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1
Burak, Kostyantyn O., and Kostiantyn Yarosh. "GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY." GEODESY, CARTOGRAPHY, AND AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY 93,2021, no. 93 (June 23, 2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/istcgcap2021.93.085.
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The purpose of this work is to show the prospects and the need to continue work in Ukraine on the creation of anti-aircraft systems and astronomical geodetic leveling (a combination of astronomical and high-precision geometric leveling), using GNSS and instruments that provide accurate measurements of deviations of the temple 0.1 geodynamic landfills and man-made, which create for the construction of a height foundation for the construction and operation of extremely important facilities. The method of achieving the goal is provided by theoretical studies of existing methods of astronomical and geodetic leveling, modern methods of forecasting neotectonic processes, GNSS accuracy and geometric leveling. The main results - the possibility of using astronomical and geodetic leveling in the forecast of catastrophic deformations of the earth's surface, including earthquakes, control of the results of geometric and GNSS leveling.Scientific novelty: recommendations for the use of astronomical and geodetic leveling of specially created profiles on geodynamic landfills for forecasting neotectonic processes, GNSS control and geometric leveling using the geoidal component, the idea of synchronous observations using zenith systems in astronomical and geodetic leveling.
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TREVOHO, I., A. DRBAL, E. ILKIV, and M. GALYARNYK. "Research of technical characteristics of wall leveling signs in the context of the ethymology of terms." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 41, no. I (April 1, 2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-1-41-55-60.
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The aim is to clarify the etymology of the terms “wall leveling mark” and “wall leveling benchmark” in the context of the historical sequence of the appearance of leveling networks in the Ukrainian lands to present the author’s view on these definitions in scientific reference and encyclopedic geodetic literature. To conduct a chronological study of the phenomenon of leveling wall signs of different structures and the corresponding technologies of binding to them in leveling networks, which were created in the Ukrainian lands during the XIX–XXI centuries. Pay attention to the fact that level marks and wall frames, which are valid (working) independent geodetic signs in leveling networks, due to long-term operation are carriers of important geodetic information. Method. To study the results of the analysis of historical sources, standards, reference, encyclopedic and scientific literature in the context of the analysis of the definitions of “level mark” and “wall benchmark” was used analysis of patterns of functioning of the relevant geodetic terminological units. Results. On the territory of Ukraine during the XIX–XXI centuries. Created a leveling (height) network [State Geodetic Network, experimental operation], which operates to this day. The functioning of the leveling (height) network is regulated by legislative acts and regulations. Thanks to the geo-portal of the DGM of Ukraine created by NDIGK, it is possible to obtain information about the preserved level signs. The peculiarity of the leveling (height) network is that it was created by different departments of different countries [Glushkov V.V., 2003] with different height systems and taking into account the access of Ukrainian lands to the Black Sea. All this led to the use of different designs of wall leveling signs and, accordingly, their interpretation, which is not sufficiently reflected in the geodetic reference and regulatory literature. Scientific novelty. The performed comprehensive analysis of information sources can serve as a basis for development of scientific and technical recommendations formonitoring of level signs ofDGMofUkraine and will allow to reveal weaknesses of their functioning which are caused by changes in vital activity of the city environment. The practical value of the work is to solve the problem of distinguishing the production characteristics of the wall leveling mark and wall leveling benchmark, which are fixed leveling signs in geodetic networks of thickening and leveling networks to develop technical developments for inspection and updating points II, leveling networks classes and geodetic networks of thickening in the context of monitoring of geodetic points of DGM of Ukraine and their corresponding representation in the scientific and reference geodetic literature.
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Ustavich, Georgij A., Anton V. Nikonov, Ivan A. Mezentsev, and Elena A. Oleynikova. "IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHOD OF FAN-SHAPED TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 26, no. 6 (2021): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2021-26-6-33-47.
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The article deals with the method of fan-shaped engineering and geodetic leveling carried out with the trigonometric method. The essence of this technique is to lay a leveling stroke in a trigonometric way with simultaneous leveling of several points at the station. The proposed method of engineering and geodetic leveling can be applied to determine the height position of buildings, installing embedded parts, verifying technological equipment, monitoring deformation processes, as well as ensuring the installation and operation of crane tracks of overhead cranes. The implementation of this technique allows determining the altitude position of points located on different horizons. The advantage of the proposed method is the possibility to carry out leveling with a significant inequality of the shoulders, as well as the possibility of choosing a leveling station with minimal influence of disturbing factors.
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Mozzhukhin, O. A. "Refraction in bilateral trigonometric leveling. Defi nition of corrections." Geodesy and Cartography 934, no. 4 (May 20, 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2018-934-4-8-13.
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The practical application of bilateral trigonometric leveling in geodetic measurements is limited by the effect of atmospheric refraction. If this effect is eliminated, the accuracy of bilateral measurements can be comparable to the results of precise geometric leveling. By applying the similarity and modeling method to the problem of accounting for refraction in leveling and also taking into account the conditions of interaction of the optical beam with the physical processes taking place in the surface layer, these limitations can be minimized. The solution of the problem of determining corrections due to the influence of refraction in bilateral trigonometric leveling by simulation of the quantities participating in the process, obtained through joint geodetic and meteorological measurements, as well as the main provisions – in unilateral leveling, which are the basis for the method of bilateral measurements. Practical examples show the features of calculation of corrections, depending on the state of thermal stratification of the surface layer of the atmosphere.
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Shevshenko, G. G. "Using search methods for leveling and assessing the accuracy of elementary geodetic constructions." Geodesy and Cartography 952, no. 10 (November 20, 2019): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-952-10-10-20.
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The author provides information about the search methods of adjustment and assessment of the elementary geodetic constructions accuracy on the example of a geodesic triangle under various initial conditions. An algorithm for combining Powell and DSC search methods used to solve the problem posed in the article is given. To equalize the geodesic constructions under consideration by the search method, a program for finding the minimum of the objective function is made, it implements the algorithm described in the article. This program works in the Microsoft Excel format as a macro recorded in the VBA language. Examples of equalization calculations are given. Accuracy assessment of the adjustment results by the search method of the geodesic triangle under different initial conditions is performed. The obtained adjustment results and accuracy estimates are compared with the calculations performed in the NW program by Professor Kougiya V. A. confirmed the correctness of the search method application.
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NALIVAYKO, Tar, Tet NALIVAYKO, and D. KAZACHENKO. "Rationale for a geodesic monitoring system using a variable length rail." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 41, no. I (April 1, 2021): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-1-41-68-73.
