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Academic literature on the topic 'Geo-reasoning'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Geo-reasoning"

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Negara, Habibi Ratu Perwira, Wahyudin, Elah Nurlaelah, and Tatang Herman. "Improving Students’ Mathematical Reasoning Abilities Through Social Cognitive Learning Using GeoGebra." International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET) 17, no. 18 (2022): 118–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i18.32151.

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Abstract— There have been many studies on technology-supported learning based on cognitive theory in the literature. However, little is known about GeoGebra-assisted social cognitive learning in supporting students' reasoning abilities for online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to examine and analyze the differences in the improvement of students' mathematical reasoning abilities who follow GeoGebra-assisted social cognitive learning (Geo-SCL) and GeoGebra-assisted problem-based learning (Geo-PBL). This study used a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental nonequivalent pre-test post-test control-group design. The sample consisted of 70 students from XI SMA Negeri 8 in Bandung, Indonesia. Before and after therapy, research data were collected using a mathematical reasoning test consisting of 5 essay questions. Paired sample t-test analysis and independent t-test were used to answer the research hypothesis. The results of the study concluded that students who studied with Geo-SCL obtained a higher increase in mathematical reasoning abilities than students who studied with Geo-PBL, with the criteria for improving abilities in both classes being in the moderate category. Research findings related to the application of Geo-SCL can be an alternative learning model in online learning situations.

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Ganapathy, Jayanthi, and Uma V. "Reasoning Temporally Attributed Spatial Entity Knowledge Towards Qualitative Inference of Geographic Process." International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies 15, no. 2 (2019): 32–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijiit.2019040103.

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Knowledge discovery with geo-spatial information processing is of prime importance in geomorphology. The temporal characteristics of evolving geographic features result in geo-spatial events that occur at a specific geographic location. Those events when consecutively occur result in a geo-spatial process that causes a phenomenal change over the period of time. Event and process are essential constituents in geo-spatial dynamism. The geo-spatial data acquired by remote sensing technology is the source of input for knowledge discovery of geographic features. This article performs qualitative inference of geographic process by identifying events causing geo-spatial deformation over time. The evolving geographic features and their types have association with spatial and temporal factors. Event calculus-based spatial knowledge formalism allows reasoning over intervals of time. Hence, representation of Event Attributed Spatial Entity (EASE) Knowledge is proposed. Logical event-based queries are evaluated on the formal representation of EASE Knowledge Base. Event-based queries are executed on the proposed knowledge base and when experimented on, real data sets yielded comprehensive results. Further, the significance of EASE-based spatio-temporal reasoning is proved by evaluating with respect to query processing time and accuracy. The enhancement of EASE with a direction for further development to explore its significance towards prediction is discussed towards the end.

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Santos, Maribel Yasmina, and Luı́s Alfredo Amaral. "Mining geo-referenced data with qualitative spatial reasoning strategies." Computers & Graphics 28, no. 3 (2004): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2004.03.003.

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Al Walid, Kholid, Mohsen Miri, Syamsul Rijal, Cipta Bakti Gama, and Nurul Ain Norman. "Irfānī Epistemology and Indonesian Islam from Jabiri’s Fragmentation to Neo-Sadra’s Integration: An Islamic Philosophical Approach." Ulumuna 28, no. 2 (2025): 738–68. https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v28i2.912.

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This research departs from the conflict between Jabiri's fragmented geo-epistemology and his antipathy towards ‘irfānī epistemology, vis a vis the character and style of Indonesian Islamic reasoning. The strong influence of Jabiri's thoughts in this country makes it important to answer the question of the development of the discourse on the criticism of Arab Islamic reasoning, how Indonesian figures absorb his thoughts, and how to develop them in the future. Using the qualitative method and an Islamic philosophical approach, this research comes to the following conclusions: first, Jabiri's fragmented geo-epistemology is not consistent with its initial holistic vision, is stuck in a selective attitude, fails to appreciate Eastern Islamic culture, and rests on assumptions of rationality that lack depth. Second, Jabiri's influence in Indonesian Islamic discourse has not made local figures adhere to a fragmented epistemology, nor have they become antipathetic towards ‘irfānī reasoning. Third, the development of integrative epistemology and 'irfānī epistemology in Indonesian Islamic reasoning can be enriched with a foothold on Neo-Sadra philosophical models. All data in this study were collected using library research methods.

