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Academic literature on the topic 'Génome fongique'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Génome fongique"
Goarin, Anne. "Etude de la variabilité phénotypique chez une souche industrielle de Penicillium Roqueforti." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077193.
Full textPenicillium roqueforti is a filamentous ascomycete fungus that is found frequently in the environment. It can cause destruction of stocks of fodder, fruit or vegetable. But it is mainly known as a closed refining of certain cheeses such as blue cheese. The strain of P. Roqueforti studied here present a phenomenon of spontaneous emergence of a variant phenotype. This phenotype is characterized by a decrease in conidiation and therefore a loss of pigmentation. When this change occurs during cheese production, it is causing a fining of poor quality. The variant form of the strain is characterized by a decrease in sporulation and loss of contact inhibition. The study of conditions of occurrence of the variant form revealed it was favored by the presence of oxygen and growth in liquid medium. It may be noted that these environmental conditions are not those encountered by P. Roqueforti in cheese production. It was highlighted that the event at the origin of this variant form is probably genetic, no event of reversal to the normal form have been observed. The study of the transcriptome of the strain revealed differences. In general a decrease in the transcription of many genes in the variant form was observed. The development of various tools of molecular biology has shown that it is possible to delete genes, we can now create genetically modified strains to further characterize the physiology of P. Roqueforti generating mutants
Peltier, France. "Chromosome segregation during meiosis I in a new model organism, Saccharomycodes ludwigii." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077226.
Full textMeiotic recombination ensures both faithful chromosome segregation during meiosis I and genetic diversity by genome reshuffling. However segregation analysis suggested the absence of crossover in the poorly studied yeast species Saccharomycodes ludwigii (Yamakazi et al, 1976). In order to understand the mechanisms involved in chromosome segregation and the impact of the lack of recombination on the genome structure, meiotic recombination has been investigated in Sd. Ludwigii. To conduct this study, the sequencing of the genome and the establishment of genomic engineering protocols were required to establish Sd. Ludwigii as a model organism. Using hybrid strains created from different isolates and following many thousand SNPs as segregation markers during meiosis, the absence of any detectable meiotic exchange between homologs was confirmed. In parallel, functional studies were performed to investigate the segregation of chromosomes during meiosis I in Sd ludwigii as most genes involved in meiosis were identified in the genome. Surprisingly, using cytological methods, meiotic double strand breaks (DSBs) were observed and turned out to be required for proper chromosome segregation. The initiation and processing of these DSBs appeared to be performed as in S. Cerevisiae. Taken together, our results support the existence of meiosis specific DSBs, at yet unclear localization and indicate their role in meiotic chromosome segregation
Laurent, Benoit. "Base génétique et potentiel d’évolution de la pathogénicité de Fusarium graminearum, bio-agresseur fongique des céréales." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0317/document.
Full textF. graminearum is one of the main causal agents of the fusarium head-blight (FHB), a cereal disease leading to head necrosis, in addition to grain and food/feed contamination by stable and toxic metabolites. Recent observations refer to an increase of pathogenicity, questioning efficiency and durability of current management practices. In order to anticipate this evolution, we must bring a deeper characterization of the currently existing diversity. Six new genomes of F. graminearum were sequenced, and 243,000 genetic variations have been identified and characterized. Seventy seven percent of the total number of the variants was located within 32% of the genome, delineating highly polymorphic islands. These islands are enriched with probable effectors linked to Fusarium’s pathogenicity. The construction and the genotyping on 1,300 molecular markers of a recombinant population have enabled the development of the first high-density genetic map of the species. The remarkable correlation between polymorphism and recombination rate highlighted the 'two-speed' genome organization of this pathogen. Finally, the integration of these data through a quantitative genetic approach allowed the discovery of one quantitative trait locus, likely to affect the gene FgVeA, and responsible for 90% of the observed variation of aggressiveness and mycotoxin production. These results are discussed in the light of F. graminearum’s adaptive potential and evolution
Negre, Delphine. "Rationalisation de l’Accès aux Produits Naturels Fongiques par une Approche OSMAC in silico : Cas d’étude avec la modélisation du métabolisme de Penicillium rubens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU4038.