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The purpose of improvement of the accepted geodetic decisions concerning the program of geodetic monitoring of highrise buildings of a difficult design taking into account conditions of the increased danger of a construction site Method. Execution of geodetic observations of subsidence of a multi-storey building under the condition of joint use of invar rail and rail of variable length according to the leveling program of the first class. Comparative observations of the displacement of the structure using a high-precision optical theodolite and an electronic total station. Results. Improved methods and geodetic accessories for determining the plan-height deformations of buildings erected in difficult geological conditions. . Scientific novelty. Search and collection of initial information, analysis of normative documentation on the organization of geodetic monitoring of deformation of engineering structures are carried out. Methods for determining the deformations of engineering structures are analyzed. The advantages of class I geodetic observations with the help of accurate optical geodetic instruments over other methods are proved. Comparative studies of the accuracy of a modern electronic total station and a high-precision optical theodolite were performed in the field. The planned and height dynamics of deformation processes of building structures during the construction period and at the initial stage of operation are determined. A comparative analysis of the results of determining the deposition of the pile field by methods of loading piles with hydraulic jacks and the load from the actual mass of the aboveground part of the house. It is established that the largest deformations of the structure occur at the initial stage of construction and gradually fade after its completion. The calculation of the accuracy of geodetic works with the joint use of traditional invar rails and rails of new design. Practical value. The organization and conduct of geodetic works to monitor the deformation processes of multi-storey buildings on the developed technology of precision leveling contributes to the timely establishment of maximum allowable values of deformation, risk prevention, to preserve the safety of residential complexes under difficult geological conditions. A new design of the leveling rail and a leveling technique with the simultaneous use of a standard invar rail and developed by the authors have been developed. Improved method of linear-angular measurements for monitoring the planned deformations of buildings.
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Seksembaev, Serik, Natalia Kobeleva, and Anton Nikonov. "ESPECIALLY GEODETIC MONITORING WHEN SURVEILLANCE OF BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF ENERGY FACILITIES DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 2 (2019): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-1-2-39-47.
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Observations of the precipitation of buildings and structures of industrial enterprises are part of geodetic monitoring, which is carried out both during the construction of the facility and during the operational period. Systematic geodetic measurements in the framework of monitoring is of great importance to ensure the safe operation of the engineering facility and in some cases can pre-vent man-made accidents, environmental disasters. The article presents the results of determining the absolute values of sediment foundations of buildings, structures and equipment of one of the thermal power plants under construction. The peculiarity of the measurements on the object is the use of fan-shaped trigonometric leveling, which allowed to significantly speed up the implementa-tion of the field stage of work. Leveling was performed by electronic total station Leica TS-06 with the accuracy of measuring the vertical angles of 2ʹʹ. Residuals of closed polygons and field control measurements at the station showed high accuracy of trigonometric leveling, comparable with geo-metric leveling class II.
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Craymer, Michael R., Petr Vaníček, and Robert O. Castle. "Estimation of rod scale errors in geodetic leveling." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 100, B8 (August 10, 1995): 15129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95jb00614.
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I.S., Trevoho, and Tsyupak I.M. "Prospects of Metrological Provision Linear Geodetic of Measurements on the Geodetic Test Field." Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics 94, no. 1 (October 1, 2013): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rgg-2013-0007.
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Abstract This paper gives brief information on existing metrological support for the Yavoriv of scientific of the geodetic of test field (SGTF) for testing of modern of surveying equipment (rangefinders, electronic total stations and GNSS receivers). Analyzed ways to improve the fundamental geodetic network and the standard linear of basis, as working standards for testing, in accordance, GNSS receivers and a rangefinders, as well as for study an accuracy technology of GNSS leveling.
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Stiros, S., P. Triantafillides, and A. Chasapis. "GEODETIC EVIDENCE FOR ACTIVE UPLIFT OF THE OLYMBUS MT, GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 4 (January 1, 2004): 1697. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16577.
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Repeated leveling data collected between 1964-1989 along a traverse crossing the Tempi Valley and the Olymbus Mt (Greece) domai uplift testify to a small, though significant (4-21 ±1.2- 4.7mm) bulging of the central part of the traverse relative to its edges. In combination with coastal observations indicating land uplift at the eastern part of the traverse, as well as with structural and engineering geology observations excluding the possibility the overall pattern of observed displacements to reflect local instability effects, leveling data probably indicate a small amplitude domai uplift. The later is likely to reflect the continuation of the process responsible for the formation of the Olymbus-Ossa Mts, for uncovering of upper mantle rocks and for the impressive incision in the Tempi Valley. Furthermore, the lack of seismicity during the period covered by leveling data indicates that the Olymbus uplift is at least partly associated with aseismic processes.
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Stupin, Vladimir P., and Irina A. Karpova. "GEODESIC MONITORING OF SURFACE MOVEMENT OF TYRETSALT MINE." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-1-1-194-203.
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A system for organizing geodetic monitoring of the movement of the surface of a salt mine is described. Calculation of the parameters of the displacement trough is given taking into account depth of development, geometry of the minefield and engineering and geological characteristics of rocks. The technology of geodetic works, the composition and order of measurements during repeated geometric leveling at stations and the order of their processing are considered. The results of long-term geodetic monitoring definitions of displacements of the earth's surface are analyzed.
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Parkhomenko, Daria V., Alexandr V. Chernov, and Ivan V. Parkhomenko. "USE OF GIS POSSIBILITIES FOR CREATION OF NETWORK PROTECTION ZONES." Vestnik SSUGT (Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies) 25, no. 4 (2020): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2411-1759-2020-25-4-184-192.
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The presence of a stable coordinate basis, fixed on the ground by a network of geodetic points is one of the key factors in the single geospace successful formation. Current state of the Novosibirsk region network analysis has shown that a significant amount of outdoor sings points were lost due to the citizens’ economical activities and a number of other factors as well. That has caused significant difficulties in using such points. The purpose of this paper is to study state geodetic network, state levelling network and state gravimetric network points’ security regime. The scientific significance of this paper is seen as a way to determine the role of the specified security zones in the special territory usage conditions system, as well as the classification of such zones. The practical significance of the article is to forecast possible ways of improving state geodetic network, state levelling network and state gravimetric network points’ security regime. The research methodology includes the current security zone regime state analysis as well as forecasting the possible way of its improvement in the future. The main conclusions of this paper indicate that geoinformation systems play a key role in preventing damage and loss of objects which provide human activity on the Russian territory: zones with special conditions are created, which include state geodetic network, state leveling network and state gravimetric network protection zones. Timely provision of their security can guarantee the smooth operation of the entire state as a whole. To prevent of state geodetic network points’ further loss, it is necessary to create a united information resource (geoportal), which would reflect the existing and projected security zones using 3D representation.
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Prusakov, A. N., A. I. Spiridonov, and A. A. Prusakov. "The automated laser comparator for calibration of digital equipment leveling." Geodesy and Cartography 933, no. 3 (April 20, 2018): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2018-933-3-17-22.
