Journal articles: 'Genome'

1

Barazandeh, A., M. R. Mohammadabadi, M. Ghaderi-Zefrehei, and H. Nezamabadi-pour. "Genome-wide analysis of CpG islands in some livestock genomes and their relationship with genomic features." Czech Journal of Animal Science 61, No. 11 (November 17, 2016): 487–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/78/2015-cjas.

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Sakharkar, Kishore Ramaji, Iti Chaturvedi, Vincent T. K. Chow, Chee Keong Kwoh, Pandjassarame Kangueane, and Meena Kishore Sakharkar. "u-Genome: A Database on Genome Design in Unicellular Genomes." In Silico Biology: Journal of Biological Systems Modeling and Multi-Scale Simulation 5, no. 5-6 (January 2005): 611–15. https://doi.org/10.3233/isb-00215.

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Unicellular eukaryotes were among the first ones to be selected for complete genome sequencing because of the small size of their genomes and their interactions with humans and a broad range of animals and plants. Currently, ten completely sequenced unicellular genome sequences have been publicly released and as the number of available unicellular genomes increases, comparative genomics analysis within this group of organisms becomes more and more instructive. However, such an analysis is difficult to carry out without a suitable platform gathering not only the original annotations but also relevant information available in public databases or obtained by applying common bioinformatics methods. With the aim of solving these difficulties, we have developed a web-accessible database named u-Genome, the unicellular genome design database. The database is unique in featuring three datasets namely (1) orthologous proteins (2) paralogous proteins and (3) statistical distributions on exons, introns, intergenic DNA and correlations between them. A tool, Uniview, designed to visualize the gene structures for individual genes in the genome is also integrated. This database is of importance in understanding unicellular genome design and architecture and evolution related studies. The database is available through a web interface at http://sege.ntu.edu.sg/wester/ugenome.

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Zhang, Hui, Yao Xiong, Wenhai Xiao, and Yi Wu. "Investigation of Genome Biology by Synthetic Genome Engineering." Bioengineering 10, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10020271.

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Synthetic genomes were designed based on an understanding of natural genomic information, offering an opportunity to engineer and investigate biological systems on a genome-wide scale. Currently, the designer version of the M. mycoides genome and the E. coli genome, as well as most of the S. cerevisiae genome, have been synthesized, and through the cycles of design–build–test and the following engineering of synthetic genomes, many fundamental questions of genome biology have been investigated. In this review, we summarize the use of synthetic genome engineering to explore the structure and function of genomes, and highlight the unique values of synthetic genomics.

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Beck, Stephan. "Genome acrobatics: understanding complex genomes." Drug Discovery Today 6, no. 23 (December 2001): 1181–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6446(01)02036-0.

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5

Wei, Jun-Zhi, and Richard R. C. Wang. "Genome- and species-specific markers and genome relationships of diploid perennial species in Triticeae based on RAPD analyses." Genome 38, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 1230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-161.

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Eight different genomes (E, H, I, P, R, St, W, and Ns) represented by 22 diploid species of the tribe Triticeae were analyzed using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. The genome relationships were obtained based on 371 RAPD fragments produced with 30 primers. The four species of the genus Psathyrostachys (having various Ns genomes) were closely related. The genomes Ee and Eb had a similarly close relationship and were distinct from all other genomes analyzed. Genomes P, R, and St were grouped in one cluster and genomes H and I in another. Genome W had a distant relationship with all other genomes. These results agree with the conclusions from studies of chromosome pairing and isozyme and DNA sequence analyses. Twenty-nine and 11 RAPD fragments are considered to be genome- and species-specific markers, respectively. One to six genome-specific markers were identified for each genome. These RAPD markers are useful in studies of genome evolution, analysis of genome composition, and genome identification.Key words: Triticeae, perennial, diploid, genome, RAPD, genome-specific markers.

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Sung, Bong Hyun, Donghui Choe, Sun Chang Kim, and Byung-Kwan Cho. "Construction of a minimal genome as a chassis for synthetic biology." Essays in Biochemistry 60, no. 4 (November 30, 2016): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20160024.

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Microbial diversity and complexity pose challenges in understanding the voluminous genetic information produced from whole-genome sequences, bioinformatics and high-throughput ‘-omics’ research. These challenges can be overcome by a core blueprint of a genome drawn with a minimal gene set, which is essential for life. Systems biology and large-scale gene inactivation studies have estimated the number of essential genes to be ∼300–500 in many microbial genomes. On the basis of the essential gene set information, minimal-genome strains have been generated using sophisticated genome engineering techniques, such as genome reduction and chemical genome synthesis. Current size-reduced genomes are not perfect minimal genomes, but chemically synthesized genomes have just been constructed. Some minimal genomes provide various desirable functions for bioindustry, such as improved genome stability, increased transformation efficacy and improved production of biomaterials. The minimal genome as a chassis genome for synthetic biology can be used to construct custom-designed genomes for various practical and industrial applications.

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Bernardi, Giorgio. "Questions About Genomes and Genome Projects." Nature Biotechnology 12, no. 8 (August 1994): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0894-840.

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Redi, C. A., and E. Capanna. "Genome Size Evolution: Sizing Mammalian Genomes." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 137, no. 2-4 (2012): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000338820.

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9

Lupski, J. R. "Genome Mosaicism--One Human, Multiple Genomes." Science 341, no. 6144 (July 25, 2013): 358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1239503.

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10

Leitch, A. R., and I. J. Leitch. "Plant genomes. Genome dynamics vol. 4." Annals of Botany 104, no. 7 (September 3, 2009): viii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp221.

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11

Yen, Yang, and Gordon Kimber. "Genomic relationships of N-genome Triticum species." Genome 35, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 962–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g92-147.

