Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Géochimie des magmas'
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Cartannaz, Charles. "Magmatismes et déformations polyphasés : exemple des massifs de Guéret et de millevaches (massif central français) : origine des magmas et contexte de mise en place." Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2055.
Full textThe Guéret Massif, located in the north western part of the French Massif Central, exhibits a magmatic complex characterised by several distinct granitoid massifs emplaced between 360 and 330 Ma. The genesis of the earliest flat bodies can be explained by the bulk collapse of the Variscan chain responsible for lithospheric mantle melting which enhanced calc-alkaline magmatism. With a delay of 10 to 20 Ma, this magmatism heat supply triggered a melting of the lower crust responsible for the peraluminous granitoid of the Guéret magmatic complex. At 375 Ma, the inception of this extensional tectonic setting is recorded by the emplacement of cordierite-bearing anatexites (aubussonites) which act as a magmatic melt. The extensional setting is related to a Famenno-Tournaisian dextral shear in the Variscan belt. Displacement along the dextral N110/120 high strain zones is achieved before 355 Ma when the undeformed plutons intruded the Guéret magmatic complex. After 355 Ma, peraluminous intrusions recorded a N-S shortening and major horizontal dextral displacements occurred along N150/160 faults which crosscut the previous N110/120 trending faults. The syn-tectonic intrusions in the Marche and the Millevaches Massif recorded a coaxial deformation along the N110/120 faults. The sinistral sense of shear of the N20 Sillon Houiller is broadly coeval with the dextral sense of shear of the N150/160 Creuse Fault System. Finally, a syn-convergent extension related to the partitioning of the deformation accounts for the synchronous normal and wrench strain regime recorded by synkinematic magmatic intrusions emplaced from 340 Ma to 335 Ma
Valer, Marina. "Origine et évolution des magmas de l'île de la Réunion : apports de la pétro-géochimie et des inclusions magmatiques." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22775/document.
Full textDespite the isotopic homogeneity of the La Réunion lavas, a petrographic and chemical diversity is observed in the products of the two main volcanoes of the island, le Piton des Neiges and le Piton de la Fournaise. Although the majority of the lavas are transitional basalts which are mainly controlled by olivine fractionation and/or accumulation, some relatively old lavas show petrological and geochemical characteristics that reflect various and relatively complex magmatic conditions, as well as storage and plumbing systems. This is for instance the case of the Plagioclase Ultraphyric-Basalts, basalts from the eccentric ‘adventive’ cones and from the Hudson crater (1998 eruption), on which this works deals with. The petro-geochemical study of the lavas is coupled with the investigation of naturally vitreous or experimentally quenched mineral-hosted melt inclusions, in order to characterize the origin of the magmas and their evolution processes in an oceanic hotspot context. The incompatible trace element ratios of the melt inclusions trapped within early-formed olivine crystals (Fo > 85) from the adventive cones are used to identify the nature of the La Réunion mantle plume source. The results suggest that magmas of the adventive cones originate from chemical source comparable to that of all the La Réunion lavas. This source is intermediate between a primitive-like mantle domain and a depleted one, almost unaffected by recycling processes. Small degrees of melting of this source can explain the enriched trace element concentrations of the melt inclusions. Plagioclase-bearing ultraphyric basalts, which can have up to 35 % millimetre-sized plagioclase crystals, were erupted during some stages of building of the two volcanoes. The compositions of the melt inclusions hosted in the plagioclase macrocrystals (An 84.2-71.7 ) and textural observations of the crystals highlight their inherited character. The parental melts of the crystals mainly evolve by clinopyroxene and plagioclase crystallization. Density contrasts between the phases allow plagioclase segregation by flotation and their accumulation at the top of the chamber. The Plagioclase Ultraphyric-Basalts are derived from the remobilization of this plagioclase-rich accumulation zones, upon input of a new batch of magma. The specific eruption periods of these basalts would correspond to decreases in the magma supply, which promoted plagioclase crystallization. Lava textures of the adventive cones and Hudson crater and their olivine-hosted melt inclusions reflect a complex history of the crystals, and the role of recycling processes in the magma feeding system of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano. The olivine crystals are clearly more magnesian (Fo > 85) than those found in the historical lava ones. The chemical compositions of the lavas show that they correspond for the most part to slightly alkaline basalts, called “Mid-Alkaline Basalts”, which are depleted in CaO and enriched in compatible and incompatible elements. Isotopic and trace element compositions suggest that they have a common origin with the historical lavas, but partial melting degrees are lower for the “Mid-Alkaline Basalts”. Clinopyroxene and plagioclase deep fractionation would explain their formation. All the results suggest that the ascent of deep-seated magma clearly could bypass the central volcanic system
Barrat, Jean-Alix. "Genèse des magmas associés à l'ouverture d'un domaine océanique : Géochimie des laves du Nord-Est de l'Afrique (Mer Rouge-Afar) et d'Arabie." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00594559.
