." Journal of Neurosurgery 109, no. 5 (November 2008): 893–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns/2008/109/11/0893.

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Intracranial extraaxial cavernous angiomas are rare vascular malformations. Their occurrence at the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve within the temporal bone is exceptional. The authors describe a 35-year-old man who developed a slowly progressing facial palsy. Initial cranial MR imaging showed no pathological findings, but 2 years later another MR examination detected a small tumor located at the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve. The tumor was removed via a subtemporal approach. Histological examination revealed a cavernous angioma. Even small cavernomas located at the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve may result in facial palsy. Isolated facial palsy in a young person should be monitored closely using imaging studies even if the initial imaging study is negative. Early decompression of the facial nerve may help to preserve its function.

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Tachibana, Tomoyasu, Yorihisa Orita, and Kazunori Nishizaki. "Anterior Displacement of the Geniculate Ganglion." Journal of International Advanced Otology 12, no. 1 (June 20, 2016): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/iao.2016.1559.

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18

Cho, Timothy T., and Albert I. Farbman. "Neurotrophin receptors in the geniculate ganglion." Molecular Brain Research 68, no. 1-2 (May 1999): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00006-6.

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McDermott, Ann-Louise, Sunil N. Dutt, Swarupsinh V. Chavda, Ahmes L. Pahor, and Richard M. Irving. "Imaging Characteristics of the Geniculate Ganglion." Otology & Neurotology 23, Sup 1 (2002): S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129492-200200001-00095.

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Bray, Natasha. "Geniculate ganglion neurons have individual tastes." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16, no. 1 (November 26, 2014): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3883.

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Falcioni, Maurizio, Enrico Piccirillo, Abdelkader Taibah, and Mario Sanna. "Meningiomas Intrinsic to the Geniculate Ganglion." Skull Base 11, no. 04 (2001): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-18636.

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Pulec, Jack L. "Geniculate Neuralgia: Long-term Results of Surgical Treatment." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 81, no. 1 (January 2002): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556130208100110.

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A rare cause of otalgia is geniculate neuralgia. In its most typical form, it is characterized by severe paroxysmal neuralgic pain centered directly in the ear. The pain can be of a gradual onset and of a dull, persistent nature, but occasionally it is sharp and stabbing. When the pain becomes intractable, an operation to surgically excise the nervus intermedius and geniculate ganglion via the middle cranial fossa approach is indicated. The purpose of this article is to review the long-term outcomes in 64 patients who were treated in this manner. Findings indicate that excision of the nervus intermedius and geniculate ganglion can be routinely performed without causing facial paralysis and that it is an effective definitive treatment for intractable geniculate neuralgia.

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Lee, Ho-Ki, and Won-Sang Lee. "Microsurgical Anatomy of the Perigeniculate Ganglion Area as Seen from the Middle Cranial Fossa Approach." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 112, no. 6 (June 2003): 531–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940311200609.

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The middle cranial fossa approach is useful for decompressing the perigeniculate ganglion area of the facial nerve in patients with serviceable hearing. The present study was designed to investigate the microsurgical anatomy of the perigeniculate ganglion area of the facial nerve from the point of view of the middle cranial fossa. We dissected 20 human temporal bones under a microscope using a middle fossa approach, and measured the angle between the lines drawn from the malleus head to the vertical crest and from the malleus head to the geniculate ganglion, and the distance from the malleus head to the geniculate ganglion. These were found to be 22.7° ± 2.2° and 6.5 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. Detailed knowledge about the microsurgical anatomy of the perigeniculate ganglion area of the facial nerve from the point of view of the middle cranial fossa is imperative for facial nerve decompression by a middle cranial fossa approach.

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Jung, J. H., S. M. Hyun, H. J. Park, and T. H. Yoon. "Trans-tensor tympani facial nerve decompression in traumatic facial nerve palsy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 127, no. 9 (August 15, 2013): 936–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215113001813.

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AbstractObjective:The surgical approaches previously reported for facial nerve decompression have focussed on achieving good exposure of the lateral or superior aspects of the geniculate ganglion. This report aims to describe a unique case of facial nerve decompression beneath the geniculate ganglion.Patient:A 30-year-old woman with right-sided facial palsy due to a temporal bone fracture.Intervention:Bony fragments at the base of the geniculate ganglion were removed via a trans-tensor tympani approach with extended posterior tympanotomy.Results:The patient's facial movement recovered successfully, without complications such as sensorineural hearing loss and conductive hearing loss.Conclusion:In rare cases requiring decompression of the facial nerve inferior to the perigeniculate area, the trans-tensor tympani approach should be considered as a valuable alternative option when surgical intervention is considered.