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Describes a device and methods for automated laser comparator for calibration of digital leveling equipment. The comparator created by the technology of the Finnish Geodetic Institute and placed in the building of the geodetic calibration laboratory of geodetic polygon of FSBE “Centre of geodesy, cartography and SDI”. Shows the main technical characteristics, modes of operation and basic procedures in the calibration of bar-code leveling rods. It is noted that the comparator is a complex measuring system in the form of high-precision optical-electronic stand, consisting of individual mechanical, optical and electronic components and assemblies. One of the features of the design of the comparator is the vertical positioning of its component parts, which allows to determine the error of position of the strokes of the scale of the rod in a working position. Based on the results of verification receive corrections to readings on a rod scale and a linear coefficient of expansion of the material from which rod is made. Lists the possible measurement errors in the verification process and the peculiarities of metrological assurance of operation of the comparator. Formulated one of the immediate tasks in the testing of the comparator
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Wang, De Bao, Xue Ling Fang, Zhao Bo Xing, and Jun Huang. "The Establishment of Geodetic Datum in Jiaonan City." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 2864–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.2864.
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As to Jiaonan geodetic datum, third-order horizontal control network is established through GPS while third-order leveling network is established through electronic level. This paper illustrates how to process data so as to improve horizontal and vertical precision in the process of establishing third-order horizontal control network and elevation fitting. It puts forward such an opinion: making precision test for starting points of horizontal network and preserving those short baselines of low precision in unconstraint three-dimensional adjustment；As to elevation fitting, we advocates employing a variety of fitting scheme make precision inspection for those known GPS leveling points as well as those unknown points’ fitting level. Then the most probable level is just what we get. Afterwards, we calculate those unknown points’ root mean square error of fitting height, plus the minimum and maximum difference between fitting height and the most probable height. Taking all the results of precision inspection into consideration, we can find out the best fitting scheme, which improves the systematic precision and reliability of geodetic datum.
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Kim, Su-Kyung, Jihye Park, Daniel Gillins, and Michael Dennis. "On determining orthometric heights from a corrector surface model based on leveling observations, GNSS, and a geoid model." Journal of Applied Geodesy 12, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jag-2018-0014.
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Abstract Leveling is a traditional geodetic surveying technique that has been used to realize a vertical datum. However, this technique is time consuming and prone to accumulate errors, where it relies on starting from one station with a known orthometric height. Establishing orthometric heights using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and a geoid model has been suggested [14], but this approach may involve less precisions than the direct measurements from leveling. In this study, an experimental study is presented to adjust the highly accurate leveling observations along with orthometric heights derived from GNSS observations and a geoid model. For the geoid model, the National Geodetic Survey’s gravimetric geoid model (TxGEOID16B) and hybrid geoid model (GEOID12B) were applied. Uncertainties in the leveled height differences, GNSS derived heights, and the geoid models were modeled, and a combined adjustment was implemented to construct the optimal combination of orthometric, ellipsoidal, and geoid height at each mark. As a result, the discrepancy from the published orthometric heights and the CSM (Corrector Surface Model) based adjusted orthometric heights with GEOID12B showed a mean and RMS of -8.5 mm and 16.6 mm, respectively, while TxGEOID16B had a mean and RMS of 28.9 mm and 34.6 mm, respectively. It should be emphasized that this approach was not influenced by the geodetic distribution of the stations where the correlation coefficients between the distance from the center of the surveying network and the discrepancy from the published heights using TxGEOID16B and GEOID12B are 0.03 and 0.36, respectively.
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Kravchenko, Yu A. "The lunar influence on the vertical deflections and gravity variations." Geodesy and Cartography 928, no. 10 (November 20, 2017): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2017-928-10-2-9.
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The increase of building complexity causes the raise of requirements for accuracy of geodetic observations and the necessity to revise the variety of factors influencing the measurement results. Such factors include the lunar influence on the gravity intensity and direction. The necessity of correcting geodetic observations by the lunar influence and estimation of their highest influence on the Earth gravity and vertical deflections are outlined. The results obtained from the computational experiment on extreme values estimation of vertical deflections (up to 1''), variations of measured heights (up to 0,5 mm by 100 m) and gravity variations (up to 5,44 × 10^(-5) m∙kg / с^2) are sufficient to modify the existing techniques for precision leveling and gravity observations. Another argument in favor of the need to take into account the Moon influence and other factors is the accuracy increase of geodetic instruments (levels and gravimeters).Without changing the method of performing high-precision leveling and gravity measurements and entering the necessary corrections, real accuracy increase of these works can not be achieved. In this case, the ideas about the accuracy achieved, for example, when it is estimated by internal convergence, will be overestimated.
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Furst, Séverine Liora, Samuel Doucet, Philippe Vernant, Cédric Champollion, and Jean-Louis Carme. "Monitoring surface deformation of deep salt mining in Vauvert (France), combining InSAR and leveling data for multi-source inversion." Solid Earth 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2021): 15–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-15-2021.
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Abstract. The salt mining industrial exploitation located in Vauvert (France) has been injecting water at high pressure into wells to dissolve salt layers at depth. The extracted brine has been used in the chemical industry for more than 30 years, inducing a subsidence of the surface. Yearly leveling surveys have monitored the deformation since 1996. This dataset is supplemented by synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images, and since 2015, global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data have also continuously measured the deformation. New wells are regularly drilled to carry on with the exploitation of the salt layer, maintaining the subsidence. We make use of this careful monitoring by inverting the geodetic data to constrain a model of deformation. As InSAR and leveling are characterized by different strengths (spatial and temporal coverage for InSAR, accuracy for leveling) and weaknesses (various biases for InSAR, notably atmospheric, very limited spatial and temporal coverage for leveling), we choose to combine SAR images with leveling data, to produce a 3-D velocity field of the deformation. To do so, we develop a two-step methodology which consists first of estimating the 3-D velocity from images in ascending and descending acquisition of Sentinel 1 between 2015 and 2017 and second of applying a weighted regression kriging to improve the vertical component of the velocity in the areas where leveling data are available. GNSS data are used to control the resulting velocity field. We design four analytical models of increasing complexity. We invert the combined geodetic dataset to estimate the parameters of each model. The optimal model is made of 21 planes of dislocation with fixed position and geometry. The results of the inversion highlight two behaviors of the salt layer: a major collapse of the salt layer beneath the extracting wells and a salt flow from the deepest and most external zones towards the center of the exploitation.
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Perovych, Lev, Ihor Perovych, Lesia Perovych, and Oksana Ludchak. "TO DETERMINATION OF THE HEIGHTS ON GEODYNAMIC AND TECHNOGENIC POLYGONS." Geodesy and cartography 44, no. 2 (August 8, 2018): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/gac.2018.1703.