Full textBarrat, Jean-Alix. "Génèse des magmas associés à l'ouverture d'un domaine océanique : géochimie des laves du Nord-Est de l'Afar (Mer Rouge-Afar) et d'Arabie." Rennes 1, 1991. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00594559.
Full textNicolle, Marie. "Mise en place et chimie des magmas dans le manteau supérieur de l'ophiolite d'Oman." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0025/document.
Full textThe Oman ophiolite offers the possibility to study mantle rocks which are inaccessible at mid-ocean ridges. The presence of five on-axis diapirs and an off-axis diapir allows comparison of magmatic processes occurring in these different settings. The Moho Transition Zone is dominated by dunite in both cases, but off-axis includes massive pyroxenites instead of layered gabbro. The off-axis diapir is surrounded by gabbroic intrusions in the crust and mantle, which are not found elsewhere in the ophiolite. While the on-axis samples have εNd values similar to those of MORB, all of the off-axis rocks have less radiogenic Nd suggesting a larger contribution from melting of pyroxenite veins in the off-axis source. The abundance of clinopyroxene in the off-axis MTZ results from the reaction between the pyroxenite-derived melts and the depleted harzburgite of the lithosphere, which explains the highly depleted incompatible trace element compositions of the clinopyroxenes. The presence of water from the hydrated lithosphere favors the crystallization of clinopyroxene instead of plagioclase, which should normally appear at this depth in the MTZ, as is the case on-axis. The gabbroic intrusions in the mantle and crust surrounding the off-axis diapir crystallized from the residual magma produced by the interaction between the pyroxenite-derived melts and the harzburgite. The off-axis diapir could be viewed as an analog to seamounts currently found near fast-spreading ridges, and could provide information on their internal structure. More generally, this study provides compelling evidence for the existence of pyroxenite veins in the asthenospheric mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges
Aubaud, Cyril. "Processus de dégazage et sources mantelliques dans les magmas de type MORB et OIB : le carbone, l'eau et les gaz rares : aspects chimiques et isotopiques." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077011.
Full textNabyl, Zineb. "Caractérisation expérimentale du comportement des métaux rares au cours de la différenciation des carbonatites et des magmas alcalins." Thesis, Orléans, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ORLE3048.
Full textCarbonatites and alkaline magmatic rocks occur in intraplate context and constitute a small fraction of the earth magmatism. Those magmas are particularly enriched in volatiles (carbon dioxide, halogens, water) and also in rare metals (REE, Hf, Zr, Ta, Nb). The associated deposits are often affected by hydrothermal and supergen processes which erase any relation to the magmatic processes at the origin of these magmas (immiscibility, differentiation, fractional crystallization) and responsible of the rare metal and volatile enrichments.High pressure and high temperature experiments have been performed to characterize the behavior of rare metals during both magma differentiation. These experiments simulate the immiscibility between carbonate and alkaline silica-undersaturated melts, during the crystallization of the magma.The optimum of carbonate melt REE enrichments across alkaline magma differentiation course is identified : carbonate melts immiscible with highly differentiated and polymerised silicate melts of phonolitic/phono-trachytic compositions are the REE richest. A modelling of carbonate melts REE enrichment based on the silicate melt composition is suggested, to identify the REE potential of carbonatites which may be immiscible with an alkaline magmatic rock, or to identify at which differentiation stage the immiscibility has occurred. Moreover, the silicate melt degree of differentiation and polymerisation has also an impact on crystal rare metal enrichments : crystals which coexist with highly differentiated and polymerized silicate melts are highly enriched in rare metals. This implies that silicate melts become depleted in REE across the differentiation compare to crystals and carbonate melts
Martin, Erwan. "Etude géochimique des magmas acides d'Islande : mode de genèse, implications sur l'évolution géodynamique islandaise et sur la formation de la proto-croûte continentale." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717368.