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Induced autotetraploids of Triticum uniaristatum, T. tauschii, and T. umbellulatum were used to study the genomes of the polyploid species T. ventricosum, T. neglecta, and T. recta. The N genome in T. ventricosum is homologous to the N genome in the putative diploid donor T. uniaristatum and has undergone little modification. The D genome in T. ventricosum is also essentially unmodified. The U genome of T. neglecta appears to be unchanged from the U genome of T. umbellulatum. Two of the genomes of T. recta are the same as the genomes in T. neglecta (U and a presumed modified M genome). The presence of a U genome in T. recta has also been independently confirmed. The origin of the third genome in T. recta has not been confirmed.Key words: chromosomes, meiosis, genome analysis, wheat.

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Lagesen, Karin, Dave W. Ussery, and Trudy M. Wassenaar. "Genome update: the 1000th genome – a cautionary tale." Microbiology 156, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.038257-0.

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There are now more than 1000 sequenced prokaryotic genomes deposited in public databases and available for analysis. Currently, although the sequence databases GenBank, DNA Database of Japan and EMBL are synchronized continually, there are slight differences in content at the genomes level for a variety of logistical reasons, including differences in format and loading errors, such as those caused by file transfer protocol interruptions. This means that the 1000th genome will be different in the various databases. Some of the data on the highly accessed web pages are inaccurate, leading to false conclusions for example about the largest bacterial genome sequenced. Biological diversity is far greater than many have thought. For example, analysis of multiple Escherichia coli genomes has led to an estimate of around 45 000 gene families — more genes than are recognized in the human genome. Moreover, of the 1000 genomes available, not a single protein is conserved across all genomes. Excluding the members of the Archaea, only a total of four genes are conserved in all bacteria: two protein genes and two RNA genes.

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Matsumoto, Takashi, Jianzhong Wu, Baltazar A. Antonio, and Takuji Sasaki. "Development in Rice Genome Research Based on Accurate Genome Sequence." International Journal of Plant Genomics 2008 (June 18, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/348621.

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Rice is one of the most important crops in the world. Although genetic improvement is a key technology for the acceleration of rice breeding, a lack of genome information had restricted efforts in molecular-based breeding until the completion of the high-quality rice genome sequence, which opened new opportunities for research in various areas of genomics. The syntenic relationship of the rice genome to other cereal genomes makes the rice genome invaluable for understanding how cereal genomes function. Producing an accurate genome sequence is not an easy task, and it is becoming more important as sequence deviations among, and even within, species highlight functional or evolutionary implications for comparative genomics.

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14

Wang, Long, Qinghua Shi, Handong Su, Yi Wang, Lina Sha, Xing Fan, Houyang Kang, Haiqin Zhang, and Yonghong Zhou. "St2-80: a new FISH marker for St genome and genome analysis in Triticeae." Genome 60, no. 7 (July 2017): 553–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/gen-2016-0228.

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The St genome is one of the most fundamental genomes in Triticeae. Repetitive sequences are widely used to distinguish different genomes or species. The primary objectives of this study were to (i) screen a new sequence that could easily distinguish the chromosome of the St genome from those of other genomes by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and (ii) investigate the genome constitution of some species that remain uncertain and controversial. We used degenerated oligonucleotide primer PCR (Dop-PCR), Dot-blot, and FISH to screen for a new marker of the St genome and to test the efficiency of this marker in the detection of the St chromosome at different ploidy levels. Signals produced by a new FISH marker (denoted St2-80) were present on the entire arm of chromosomes of the St genome, except in the centromeric region. On the contrary, St2-80 signals were present in the terminal region of chromosomes of the E, H, P, and Y genomes. No signal was detected in the A and B genomes, and only weak signals were detected in the terminal region of chromosomes of the D genome. St2-80 signals were obvious and stable in chromosomes of different genomes, whether diploid or polyploid. Therefore, St2-80 is a potential and useful FISH marker that can be used to distinguish the St genome from those of other genomes in Triticeae.

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Parkin, I. A. P., A. G. Sharpe, and D. J. Lydiate. "Patterns of genome duplication within the Brassica napus genome." Genome 46, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 291–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g03-006.

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The progenitor diploid genomes (A and C) of the amphidiploid Brassica napus are extensively duplicated with 73% of genomic clones detecting two or more duplicate sequences within each of the diploid genomes. This comprehensive duplication of loci is to be expected in a species that has evolved through a polyploid ancestor. The majority of the duplicate loci within each of the diploid genomes were found in distinct linkage groups as collinear blocks of linked loci, some of which had undergone a variety of rearrangements subsequent to duplication, including inversions and translocations. A number of identical rearrangements were observed in the two diploid genomes, suggesting they had occurred before the divergence of the two species. A number of linkage groups displayed an organization consistent with centric fusion and (or) fission, suggesting this mechanism may have played a role in the evolution of Brassica genomes. For almost every genetically mapped locus detected in the A genome a homologous locus was found in the C genome; the collinear arrangement of these homologous markers allowed the primary regions of homoeology between the two genomes to be identified. At least 16 gross chromosomal rearrangements differentiated the two diploid genomes during their divergence from a common ancestor.Key words: genome evolution, Brassicaeae, polyploidy, homoeologous linkage groups.

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16

Wang, Haoqi, Xuezhu Liao, Luke R. Tembrock, Zuoren Yang, and Zhiqiang Wu. "Evaluation of Intracellular Gene Transfers from Plastome to Nuclear Genome across Progressively Improved Assemblies for Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa." Genes 13, no. 9 (September 9, 2022): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13091620.