Full textGiven the pressing issue of increasing antibiotic resistance threatening public health, new biologically active molecule research is urgent. Filamentous fungi are charcterised by their ability to synthesise a wide range of natural products, driven by biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that orchestrate the production of specialised metabolites. However, many products derived from these BGCs remain uncharacterised, and their chemodiversity is underexplored due to the inability to activate their full potential in laboratory settings. The OSMAC (One Strain Many Compounds) approach seeks to harness this potential through culture condition variations. Nevertheless, this method remains complex and costly due to its randomness and vast number of experiments required. Therefore, optimising these processes needs the integration of more rational and efficient strategies. Using systems biology approaches, genome-scale metabolic networks (GSMNs) provide detailed modeling of metabolic pathways, involved enzymes, and associated genes, offering a precise overview of metabolism. In this context, we propose an alternative strategiy: in silico OSMAC. By reconstructing an updated GSMN for Penicillium rubens , we studied its metabolic responses under various nutritional scenarios. This modelling enabled us to assess the influence of different carbon and nitrogen sources on growth and the production of specialised metabolites, thereby opening new prospects for optimising the production of natural products
Ouattara, Abibata. "Lixiviation fongique des résidus miniers par A.Niger et P. Simplicissimum." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25902/25902.pdf.
Full textLevasseur, Anthony. "Modelage des génomes fongiques pour la transformation des parois végétales : conception et surproduction de nouveaux outils enzymatiques chimères." Aix-Marseille 1, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX11052.pdf.
Full textThe objectives of this thesis were i) to design and overproduce new and efficient enzymatic tools in filamentous fungi involved in the plant-cell-wall degradation and ii) to study the synergistic relationships of the corresponding bi- or multi-modular hybrid enzymes. Firstly, free hemicellulolytic enzymes were overproduced in Aspergillus niger (feruloyl esterase B, FAEB and xylanase B, XYNB). Production yields reached 100 mg. L-1 et 900 mg. L-1 for FAEB and XYNB, respectively. Recombinant proteins were purified and fully characterized. Secondly, this study concerned the design and production of chimeric enzymes, in which modules of interest were fused together to enable physical proximity between them. In this study, a chimeric enzyme, based on the model of bacterial cellulosome, was produced in A. Niger. The first fungal enzyme, FAEA, fused to a functional bacterial dockerin module, was successfully produced. Our work was extended to others hybrid proteins by fusing two complementary enzymes, FAEA and XYNB in order to improve the enzymatic efficiency, by increasing synergistic effect of the fused enzymes. Moreover, in a second construction, a Carbohydrate-Binding Module (CBM) was added to the bifunctional enzyme to study the effect of the substrate targeting. These bifunctional enzymes were overproduced (~1,5 g. L-1), characterized, and tested for the ferulic-acid release from agricultural by-products and their action was improved as compared to that of the corresponding free enzymes. Therefore, physical proximity between these primary (XYNB) and secondary (FAEA) enzymes and the substrate targeting by the CBM promote the enzymatic synergy. Finally, a new hybrid enzyme was designed in a new host in this work. The design of these improved chimeric enzymes is of great interest for future applications in industrial sectors, such as the biofuel production from vegetal biomass
Ghamrawi, Sarah. "Modifications de la paroi au cours de la maturation et de la germination des conidies de Scedosporium boydii." Thesis, Angers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ANGE0031/document.
Full textSpecies of the Scedosporium apiospermum complex are emerging human pathogens which rank the second, after Aspergillus fumigatus, among the filamentous fungi colonizing the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. These fungi are ubiquitous in nature and particularly encountered in polluted areas. Despite their clinical relevance, our knowledge about their molecular biology and physiology remains rather limited. In fungi, the cell wall forms a protective shield against adverse environmental conditions, and therefore plays a key role in pathogenesis, which makes it an interesting target for antifungal drug development. Here, in an attempt to identify potential virulence factors, we investigated the dynamic changes of the cell wall of conidia in S. boydii, one of the main pathogenic species within this species complex with Scedosporium apiospermum. Using various techniques, ranging from scanning and transmission electron microscopy to proteomic analysis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)- anchored proteins, through two-phase partitioning and microelectrophoresis, atomic force microscopy and chemical force spectroscopy, flow 5 cytometry, electron paramagnetic resonance and molecular techniques, we highlighted various modifications occurring in the cell wall during maturation and germination of S. boydii and we identified DHN-melanin as well as a substantial number of GPI-anchored proteins in the cell wall. Finally, we provided the first publicly available genome sequence of S. apiospermum that would support various research fields on these fungi whether for understanding their pathogenic mechanisms or for various biotechnological applications
Ropars, Jeanne. "Exploration de génomes d'inoculums fongiques utilisés en fromagerie, pour leur caractérisation systématique, la recherche de mécanismes adaptatifs et l'évaluation de la capacité à la reproduction sexuée chez penicillium roqueforti." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0038.