Full textCaroff, Martial. "Géochimie et pétrologie des roches volcaniques des forages d'Eiao et de Mururoa (Polynésie française) : approche des processus de génèse et d'évolution des magmas basaltiques en contexte intra-plaque océanique." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2004.
Full textSpilliaert, Nicolas. "DYNAMIQUES DE REMONTEE, DEGAZAGE ET ERUPTION DES MAGMAS BASALTIQUES RICHES EN VOLATILS :TRAÇAGE PAR LES INCLUSIONS VITREUSES ET MODELISATION DES PROCESSUS DANS LE CAS DE L'ETNA, 2000-2002." Phd thesis, Institut de physique du globe de paris - IPGP, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011876.
Full textNous avons constitué une base de données complète sur les éléments majeurs et les constituants volatils dissous (H2O, CO2, S, Cl et F) dans les magmas de l'Etna. Nous apportons des données nouvelles sur l'abondance en éléments volatils dissous (4%, dont une teneur en eau ~3,4%) dans le magma basaltique le plus primitif émis à l'Etna depuis 240 ans, et terme parental des trachybasaltes qui alimentent les éruptions actuelles du volcan. Nous proposons que l'évolution géochimique des magmas étnéens depuis 30 ans, résulte d'un mélange entre ce nouveau magma potassique et un terme trachybasaltique, mis en place dans les conduits avant les années 1970. L'analyse isotopique de l'eau et du soufre dissous dans les inclusions les plus primitives (delta(D) entre -120 et -90; ‰ ; delta(34S) = +2,4±0,4 ‰) conforte l'idée d'une source mantellique, de type OIB, peu affectée par la subduction ionienne toute proche, à l'encontre de certaines hypothèses préalablement formulées.
La détermination du CO2 et de l'eau dans les inclusions nous a permis (i) de contraindre les pressions de piégeage des liquides et d'exsolution du soufre, du chlore et du fluor, (ii) d'évaluer les profondeurs de transfert et de stockage du magma, (iii) de proposer un modèle d'évolution des rapports S/Cl et Cl/F dans la phase gazeuse dissoute et exsolvée en fonction de la pression, dans le cas des éruptions latérales et sommitales, et (iv) d'individualiser le rôle du globule de sulfure présent dans les magmas résidant superficiellement dans les conduits centraux.
Nous proposons ainsi que les éruptions de flanc en 2001 et 2002 résultent de la remontée et du dégazage, en système fermé, du magma basaltique à trachybasaltique, coexistant avec une phase gazeuse déjà exsolvée. Le magma le plus primitif, remonte d'une profondeur >10 km (sous le niveau de la mer), et est extrudé lors des fontaines de laves. Le plus gros volume de laves produit dérive du transfert du magma trachybasaltique, légèrement plus différencié et stocké à 5±1 km. Lors de son stockage temporaire, ce magma s'appauvrit en eau, en se rééquilibrant avec une phase gazeuse riche en CO2, d'origine profonde. La déshydratation partielle d'un magma, stocké dans les conduits, en relation avec un flux de gaz persistant, riche en CO2, est probablement un processus fréquent à l'Etna et dans d'autres volcans basaltiques.
L'évolution modélisée des rapports S/Cl et Cl/F dans la phase gazeuse confirme un dégazage dominant en système fermé en 2001 et 2002. Les valeurs calculées des rapports molaires S/Cl des gaz à la surface de 5,4 à 3,7 et Cl/F de ~2, dépendent de la cinétique de dégazage syn-éruptif du chlore, et sont en parfait accord avec les mesures in situ effectuées par télédétection, au cours de la même période éruptive. Toute ségrégation de bulles de gaz en profondeur se traduit par des rapports S/Cl plus élevés dans la phase gazeuse. Ceci est également vérifié par la modélisation en système fermé du dégazage du magma stagnant superficiellement dans les conduits centraux et saturé vis-à-vis du globule de sulfure. La modélisation en pression de l'évolution de ce rapport permet donc de contraindre les profondeurs d'accumulation et de transfert différentiel des bulles. La valeur des rapports S/Cl et Cl/F dans les gaz ainsi que la nature des produits solides associés apportent de fortes contraintes sur les mécanismes à l'origine des fontaines de laves.