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DerGhougassian, Khatchik. "Genocide and Identity (Geo)Politics: Bridging State Reasoning and Diaspora Activism." Genocide Studies International 8, no. 2 (2014): 193–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/gsi.8.2.05.

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Dashdorj, Zolzaya, Stanislav Sobolevsky, SangKeun Lee, and Carlo Ratti. "Deriving human activity from geo-located data by ontological and statistical reasoning." Knowledge-Based Systems 143 (March 2018): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2017.11.038.

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Sperandio, Thais Maria, and Jerusa Vilhena de Moraes. "As contribuições de John Dewey e Willian Kilpatrick para o desenvolvimento da alfabetização científica e do raciocínio geográfico na Geografia escolar." Revista Brasileira de Educação em Geografia 15, no. 25 (2025): 05–24. https://doi.org/10.46789/edugeo.v15i25.1530.

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Este artigo analisa e discute algumas das principais contribuições de John Dewey e William H. Kilpatrick para o ensino e aprendizagem da Geografia, com ênfase no desenvolvimento da alfabetização científica e do raciocínio geográfico por meio das metodologias ativas de aprendizagem. A pesquisa, baseada em uma revisão narrativa da literatura, está organizada em duas categorias principais: 1- as obras fundamentais de John Dewey (Experiência e Educação e Como Pensamos) e William H. Kilpatrick (The Project Method e Educação para uma Civilização em Mudança), 2- estudos sobre metodologias ativas no ensino de Geografia, com ênfase na Aprendizagem Baseada na Resolução de Problemas (ABRP) e Geo-Inquiry, selecionados em bases de dados como o Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) e na plataforma de periódico da CAPES, acesso via CAFe. Os estudos analisados indicam que metodologias focadas em estratégias investigativas, como a ABRP e Geo-Inquiry, contribuem para a promoção da alfabetização científica e do raciocínio geográfico. Palavras-chave Aprendizagem Baseada na Resolução de Problemas; Alfabetização científica; Ensino de Geografia; Metodologias ativas; Geo-Inquiry. The contributions of John Dewey and Willian Kilpatrick to the development of scientific literacy and geographical reasoning in school Geography Abstract This article analyzes and discusses some of the main contributions of John Dewey and William H. Kilpatrick to the teaching and learning of Geography, with an emphasis on the development of scientific literacy and geographic reasoning through active learning methodologies. The research, based on a narrative review of the literature, is organized into two main categories: 1- the fundamental works of John Dewey (Experience and Education and How We Think) and William H. Kilpatrick (The Project Method and Education for a Changing Civilization), 2- studies on active methodologies in the teaching of Geography, with an emphasis on Problem-Based Learning (ABRP) and Geo-Inquiry, selected from databases such as the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) and the CAPES journal platform, accessed via CAFe. The studies analyzed indicate that methodologies focused on investigative strategies, such as ABRP and Geo-Inquiry, can contribute to the promotion of scientific literacy and geographic reasoning. Keywords Problem Based Learning; Geography teaching; Scientific literacy; Active methodologies; Geo-Inquiry. Las contribuciones de John Dewey y Willian Kilpatrick al desarrollo de la alfabetización científica y el razonamiento geográfico en la Geografía escolar Resumen Este artículo analiza y discute algunas de las principales contribuciones de John Dewey y William H. Kilpatrick a la enseñanza y aprendizaje de la Geografía, con énfasis en el desarrollo de la alfabetización científica y el razonamiento geográfico a través de metodologías de aprendizaje activo. La investigación, basada en una revisión narrativa de la literatura, se organiza en dos categorías principales: 1- las obras fundamentales de John Dewey (Experiencia y Educación y Cómo Pensamos) y William H. Kilpatrick (El Método de Proyectos y Educación para una Civilización Cambiante), 2- estudios sobre metodologías activas en la enseñanza de la Geografía, con énfasis en el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABRP) y el Geo-Inquiry, seleccionados de bases de datos como el Centro de Información de Recursos Educativos (ERIC) y la plataforma de revistas CAPES, a las que se accede vía CAFe. Los estudios analizados indican que las metodologías centradas en estrategias investigativas, como ABRP y Geo-Inquiry, pueden contribuir a la promoción de la alfabetización científica y el razonamiento geográfico. Palabras clave Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas; Alfabetización científica; Enseñanza de la Geografía; Metodologías activas; Geo-Inquiry.