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When performing high-precision geometric leveling on geodynamic and technogenic polygons, the problem of selecting a system of heights and obtaining reliable data arises, taking into account, first of all, the heterogeneity of the gravitational field along the lines of leveling. The research and development of a methodological approach to solve the above issues is the purpose of this publication. For the research process, the method of mathematical processing of a wide spectrum of geodetic and gravimetric measurements, differential and mathematical analysis, methods of conducting high-precision leveling and gravimetric works are used. During the process of field geodetic and gravimetric measurements, the values of gravitational acceleration in the mountain, foothill and plain areas were obtained, which made possible, on the basis of the mathematical dependences deduced by the author, to find corrections in the measured excesses for the non-parallelism of the level surfaces. On the basis of unique experimental level-gravimetric observations and their corresponding mathematical elaboration, numerical characteristics of gravitational acceleration for various forms of relief have been obtained. In the final case, the obtained analytic dependencies give an opportunity to take into account the influence of the non-parallelism of the level surfaces in the measured excesses or the heights of high-precision geometric leveling, without taking into account the gravitational field of the normal Earth. The proposed methodological approach to the determination of heights by high-precision geometric leveling on geodynamic and technogenic polygons may take into account the influence of the non-parallelism of the level surfaces according to the derived formulas and should be effectively used at present.
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Nikonov, Anton, Nikolay Kosarev, Olga Solnyshkova, and Inna Makarikhina. "Geodetic base for the construction of ground-based facilities in a tropical climate." E3S Web of Conferences 91 (2019): 07019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199107019.
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The data on the geodetic base creation for surveys and construction on the example of works to expand the power station capacity, performed in one of the Latin America countries in 2015-2018, are presented in the paper. The points’ coordinates obtained by two methods were established. A comparison of the points’ heights obtained from II class geometric leveling and two-sided trigonometric leveling is also carried out. It was concluded that the high accuracy of determining the points’ coordinates and altitudes can be obtained by ground methods (using a total station) with careful measurements even in tropical climates.
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Nikonov, Anton, and Irina Chesheva. "ACCURACY OF THE GEODETIC CONTROL NETWORK DEVELOPED BY LAND METHODS." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 1 (2019): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-1-1-130-143.
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The article gives comparative analysis of the creating horizontal and vertical geodetic control network for the purposes of research and building. It is recommended to create geodetic network on the territory up to 1–2 sq km by means of linear-angular measurements with the accuracy of urban fourth-order traverse. After centering the total station and the reflector with an error not more than 1 mm, the minimal network side is 140 m. The precalculation of geodetic control network accuracy with the given confidence level can be performed in CredoDAT. Creation of vertical and horizontal geodetic network should go simultaneously – by means of reciprocal trigonometric leveling of III–IV order accuracy. The height of the total station with use of specific tape measurer Leica can be measured with error of up to 1 mm. The requirements of the acting set of rules «Geodetic works in construction» are not always substantiated and require careful attitude.
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Ehigiator, R. Irughe, J. O. Ehiorobo, M. O. Ehigiator, and Ashraf A. Beshr. "Determining the Subsidence of Oil Storage Tank Walls from Geodetic Leveling." Advanced Materials Research 367 (October 2011): 467–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.367.467.
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In this paper the monitoring for subsidence in crude oil storage tanks by the method of Geodetic leveling is discussed. The monitoring network consisted of three control points established about 100m from the tank and 16 studs established at the base of the tank. From the control points, the stud locations were leveled using a geodetic level with parallel plate micrometer and telescopic staves. All levels were run in forward and reverse directions and the measurements were carried out in 2003, 2004 and 2008. Adjustment of observation was carried out using the least squares estimation model to determine the elevation of each stud position in the three measurement epochs together with their accuracy standards. Comparisons were made of the calculated movements from the three measurement epochs and the associated accuracies calculated from the least squares model. Analysis of the results indicated that with the exception of one stud ( stud 8), all other studs emplaced had moved and the movements ranged from 0.91mm to 13.06mm
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Gong, Yu Sheng, Qian Han, and Li Ping Zhang. "Research into the Model of GNSS Leveling Polynomial Surface Fitting Based on MATLAB." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 2907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.2907.
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To make full use of geodetic height results measured by GNSS and improve the accuracy that GNSS geodetic height convert to normal height, method of polynomial surface fitting has been selected in this article to research into fitting of the elevation. In the first place, for least squares estimation do not have the ability of resisting gross error, robust estimation is introduced to data preprocessing, which has solve the problem of distortion model effectively and then combines with specific engineering to make comparison and to analyze accuracy of polynomial surface fitting data of different orders. MATLAB has been used in programming design in the whole process, which has realized automatic processing of data.
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Chrzanowski, Adam, Chen Yong-qi, Roger W. Leeman, Julio Leal, and Maraven. "Integration of the global positioning system with geodetic leveling surveys in ground subsidence studies." CISM journal 43, no. 4 (January 1989): 377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1989-0039.
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Integration of GPS measurements with terrestrial geodetic leveling has been implemented by the authors in monitoring ground subsidence in oil fields in Venezuela in an area of about 50 km x 50 km. The subsidence rate reaches up to 20 cm/year. A mathematical model for combining the GPS surveys with dynamic leveling measurements has been developed by utilizing the well known University of New Brunswick generalized method of deformation analysis. The implementation of GPS was preceded by test surveys (5 survey campaigns) in Canada on a network with 0.7 km to 30 km baselines, using TI 4100, WM101, and Trimble 4000SX receivers, and on a portion of the monitoring network in Venezuela (2 survey campaigns) using WM101 receivers. The accuracy of the test surveys has been evaluated using MINQE technique and by comparing the subsidences determined with GPS and precise leveling. The results indicate that with C/A-code receivers and with the present geometry of the satellite distribution, the vertical component of the short and medium (up to 30 km) length of the GPS baselines can be determined with an accuracy ranging from 15 mm in a moderate climate to 30 mm in hot and humid conditions.
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Chen*, Y. Q., Adam Chrzanowski, and M. Kavouras. "Assessment of observations using minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (minque)." CISM journal 44, no. 1 (April 1990): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1990-0004.
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Estimation of the variances and covariances of observations in geodetic and engineering surveys of high precision is of great importance for proper weighting of the observations in their subsequent processing and for better understanding of sources of errors and their modeling. The authors have adopted from modern statistics the Minimum Norm Quadratic Unbiased Estimation (MINQUE) method for the variance-covariance component estimation. The method has successfully been implemented in modeling the error propagation in geodetic leveling, in determination of error components and weighting of measurements with the Global Positioning System, and in an assessment of a triangulateration network observed with different EDM instruments.