Enfin, l'activité de dégazage persistant aux cratères, impliquant une convection efficace dans les conduits, suggèrerait la remontée de magma riche en éléments volatils jusqu'à de faibles profondeurs (≤ 1 km sous les cratères), et le recyclage du magma dégazé, afin d'alimenter les flux gazeux excédentaires.
Notre modélisation offre ainsi un cadre général d'interprétation de la composition des émissions gazeuses, et contribue à une meilleure compréhension des processus de dégazage des magmas basaltiques, riches en éléments volatils, à l'Etna.
Abily, Bénédicte. "Caractéristiques pétrographique, géochimique et structurale de la section crustale profonde de l'ophiolite d'Oman : Implications pour la genèse des magmas et le fonctionnement des chambres magmatiques à l'aplomb d'un centre d'expansion océanique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00627553.
Full textGeorget, Yvon. "Nature et origine des granites peralumineux à cordiérite et des roches associées. Exemples des granitoides du Massif Armoricain (France) : Pétrologie et géochimie." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648786.
Full textGasquet, Dominique. "Genèse d'un pluton composite tardi-hercynien : le massif du Tichka, haut atlas occidental (Maroc)." Phd thesis, Nancy 1, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690900.
Full textAncellin, Marie-Anne. "Origine de la diversité géochimique des magmas équatoriens : de l'arc au minéral." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC083/document.
Full textArc lavas display a complex geochemistry resulting from the heterogeneity of primitive magmas and their transformation within the crust. Identifying primitive magma compositions in continental arcs is challenging because continental crust is thick and acts as a mechanical and chemical filter for ascending magmas. This issue is particularly criticial in Ecuador owing to the great thickness of the continental crust (≈ 50-60 km) and the scarcity of erupted primitive magmas. This thesis aims to determine the composition of primitive silicate melts in the Ecuadorian arc, on the scale of the whole arc, as well as on the scale of two volcanic edifices: the Pichincha and the Tungurahua. This study also intends to better understand how those primitive melts evolve during their journey through the continental crust. In Ecuador, slab dip, relief and age change from north to south. Hence, the first part of the PhD focuses on the influence of those parameters on magma geochemistry, through a whole rock study covering the entire arc. It confirms the across-arc geochemical variations described by previous studies: an increase of incompatible element contents and a decrease of fluid-mobile over fluid-immobile element ratios from west to east. We identify along-arc geochemical variations in the volcanic front (e.g. Ba/Th), related to the changing nature of metasomatic fluids, which are aqueous fluids at the centre of the arc (around 0.5°S) and silicate melts to the north and probably to the south. This change may be due to the subduction of a younger and warmer oceanic crust to the north, which might promote slab melting. Lastly, it seems that deep crustal contamination increases towards the south of the volcanic front. Secondly, volcanic products emitted for the last 3,000 years at Tungurahua are studied. On this timescale, the tectonic parameters of the first study are constant. This work details the role of continental crust in the production of differentiated magmas, which are systematically associated with more explosive eruptions. We conclude that andesites have heterogeneous isotopic compositions (206Pb/204Pb = 18.834 - 19.038), acquired at depth (mantle or deep crust), that homogeneize through andesite differentiation to dacite (206Pb/204Pb = 18.965 - 19.030) by fractional crystallization and assimilation of the local upper crust (7-9 %). Lastly, the third part of the PhD focuses on the heterogeneity of primitive magmas. We study individual minerals from Pichincha and Tungurahua volcanoes and show that most minerals are in disequilibrium with their host rock (up to 8,600 ppm for 206Pb/204Pb). The diversity of Pichincha minerals allows the identification of mantle melt diversity (206Pb/204Pb = 18.816 - 19.007), with compositions forming a tight trend in Pb-Pb isotope spaces. As for Tungurahua whole rocks, crustal assimilation erases the diversity of primitive melt isotope signatures through differentiation, so that primitive melt signatures are not preserved in whole rock samples. At Tungurahua, individual minerals show that the heterogeneity of isotope compositions is acquired at depth. The analysis of two olivine fractions reveals the existence of a radiogenic signature in the mantle source of Tungurahua volcano, interpreted as the presence of delaminated crust within the mantle beneath its edifice. Finally, olivine fractions from seven Ecuadorian volcanoes highlight the fact that no unique primitive signature exists in the arc. Isotopic heterogeneity is entirely inherited from the mantle (206Pb/204Pb = 18.583 - 19.000). Primitive melt compositions are then shifted by continental crust contamination which, in most cases, results in more radiogenic signatures
Baudouin, Céline. "Volcanisme alcalin associé à l'initiation de la rupture continentale : Rift Est Africain, Tanzanie, bassin de Manyara." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT114/document.