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Bauman, Tal, Tzuf Paz-Argaman, Itai Mondshine, Reut Tsarfaty, Itzhak Omer, and Sagi Dalyot. "Textual geolocation in Hebrew: mapping challenges via natural place description analysis." Journal of Spatial Information Science, no. 28 (June 27, 2024): 103–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5311/josis.2024.28.323.

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Describing where a place is situated is an innate communication skill that relies on spatial cognition, spatial reasoning, and linguistic systems. Accordingly, textual geolocation, a task for retrieving the coordinates of a place from linguistic descriptions, requires computerized spatial inference and natural language understanding. Yet, machine-based textual geolocation is currently limited, mainly due to the lack of rich geo-textual datasets necessitated to train natural language models that, in-turn, cannot adequately interpret the language-based expressions. These limitations are intensified in morphologically rich and resource-poor languages, such as Hebrew. This study aims to analyze and understand the linguistic systems used for place descriptions in Hebrew, later to be used to train machine learning natural language models. A novel crowdsourced geo-textual dataset is developed, composed of 5,695 written place descriptions provided by 1,554 native Hebrew speakers. All place descriptions rely on memory only, which increases spatial vagueness and requires referring expression resolution. Qualitative linguistic analysis of place descriptions shows that geospatial reasoning is greatly used in Hebrew, while empirical analysis with textual geolocation engines indicates that literal descriptions pose challenges for existing methods, as they require real understanding of space and geospatial references and cannot simply be geolocated by matching gazetteer with textual geo-entity extractions. The findings offer improved understanding of the challenges entailed in natural language processing of Hebrew geolocation, contributing to formalizing computerized systems used in future machine learning models for complex geographic information retrieval tasks.

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Benning, Jennifer D., Laura Bonenberger, Kevin A. Hickey, and Carey Steward. "Math by the Month: Olé for Math." Teaching Children Mathematics 6, no. 9 (2000): 560–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/tcm.6.9.0560.

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The “Math by the Month” activities are designed to appeal directly to students. Students may work on the activities individually or in small groups. No solutions are suggested so that students will look to themselves as the mathematical authority, thereby developing the confidence to validate their work. This month's collection uses Spain and Spanish culture as a setting for activities that involve graphing, estimation, logical reasoning, geo-metry, measurement, and computation.

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Hamed, Naeima, Omer Rana, Pablo Orozco-terWengel, Benoît Goossens, and Charith Perera. "PoachNet: Predicting Poaching Using an Ontology-Based Knowledge Graph." Sensors 24, no. 24 (2024): 8142. https://doi.org/10.3390/s24248142.

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Poaching poses a significant threat to wildlife and their habitats, necessitating advanced tools for its prediction and prevention. Existing tools for poaching prediction face challenges such as inconsistent poaching data, spatiotemporal complexity, and translating predictions into actionable insights for conservation efforts. This paper presents PoachNet, a novel predictive system that integrates deep learning with Semantic Web reasoning to infer poaching likelihood. Using elephant GPS data extracted from an ontology-based knowledge graph, PoachNet employs a sequential neural network to predict future movements, which are semantically modelled and incorporated into the graph. Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL) is applied to infer poaching risk based on these geo-location predictions and poaching rule-based logic. By addressing spatiotemporal complexity and integrating predictions into an actionable semantic rule, PoachNet advances the field, with its geo-location prediction model outperforming state-of-the-art approaches.