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Ma, Xiaofeng, Dong Chen, Li Cai, and Daowen Wang. "Facial nerve preservation in geniculate ganglion hemangiomas." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 134, no. 9 (June 16, 2014): 974–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2014.919407.

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Lundy, Robert F., and Robert J. Contreras. "Gustatory Neuron Types in Rat Geniculate Ganglion." Journal of Neurophysiology 82, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 2970–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.82.6.2970.

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We used extracellular single-cell recording procedures to characterize the chemical and thermal sensitivity of the rat geniculate ganglion to lingual stimulation, and to examine the effects of specific ion transport antagonists on salt transduction mechanisms. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the responses from 73 single neurons to 3 salts (0.075 and 0.3 M NaCl, KCl, and NH4 Cl), 0.5 M sucrose, 0.01 M HCl, and 0.02 M quinine HCl (QHCl) indicated 3 main groups that responded best to either sucrose, HCl, or NaCl. Eight narrowly tuned neurons were deemed sucrose-specialists and 33 broadly tuned neurons as HCl-generalists. The NaCl group contained three identifiable subclusters: 18 NaCl-specialists, 11 NaCl-generalists, and 3 QHCl-generalists. Sucrose- and NaCl-specialists responded specifically to sucrose and NaCl, respectively. All generalist neurons responded to salt, acid, and alkaloid stimuli to varying degree and order depending on neuron type. Response order was NaCl > HCl = QHCl > sucrose in NaCl-generalists, HCl > NaCl > QHCl > sucrose in HCl-generalists, and QHCl = NaCl = HCl > sucrose in QHCl-generalists. NaCl-specialists responded robustly to low and high NaCl concentrations, but weakly, if at all, to high KCl and NH4 Cl concentrations after prolonged stimulation. HCl-generalist neurons responded to all three salts, but at twice the rate to NH4 Cl than to NaCl and KCl. NaCl- and QHCl-generalists responded equally to the three salts. Amiloride and 5-( N,N-dimethyl)-amiloride (DMA), antagonists of Na+ channels and Na+/H+ exchangers, respectively, inhibited the responses to 0.075 M NaCl only in NaCl-specialist neurons. The K+ channel antagonist, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), was without a suppressive effect on salt responses, but, when applied alone in solution, it evoked a response in many HCl-generalists and one QHCl-generalist neuron so tested. Of the 39 neurons tested for their sensitivity to temperature, 23 responded to cooling and chemical stimulation, and 20 of these neurons were HCl-generalists. Moreover, the responses to the four standard stimuli were reduced progressively at lower temperatures in HCl- and QHCl-generalist neurons, but not in NaCl-specialists. Thus sodium channels and Na+/H+ exchangers appear to be expressed exclusively on the membranes of receptor cells that synapse with NaCl-specialist neurons. In addition, cooling sensitivity and taste-temperature interactions appear to be prominent features of broadly tuned neuron groups, particularly HCl-generalists. Taken all together, it appears that lingual taste cells make specific connections with afferent fibers that allow gustatory stimuli to be parceled into different input pathways. In general, these neurons are organized physiologically into specialist and generalist types. The sucrose- and NaCl-specialists alone can provide sufficient information to distinguish sucrose and NaCl from other stimuli, respectively.

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Feng, Yening, Neil Patel, Anthony Burrows, John Lane, Aditya Raghunathan, Jamie Van Gompel, and Matthew Carlson. "Expansile Traumatic Neuroma of the Intratemporal Facial Nerve." Journal of Neurological Surgery Reports 80, no. 01 (January 2019): e10-e13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1685212.

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Objectives To present a rare case of traumatic facial neuroma involving the geniculate ganglion and review relevant literature. Patient Thirty-year-old man. Intervention Microsurgical resection via combined mastoid-middle fossa approach with great auricular nerve interpositional graft. Main Outcome Measures Patient demographics and pre- and postoperative facial nerve function. Results A 30-year-old man with a reported history of prior Bell's palsy developed progressive complete (House–Brackmann VI) right facial paralysis following blunt trauma. Imaging was strongly suggestive of a geniculate ganglion hemangioma. As the patient had no spontaneous improvement in his poor facial function over the course of 9 months, he underwent resection of the facial nerve lesion with great auricular nerve graft interposition via a combined mastoid-middle fossa approach. Histopathology demonstrated disorganized fascicles, with axonal clustering reminiscent of sprouting/regeneration following trauma. No cellular proliferation or vascular malformation was present. Conclusion Traumatic facial nerve neuromas can occur following temporal bone trauma and can closely mimic primary facial nerve tumors. Akin to the management of geniculate ganglion hemangioma and schwannoma, preoperative facial function largely dictates if and when surgery should be pursued.