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DNA originating from organellar genomes are regularly discovered in nuclear sequences during genome assembly. Nevertheless, such insertions are sometimes omitted during the process of nuclear genome assembly because the inserted DNA is assigned to organellar genomes, leading to a systematic underestimation of their frequency. With the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technology, more inserted fragments from organelle genomes can now be detected. Therefore, it is necessary to be aware of the insertion events from organellar genomes during nuclear genome assembly to properly attribute the impact and rate of such insertions in the evolution of nuclear genomes. Here, we investigated the impact of intracellular gene transfer (IGT) from the plastome to the nuclear genome using genome assemblies that were refined through time with technological improvements from two model species, Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. We found that IGT from the plastome to the nuclear genome is a dynamic and ongoing process in both A. thaliana and O. sativa, and mostly occurred recently, as the majority of transferred sequences showed over 95% sequence similarity with plastome sequences of origin. Differences in the plastome-to-nuclear genome IGT between A. thaliana and O. sativa varied among the different assembly versions and were associated with the quality of the nuclear genome assembly. IGTs from the plastome to nuclear genome occurred more frequently in intergenic regions, which were often associated with transposable elements (TEs). This study provides new insights into intracellular genome evolution and nuclear genome assembly by characterizing and comparing IGT from the plastome into the nuclear genome for two model plant species.

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Chen, Qin, R. L. Conner, A. Laroche, and J. B. Thomas. "Genome analysis of Thinopyrum intermedium and Thinopyrum ponticum using genomic in situ hybridization." Genome 41, no. 4 (August 1, 1998): 580–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g98-055.

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Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) using genomic DNA probes from Thinopyrum elongatum (Host) D.R. Dewey (genome E, 2n = 14), Thinopyrum bessarabicum (Savul. & Rayss) Á. Löve (genome J, 2n = 14), and Pseudoroegneria strigosa (M. Bieb.) Á. Löve (genome S, 2n = 14), was used to examine the genomic constitution of Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey (2n = 6x = 42) and Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey (2n = 10x = 70). Evidence from GISH indicated that hexaploid Th. intermedium contained the J, Js, and S genomes, in which the J genome was related to the E genome of Th. elongatum and the J genome of Th. bessarabicum. The S genome was homologous to the S genome of Ps. strigosa, while the Js genome referred to modified J- or E-type chromosomes distinguished by the presence of S genome specific sequences close to the centromere. Decaploid Th. ponticum had only the two basic genomes J and Js. The Js genome present in Th. intermedium and Th. ponticum was homologous with E or J genomes, but was quite distinct at centromeric regions, which can strongly hybridize with the S genome DNA probe. Based on GISH results, the genomic formula of Th. intermedium was redesignated JJsS and that of Th. ponticum was redesignated JJJJsJs. The finding of a close relationship among S, J, and Js genomes provides valuable markers for molecular cytogenetic analyses using S genome DNA probes to monitor the transfer of useful traits from Th. intermedium and Th. ponticum to wheat.Key words: genomic in situ hybridization, GISH, Thinopyrum intermedium, Thinopyrum ponticum, genomic analysis, Js genome.

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Svitashev, Sergei, Tomas Bryngelsson, Xiaomei Li, and Richard RC Wang. "Genome-specific repetitive DNA and RAPD markers for genome identification in Elymus and Hordelymus." Genome 41, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-108.

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We have developed RFLP and RAPD markers specific for the genomes involved in the evolution of Elymus species, i.e., the St, Y, H, P, and W genomes. Two P genome specific repetitive DNA sequences, pAgc1 (350 bp) and pAgc30 (458 bp), and three W genome specific sequences, pAuv3 (221 bp), pAuv7 (200 bp), and pAuv13 (207 bp), were isolated from the genomes of Agropyron cristatum and Australopyrum velutinum, respectively. Attempts to find Y genome specific sequences were not successful. Primary-structure analysis demonstrated that pAgc1 (P genome) and pAgc30 (P genome) share 81% similarity over a 227-bp stretch. The three W genome specific sequences were also highly homologous. Sequence comparison analysis revealed no homology to sequences in the EMBL- GenBank databases. Three to four genome-specific RAPD markers were found for each of the five genomes. Genome-specific bands were cloned and demonstrated to be mainly low-copy sequences present in various Triticeae species. The RFLP and RAPD markers obtained, together with the previously described H and St genome specific clones pHch2 and pPlTaq2.5 and the Ns genome specific RAPD markers were used to investigate the genomic composition of a few Elymus species and Hordelymus europaeus, whose genome formulas were unknown. Our results demonstrate that only three of eight Elymus species examined (the tetraploid species Elymus grandis and the hexaploid speciesElymus caesifolius and Elymus borianus) really belong to Elymus.

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Wang, Kaihang, Daniel de la Torre, Wesley E. Robertson, and Jason W. Chin. "Programmed chromosome fission and fusion enable precise large-scale genome rearrangement and assembly." Science 365, no. 6456 (August 29, 2019): 922–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aay0737.

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The design and creation of synthetic genomes provide a powerful approach to understanding and engineering biology. However, it is often limited by the paucity of methods for precise genome manipulation. Here, we demonstrate the programmed fission of the Escherichia coli genome into diverse pairs of synthetic chromosomes and the programmed fusion of synthetic chromosomes to generate genomes with user-defined inversions and translocations. We further combine genome fission, chromosome transplant, and chromosome fusion to assemble genomic regions from different strains into a single genome. Thus, we program the scarless assembly of new genomes with nucleotide precision, a key step in the convergent synthesis of genomes from diverse progenitors. This work provides a set of precise, rapid, large-scale (megabase) genome-engineering operations for creating diverse synthetic genomes.

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Hsiao, Catherine, Richard R. C. Wang, and Douglas R. Dewey. "Karyotype analysis and genome relationships of 22 diploid species in the tribe Triticeae." Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 28, no. 1 (February 1, 1986): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g86-015.

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Karyotypes were analyzed on 24 diploid taxa (mostly perennials) belonging to eight Triticeae genera, which are defined by genome content (basic set of seven chromosomes): (i) Agropyron (P genome), (ii) Thinopyrum (J genome), (iii) Secale (R genome), (iv) Hordeum (i genome), (v) Pseudoroegneria (S genome), (vi) Psathyrostachys (N genome), (vii) Australopyrum (W genome), and (viii) Critesion (H genome). In addition to traditional karyotype preparations, the metaphase root-tip chromosomes were analyzed by an interactive microcomputer program that printed an idiogram in which chromosomes were arranged by length. Genomes, arranged by decreasing length, are R, I, P, N, J, S, H, and W (with lengths ranging from 61.29 to 39.39 μm). Almost without exception, karyotypes of species within a genus manifest a pattern that is unique to the genome. Morphologically unique genomes are useful diagnostic features in genome identification and can complement interpretation of chromosome pairing in genome analysis.Key words: Triticeae, diploid, karyotype, genome relationship.