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Books on the topic "Geo-reasoning"

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Luoma-aho, Mika. Concept(ions) of the (geo)political: Critical decontextualisation of Carl Schmitt's geopolitical reasoning. University of Lapland, Faculty of Social Sciences, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Geo-reasoning"

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Bleiweiss, Avi. "Reasoning Geo-Spatial Neutral Similarity from Seismic Data Using Mixture and State Clustering Models." In Communications in Computer and Information Science. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29589-3_1.

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Janowicz, Krzysztof, Simon Scheider, and Benjamin Adams. "A Geo-semantics Flyby." In Reasoning Web. Semantic Technologies for Intelligent Data Access. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-39784-4_6.

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Zou Liangchao, Wang Shimei, and Huang Haifeng. "Research on Reasoning Mechanism of Emergency Rescue Decision Support System of Geo-Hazards under the Conditions of Extreme Snow and Ice Disasters." In Information Technology in Geo-Engineering. IOS Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-617-1-126.

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A quick and effective emergency rescue of geo-hazards under the conditions of extreme snow and ice disasters relies heavily on information technology tools, particularly decision support system; as the core content of decision support system, reasoning mechanism is significant because it directly determined the decision efficiency of the system and the accuracy of decision results. According to the characteristics of decision of geo-hazards emergency rescue, a rule-based (RBR) and case-based (CBR) hybrid reasoning mechanism is introduced into the emergency rescue decision support system of geo-hazards under the conditions of extreme snow and ice disasters (ERDSS-GHESID). The reasoning mechanism of ERDSS-GHESID is designed by the object-oriented programming method. It is showed that RBR and CBR hybrid reasoning mechanism can better simulate the inference procedure of human experts in the process of emergency rescue decision of geo-hazards under the conditions of extreme snow and ice disasters, showing a high practical value in the ERDSS-GHESID.

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Santos, Maribel Yasmina, and Luís Alfredo Amaral. "Mining Geo-Referenced Databases." In Data Warehousing and Mining. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-951-9.ch053.

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Knowledge discovery in databases is a process that aims at the discovery of associations within data sets. The analysis of geo-referenced data demands a particular approach in this process. This chapter presents a new approach to the process of knowledge discovery, in which qualitative geographic identifiers give the positional aspects of geographic data. Those identifiers are manipulated using qualitative reasoning principles, which allows for the inference of new spatial relations required for the data mining step of the knowledge discovery process. The efficacy and usefulness of the implemented system — Padrão — has been tested with a bank dataset. The results support that traditional knowledge discovery systems, developed for relational databases and not having semantic knowledge linked to spatial data, can be used in the process of knowledge discovery in geo-referenced databases, since some of this semantic knowledge and the principles of qualitative spatial reasoning are available as spatial domain knowledge.

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Toll D.G. "International data standards for geotechnical engineering." In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering. IOS Press, 2009. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-60750-031-5-2690.

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The World Wide Web has revolutionised data access for all aspects of our daily lives. However, to allow full use of geo-engineering data from the web, as part of our professional activities, it is necessary for the data to be available in a structured and standardised form. This will allow the World Wide Web to become an international repository for geotechnical information, available to the whole community. A further advantage of developing data standards is to allow transfer of data between computer systems providing a data exchange format between different organisations or an interchange format for linking different software packages. The development of data standards for geo-engineering is now an important activity for the three international societies (ISSMGE, IAEG and ISRM) through Joint Technical Committee, JTC2 (http://www.dur.ac.uk/geo-engineering/jtc). JTC2's role is to oversee the development of internationally agreed forms of representation of geo-engineering data. The paper discusses standardised XML schemes that are in development for geo-engineering and presents examples for borehole records and slopes. The DIGGS data format (Data Interchange for Geotechnical and Geo-environmental Specialists) is discussed and comparisons are drawn with data standards in the geosciences (eg GeoSciML). The paper also considers how web-based data could be used, such as the use of a case-based reasoning system for slope design using a global database of slope case histories.

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La Riccia, Luigi, Antonio Cittadino, Francesco Fiermonte, Gabriele Garnero, Paola Guerreschi, and Franco Vico. "The Walkability of the Cities." In Spatial Planning in the Big Data Revolution. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7927-4.ch005.