Full textFungi are very diverse as they are found in almost all natural environments. Many have a significant importance with regards to human activities, like a very few of them able to grow on cheese, a unique substrate where they have to compete against bacteria. In the context of food safety, cheese producers have to ensure that microorganisms they use are innocuous, and correct species identification is the base of this proceeding. This study focused on the most important filamentous Ascomycetes used in cheese production, hitherto poorly studied. The phylogenetic study showed their diversity as they belong to two different classes, and allowed the identification of their wild closest relatives to investigate their adaptation to the cheese environment. From an evolutionary point of view, cheese is not a natural habitat for fungi, and cheese fungi may have acquired key fermentative activities and other particular traits to specialize to this particular niche. The genomes of Penicillium camemberti and P. Roqueforti have been sequenced during this study, and enabled, along with the penicillin producer P. Rubens, a preliminary comparative genomic approach to search for evolutionary mechanisms of adaptation. It highlighted the horizontal transfer of large genomic regions in cheese fungi, carrying at least two genes (zymocin and PAF) that may confer adaptive advantages for fungi in the cheese environment. The genome of P. Roqueforti was also used to examine the capability of sexual reproduction as a potential to generate diversity within inoculums currently produced by clonal-subcultures. Indirect evidence of a sexual cycle in P. Roqueforti was shown: the presence of both MAT genes in a large collection of cheese isolates, the detection of purifying selection acting on MAT genes, the identification of a set of genes involved in meiosis and of RIP-like footprints. This research provided accurate tools for the identification of cheese fungi. It also brought new insights in the reproduction capabilities of P. Roqueforti, and it initiated the genomic comparison of cheese domesticated fungi to find adaptive mechanisms
Liaud, Nadege. "Production d' acides organiques à ph acide par des champignons filamenteux : etude de la biodiversité fongique et production d' acide lactique par Aspergillus brasiliensis." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4010.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to develop a new filamentous fungal strain for the production of lactic acid. To meet this goal, we first explored the fungal biodiversity in order to find filamentous fungi able to produce lactic acid or having good predispositions for the production of organic acids without pH neutralization. Through this screening, a wild type strain of Aspergillus brasiliensis was selected and used to construct, using the metabolic engineer, new strains capable of producing lactic acid at an acidic pH. These strains were then characterized and culture conditions in flasks and bioreactors were studied. The study of culture conditions shows promising results and reveals many possible ways to further improve the production of lactic acid by these organisms
Fáklya, Bernadett. "Development of an industrial process for the production of aroma molecules by biocatalysis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0197.
Full text6-pentyl-alpha-pyrone (6PAP) is a specialized fungal metabolite first isolated in the 1970s from cultures of the fungus Trichoderma viride. In addition to its numerous biological properties (antifungal agent, phytohormone-like effect, inducer of plant defense mechanisms, etc.), it has organoleptic properties similar to those of massoia lactone and delta-decalactone, of which it is also a potential precursor. Its pleasant smell and taste of coconut, with a hint of nutty and tonka bean, makes it an aroma of interest on its own, already used as an additive in some food products and beverages. To date, 6PAP has been produced on industrial scale only by chemical synthesis. Its biotechnological production from bio-based materials is non-existent despite the extensive research efforts encouraged by a growing consumer demand for molecules of natural origin. In this work, we have therefore developed a fermentation process from inexpensive agricultural raw materials, under mild conditions, with a fungal strain of Trichoderma that has not undergone any genetic modification. Based initially on design of experiments (DOE) studies, we finally obtained up to 1 g/L of 6PAP, both in flask and in bioreactors, by a biphasic liquid-liquid fermentation process
Book chapters on the topic "Génome fongique"
CORTES-SILVA, Nuria, Aruni P. SENARATNE, and Ines A. DRINNENBERG. "Aperçu de la diversité évolutive des centromères." In Fonction et évolution des séquences répétées dans les génomes. ISTE Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.51926/iste.9119.ch4.
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