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Repetti, Sonja I., Christopher J. Jackson, Louise M. Judd, Ryan R. Wick, Kathryn E. Holt, and Heroen Verbruggen. "The inflated mitochondrial genomes of siphonous green algae reflect processes driving expansion of noncoding DNA and proliferation of introns." PeerJ 8 (January 3, 2020): e8273. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8273.

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Within the siphonous green algal order Bryopsidales, the size and gene arrangement of chloroplast genomes has been examined extensively, while mitochondrial genomes have been mostly overlooked. The recently published mitochondrial genome of Caulerpa lentillifera is large with expanded noncoding DNA, but it remains unclear if this is characteristic of the entire order. Our study aims to evaluate the evolutionary forces shaping organelle genome dynamics in the Bryopsidales based on the C. lentillifera and Ostreobium quekettii mitochondrial genomes. In this study, the mitochondrial genome of O. quekettii was characterised using a combination of long and short read sequencing, and bioinformatic tools for annotation and sequence analyses. We compared the mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes of O. quekettii and C. lentillifera to examine hypotheses related to genome evolution. The O. quekettii mitochondrial genome is the largest green algal mitochondrial genome sequenced (241,739 bp), considerably larger than its chloroplast genome. As with the mtDNA of C. lentillifera, most of this excess size is from the expansion of intergenic DNA and proliferation of introns. Inflated mitochondrial genomes in the Bryopsidales suggest effective population size, recombination and/or mutation rate, influenced by nuclear-encoded proteins, differ between the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts, reducing the strength of selection to influence evolution of their mitochondrial genomes.

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Campbell, Matthew A., James T. Van Leuven, Russell C. Meister, Kaitlin M. Carey, Chris Simon, and John P. McCutcheon. "Genome expansion via lineage splitting and genome reduction in the cicada endosymbiont Hodgkinia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 33 (May 18, 2015): 10192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1421386112.

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Comparative genomics from mitochondria, plastids, and mutualistic endosymbiotic bacteria has shown that the stable establishment of a bacterium in a host cell results in genome reduction. Although many highly reduced genomes from endosymbiotic bacteria are stable in gene content and genome structure, organelle genomes are sometimes characterized by dramatic structural diversity. Previous results from Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola, an endosymbiont of cicadas, revealed that some lineages of this bacterium had split into two new cytologically distinct yet genetically interdependent species. It was hypothesized that the long life cycle of cicadas in part enabled this unusual lineage-splitting event. Here we test this hypothesis by investigating the structure of the Ca. Hodgkinia genome in one of the longest-lived cicadas, Magicicada tredecim. We show that the Ca. Hodgkinia genome from M. tredecim has fragmented into multiple new chromosomes or genomes, with at least some remaining partitioned into discrete cells. We also show that this lineage-splitting process has resulted in a complex of Ca. Hodgkinia genomes that are 1.1-Mb pairs in length when considered together, an almost 10-fold increase in size from the hypothetical single-genome ancestor. These results parallel some examples of genome fragmentation and expansion in organelles, although the mechanisms that give rise to these extreme genome instabilities are likely different.

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Maudlin, I. "Genome – which genome?" Parasitology Today 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-4758(00)01826-3.

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Maudlin, Ian, and Sue C. Welburn. "Genome – which genome?" Trends in Parasitology 17, no. 1 (January 2001): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1471-4922(00)01826-2.

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Komatsuda, Takao, Ken-ichi Tanno, Björn Salomon, Tomas Bryngelsson, and Roland von Bothmer. "Phylogeny in the genus Hordeum based on nucleotide sequences closely linked to the vrs1 locus (row number of spikelets)." Genome 42, no. 5 (October 1, 1999): 973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-025.

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The phylogenetic relationship between four basic genomes designated H, I, Xa, and Xu in the genus Hordeum was studied using a nuclear DNA sequence. The sequence, cMWG699, is single copy in the H. vulgare genome, and tightly linked to the vrs1 locus which controls two- and six-rowed spikes. DNA fragments homologous to cMWG699 were amplified from diploid Hordeum species and the nucleotide sequences were determined. A phylogeny based on both base substitutions and an insertion-deletion event showed that the H- and Xa-genome groups are positioned in one monophyletic group indicating that the Xa-genome taxa should be included in the H-genome group. The large H-genome group is highly homogeneous. The I and Xu genomes are distinctly separated from H and Xa, and form sister groups. Another phylogeny pattern based on data excluding the insertion-deletion gave a result that the Xa genome forms a sister group to the H-genome group. The difference between the H and Xa genomes was affected only by a single base insertion-deletion event, thus the H and Xa genomes are likely to be closely related. The I and Xu genomes were again distinctly separated from the H and Xa genomes.Key words: genome DNA, molecular markers, restriction maps, barley, Psathyrostachys.

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Refoufi, Aïcha, Joseph Jahier, and Marie-Andrée Esnault. "Genome analysis of Elytrigia pycnantha and Thinopyrum junceiforme and of their putative natural hybrid using the GISH technique." Genome 44, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-049.