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The issue of city walkability is nowadays a theme in evidence. The chapter proposes a two-level reasoning. At the city level, the goal is to recognize the parts where actions aimed at improving walkability can be more effective. The second level is more detailed: lacking pedestrian paths' specific graphs, the urban space is modeled through a raster with 1x1 m. cells. Considering a series of criteria, an impedance has been assigned to each cell (i.e., the cost of travelling the cell on foot). This approach is applied to the city of Torino (Italy), but it is largely generalizable. To calculate this impedance, inter alia, the Torino geo-topographic database was used. The elaborations described in this chapter are seen as an aid to stakeholders to reason on city walkability and to compare different points of view in an explicit and articulated way.

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La Riccia, Luigi, Antonio Cittadino, Francesco Fiermonte, Gabriele Garnero, Paola Guerreschi, and Franco Vico. "The Walkability of the Cities." In Research Anthology on Digital Transformation, Organizational Change, and the Impact of Remote Work. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7297-9.ch017.

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The issue of city walkability is nowadays a theme in evidence. The chapter proposes a two-level reasoning. At the city level, the goal is to recognize the parts where actions aimed at improving walkability can be more effective. The second level is more detailed: lacking pedestrian paths' specific graphs, the urban space is modeled through a raster with 1x1 m. cells. Considering a series of criteria, an impedance has been assigned to each cell (i.e., the cost of travelling the cell on foot). This approach is applied to the city of Torino (Italy), but it is largely generalizable. To calculate this impedance, inter alia, the Torino geo-topographic database was used. The elaborations described in this chapter are seen as an aid to stakeholders to reason on city walkability and to compare different points of view in an explicit and articulated way.

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Kelmelis, John A. "Process Dynamics, Temporal Extent, and Causal Propagation as the Basis for Linking Space and Time." In Spatial And Temporal Reasoning In Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195103427.003.0007.

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Abstract Users of geographic information systems (GISs) have become more sophisticated and are placing greater demands on GISs to understand dynamic geo graphic phenomena. Therefore, it is increasingly important to incorporate the variables necessary to model processes into geographic data and information. In addition, GIS analytical capabilities must be strengthened to facilitate the re quirements of process modeling. The operations and functions of the system must be sufficiently robust to analyze dynamic phenomena. There must be operations and functions that are effective in spatial and temporal dimensions.

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Chrisman, Nicholas R. "Beyond the Snapshot: Changing the Approach to Change, Error, and Process." In Spatial And Temporal Reasoning In Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195103427.003.0006.

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Abstract Perhaps one of the most classic applications of geographic information processing can be characterized as change detection. Some applications linked to “grand challenges” of science include documentation of destruction of rain forests, expansion of deserts, loss of wetlands, and other issues of critical concern. The geo graphic analysis may be mobilized inside some theoretical construct of earth sys tem science or some thoroughly applied issue of public policy. And, yet, change detection is not simply an issue of scientific infrastructure to be accepted without question. The assumptions involved in detecting change deserve reexamination.

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Smyth, C. Stephen. "A Representational Framework for Geographic Modeling." In Spatial And Temporal Reasoning In Geographic Information Systems. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195103427.003.0014.

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Abstract Geographic modeling is the representation of complete spatio-temporal environments in geographic space and time. A geographic model is a realistic abstraction of all or part of the physical world or some part of the built or altered environment that can be manipulated to analyze the past, define the present, and to con sider possibilities of the future. All geographic models contain or relate to the same entity: the planet Earth as conceived of by the human mind. As a consequence, there are many similarities between models. A theory of geographic modeling must clearly define these common structures, while providing for the specialized needs of individual geo graphic modeling applications.

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Conference papers on the topic "Geo-reasoning"

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Shengyuan, Yan, and Zhong Xiuqin. "Geo-Qwen: A Geometry Problem-Solving Method Based on Generative Large Language Models and Heuristic Reasoning." In 2024 21st International Computer Conference on Wavelet Active Media Technology and Information Processing (ICCWAMTIP). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccwamtip64812.2024.10873683.

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Winkels, Radboud, Rinke Hoekstra, and Erik Hupkes. "Normative reasoning with geo information." In the 1st International Conference and Exhibition. ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1823854.1823874.