Full textEast African Rift (EAR) is the divergent plate boundary. EAR exposes different stages of extension, from early stage rifting in Tanzania to oceanic accretion in Afar (Ethiopia). Manyara basin is the southernmost rift system of the east branch of EAR with recent volcanism (< 1.5 Ma) and a seismic swarm in the lower crust (20 – 40 km). Due to its location and tectonic setting, the Manyara basin offers the opportunity to study the earliest stage of rift initiation. Manyara volcanism is composed of several types of hyper-alkaline lavas as Mg-nephelinites (Mg# > 55) (Labait, Kwaraha), calciocarbonatite (Kwaraha) and evolved nephelinites (Mg# < 35) (Hanang).Mg-nephelinites (Labait and Kwaraha) are primary lavas mainly composed of olivine and clinopyroxene (cpx). Geochemical modelling from trace elements suggests that these primary magmas result from a degree of partial melting < 1 % from a CO2-garnet-phlogopite-bearing peridotite. These magmas have an asthenospheric source at depth > 120 km (lava carries xenoliths with equilibrium conditions > 4 GPa). The minerals were crystallized from a magma with a low H2O content (0.1 and 0.5 wt% H2O). The calciocarbonatite and evolved nephelinites are derived from Mg-nephelinites by fractional crystallization and immiscibility processes. Hanang nephelinites are silica- and alkaline-rich lavas (44.2 – 46.7 wt % SiO2, 9.5 –12.1 wt % Na2O+K2O, respectively) composed by cpx, Ti-garnet, nepheline, apatite and titanite. Complex zonation of cpx (e.g. abrupt change of Mg#, Nb/Ta, and H2O) and trace element patterns of nephelinites record magmatic differentiation involving open system with carbonate-silicate immiscibility and primary melt replenishment. The low H2O content of cpx (3 – 25 ppm wt. H2O) indicates that at least 0.3 wt % H2O was present at depth during carbonate-rich nephelinite crystallization at 340 – 640 MPa and 1050 – 1100 °C. The study of hosted-nepheline melt inclusions from Hanang allows constraining the late magmatic evolution of nephelinites during storage and magma ascent. Melt inclusions are composed by a silicate trachytic glass, a carbonate phase and a shrinkage bubble. Trachytic glass contains high content in CO2 (0.43 wt %, SIMS analyses), sulfur (0.21 – 0.92 wt % S), chlorine (0.28 –0.84 wt % Cl) and H2O low content (< 0.1 wt %, Raman analyses). Immiscibility process leading to the formation of carbonate occurs in a closed system during rapid magma ascent between 200 – 500 MPa. The carbonate phase is a Ca-Na-K-S-rich and anhydrous carbonate (33 wt % CaO, 20 wt % Na2O, 3 wt % K2O, and 3 wt % S). The pre-immiscible liquid has a phonolitic composition with 6 ± 1.5 wt % CO2 at 700 MPa. A preliminary study of melt inclusions by XANES spectroscopy and whole rocks by Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to determine these Manyara lavas were formed at oxidizing conditions (~ ΔFMQ +1.5).The early stage rifting volcanism (Manyara Basin) is characterized by CO2-rich and H2O-poor magmas from at least 120 km below the rift escarpment. The presence of CO2-rich magmas and the small amount of volcanic rocks erupted at the surface may indicate that the storage and percolation of these magmas at depth is a potential trigger for deep seismic swarms
Boulesteix, Thomas. "Age, récurrence et mécanismes de déstabilisation des flancs des volcans océaniques d'après l'exemple de Tenerife (iles Canaries)." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112174/document.