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Cigna, Francesca, Rubén Esquivel Ramírez, and Deodato Tapete. "Accuracy of Sentinel-1 PSI and SBAS InSAR Displacement Velocities against GNSS and Geodetic Leveling Monitoring Data." Remote Sensing 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2021): 4800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13234800.
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Correct use of multi-temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) datasets to complement geodetic surveying for geo-hazard applications requires rigorous assessment of their precision and accuracy. Published inter-comparisons are mostly limited to ground displacement estimates obtained from different algorithms belonging to the same family of InSAR approaches, either Persistent Scatterer Interferometry (PSI) or Small BAseline Subset (SBAS); and accuracy assessments are mainly focused on vertical displacements or based on few Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) or geodetic leveling points. To fill this demonstration gap, two years of Sentinel-1 SAR ascending and descending mode data are processed with both PSI and SBAS consolidated algorithms to extract vertical and horizontal displacement velocity datasets, whose accuracy is then assessed against a wealth of contextual geodetic data. These include permanent GNSS records, static GNSS benchmark repositioning, and geodetic leveling monitoring data that the National Institute of Statistics, Geography, and Informatics (INEGI) of Mexico collected in 2014−2016 in the Aguascalientes Valley, where structurally-controlled land subsidence exhibits fast vertical rates (up to −150 mm/year) and a non-negligible east-west component (up to ±30 mm/year). Despite the temporal constraint of the data selected, the PSI-SBAS inter-comparison reveals standard deviation of 6 mm/year and 4 mm/year for the vertical and east-west rate differences, respectively, thus reassuring about the similarity between the two types of InSAR outputs. Accuracy assessment shows that the standard deviations in vertical velocity differences are 9−10 mm/year against GNSS benchmarks, and 8 mm/year against leveling data. Relative errors are below 20% for any locations subsiding faster than −15 mm/year. Differences in east-west velocity estimates against GNSS are on average −0.1 mm/year for PSI and +0.2 mm/year for SBAS, with standard deviations of 8 mm/year. When discrepancies are found between InSAR and geodetic data, these mostly occur at benchmarks located in proximity to the main normal faults, thus falling within the same SBAS ground pixel or closer to the same PSI target, regardless of whether they are in the footwall or hanging wall of the fault. Establishing new benchmarks at higher distances from the fault traces or exploiting higher resolution SAR scenes and/or InSAR datasets may improve the detection of the benchmarks and thus consolidate the statistics of the InSAR accuracy assessments.
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Murzabekov, M. M., D. S. Bobrov, R. A. Davlatov, V. P. Lopatin, and I. N. Pchelin. "Results of comparing astronomical-geodetic and navigational-geodetic methods of determining the components of the deflection of vertical." Geodesy and Cartography 975, no. 9 (October 20, 2021): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2021-975-9-2-10.
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The authors present the results of comparing the components of deflection of vertical obtained through astronomical-geodetic and navigational-geodetic methods. The first one is based on comparing astronomical and geodetic coordinates of a location. This method has recently been widely implemented in a digital zenith camera systems using a small-sized digital telescope with an astronomical camera based on CCD or CMOS technologies, a high-precision inclinometer and satellite navigation system receiver. In this case, the combination of a telescope, an astronomical camera and an inclinometer enables determining the local direction of the plumb line, expressed by astronomical coordinates, from observations of stars at the zenith and using high-precision star catalogs. The navigational-geodetic method is based on comparing the results of the normal heights’ increments, defined through geometric leveling, and geodetic heights, computed with the relative method of satellite coordinate determinations. For each method, random and systematic components of the error and its confidence bounds were calculated; the absolute values of the deflection of vertical components at two geographically separated points were compared.
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Mark, Robert K., Thomas D. Gilmore, and Robert O. Castle. "evidence of Suppression of the Unequal Refraction Error in Geodetic Leveling." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 92, B3 (March 10, 1987): 2767–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/jb092ib03p02767.
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Mojzeš, Marcel, Pavol Kollár, and Michal Mikolaj. "Estimation of an Effective Young’s Modulus of Elasticity in the Locality of the Gabčíkovo Hydrology Power Plant by Geometric Leveling." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sjce-2015-0005.
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Abstract The Gabčíkovo hydroelectric power plant is located in a complicated geological environment (gravel sub-soil and a high groundwater level). Excavation work started after the withdrawal of water in the autumn of 1984 and lasted until the autumn of 1986. A basic geodetic control network with a special monument was founded before the excavation work began. This network served for the setting-out of the hydroelectric power plant as well as for the control of the excavation work. The repeated geodetic control measurements have been evaluated and presented at many seminars and conferences. Monitoring the horizontal and vertical stability of the geodetic control network during the general site excavation showed significant horizontal and vertical deformations. The paper is focused on an estimation of an effective Young's modulus of elasticity in the area studied.
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Nikonov, A. V. "The outstanding Soviet surveyor, Konstantin Leontyevich Provorov (to the 110 anniversary from the birthday)." Geodesy and Cartography 951, no. 9 (October 20, 2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-951-9-55-64.
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The author describes the life of Konstantin Leontyevich Provorov (1909–1992), an outstanding Soviet scientist, teacher and production worker, who made a significant contribution to the geodetic works carried out in Siberia and training highly qualified personnel for the industry. Being the chief engineer of Novosibirsk aerial survey enterprise, the largest one in the country (1944–1953), K. L. Provorov carried out technical management of constructing the astronomic-and-geodetic network, laying out vast leveling networks, and after the thesis protection concerning to constructing continuous networks of triangulation, started working in NIIGAiK which he soon headed. The years of his management the institution (1956–1970) were a period of its active development
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Visirov, Yu V., and A. A. Prusakov. "The generality and diff erence in verifi cation schemes for the main condition of the level." Geodesy and Cartography 936, no. 6 (July 20, 2018): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2018-936-6-9-13.
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The causes of the violating horizontal positioning of the vision axis as the main geometric leveling condition were studied. The importance of this condition at leveling forward performed as the main method of altitude measurements for topographic and geodetic engineering works was particularly emphasized. When analyzing the ways of calibrating the main position, the authors highlighted the general regulations for different methods of determining the calibration base and mirror rotation of the tested level to the differences in visualization the visual scale readings depending on the length of shoulders of the upcoming leveling process. The obligatory required return of testing to initial altitude of calibration base creates a closed loop of heights that enables to define the correction of horizontal sight axis and the difference between the inequality sums of rear and front shoulders. For performing field works, a new scheme of calibration the main position of level with its offset from alignment calibration base is offered.
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Zilkoski, David B., and Muneendra Kumar. "Geodetic leveling and sea slope along the Southern California Coast: An update." Marine Geodesy 12, no. 4 (January 1988): 315–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15210608809379600.