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Som, P. M. "The Role of the Placodes in the Development of the Glossopharyngeal, Vagal, and Trigeminal Ganglia." Neurographics 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3174/ng.1900007.

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The epibranchial placodes combine with the neural crest to form the inferior and superior ganglia of the glossopharyngeal and vagal cranial nerves, respectively. By comparison, the single trigeminal ganglion is composed of both neural crest and placodal cells. The steps that lead up to these events include gastrulation and the embryology of the notochord, neural crest, and the placodes. Each of these steps is reviewed in some detail. In previous reviews in this series, the embryology related to the olfactory, otic, and lens placodes, and to the geniculate ganglia has been discussed.1-3 However, the somewhat unusual embryology of the 2 ganglia of cranial nerves IX and X was only briefly mentioned as was the development of the trigeminal ganglion.4 This present review revisits these events and specifically focuses on how these ganglia develop.Learning Objective: The reader will learn the unusual development of the superior and inferior glossopharyngeal and the vagal ganglia as well as review the varied steps in the embryology that proceeds these events. By comparison, the development of the single trigeminal ganglion is presented and the differences in its development from that of the ganglia of cranial nerves IX and X are emphasized.

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Yeh, Chun-I., Carl R. Stoelzel, Chong Weng, and Jose-Manuel Alonso. "Functional Consequences of Neuronal Divergence Within the Retinogeniculate Pathway." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 4 (April 2009): 2166–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91088.2008.

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The neuronal connections from the retina to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) are characterized by a high specificity. Each retinal ganglion cell diverges to connect to a small group of geniculate cells and each geniculate cell receives input from a small number of retinal ganglion cells. Consistent with the high specificity of the connections, geniculate cells sharing input from the same retinal afferent are thought to have very similar receptive fields. However, the magnitude of the receptive-field mismatches, which has not been systematically measured across the different cell types in dLGN, seems to be in contradiction with the functional anatomy of the Y visual pathway: Y retinal afferents in the cat diverge into two geniculate layers (A and C) that have Y geniculate cells (YA and YC) with different receptive-field sizes, response latencies, nonlinearity of spatial summation, and contrast sensitivity. To better understand the functional consequences of retinogeniculate divergence, we recorded from pairs of geniculate cells that shared input from a common retinal afferent across layers and within the same layer in dLGN. We found that nearly all cell pairs that shared retinal input across layers had Y-type receptive fields of the same sign (i.e., both on-center) that overlapped by >70%, but frequently differed in size and response latency. The receptive-field mismatches were relatively small in value (receptive-field size ratio <5; difference in peak response <5 ms), but were robustly correlated with the strength of the synchronous firing generated by the shared retinal connections ( R2 = 0.75). On average, the percentage of geniculate spikes that could be attributed to shared retinal inputs was about 10% for all cell-pair combinations studied. These results are used to provide new estimates of retinogeniculate divergence for different cell classes.

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Nakao, Yoshiaki, Noriyuki Sakihama, Tomizo Tabuchi, and Shigeto Nakajima. "Extracellular Fluid Pathway inside the Facial Nerve Fascicles." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 106, no. 6 (June 1997): 503–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348949710600611.

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The extracellular fluid pathway in the facial nerve and the diffusion of a tracer from the facial nerve to other cranial nerves was examined in the rabbit. Sodium fluorescein solution was injected into either the facial nerve fascicles or the epineurial connective tissue as a tracer at the stylomastoid foramen and then localized by fluorescence microscopy. In the facial nerve, fluorescence was observed in the endoneurium and external nerve sheath (epineurium and perineurium) through the geniculate ganglion following injection into the nerve fascicles. The vestibular, trigeminal, and glossopharyngeal ganglia also showed fluorescence on the injection side in ganglion cells and intercellular connective tissues. The results suggested that the endoneurial connective tissue constitutes a diffusion pathway inside the facial nerve fascicles and that the extracellular fluid pathway from the facial nerve to these cranial ganglia may be related to the neural spread of inflammation or neoplastic metastasis.

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Spear, Peter D., Charlene B. Y. Kim, Aneeq Ahmad, and Bryony W. Tom. "Relationship between numbers of retinal ganglion cells and lateral geniculate neurons in the rhesus monkey." Visual Neuroscience 13, no. 1 (January 1996): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800007239.