Full textThe growth of oceanic volcanoes is frequently punctuated by large flank collapses, which can generate voluminous debris avalanches and destructive tsunamis. The causes, the mechanisms and the consequences of such instabilities, crucial for risk assessment, remain poorly understood.Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) is a target of particular interest to study such phenomena. Its recent evolution includes the development of a large silicic central volcano and a prominent volcanic ridge along a main NE-SW trending rift zone (NERZ). During the last Myr, these volcanic systems have been truncated by three large flank collapses, the base of which is partly accessible through underground water mining galleries.This thesis develops a systematic analysis of the relationships between volcanic construction and recurrent flank instabilities along the NERZ. Our approach includes field investigations at the surface and in the galleries to identify and sample the volcanic units affected by each landslide and the successions filling their scar; unspiked K/Ar dating (Cassignol-Gillot technique) on fresh separated groundmass to constrain precisely the timing of the landslides; 3-D morphological reconstructions to estimate the volume of the edifices and landslides structures; and whole-rock geochemical analyses to characterize the compositional evolution of the magma prior to and after each collapse event.Our new results show the intermittent functioning of the various sections of the NERZ with a recurrent pattern comprising:(1) The rapid construction of a large volcanic edifice. The resulting load favors the creation of superficial storage levels, the associated evolution of the magma and the eruption of viscous differentiated terms, favoring local inflation of the structure and its destabilization(2) The collapse of a flank of the NERZ, dated at ca. 840 ka, 525 ka, and 175 ka (Güimar, La Orotava and Icod, events respectively)(3) An immediate eruptive response, implying the rapid emptying (<50kyr) of the feeding system and the filling of the landslide scars under tens of km3 of lava.(4) The subsequent displacement of volcanic activity towards the less mature sectors (lower thickness/lower lithostatic pressure).We show here that loading/unloading processes have a strong influence on the development of gravitational instabilities and the evolution of the magma feeding systems on such large intraplate volcanic islands
Le, Guern François. "Ecoulements réactifs à hautes températures, mesures et modélisations." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077222.
Full textJégo, Sébastien. "Comportement de l'or dans les magmas calco-alcalins – Approche expérimentale et géochimique sur le magmatisme adakitique de Nord-Luzon (Philippines)." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00207524.
Full textJego, Sébastien. "Comportement de l’or dans les magmas calco-alcalins : approche expérimentale et géochimique sur le magmatisme adakitique de Nord-Luzon (Philippines)." Orléans, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00207524.
Full textOlive, Valérie. "Etude géochimique de la dualité accrétion-subduction dans les Appalaches du Quebec méridional : genèse de magmas boninitiques en contexte orogénique." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30270.
Full textLaporte, Didier. "Un exemple d'intrusion syntectonique : l'intrusion d'Ile-Rousse, Corse du nord-ouest : étude pétrographique, minéralogique et géochimique, analyse structurale." Saint-Etienne, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STET4001.
Full textGodard, Marguerite. "Modélisation des interactions chimiques liquide/solide : application à la circulation des magmas mantelliques." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20146.
Full textHoffer, Géraldine. "Fusion partielle d'un manteau métasomatisé par un liquide adakitique : approches géochimique et expérimentale de la genèse et de l'évolution des magmas de l'arrière-arc équatorien." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00728340.
Full textLar, Alexander Uriah. "Etude géochimique de massifs basiques et ultrabasiques (Apa, Todasana, TINAQUILLO) de la chaîne tertiaire Carai͏̈be du Vénézuela : genèse de magmas mantelliques et interaction manteau-croûte." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30008.
Full textColin, Aurélia. "Contraintes sur les processus de dégazage des dorsales océaniques par la géochimie des volatils et la pétrologie des laves basaltiques." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL083N/document.