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Soler, Tomás, Archie E. Carlson, and Alan G. Evans. "Determination of vertical deflections using the Global Positioning System and geodetic leveling." Geophysical Research Letters 16, no. 7 (July 1989): 695–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gl016i007p00695.
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Akcin, Hakan, and Cahit Tagi Celik. "Performance of artificial neural networks on kriging method in modeling local geoid." Boletim de Ciências Geodésicas 19, no. 1 (March 2013): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1982-21702013000100006.
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Transformation of ellipsoidal heights determined by satellite techniques into local leveling heights requires geoid heights at points of interest. However, the geoid heights at each point are not available. In order to determine them, the local geoid in the transformation area must be modeled or computed by an appropriate method, one way of doing it, is to use control points both of whose ellipsoidal and local leveling heights are available. In this study, performance of geoid by ANN compared to Kriging method in modeling local geoid was presented. Moreover, the transformation ability of the methods was investigated through a geodetic test network in Bursa Metropolitan Area of Turkey. The results suggest that the model by ANN exhibit better results than the one by Kriging Method.
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Goluk, Victor P., and Denis G. Nazarov. "INTEGRATED APPROACH TO THE GEODESIC CONTROL OF THE INSTALLATION OF ASPHALT-CONCRETE COATING ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE ROAD BRIDGE TRANSITION ACROSS THE KERCH SHEET." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 1 (July 8, 2020): 106–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2020-1-1-106-119.
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During the construction of bridges, special attention is paid to geometric parameters, one of the most important parameters of the rideable bed is the evenness of the bases and coatings. Geodetic works provide an integrated approach to solving the problem of controlling the flatness of the base layers, which includes: geodetic survey of the rideable canvas, verification of working documentation, control of the copying string, geometric control of the evenness of the laid asphalt concrete floor slab for the steel concrete span and bridge deck for a metal span structure. Various options for controlling the height position of a copier string and a laid asphalt concrete pavement (using trigonometric and geometric leveling) were reviewed and tested. A priori assessment of the accuracy of the measurement results for each of the methods for monitoring algebraic difference of elevations (amplitudes) was previously performed. The article proposes a combined approach to geodetic control at all stages of work on checking the evenness of the asphalt concrete pavement.
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Thevoho, I., E. ILKIV, M. GALYARNYK, D. ZHYTAR, D. BOROVYK, and A. DRBAL. "Current state of the main height basis in the context of characteristics of leveling points Ι and IΙ classes in the western regions of Ukraine." Modern achievements of geodesic science and industry 1, no. 43 (April 1, 2022): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33841/1819-1339-1-43-55-61.
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The aim is to analyze the technical characteristics of leveling points to establish their real state in the context of combining the leveling main elevation base of Ukraine with European leveling lines to identify deficiencies and to develop scientific and technical proposals to improve monitoring of leveling lines Ι and II classes on territory of Western Ukraine. Method. For the analysis of technical characteristics of leveling points, which are presented on the geoportal of DGM of Ukraine, methods of statistical analysis are used, which are based on consecutive actions to study and interpret technical characteristics of leveling points in the context of monitoring of level of SMH of Ukraine. Results. The proposed scientific and technical recommendations allow to increase the efficiency of organizational and technological processes, which are the basis for monitoring the state of geodetic points of the DGM of Ukraine, and practically prove the need for scientific and technical developments for monitoring leveling points. Scientific novelty. The performed statistical analysis of the characteristics of leveling points is the basis for the development of the author's scientific, technical and organizational recommendations for monitoring the leveling marks of the DGM of Ukraine for the relevant management structures of the State Geocadastre. It will also reveal the weaknesses of their operation, which are due to different nature of the changes that have accumulated over the long life cycle of leveling points. The set of technical characteristics of points that need refinements or changes is determined, which will increase the efficiency of inspection and updating of leveling points. The practical significance of the work is to analyze the characteristics of leveling points (name, type of center, sign, network class, method of determining coordinates, description, status, previous name, figure), which are presented on the geoportal DGM of Ukraine and located in Volyn, Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Rivne, Ternopil, Chernivtsi regions in order to clarify the current state of leveling points for the development of scientific, technological, organizational recommendations for regional management structures of the State Geocadastre, as well as for specialists who perform inspections and updates of DGM. The results of the research can be used in the future to monitor the condition of the leveling points of the main altitude base of Ukraine.
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Gienko, Elena G., Alexander V. Elagin, and Konstantin Yu Reznichenko. "RESULTS OF BUILDING A LOCAL QUASIGEOID MODEL ON THE TERRITORY OF THE GEODETIC TRAINING GROUND OF SSUGT." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1 (May 21, 2021): 252–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-1-252-260.
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The results of building a local quasigeoid model by various methods on the territory of the geodesic training ground of SSUGT, based on the data of geometric leveling, GNSS measurements, gravimetry and astronomical measurements, are presented. The advantages of using a two-dimensional model of a quasigeoid in ellipsoidal coordinates over the "flat model" of height calibration widely used in GNSS technologies are shown. The criteria for choosing a method for building a quasigeoid model on a local territory and criteria for evaluating the quality of the results are determined. The results of determining the deviations of the vertical line in a given area, with control according to astronomo-geodesic measurements, are presented. In particular, a method for quick determining the deviations of a vertical line from the differences in astronomical and geodetic zenith distances was tested. A conclusion about the best method for determining the parameters of the local model of the quasigeoid and the deviations of the vertical line for a given territory is made. The results of the research are of practical significance for the training of students and specialists in the field of geodesy.
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Bazanowski, Maciej, Anna Szostak-Chrzanowski, and Adam Chrzanowski. "Determination of GPS Session Duration in Ground Deformation Surveys in Mining Areas." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (November 3, 2019): 6127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216127.