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AbstractStudies of the numbers of retinal ganglion cells and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons in primates suggest that the numbers of both types of neurons may vary over a two-fold range from one individual to another. This raises the question of whether the numbers of ganglion cells and LGN neurons are related or vary independently from individual to individual. We used stereological procedures to obtain unbiased estimates of the numbers of both cell types in seven rhesus monkeys. We found no significant correlation (rs. = −0.21) between the numbers of retinal and LGN cells in the same animals. In agreement with previous studies, the average ratio of the number of retinal ganglion cells that project to the LGN and the number of LGN cells was approximately 1:1. However, this ratio varied over a two-fold range, from 0.78:1 to 1.64:1, in individual animals. These results have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of retino-geniculate development and for understanding the connectional wiring between the retina and LGN.

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Nakamura, Shiro, and Robert M. Bradley. "Characteristics of Calcium Currents in Rat Geniculate Ganglion Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 1 (January 2011): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00636.2010.

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Geniculate ganglion (GG) cell bodies of chorda tympani (CT), greater superficial petrosal (GSP), and posterior auricular (PA) nerves transmit orofacial sensory information to the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST). We used whole cell recording to study the characteristics of the Ca2+ channels in isolated Fluorogold-labeled GG neurons that innervate different peripheral receptive fields. PA neurons were significantly larger than CT and GSP neurons, and CT neurons could be further subdivided based on soma diameter. Although all GG neurons possess both low voltage–activated (LVA) “T-type” and high voltage–activated (HVA) Ca2+ currents, CT, GSP, and PA neurons have distinctly different Ca2+ current expression patterns. Of GG neurons that express T-type currents, the CT and GSP neurons had moderate and PA neurons had larger amplitude T-type currents. HVA Ca2+ currents in the GG neurons were separated into several groups using specific Ca2+ channel blockers. Sequential applications of L, N, and P/Q-type channel antagonists inhibited portions of Ca2+ current in all CT, GSP, and PA neurons to a different extent in each neuron group. No difference was observed in the percentage of L- and N-type Ca2+ currents reduced by the antagonists in CT, GSP, and PA neurons. Action potentials in GG neurons are followed by a Ca2+ current initiated afterdepolarization (ADP) that may influence intrinsic firing patterns. These results show that based on Ca2+ channel expression the GG contains a heterogeneous population of sensory neurons possibly related to the type of sensory information they relay to the rNST.

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Nakamura, Shiro, and Robert M. Bradley. "Characteristics of sodium currents in rat geniculate ganglion neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 106, no. 6 (December 2011): 2982–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00369.2011.

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Geniculate ganglion (GG) cell bodies of chorda tympani (CT), greater superficial petrosal (GSP), and posterior auricular (PA) nerves transmit orofacial sensory information to the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract. We have used whole cell recording to investigate the characteristics of the Na+ channels in isolated Fluorogold-labeled GG neurons that innervate different peripheral receptive fields. GG neurons expressed two classes of Na+ channels, TTX sensitive (TTX-S) and TTX resistant (TTX-R). The majority of GG neurons expressed TTX-R currents of different amplitudes. TTX-R currents were relatively small in 60% of the neurons but were large in 12% of the sampled population. In a further 28% of the neurons, TTX completely abolished all Na+ currents. Application of TTX completely inhibited action potential generation in all CT and PA neurons but had little effect on the generation of action potentials in 40% of GSP neurons. Most CT, GSP, and PA neurons stained positively with IB4, and 27% of the GSP neurons were capsaicin sensitive. The majority of IB4-positive GSP neurons with large TTX-R Na+ currents responded to capsaicin, whereas IB4-positive GSP neurons with small TTX-R Na+ currents were capsaicin insensitive. These data demonstrate the heterogeneity of GG neurons and indicate the existence of a subset of GSP neurons sensitive to capsaicin, usually associated with nociceptors. Since there are no reports of nociceptors in the GSP receptive field, the role of these capsaicin-sensitive neurons is not clear.

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Lasiter, Phillip S., and Bernard B. Bulcourf. "Alterations in geniculate ganglion proteins following fungiform receptor damage." Developmental Brain Research 89, no. 2 (November 1995): 289–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(95)00135-z.

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Eren, Erdem, M. Sinan Başoğlu, Aslıhan Gürcan Bingölballı, Hale Aslan, Amaç Kiray, Can Özbay, Sedat Öztürkcan, and Hüseyin Katılmış. "Conquering the Castle." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 147, no. 5 (June 29, 2012): 907–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0194599812452841.