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Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), using genomic DNA probes from Thinopyrum elongatum (Host) D.R. Dewey (E genome, 2n = 14), Th. bessarabicum (Savul. & Rayss) A. Löve (J genome, 2n = 14), Pseudoroegneria stipifolia (Czern. ex Nevski) Löve (S genome, 2n = 14), and Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertner (P genome, 2n = 14), was used to characterize the genome constitution of the polyploid species Elytrigia pycnantha (2n = 6x = 42) and Thinopyrum junceiforme (2n = 4x = 28) and of one hybrid population (2n = 5x = 35). GISH results indicated that E. pycnantha contains S, E, and P genomes; the first of these was closely related to the S genome of Ps. stipifolia, the second was closely related to to the E genome of Th. elongatum, and the third was specifically related to A. cristatum. The E and P genomes included 2 and 10 chromosomes, respectively, with S genome DNA sequences in the centromeric region. GISH analysis of Th. junceiforme showed the presence of two sets of the E genome, except for fewer than 10 chromosomes for which the telomeric regions were not identified. Based on these results, the genome formula SSPSPSESES is proposed for E. pycnantha and that of EEEE is proposed for Th. junceiforme. The genomic constitution of the pentaploid hybrid comprised one S genome (seven chromosomes), one P genome (seven chromosomes), and three E genomes (21 chromosomes). The E and P genomes both included mosaic chromosomes (chromosomes 1 and 5, respectively) with the centromere region closely related to S-genome DNA. On the basis of these data, the genome formula SPSESEE is suggested for this hybrid and it is also suggested that the two species E. pycnantha and Th. junceiforme are the parents of the pentaploid hybrid.Key words: GISH, Elytrigia pycnantha, Thinopyrum junceiforme, pentaploid hybrid, P genome.

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Rabinowitz, Peter, Bar Zilberman, Yair Motro, Marilyn C. Roberts, Alex Greninger, Lior Nesher, Shalom Ben-Shimol, et al. "Whole Genome Sequence Analysis of Brucella melitensis Phylogeny and Virulence Factors." Microbiology Research 12, no. 3 (August 24, 2021): 698–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres12030050.

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Brucellosis has a wide range of clinical severity in humans that remains poorly understood. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis may be able to detect variation in virulence genes. We used Brucella melitensis sequences in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database to assemble 248 whole genomes, and additionally, assembled 27 B. melitensis genomes from samples of human patients in Southern Israel. We searched the 275 assembled genomes for the 43 B. melitensis virulence genes in the Virulence Factors of Pathogenic Bacteria Database (VFDB) and 10 other published putative virulence genes. We explored pan-genome variation across the genomes and in a pilot analysis, explored single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation among the ten putative virulence genes. More than 99% of the genomes had sequences for all Brucella melitensis virulence genes included in the VFDB. The 10 other virulence genes of interest were present across all the genomes, but three of these genes had SNP variation associated with particular Brucella melitensis genotypes. SNP variation was also seen within the Israeli genomes obtained from a small geographic region. While the Brucella genome is highly conserved, this novel and large whole genome study of Brucella demonstrates the ability of whole genome and pan-genome analysis to screen multiple genomes and identify SNP variation in both known and novel virulence genes that could be associated with differential disease virulence. Further development of whole genome techniques and linkage with clinical metadata on disease outcomes could shed light on whether such variation in the Brucella genome plays a role in pathogenesis.

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Brandolini, A., P. Vaccino, G. Boggini, H. Özkan, B. Kilian, and F. Salamini. "Quantification of genetic relationships among A genomes of wheats." Genome 49, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-110.

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The genetic relationships of A genomes of Triticum urartu (Au) and Triticum monococcum (Am) in polyploid wheats are explored and quantified by AFLP fingerprinting. Forty-one accessions of A-genome diploid wheats, 3 of AG-genome wheats, 19 of AB-genome wheats, 15 of ABD-genome wheats, and 1 of the D-genome donor Ae. tauschii have been analysed. Based on 7 AFLP primer combinations, 423 bands were identified as potentially A genome specific. The bands were reduced to 239 by eliminating those present in autoradiograms of Ae. tauschii, bands interpreted as common to all wheat genomes. Neighbour-joining analysis separates T. urartu from T. monococcum. Triticum urartu has the closest relationship to polyploid wheats. Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum and T. turgidum subsp. durum lines are included in tightly linked clusters. The hexaploid spelts occupy positions in the phylogenetic tree intermediate between bread wheats and T. turgidum. The AG-genome accessions cluster in a position quite distant from both diploid and other polyploid wheats. The estimates of similarity between A genomes of diploid and polyploid wheats indicate that, compared with Am, Au has around 20% higher similarity to the genomes of polyploid wheats. Triticum timo pheevii AG genome is molecularly equidistant from those of Au and Am wheats.Key words: A genome, Triticum, genetic relationships, AFLP.

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Desai, Aparna, Peng W. Chee, Junkang Rong, O. Lloyd May, and Andrew H. Paterson. "Chromosome structural changes in diploid and tetraploid A genomes of Gossypium." Genome 49, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 336–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-116.

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The genus Gossypium, which comprises a divergent group of diploid species and several recently formed allotetraploids, offers an excellent opportunity to study polyploid genome evolution. In this study, chromosome structural variation among the A, At, and D genomes of Gossypium was evaluated by comparative genetic linkage mapping. We constructed a fully resolved RFLP linkage map for the diploid A genome consisting of 275 loci using an F2 interspecific Gossypium arboreum × Gossypium herbaceum family. The 13 chromosomes of the A genome are represented by 12 large linkage groups in our map, reflecting an expected interchromosomal translocation between G. arboreum and G. herbaceum. The A-genome chromosomes are largely collinear with the D genomes, save for a few small inversions. Although the 2 diploid mapping parents represent the closest living relatives of the allotetraploid At-genome progenitor, 2 translocations and 7 inversions were observed between the A and At genomes. The recombination rates are similar between the 2 diploid genomes; however, the At genome shows a 93% increase in recombination relative to its diploid progenitors. Elevated recombination in the Dt genome was reported previously. These data on the At genome thus indicate that elevated recombination was a general property of allotetraploidy in cotton.Key words: comparative mapping, polyploidy, genome evolution, inversions, translocations, RFLP.

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Talbert, L. E., G. Kimber, G. M. Magyar, and C. B. Buchanan. "Repetitive DNA variation and pivotal–differential evolution of wild wheats." Genome 36, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g93-003.