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Extraction of underground minerals causes subsidence of the ground surface due to gravitational forces. The subsidence rate depends on the type of extracted ore, as well as its shape, thickness, and depth. Additionally, the embedding and overburden rock properties influence the time needed for the deformations to reach the surface. Using the results of geodetic deformation monitoring, which supply the information on pattern and magnitude of surface deformation, the performance of the mine may be evaluated. The monitoring can supply information on the actual rock mass behaviour during the operation and in many cases during the years after the mining operations have ceased. Geodetic methods of deformation monitoring supply information on the absolute and relative displacements (changes in position in a selected coordinate system) from which displacement and strain fields for the monitored object may be derived. Thus, geodetic measurements provide global information on absolute and relative displacements over large areas, either at discrete points or continuous in the space domain. The geodetic methods are affected by errors caused by atmospheric refraction and delay of electromagnetic signal. Since geodetic measurements allow for redundancy and statistical evaluation of the quality of the data, they generally provide reliable results. Usually, the designed accuracy of deformation measurements should allow for the detection of at least one third of the expected maximum deformations over the desired time span at the 95% probability level. In ground subsidence studies in mining areas, 10 mm accuracy at 95% level in both vertical and horizontal displacements is typically required. In the case of salt mines, the process of ground subsidence in viscous rock is slow; therefore, subsidence monitoring surveys may be performed once a year. In subsidence determination, two techniques are commonly used: leveling and satellite positioning. The satellite positioning technique is used to determine the 3D (horizontal coordinates and height) or 2D position of monitored points (only horizontal coordinates). When comparing the heights determined from satellite and leveling surveys, it has to be noted that the leveling heights are referred with respect to the geoid (orthometric heights), while heights determined from satellite surveys are referred with respect to the ellipsoid (ellipsoidal height). In the case of satellite surveys, the accuracy of horizontal position is typically 2–3 times better than vertical. The analysis of the optimal session duration lead to the conclusion that in order to achieve the sub-cm accuracy of horizontal coordinates at 95% confidence level, the satellite positioning session length using Global Positioning System (GPS) should be at least three hours long. In order to achieve the sub-cm accuracy of height coordinate at 95% confidence level in a single observation session, the GPS session length should be at least twelve hours long.
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Sarkisian, H., V. Tymoshevskyi, and S. Urdzik. "METROLOGICAL SUPPORT OF GEODETIC WORKS IN THE ROAD ROUGHNESS MEASURING." Municipal economy of cities 6, no. 166 (November 30, 2021): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2021-6-166-130-133.
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Most of the transport and operational indicators that directly affect the road roughness depend on the roughness of coverage. Therefore, the control and timely monitoring of the road roughness is an extremely important issue that needs the attention of road maintenance services. At monitoring of the road roughness it is most expedient to use a technique of leveling of a covering. The method of leveling the coating provides more detailed information about the coating and allows you to determine the smallest deformations on the road coating, which may be at the first stage of their development, especially at that stage of their development, and show roughness and various parameters. One of the main tasks of measurements in the process of performing geodetic works is not only to obtain the measurement result, but also to assess its reliability. The required quality of instrumental measurement can not be achieved without adhering to the principles of unity and the required accuracy of measurements, so much attention should be paid to the metrological support of geodetic works. The purpose of this article is to analyze the metrological support of geodetic works in determining the pavement roughness and substantiation of the required accuracy of measuring the non-rigid pavement roughness. On the basis of dependences for determining the coefficient of dynamic load on pavement and the correlation between the pavement roughness and the coefficient of dynamic load and on the basis of experimental data, the necessary accuracy of measuring the non-rigid pavement roughness is substantiated. Based on the analysis, it was found that the accuracy of determining the height of the irregularities should not exceed 0.5 mm, for which it is necessary to use optical or electron-optical levels.
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Salvini, Riccardo, Claudio Vanneschi, Chiara Lanciano, and Renzo Maseroli. "Ground Displacements Estimation through GNSS and Geometric Leveling: A Geological Interpretation of the 2016–2017 Seismic Sequence in Central Italy." Geosciences 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12040167.
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Between August 2016 and January 2017, a very energetic seismic sequence induced substantial horizontal and vertical ground displacements in the Central Italian Apennines. After this event, the Italian Military Geographical Institute (IGM), owner and manager of the Italian geodetic networks, executed several topographic surveys in the earthquake area in order to update the coordinates of vertices belonging to the IGM95 geodetic network. The measurements began in the areas where the most significant deformation occurred: the localities of Amatrice and Accumoli, in the Rieti Province, and the area covering Norcia and Castelluccio, in the Province of Perugia, all the way to Visso (Province of Macerata). The activities described in this paper focused on the updated measurement of the IGM95 network points through GNSS and the restatement of extensive parts of the high precision geometric lines that were levelled until reaching stable zones. This unprecedented amount of data was used for a new geological interpretation of the seismic sequence, which confirms some of the previous hypotheses of the scientific community. In the analyzed territory, the latest estimate of the geodetic position points has allowed for an accurate determination of the east and the north and of the altitude components of the displacement induced by the earthquake through a comparison with the previous coordinates. The results confirm that the seismicity was induced by normal faults system activity. Still, they also indicate the possible influence of a significant regional thrust that conditioned the propagation of the seismicity in the area. The obtained maps of the displacement are coherent with other geodetic works and with a rupture propagation driven by the documented geotectonic structure.
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Kamiński and Makowska. "The Concept of Geodetic Analyses of the Measurement Results Obtained by Hydrostatic Leveling." Geosciences 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9100406.
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The article discusses the issue of hydrostatic leveling. Its application is presented in structural health monitoring systems in order to determine vertical displacements of controlled points. Moreover, the article includes a complete computation scheme that utilizes the estimation from observation differences, allowing the elimination of the influence of individual sensors’ systematic errors. The authors suggest two concepts of processing the measurement results depending on the sensors’ connection method. Additionally, the second concept is extended by the elements allowing the prediction of the displacements by means of Kalman filtering.
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Saberi, Ehsan, Ali Yassaghi, and Yahya Djamour. "Application of geodetic leveling data on recent fault activity in Central Alborz, Iran." Geophysical Journal International 211, no. 2 (August 23, 2017): 751–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggx311.
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Wald, David J., Thomas H. Heaton, and K. W. Hudnut. "The slip history of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake determined from strong-motion, teleseismic, GPS, and leveling data." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, no. 1B (February 1, 1996): S49—S70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa08601b0s49.
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Abstract We present a rupture model of the Northridge earthquake, determined from the joint inversion of near-source strong ground motion recordings, P and SH teleseismic body waves, Global Positioning System (GPS) displacement vectors, and permanent uplift measured along leveling lines. The fault is defined to strike 122° and dip 40° to the south-southwest. The average rake vector is determined to be 101°, and average slip is 1.3 m; the peak slip reaches about 3 m. Our estimate of the seismic moment is 1.3 ± 0.2 × 1026 dyne-cm (potency of 0.4 km3). The rupture area is small relative to the overall aftershock dimensions and is approximately 15 km along strike, nearly 20 km in the dip direction, and there is no indication of slip shallower than about 5 to 6 km. The up-dip, strong-motion velocity waveforms are dominated by large S-wave pulses attributed to source directivity and are comprised of at least 2 to 3 distinct arrivals (a few seconds apart). Stations at southern azimuths indicate two main S-wave arrivals separated longer in time (about 4 to 5 sec). These observations are best modeled with a complex distribution of subevents: The initial S-wave arrival comes from an asperity that begins at the hypocenter and extends up-dip and to the north where a second, larger subevent is centered (about 12 km away). The secondary S arrivals at southern azimuths are best fit with additional energy radiation from another high slip region at a depth of 19 km, 8 km west of the hypocenter. The resolving power of the individual data sets is examined by predicting the geodetic (GPS and leveling) displacements with the dislocation model determined from the waveform data, and vice versa, and also by analyzing how well the teleseismic solution predicts the recorded strong motions. The general features of the geodetic displacements are not well predicted from the model determined independently from the strong-motion data; likewise, the slip model determined from geodetic data does not adequately reproduce the strong-motion characteristics. Whereas a particularly smooth slip pattern is sufficient to satisfy the geodetic data, the strong-motion and teleseismic data require a more heterogeneous slip distribution in order to reproduce the velocity amplitudes and frequency content. Although the teleseismic model can adequately reproduce the overall amplitude and frequency content of the strong-motion velocity recordings, it does a poor job of predicting the geodetic data. Consequently, a robust representation of the slip history and heterogeneity requires a combined analysis of these data sets.