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Objective To describe 2 subapproaches of the middle fossa approach: the transillumination method and transection of lines using the foramen spinosum, greater superficial petrosal nerve, and trigeminal impression to locate the malleus head for safe identification and decompression of the geniculate ganglion and facial nerve. Study Design Cadaver study. Setting A tertiary university hospital anatomy laboratory. Subjects and Methods The present study was conducted using 7 formalin-fixed cadaver heads (14 sides). A 0° endoscope was introduced into the external ear canal toward the posterosuperior quadrant of the tympanic membrane, after which transillumination was used to locate the malleus head. The brightest point indicated the convergence of the greater superficial petrosal nerve and a line drawn along the superior semicircular canal. An additional line was drawn parallel to the petrous ridge from the foramen spinosum and along the pathway of the greater superficial petrosal nerve. A third line connected the trigeminal impression to the zygomatic root. The area posterior to the intersection of these 2 lines separately with the third line was considered the zone of location of the malleus head. Among 17 patients undergoing surgery for facial paralysis between 1993 and 2011, transillumination was used in 6 patients to identify the malleus head to locate the geniculate ganglion. Results These techniques were proven to be reliable in locating the malleus head to find the geniculate ganglion in 14 dissected cadaveric temporal bones. Conclusion Two methods of locating the malleus head for facial decompression were defined.

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Britto, Luiz R. G., Kent T. Keyser, Dania E. Hamassaki, Toru Shimizu, and Harvey J. Karten. "Chemically specific retinal ganglion cells collaterlize to the Pars ventralis of the lateral geniculate nucleus and optic tectum in the pigeon (Columba livia)." Visual Neuroscience 3, no. 5 (November 1989): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800005976.

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AbstractImmunohistochemical and retrograde tracing techniques were combined to study the retinal ganglion cells which project to the pars ventralis of the lateral geniculate nucleus (GLv) in the pigeon. Using two different fluorescent tracers, two histochemically-distinct populations of ganglion cells were found to project to both the GLv and the optic tectum. The first population of ganglion cells exhibited tyrosine hydroxylase-like immunoreactivity and represented about 20% of all ganglion cells which were retrogradely labeled from the GLv. The second population of ganglion cells showed substance P-like immunoreactivity and represented about 13% of all ganglion cells projecting to the GLv. These results confirm earlier suggestions that the retinal axons projecting to the GLv also project elsewhere and demonstrate that heterogeneity of retinal ganglion cells transmitters is evident even within a single retino-recipient nucleus such as the GLv.

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Breza, Joseph M., Alexandre A. Nikonov, and Robert J. Contreras. "Response Latency to Lingual Taste Stimulation Distinguishes Neuron Types Within the Geniculate Ganglion." Journal of Neurophysiology 103, no. 4 (April 2010): 1771–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00785.2009.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of response latency in discrimination of chemical stimuli by geniculate ganglion neurons in the rat. Accordingly, we recorded single-cell 5-s responses from geniculate ganglion neurons ( n = 47) simultaneously with stimulus-evoked summated potentials (electrogustogram; EGG) from the anterior tongue to signal when the stimulus contacted the lingual epithelium. Artificial saliva served as the rinse solution and solvent for all stimuli [(0.5 M sucrose, 0.03−0.5 M NaCl, 0.01 M citric acid, and 0.02 M quinine hydrochloride (QHCl)], 0.1 M KCl as well as for 0.1 M NaCl +1 μM benzamil. Cluster analysis separated neurons into four groups (sucrose specialists, NaCl specialists, NaCl/QHCl generalists and acid generalists). Artificial saliva elevated spontaneous firing rate and response frequency of all neurons. As a rule, geniculate ganglion neurons responded with the highest frequency and shortest latency to their best stimulus with acid generalist the only exception. For specialist neurons and NaCl/QHCl generalists, the average response latency to the best stimulus was two to four times shorter than the latency to secondary stimuli. For NaCl-specialist neurons, response frequency increased and response latency decreased systematically with increasing NaCl concentration; benzamil significantly decreased NaCl response frequency and increased response latency. Acid-generalist neurons had the highest spontaneous firing rate and were the only group that responded consistently to citric acid and KCl. For many acid generalists, a citric-acid-evoked inhibition preceded robust excitation. We conclude that response latency may be an informative coding signal for peripheral chemosensory neurons.

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Dyachenko, Pavel A., and Anatoly G. Dyachenko. "A CASE OF MRI-NEGATIVE HERPES VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS PRESENTED BY RAMSAY HUNT SYNDROME." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 11 (2020): 2555–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202011139.