Full textThe composition of mantle volatiles is related to the origin of Earth's volatiles and to the past and present volatile fluxes to the atmosphere. Although this reservoir is naturally sampled during volcanic eruptions, most of the volatiles are lost to the atmosphere during this event, thus the composition of mantle volatiles is still uncertain. We try here to precise the processes of degassing below mid-oceanic ridges to correct the lava compositions for degassing.The He-Ne-Ar-CO2 analyses of basaltic glasses sampled along the Galapagos Spreading Center, in the area of influence of the Galapagos hotspot, show that the volatile composition of lavas is fully explained by a Rayleigh distillation of a unique source distinct from the plume source. These results imply that the plume degasses at depth or is heterogeneous.Several volcanic glasses from Mid-Atlantic ridge and East Pacific Rise have been imaged by X-rays microtomography. The mechanisms of vesicle nucleation and growth appear to be different below the two ridges. A step of convection at the magma body margin has been evidenced by the petrologic study of the glasses. Imaged vesicles have been subsequently opened under vacuum by laser ablation and analysed (CO2, 4He, argon isotopes). We observe, depending on the samples, either a single composition for all bubbles, or variations in composition between bubbles consistent with a trend of equilibrium degassing in an open system. The trends of degassing allow extrapolating locally to the volatile composition of the mantle source, which is heterogeneous. We also studied the heterogeneity of 40Ar/36Ar ratios in magmatic chambers using the laser opening method, which lowers the contribution of atmospheric gases compared to the classical crushing method
Remai͏̈di, Malika. "Etude pétrologique et géochimique d'une association péridotites réfractaires - pyroxénites dans le massif de Ronda (Espagne) : Implications pour les mécanismes de circulation des magmas dans le manteau supérieur." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20236.
Full textRivera, Porras Marco. "Genèse et évolution des magmas andésitiques à thyodacitiques récents des volcans Misti et Ubinas (sud du Pérou)." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718983.
Full textJannessary, Mohammad Reza. "Les ophiolites de Neyriz (Sud de l'Iran) : Naissance d'une dorsale en pied de marge continentale (étude des structures internes, de la fabrique du manteau, et de l'évolution pétro-géochimique des magmas)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR1GE12.
Full textFerrando, Carlotta. "Transport de magma et processus d’assimilation-précipitation dans la croute océanique inférieure hétérogène : contraintes microstructurales et pétro-géochimiques de forages océaniques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT156/document.
Full textAt slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges the lower oceanic crust is extremely heterogeneous, and its formation must be related to some extents of melt-rock interactions. To constrain the relative contribution of crystallization processes and melt-rock interactions on the geochemical budget and architecture of the slow-spread oceanic crust, I investigated two gabbroic sequences sampled in situ at the Atlantis Massif (AM, 30°N, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, MAR) and the Atlantis Bank (AB, 32°S, 57°E, Southwest Indian Ridge, SWIR), where gabbros are exposed by long-lived detachment faults. I performed (i) a multi-scale petro-structural, geochemical and numerical modeling study of primitive gabbroic rocks drilled at the AM, and (ii) a petrographic and geochemical study of olivine gabbros recovered at the AB. AM was drilled during IODP Expeditions 304/305. The heterogeneous lower oceanic crust recovered at Site U1309 presents discrete intervals of olivine-rich troctolites (Ol-T). They are distinguished by partially dissolved olivines with relatively high Fo (86) and Ni contents (>2000 ppm), and they are characterized by the co-precipitation of high Mg# (86-88) clinopyroxene and plagioclase. These characteristics suggest that Ol-T result from impregnation of an olivine-rich protolith by a melt undersaturated in olivine. The flat geochemical profiles across olivine and adjacent minerals suggest that the composition of the protolith was modified by this impregnating melt. Yet, Ni, Li and Co display extremely variable compositions at constant olivine Mg#, suggesting that they retain the signature of the precursor material. Modeling indicates that these chemical variations are likely inherited from the U1309D harzburgites. Experiments show that the melt distribution and paths in a porous media is controlled by the mineral modes of the host rock. The heterogeneous distribution of orthopyroxene in the precursor harzburgitic mantle locally drives the abundance of impregnating melt, leading to different extents of olivine dissolution, as evidenced by variations in mineral modes and chemistry of the AM Ol-T. Geochemical modeling indicates that the melt percolation and assimilation of about 5% of a mantle protolith can explain the formation of the Ol-T. One consequence of this reactive process in Hole U1309D is the shift of melt compositions toward apparent high pressure fractionation. However, no high pressure chemical signature