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Several polyploid species in the genus Triticum contain a U genome derived from the diploid T. umbellulatum. In these species, the U genome is considered to be unmodified from the diploid based on chromosome pairing analysis, and it is referred to as pivotal. The additional genome(s) are considered to be modified, and they are thus referred to as differential genomes. The M genome derived from the diploid T. comosum is found in many U genome polyploids. In this study, we cloned three repetitive DNA sequences found primarily in the U genome and two repetitive DNA sequences found primarily in the M genome. We used these to monitor variation for these sequences in a large set of species containing U and M genomes. Investigation of sympatric and allopatric accessions of polyploid species did not show repetitive DNA similarities among sympatric species. This result does not support the idea that the polyploid species are continually exchanging genetic information through introgression. However, it is also possible that repetitive DNA is not a suitable means of addressing the question of introgression. The U genomes of both diploid and polyploid U genome species were similar regarding hybridization patterns observed with U genome probes. Much more variation was found both among diploid T. comosum accessions and polyploids containing M genomes. The observed variation supports the cytogenetic evidence that the M genome is more variable than the U genome. It also raises the possibility that the differential nature of the M genome may be due to variation within the diploid T. comosum, as well as among polyploid M genome species and accessions.Key words: wheat, molecular, evolution, introgression.

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Saha, Surya, Amanda M. Cooksey, Anna K. Childers, Monica F. Poelchau, and Fiona M. McCarthy. "Workflows for Rapid Functional Annotation of Diverse Arthropod Genomes." Insects 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080748.

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Genome sequencing of a diverse array of arthropod genomes is already underway, and these genomes will be used to study human health, agriculture, biodiversity, and ecology. These new genomes are intended to serve as community resources and provide the foundational information required to apply ‘omics technologies to a more diverse set of species. However, biologists require genome annotation to use these genomes and derive a better understanding of complex biological systems. Genome annotation incorporates two related, but distinct, processes: Demarcating genes and other elements present in genome sequences (structural annotation); and associating a function with genetic elements (functional annotation). While there are well-established and freely available workflows for structural annotation of gene identification in newly assembled genomes, workflows for providing the functional annotation required to support functional genomics studies are less well understood. Genome-scale functional annotation is required for functional modeling (enrichment, networks, etc.). A first-pass genome-wide functional annotation effort can rapidly identify under-represented gene sets for focused community annotation efforts. We present an open-source, open access, and containerized pipeline for genome-scale functional annotation of insect proteomes and apply it to various arthropod species. We show that the performance of the predictions is consistent across a set of arthropod genomes with varying assembly and annotation quality.

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Henry, Robert J. "Progress in Plant Genome Sequencing." Applied Biosciences 1, no. 2 (July 4, 2022): 113–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/applbiosci1020008.

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The genome sequence of any organism is key to understanding the biology and utility of that organism. Plants have diverse, complex and sometimes very large nuclear genomes, mitochondrial genomes and much smaller and more highly conserved chloroplast genomes. Plant genome sequences underpin our understanding of plant biology and serve as a key platform for the genetic selection and improvement of crop plants to achieve food security. The development of technology that can capture large volumes of sequence data at low costs and with high accuracy has driven the acceleration of plant genome sequencing advancements. More recently, the development of long read sequencing technology has been a key advance for supporting the accurate sequencing and assembly of chromosome-level plant genomes. This review explored the progress in the sequencing and assembly of plant genomes and the outcomes of plant genome sequencing to date. The outcomes support the conservation of biodiversity, adaptations to climate change and improvements in the sustainability of agriculture, which support food and nutritional security.

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Camillo, Julceia, André P. Leão, Alexandre A. Alves, Eduardo F. Formighieri, Ana L. s. Azevedo, Juliana D. Nunes, Guy de Capdeville, Jean K. A. de Mattos, and Manoel T. Souza. "Reassessment of the Genome Size in Elaeis guineensis and Elaeis oleifera, and Its Interspecific Hybrid." Genomics Insights 7 (January 2014): GEI.S15522. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/gei.s15522.

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Aiming at generating a comprehensive genomic database on Elaeis spp., our group is leading several R&D initiatives with Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm) and Elaeis oleifera (American oil palm), including the whole-genome sequencing of the last. Genome size estimates currently available for this genus are controversial, as they indicate that American oil palm genome is about half the size of the African oil palm genome and that the genome of the interspecific hybrid is bigger than both the parental species genomes. We estimated the genome size of three E. guineensis genotypes, five E. oleifera genotypes, and two interspecific hybrids genotypes. On average, the genome size of E. guineensis is 4.32 ± 0.173 pg, while that of E. oleifera is 4.43 ± 0.018 pg. This indicates that both genomes are similar in size, even though E. oleifera is in fact bigger. As expected, the hybrid genome size is around the average of the two genomes, 4.40 ± 0.016 pg. Additionally, we demonstrate that both species present around 38% of GC content. As our results contradict the currently available data on Elaeis spp. genome sizes, we propose that the actual genome size of the Elaeis species is around 4 pg and that American oil palm possesses a larger genome than African oil palm.

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Havey, M. J., J. McCreight, W. Rhodes, and G. Taurick. "Inheritance and Evolution of the Cucurbit Organellar Genomes." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 601e—601. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.601e.

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The cucurbits have several-fold size differences in their mitochondrial genomes. Watermelon possesses a relatively small mitochondrial genome of 330 kb. Squash has a larger mitochondrial genome of 840 kb. Cucumber and melon possess huge mitochondrial genomes of 1500 and 2400 kb, respectively. We demonstrated predominately paternal transmission of the mitochondrial genome in cucumber. Squash shows maternal transmission of the chloroplast genome. We generated reciprocal crosses and identified restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes of melon, squash, and watermelon to establish their transmission. Our analyses also revealed that intergenomic transfers contributed to the evolution of extremely large mitochondrial genomes.