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Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) occurs due to reactivation of latent Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV) infection in the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve. Major clinical symptoms include ipsilateral facial paralysis, otic pain, and herpetic vesicles (rashes) along the nerve with accompanying ear pain. Rarely clinical findings include retrograde transaxonal spread of the virus from the ganglion into the brain parenchyma with developing the encephalitis or multiple cranial nerve involvement. We describe here a patient with both RHS along with complicating brains

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Gluth, M. B., M. A. Cohen, P. L. Friedland, and M. D. Atlas. "Surgical anatomy of the anterior supralabyrinthine air cell tract." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 125, no. 10 (June 14, 2011): 1009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215111001319.

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AbstractIntroduction:In order to safely explore the medial wall of the attic, a working knowledge of the anatomy of the anterior supralabyrinthine air cell tract is required.Aim:To clarify the surgically relevant anatomical relationships that comprise the anterior supralabyrinthine air cell tract.Materials and methods:Surgical dissection of 10 fresh cadaveric temporal bones was undertaken, including measurement of distances between the key anterior supralabyrinthine anatomical landmarks.Results:The following mean distances were calculated: the labyrinthine segment between the geniculate ganglion and the ampullated end of the superior semicircular canal, 2.33 mm (range 1.75–2.75); the tympanic segment between the anterior margin of the oval window niche and the geniculate ganglion, 3.58 mm (range 3.25–4); and from the tympanic segment adjacent to the anterior margin of the oval window niche to the labyrinthine segment adjacent to the superior semicircular canal, 3.48 mm (range 3–4.25).Conclusion:The key anatomical landmarks of the anterior supralabyrinthine air cell tract define a distinct triangular segment of bone, knowledge of which is helpful in surgical dissection.

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Chen, Boqing, Xiao-Jiang Hu, and Roberta G. Pourcho. "Morphological diversity in terminals of W-type retinal ganglion cells at projection sites in cat brain." Visual Neuroscience 13, no. 3 (May 1996): 449–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800008129.

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AbstractThe morphological features of retinal terminals in cat brain were examined at sites where projections of W-type ganglion cells predominate. These included the parvicellular C laminae of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, stratum griseum superficiale of the superior colliculus, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Positive identification of retinal terminals was achieved following anterograde transport of intravitreally injected native or wheat germ agglutinin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase. In contrast to the classic features of retinal terminals as defined from sites where X- and Y-type ganglion cells predominate, i.e. round synaptic vesicles, large profiles, and pale mitochondria, substantial numbers of terminals in W-cell rich areas were found to contain dark mitochondria. Synaptic vesicles, although consistently round, were typically smaller in terminals with dark mitochondria than in those with pale mitochondria. These findings indicate a diversity among terminals of W-cells and suggest that such terminals cannot be distinguished on the basis of limited morphological criteria.

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MARTINEZ-MARCOS, ALINO, ENRIQUE LANUZA, and FERNANDO MARTINEZ-GARCIA. "Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the optic tectum and visual thalamus of lizards." Visual Neuroscience 19, no. 5 (September 2002): 575–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523802195034.

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Retinal ganglion cells projecting to the optic tectum and visual thalamus have been investigated in the lizard, Podarcis hispanica. Injections of biotinylated dextran-amine in the optic tectum reveal seven morphological cell varieties including one displaced ganglion cell type. Injections in the visual thalamus yield similar ganglion cell classes plus four giant ganglion cells, including two displaced ganglion cell types. The present study constitutes the first comparison of tectal versus thalamic ganglion cell types in reptiles. The situation found in lizards is similar to that reported in mammals and birds where some cell types projecting to the thalamus are larger than those projecting to the mesencephalic roof. The presence of giant retino-thalamic ganglion cells with specific dendritic arborizations in sublaminae A and B of the inner plexiform layer suggests that parts of the visual thalamus of lizards could be implicated in movement detection, a role that might be played by the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus, which is involved in our tracer injections.

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Boudreau, James C., Latha Sivakumar, Ly Thi Do, Thomas D. White, Joseph Oravec, and Nga Kieu Hoang. "Neurophysiology of geniculate ganglion (facial nerve) taste systems: species comparisons." Chemical Senses 10, no. 1 (1985): 89–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/10.1.89.

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Yi, Haijin, Pinnan Liu, and Shiming Yang. "Geniculate ganglion decompression of facial nerve by transmastoid-epitympanum approach." Acta Oto-Laryngologica 133, no. 6 (March 12, 2013): 656–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00016489.2013.764468.