is observed in MORBs from the AM, while it is recorded in MORBs from the nearly amagmatic region along the SWIR (61°-67°E). AB was drilled during IODP Expedition 360. The recovered lower oceanic crust is dominated by olivine gabbros (75%) and oxide gabbros (20%). The section is in places intensively deformed. Shipboard studies have documented textures of plagioclase assimilation by an invading melt crystallizing clinopyroxene. Compositions of olivine gabbros reach relatively evolved signature (Yb = 3-10 x C1-chondrite; MORB Yb = 19). Previous studies on olivine gabbros from AB showed that their formation can be ascribed to assimilation of an oceanic crust by clinopyroxene-saturated trace element enriched melts. The study of AM and AB reveals melt-rock interactions and mineral assimilation associated to melt transport through the accreting lower oceanic crust. Similar textural and chemical features are observed at Kane (24°N, MAR) and in ophiolite complexes (e.g., Alpine and Appennine ophiolites). These evidences indicate that melt-rock interactions are probably ubiquitous, and contribute to shaping the slow-spread lower oceanic crust. The characterization of gabbroic rocks drilled at Hess Deep suggests that melt-rock interactions may take place also at fast-spreading ridge. Melt transport and associated mineral assimilation processes likely play a major role in the building of the oceanic crust overall. Their contribution to the formation of MORB is likely controlled by melt productivity in the upwelling mantle
Segard, Mélanie. "Pétrogénèse des laves de l'ïle de la Possession (archipel de Crozet) et implications pour les hétérogénéités lithologiques des sources de points chauds." Nantes, 2013. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=4eb0c44d-88e4-47ca-99bb-36dc594e2541.
Full textWe present a new and comprehensive data set of major and trace elements and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes for Crozet hotspot lavas (Possession island). Major element variations and petrological characteristics define an alkali silica-saturated magmatic suite. I estimate two extreme compositions of primary melts on the basis of selected fractionation-corrected lava compositions unaffected by accumulation and magma mixing processes. The first estimation display a major element composition approaching those of experimental partial melts of a garnet-lherzolite, whereas the second is characterized by a composition resembling to experimental partial melts of a carbonated eclogite. These contrasted results reveal that the fractionation correction is a critical step to interpret major element contents in terms of lithological source heterogeneities in oceanic island lavas. The REE systematic appears to be less sensitive to uncertainties in fractionation corrections compared to major elements. The REE inversion of estimated primary melts reveals in both cases a peridotitic source enriched in incompatible elements relative to chondrites (LaN/SmN=3). The Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions do not display any correlation with major elements nor REE contents or ratios and reveal a homogeneous source with moderate time-integrated enrichment relative to the chondritic reservoir (_Nd=+4,3). The Pb isotope systematic indicates the presence of 2 mantle components in the Crozet mantle source, one relatively unradiogenic compatible with an EM-1 or DUPAL signature, and the other one relatively radiogenic. The mixing of both components gives rise to an isotopic signature akin to EM-2 type
Bouchet, Gilles. "Mélanges magmatiques et genèse des granitoïdes calco-alcalins : l'exemple du complexe tonalo-granodioritique de Bono (Sardaigne septentrionale) : étude pétrologique et géochimique." Saint-Etienne, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992STET4022.
Full textSegard, Mélanie. "Pétrogenèse des laves de l'île de la Possession (archipel de Crozet) et implications pour les hétérogénéités lithologiques des sources de points chauds." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058681.
Full textDesgrolard, Franck. "Pétrologie des laves d'un volcan intraplaque océanique : le Karthala, île de la Grande-Comore (R.F.I. des Comores)." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00756691.
Full textGueddari, Khalid. "Approche géochimique et physico-chimique de la différenciation des éléments du groupe du platine (PGE) et de l'or dans le manteau supèrieur bético-rifain et dans les xénolites de péridotites sous continentales." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10031.
Full textSoussi, Tanani Selma. "Zonations pétrographiques et géochimiques d'enclaves basiques dans les brèches magmatiques des massifs de Guévguéli (Grèce), de Siroua (Maroc) et de Porto (Corse, France)." Nancy 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NAN10317.
Full textVinet, Nicolas. "Mécanismes de solidification des magmas basaltiques : Étude quantitative texturale et géochimique des laves du volcan Kilauea, Hawaï." Phd thesis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544904.
Full textVinet, Nicolas. "Mécanismes de solidification des magmas basaltiques : étude quantitative texturale et géochimique des laves du volcan Kilauea, Hawaii." Thèse, 2010. http://constellation.uqac.ca/244/1/030165677.pdf.
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