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Wang, Yandong, Jingjing Dai, Jizhen Sheng, Kai Zhou, and Jianya Gong. "Geo-ontology design and its logic reasoning." In Geoinformatics 2007, edited by Jingming Chen and Yingxia Pu. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.761349.

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Yin, Da, Liunian Harold Li, Ziniu Hu, Nanyun Peng, and Kai-Wei Chang. "Broaden the Vision: Geo-Diverse Visual Commonsense Reasoning." In Proceedings of the 2021 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing. Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.emnlp-main.162.

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Lemmens, R., and H. Arenas. "Semantic matchmaking in geo service chains: reasoning with a location ontology." In Proceedings. 15th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2004. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dexa.2004.1333573.

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Wang, Ping, Fang Huang, and Xiangnan Liu. "Visualizing the uncertainty of geo-information from Landsat ETM+ imagery by fuzzy reasoning." In Geoinformatics 2007, edited by Weimin Ju and Shuhe Zhao. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.760446.

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Huang, Yongqi, Gaoyan Deng, Zhui Zhao, and Xiaochun Wu. "Spatio-temporal reasoning and query of agricultural geographic information based on geo-ontology and SWRL." In 2010 18th International Conference on Geoinformatics. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/geoinformatics.2010.5567877.

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Scott, Nicholas V. "A Theoretical Formulism for Evidential Reasoning and Logic Based Bias Reduction in Geo-Intelligence Processing." In 4th International Conference on Statistics: Theory and Applications (ICSTA'22). Avestia Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icsta22.117.

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Huang, Yongqi, and Gaoyan Deng. "Research on Representation of Geographic Spatio-temporal Information and Spatio-temporal Reasoning Rules Based on Geo-ontology and SWRL." In 2009 International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology, ESIAT. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esiat.2009.181.

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Vasconcelos, Clara, and Tiago Ribeiro. "WHAT ABOUT “THE” SCIENTIFIC METHOD? A SURVEY APPLIED TO MIDDLE AND SECONDARY GEOSCIENCE TEACHERS." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2022v1end106.

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"The debate over whether there is a single unifying scientific method or a variety of methods, each of which is applied to a different discipline of science, is still a difficult one. Popper idea of refutation was a criticism to the inductive method and claimed the need to submit theories to falsification. His thesis ended up being a demarcation of science and pseudoscience. But the question remains: do all sciences follow the same scientific method? Namely because discoveries in geology have to overcome time and space enormous scales, geologist have been called by Lord Kelvin as “stamp collectors”. Having started as a field science, and even having been denied by Hutton as an experimental science, modelling in geology only took place at the end of the 19th century by the hand of Sir James Hall. The need to mirror scientists’ methods is a demand of inquiry-based teaching, but few geology teachers have correct knowledge about the method used by geologists. In the present study, a survey was undertaken online with the main objective of investigating what is teachers’ knowledge about the (geo)scientific method. Participants were 108 geology middle and secondary teachers in Portugal. The majority of respondents were women (n=79; 73.1%) and the average age was 46 years old. All participants were graduated, but 51 (47.2%) had a master and 5 (4.6%) had a Ph.D. The results showed erroneous conceptions that are commonly reflected in inquiry-based teaching classrooms, namely regarding the scientific method but also about investigative competencies and geology as an experimental science. The majority of the teachers’ said that there only exists one scientific method for all sciences (n=49; 45.4%) and that it has a fundamentally linear nature from observation to conclusion (n=54; 50.0%). The scientific method was claimed as needed to allow the confirmation of hypothesis by many teachers (n=44; 40.7%). Some participants referred Uniformitarianism as a principle that justifies the historical and interpretive reasoning of geologist (n=48; 44.4%), but not so many referred the analogic reasoning (n=28; 25.9%). Teachers also referred to critical and systemic thinking as scientific competencies (n=72; 66.7%) and gave less importance to others like observation and argumentation (n=27; 25.0%). Results analysis corroborate that an inquiry-base teaching methodology requires history of geology and an epistemological reflection to be integrated in teachers’ initial training and professional development. The epistemology behind geology classes has to be taught to eradicate alternative conception about the scientific method."

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