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Kuo, Shih-Wei, Chien-Chen Tsai, Chung-Han Hsin, and Po-Wen Cheng. "Intratemporal Facial Nerve Neuroma Involving Geniculate Ganglion and Tympanic Segment." Otology & Neurotology 29, no. 1 (January 2008): 100–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mao.0b013e31811f40c5.

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McKerracher, Lisa, Richard B. Vallee, and Albert J. Aguayo. "Microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP 1A) is a ganglion cell marker in adult rat retina." Visual Neuroscience 2, no. 4 (April 1989): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800002157.

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AbstractWe have used antibodies raised against a cytoskeletal protein, microtubule-associated protein 1A (MAP 1A), to stain adult rat retina. In cryostat and polyethylene glycol-embedded radial sections, the fiber layer, ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer were highly immunoreactive, a finding that suggested that the ganglion cell somata, axons, and dendrites were recognized by these antibodies. Retrograde labeling of retinal cell somata from the superior colliculus and dorso-lateral geniculate nucleus to identify ganglion cells showed colocalization of the tracer and immunoreactive cells. Double labeling with nuclear stains revealed that many cells in the ganglion cell layer, which are likely displaced amacrine cells, were not recognized by these antibodies. Furthermore, transection of ganglion cell axons, a procedure that causes retrograde degeneration of many of the axotomized ganglion cells, led to a decrease in the number of anti-MAP 1A immunoreactive cells in retinal wholemounts. Thus, MAP 1A antibodies preferentially stain ganglion cell somata and dendrites but not amacrine cells. These antibodies should be useful ganglion cell markers.

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Koga, Tomoshige, and Robert M. Bradley. "Biophysical Properties and Responses to Neurotransmitters of Petrosal and Geniculate Ganglion Neurons Innervating the Tongue." Journal of Neurophysiology 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 1404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.84.3.1404.

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The properties of afferent sensory neurons supplying taste receptors on the tongue were examined in vitro. Neurons in the geniculate (GG) and petrosal ganglia (PG) supplying the tongue were fluorescently labeled, acutely dissociated, and then analyzed using patch-clamp recording. Measurement of the dissociated neurons revealed that PG neurons were significantly larger than GG neurons. The active and passive membrane properties of these ganglion neurons were examined and compared with each other. There were significant differences between the properties of neurons in the PG and GG ganglia. The mean membrane time constant, spike threshold, action potential half-width, and action potential decay time of GG neurons was significantly less than those of PG neurons. Neurons in the PG had action potentials that had a fast rise and fall time (sharp action potentials) as well as action potentials with a deflection or hump on the falling phase (humped action potentials), whereas action potentials of GG neurons were all sharp. There were also significant differences in the response of PG and GG neurons to the application of acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5HT), substance P (SP), and GABA. Whereas PG neurons responded to ACh, 5HT, SP, and GABA, GG neurons only responded to SP and GABA. In addition, the properties of GG neurons were more homogeneous than those of the PG because all the GG neurons had sharp spikes and when responses to neurotransmitters occurred, either all or most of the neurons responded. These differences between neurons of the GG and PG may relate to the type of receptor innervated. PG ganglion neurons innervate a number of receptor types on the posterior tongue and have more heterogeneous properties, while GG neurons predominantly innervate taste buds and have more homogeneous properties.

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Ulug, Tuncay, and S. Arif Ulubil. "Bilateral traumatic facial paralysis associated with unilateral abducens palsy: a case report." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 119, no. 2 (February 2005): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215053419907.

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Bilateral traumatic facial paralysis is a very rare clinical condition. Abducens palsy, associated with bilateral traumatic paralysis, is even rarer and has not been well described in the literature. In this report, a 24-year-old male, who developed immediate bilateral facial and right abducens paralyses following a motor vehicle accident, is presented. The patient was referred for neurotologic evaluation 22 days after the injury. Electroneurography (ENoG) demonstrated 100 per cent degeneration at the first examination and, correspondingly, electromyography showed no regeneration potentials. Using high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), a longitudinal fracture on the right and a mixed-type fracture on the left were identified. The patient had good cochlear reserve on both sides. The decision for surgery was based not on ENoG, because of the delayed referral of the patient, but on the HRCT, which showed clear fracture lines on both sides. The middle cranial fossa approach for decompression of the right facial nerve was performed on the 55th day following the trauma, and a combined procedure using the middle cranial fossa and transmastoid approaches was applied for decompression of the left facial nerve on the 75th day following the trauma. On the right, there was dense fibrosis surrounding the geniculate ganglion and the proximal tympanic segment whereas, on the left, bone fragments impinging on the geniculate ganglion, dense fibrosis surrounding the geniculate ganglion, and a less extensive fibrotic tissue surrounding the pyramidal segment were encountered. There were no complications or hearing deterioration. At the one-year follow up, the patient had House-Brackmann (HB) grade 1 recovery on the right, and HB grade 2 recovery on the left side, and the abducens palsy regressed spontaneously. The middle cranial fossa approach and its combinations can be performed safely in bilateral temporal bone fractures as labyrinthine sparing procedures if done on separate occasions.