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Taylor, D. Leland, A. Malcolm Campbell, and Laurie J. Heyer. "Illuminating the Black Box of Genome Sequence Assembly." American Biology Teacher 75, no. 8 (October 1, 2013): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2013.75.8.9.

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Next-generation sequencing technologies have greatly reduced the cost of sequencing genomes. With the current sequencing technology, a genome is broken into fragments and sequenced, producing millions of “reads.” A computer algorithm pieces these reads together in the genome assembly process. PHAST is a set of online modules (http://gcat.davidson.edu/phast) designed to teach advanced high school and college students the genome assembly process. PHAST allows users to assemble phage genomes in real time and includes tutorials detailing the complexities of genome assembly. With PHAST, students learn concepts behind genome assembly and understand how mathematics solves biological problems such as genome assembly.

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Costa, Sávio Souza, Luís Carlos Guimarães, Artur Silva, Siomar Castro Soares, and Rafael Azevedo Baraúna. "First Steps in the Analysis of Prokaryotic Pan-Genomes." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 14 (January 2020): 117793222093806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177932220938064.

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Pan-genome is defined as the set of orthologous and unique genes of a specific group of organisms. The pan-genome is composed by the core genome, accessory genome, and species- or strain-specific genes. The pan-genome is considered open or closed based on the alpha value of the Heap law. In an open pan-genome, the number of gene families will continuously increase with the addition of new genomes to the analysis, while in a closed pan-genome, the number of gene families will not increase considerably. The first step of a pan-genome analysis is the homogenization of genome annotation. The same software should be used to annotate genomes, such as GeneMark or RAST. Subsequently, several software are used to calculate the pan-genome such as BPGA, GET_HOMOLOGUES, PGAP, among others. This review presents all these initial steps for those who want to perform a pan-genome analysis, explaining key concepts of the area. Furthermore, we present the pan-genomic analysis of 9 bacterial species. These are the species with the highest number of genomes deposited in GenBank. We also show the influence of the identity and coverage parameters on the prediction of orthologous and paralogous genes. Finally, we cite the perspectives of several research areas where pan-genome analysis can be used to answer important issues.

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Avdeyev, Pavel, Nikita Alexeev, Yongwu Rong, and Max A. Alekseyev. "A unified ILP framework for core ancestral genome reconstruction problems." Bioinformatics 36, no. 10 (February 14, 2020): 2993–3003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa100.

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Abstract Motivation One of the key computational problems in comparative genomics is the reconstruction of genomes of ancestral species based on genomes of extant species. Since most dramatic changes in genomic architectures are caused by genome rearrangements, this problem is often posed as minimization of the number of genome rearrangements between extant and ancestral genomes. The basic case of three given genomes is known as the genome median problem. Whole-genome duplications (WGDs) represent yet another type of dramatic evolutionary events and inspire the reconstruction of preduplicated ancestral genomes, referred to as the genome halving problem. Generalization of WGDs to whole-genome multiplication events leads to the genome aliquoting problem. Results In this study, we propose polynomial-size integer linear programming (ILP) formulations for the aforementioned problems. We further obtain such formulations for the restricted and conserved versions of the median and halving problems, which have been recently introduced to improve biological relevance of the solutions. Extensive evaluation of solutions to the different ILP problems demonstrates their good accuracy. Furthermore, since the ILP formulations for the conserved versions have linear size, they provide a novel practical approach to ancestral genome reconstruction, which combines the advantages of homology- and rearrangements-based methods. Availability and implementation Code and data are available in https://github.com/AvdeevPavel/ILP-WGD-reconstructor. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.

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Kim, Sang-Chul, Young-Ho Ha, Beom Kyun Park, Ju Eun Jang, Eun Su Kang, Young-Soo Kim, Tae-Hee Kimspe, and Hyuk-Jin Kim. "Comparative analysis of the complete chloroplast genome of Papaveraceae to identify rearrangements within the Corydalis chloroplast genome." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (September 21, 2023): e0289625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289625.

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Chloroplast genomes are valuable for inferring evolutionary relationships. We report the complete chloroplast genomes of 36 Corydalis spp. and one Fumaria species. We compared these genomes with 22 other taxa and investigated the genome structure, gene content, and evolutionary dynamics of the chloroplast genomes of 58 species, explored the structure, size, repeat sequences, and divergent hotspots of these genomes, conducted phylogenetic analysis, and identified nine types of chloroplast genome structures among Corydalis spp. The ndh gene family suffered inversion and rearrangement or was lost or pseudogenized throughout the chloroplast genomes of various Corydalis species. Analysis of five protein-coding genes revealed simple sequence repeats and repetitive sequences that can be potential molecular markers for species identification. Phylogenetic analysis revealed three subgenera in Corydalis. Subgenera Cremnocapnos and Sophorocapnos represented the Type 2 and 3 genome structures, respectively. Subgenus Corydalis included all types except type 3, suggesting that chloroplast genome structural diversity increased during its differentiation. Despite the explosive diversification of this subgenus, most endemic species collected from the Korean Peninsula shared only one type of genome structure, suggesting recent divergence. These findings will greatly improve our understanding of the chloroplast genome of Corydalis and may help develop effective molecular markers.

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Zhao, Kuan, and Jianping Xu. "Genome-wide comparisons reveal broad variations in intraspecific SNP frequencies among species in Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota." F1000Research 12 (February 20, 2023): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.130615.1.