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Morisako, Hiroki, Takeo Goto, Takashi Nagata, Isao Chokyu, Tsutomu Ichinose, Kenichi Ishibashi, Toshihiro Takami, and Kenji Ohata. "Middle Skull Base Approach With Posterolateral Mobilization of the Geniculate Ganglion to Access the Clival Regions." Operative Neurosurgery 69, suppl_1 (February 18, 2011): ons88—ons94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e318211490f.

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Abstract BACKGROUND: Clival lesions remain one of the most challenging intracranial tumors to treat surgically. Many skull base approaches have been described to improve resection and to decrease patient morbidity. OBJECTIVE: To describe a middle skull base approach with posterolateral mobilization of the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve to access the clival regions. METHODS: Three patients with petroclival chordoma and 1 patient with petroclival meningioma underwent surgical resection of lesions with our new procedure. Surgical techniques consisted of temporal craniotomy and exposure of the facial nerve from the tympanic segment to the labyrinthine segment, keeping the fundus of the internal auditory canal intact. The geniculate ganglion was mobilized posterolaterally, followed by drilling of the cochlea and exposure of the Dorello canal. RESULTS: Four lesions were successfully removed with complete preservation of facial nerve function. CONCLUSION: This approach is a modification of the Goel procedure in which the facial nerve from the tympanic segment to the cisternal segment was totally mobilized. Our procedure carries less risk to the facial nerve function than the Goel procedure and provides sufficiently wide exposure of clival lesions.

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Rupa, Vedantam, Richard L. Saunders, and Dudley J. Weider. "Geniculate neuralgia: the surgical management of primary otalgia." Journal of Neurosurgery 75, no. 4 (October 1991): 505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1991.75.4.0505.

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✓ Intractable, unexplained deep-ear pain presents a rare, albeit significant problem in otolaryngological and neurosurgical practice. The authors review their experience with 18 cases of primary otalgia during the past 15 years. A total of 31 surgical procedures were performed. Seventeen patients had sequential rhizotomies and one patient had microvascular decompression alone. Based on the clinical diagnosis, the nerves sectioned were singly or in combination: the nervus intermedius (14 patients), geniculate ganglion (10 patients), ninth nerve (14 patients), 10th nerve (11 patients), tympanic nerve (four patients), and chorda tympani nerve (one patient). Microvascular decompression of the involved nerves was undertaken in nine patients, in whom vascular loops were discovered. Adhesions (six patients), thickened arachnoid (three patients), and benign osteoma (one patient) were other intraoperative abnormalities noted. The overall success of these procedures in providing pain relief was 72.2%, and the mean follow-up period was 3.3 years (range 1 month to 14.5 years). There was no surgical mortality. Expected side effects were: decreased lacrimation, salivation, and taste related to nervus intermedius nerve section, and transient hoarseness and diminished gag related to ninth and 10th nerve section. Four patients developed sequelae consisting of sensorineural hearing loss, vertigo, and transient facial nerve paresis. One patient had a cerebrospinal fluid leak and another developed aseptic meningitis as postoperative complications. Except when primary glossopharyngeal neuralgia is the working diagnosis, a combined posterior cranial fossa-middle cranial fossa approach is recommended for adequate exploration and/or section of the fifth, ninth, and 10th cranial nerves as well as the geniculate ganglion and nervus intermedius.

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Gupta, Deepak, and S. K. Vishwakarma. "Superior orbital fissure syndrome in trigemino-facial zoster." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 101, no. 9 (September 1987): 975–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221510010310x.

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AbstractA case of trigemino-facial zoster presenting as Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome is reported. Geniculate ganglion involvement was limited to the vestibular branch of the cochleo-vestibular nerve, without any hearing impairment of facial palsy. this case clearly illustrates that herpes zoster cranialis is a polyneuropathy of multifocal asynchronous viral activity and can present in numerous forms.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Geniculate ganglion'

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