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Background: Genome sequence analyses can provide crucial information for understanding population history, speciation, and taxonomy. In Class Agaricomycetes where most mushroom-forming fungi belong, most species so far have been defined based on morphological, ecological, and/or molecular features. At present, there is little information on how species defined based on such features reflect their genome sequence diversity. In this study, we investigated genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies between strains within species to understand the patterns of variation. Methods: A total of 112 species in 72 genera of Agaricomycetes contained the nuclear and/or mitochondrial genome sequences from at least two strains each in public databases. Together, we obtained 398 and 106 available nuclear and mitochondrial genomes respectively from these taxa. Pairwise strain comparisons of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes within individual species were conducted to obtain their SNP frequencies. Results: The SNP frequencies between nuclear genomes within individual species ranged 0–7.69% while for the mitochondrial genome, the pairwise strain SNP frequencies ranged 0–4.41%. The Spearman’s non-parametric rank correlation test showed a weak but statistically significant positive correlation between the paired nuclear and mitochondrial genome SNP frequencies. Overall, we observed a significantly higher SNP frequency in the nuclear genome than in the mitochondrial genomes between strains within most species. Interestingly, across the broad Basidiomycetes, the ratios of mitochondrial genome SNPs and nuclear genome SNPs between pairs of strains within each species were almost all lower than 1, with a mean of 0.24. Conclusions: Our analyses revealed broad variations among species in their intraspecific SNP frequencies in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. However, there was broad consensus among the examined species in their mitochondrial to nuclear genome SNP ratios, suggesting that such a ratio could potentially serve as an indicator for genome sequence-based species identification.

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Vinogradov, Alexander E. "Larger genomes for molluskan land pioneers." Genome 43, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 211–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g99-063.

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The terrestrial pulmonate mollusks were found to have the significantly larger genomes than the aquatic pulmonates. Being shown in the independent phylogenetic branch, this phenomenon suggests that the previously observed genome enlargement in the vertebrate land pioneers (amphibians and lungfishes) was not casual. As in the vertebrates, the larger molluskan genomes are also more GC-rich. Key words: genome size, genome evolution, cytoecology, noncoding DNA, genome base composition, flow cytometry.

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Chee, P. W., L. E. Talbert, and M. Lavin. "Molecular analysis of evolutionary patterns in U genome wild wheats." Genome 38, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g95-036.

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The theory of pivotal–differential evolution states that one genome of polyploid wheats remains stable (i.e., pivotal) during evolution, while the other genome or genomes may become modified (i.e., differential). A proposed mechanism for apparent modification of the differential genome is that different polyploid species with only one genome in common may exchange genetic material. In this study, we analyzed a set of sympatric and allopatric accessions of tetraploid wheats with the genomic constitutions UM and UC. The U genome of these species is from Triticum umbellulatum and is considered to be the pivotal genome. The M and C genomes, from T. comosum and T. dichasians, respectively, are considered to be the differential genomes. Low copy DNA was analyzed using "sequence tagged site" primer sets in the polymerase chain reaction, followed by digestion with restriction enzymes. Genetic similarity matrices based on shared restriction fragments showed that sympatric accessions of different U genome tetraploid species did not tend to share more restriction fragments than did allopatric accessions. Thus, no evidence for introgression was found. Analysis of the diploid progenitor species showed that the U genome was less variable than the M and C genomes. Additionally, comparison of diploid and polyploid species using genome-specific primer sets suggests a possible polyphyletic origin for T. triunciale and T. machrochaetum. Thus, our results suggest that the differential nature of the M and C genomes may be the result of variability introduced by the diploid progenitors and not the result of frequent introgression events after formation of the polyploid.Key words: wild wheat, evolution, introgression, PCR.

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McCarthy and Fitzpatrick. "Pangloss: A Tool for Pan-Genome Analysis of Microbial Eukaryotes." Genes 10, no. 7 (July 10, 2019): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10070521.

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Although the pan-genome concept originated in prokaryote genomics, an increasing number of eukaryote species pan-genomes have also been analysed. However, there is a relative lack of software intended for eukaryote pan-genome analysis compared to that available for prokaryotes. In a previous study, we analysed the pan-genomes of four model fungi with a computational pipeline that constructed pan-genomes using the synteny-dependent Pan-genome Ortholog Clustering Tool (PanOCT) approach. Here, we present a modified and improved version of that pipeline which we have called Pangloss. Pangloss can perform gene prediction for a set of genomes from a given species that the user provides, constructs and optionally refines a species pan-genome from that set using PanOCT, and can perform various functional characterisation and visualisation analyses of species pan-genome data. To demonstrate Pangloss’s capabilities, we constructed and analysed a species pan-genome for the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica and also reconstructed a previously-published species pan-genome for the opportunistic respiratory pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Pangloss is implemented in Python, Perl and R and is freely available under an open source GPLv3 licence via GitHub.

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Marshall, E. "GENOMES: Rat Genome Spurs an Unusual Partnership." Science 291, no. 5510 (March 9, 2001): 1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5510.1872.

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Pennisi, E. "GENOME SEQUENCING: Microbial Genomes Come Tumbling In." Science 277, no. 5331 (September 5, 1997): 1433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.277.5331.1433.

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Rubin, G. M. "Around the genomes: the Drosophila genome project." Genome Research 6, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/gr.6.2.71.

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Ussery, David W., Peter F. Hallin, Karin Lagesen, and Tom Coenye. "Genome Update: rRNAs in sequenced microbial genomes." Microbiology 150, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 1113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27173-0.

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Ussery, David W., Peter F. Hallin, Karin Lagesen, and Trudy M. Wassenaar. "Genome Update: tRNAs in sequenced microbial genomes." Microbiology 150, no. 6 (June 1, 2004): 1603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27260-0.

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Ussery, David W., Tim T. Binnewies, Rodrigo Gouveia-Oliveira, Hanne Jarmer, and Peter F. Hallin. "Genome Update: DNA repeats in bacterial genomes." Microbiology 150, no. 11 (November 1, 2004): 3519–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27628-0.

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Willenbrock, Hanni, Tim T. Binnewies, Peter F. Hallin, and David W. Ussery. "Genome Update: 2D clustering of bacterial genomes." Microbiology 151, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27811-0.

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Ashburner, Michael, and Nancy Maizels. "Genomes and evolution Post-genome, pre-chromosome." Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 7, no. 6 (December 1997): 747–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0959-437x(97)80035-4.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Genome'

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