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Nikonov, Anton V., Nadezhda M. Ryabova, and Sergey P. Alekseev. "STUDY OF THE ELECTRONIC TOTAL STATION TRAVEL FOCUSING LENS MOVEMENT INFLUENCE ON THE SIGHTING AXIS POSITION." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1 (May 21, 2021): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-1-93-99.
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When carrying out geodetic work inside production shops or on a construction site, it is necessary to significantly change the focusing of the telescope. Refocusing the telescope can lead to a shift in the sighting axis, and, accordingly, to a decrease in the accuracy of angular measurements. The article presents the results of laboratory studies to determine the horizontal error of collimation and vertical index error of the Leica total station for distances from 2 to 84 m. Therefore, after checking the collimation and vertical index error and automatically taking into account their influence, it is allowed performing geodetic measurements at one position of the vertical circle. In particular, this makes it possible to speed up the execution of fan-shaped trigonometric leveling with short sights, which is performed when observing the settlements of the foundations of industrial buildings and structures.
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Mustafin, M. G., and Thanh Son Tran. "Method for determining the normal heights from satellite data, taking into account the deviations of the plumb lines." Geodesy and Cartography 937, no. 7 (August 20, 2018): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2018-937-7-2-10.
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Currently, using in Vietnam for constructing is normal height and method of leveling geometry. During the construction, it is necessary to transfer height through difficult terrain, such as large rivers or high mountains. In such situations, the transfer of altitude with the help of GNSS will allow to reduce labor costs in comparison with the transfer of altitude using the geometric method. However, the key issue is interpret the altitude defined by the GNSS to a normal height with an accuracy that meets the requirements for leveling grids in engineering geodesy. In this article has been offered algorithm for determining normal altitudes from satellite data and taking into account the deviations of the plumb line. Using GNSS technology are determined coordinates in the geodetic coordinate system or in the spatial one corresponding to the ellipsoid WGS-84. The technique for determining the normal heights from the data of satellite determinations is considered. A computational algorithm is proposed that includes taking into account the deviations of the plumb line and their determination by rotation of the ellipsoid, and also assuming the presence of geometric leveling data. An example of the implementation of an algorithm on a specific object is shown.
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Zablotskii, Vladimir. "A New Approach to Teaching C++ Programming for Cartography Students by Means Training Programs with Emphasizing Cartography and Geodesy." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-155-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> A new course of C++ programming for cartographers and surveyors has been developed. Pedagogical experiments were carried out in the period of 2009–2019 in Moscow State University of Geodesy and Cartography. The new course focuses on the use of cartographic tasks and geodetic exercises to illustrate various programming language constructions. Direct and inverse geodetic problem, position determination via a topographic map, work with a theodolite when performing angular measurements, leveling, etc. are considered in training modules. Programs are used as supporting data during the lectures, and as tasks for practical. This is the main purpose of the training. Currently, more than fifty training programs are used in the training process. All programs contain no more than 60 lines of code to ease the understanding of the program by students. The examples the typical training programs for students studying the C++ are discussed. The first program Theodolite is designed to study the concept of class, constructor, destructor, and object-oriented programming in general. The second program focuses to solve the inverse of the geodetic task.</p>
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Dorogova, Inna, Aleksandr Ilin, and Rustam Iskandarov. "DEFORMATION MONITORING OF MULTILEVEL RESIDENTIAL BUILDING DURING CONSTRUCTION." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1, no. 2 (2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2019-1-2-17-24.
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The article describes the technology of deformation geodetic monitoring of a multi-storey res-idential building during construction. The description of the main stages of work: the choice of the location of the reference frames and the assessment of their stability, the placement of deformation marks on the observed structure, the location of leveling moves along deformation marks, the im-plementation of several cycles of geodetic measurements and the determination of deformation marks observed by their results The analysis of the obtained results has been performed, which suggests that at the time of the measurements, the observed deformation processes are predictable. Recommendations on improve-ment of the measuring measures complex are given, and the possibility of forecasting is considered, and the predicted values of the sediment deformation marks are calculated, which practically coin-cide with the actual values obtained in the next observation cycle.
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Galvani, Alessandro, Giuseppe Pezzo, Vincenzo Sepe, and Guido Ventura. "Shrinking of Ischia Island (Italy) from Long-Term Geodetic Data: Implications for the Deflation Mechanisms of Resurgent Calderas and Their Relationships with Seismicity." Remote Sensing 13, no. 22 (November 18, 2021): 4648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13224648.
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The identification of the mechanisms responsible for the deformation of calderas is of primary importance for our understanding of the dynamics of magmatic systems and the evaluation of volcanic hazards. We analyze twenty years (1997–2018) of geodetic measurements on Ischia Island (Italy), which include the Mt. Epomeo resurgent block, and is affected by hydrothermal manifestations and shallow seismicity. The data from the GPS Network and the leveling route show a constant subsidence with values up to −15 ± 2.0 mm/yr and a centripetal displacement rate with the largest deformations on the southern flank of Mt. Epomeo. The joint inversion of GPS and levelling data is consistent with a 4 km deep source deflating by degassing and magma cooling below the southern flank of Mt. Epomeo. The depth of the source is supported by independent geophysical data. The Ischia deformation field is not related to the instability of the resurgent block or extensive gravity or tectonic processes. The seismicity reflects the dynamics of the shallow hydrothermal system being neither temporally nor spatially related to the deflation.
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Gandolfi, Stefano, Paolo Macini, Luca Poluzzi, and Luca Tavasci. "GNSS measurements for ground deformations detection around offshore natural gas fields in the Northern Adriatic Region." Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 382 (April 22, 2020): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-382-89-2020.
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Abstract. The study aims to evaluate ground deformations in a vast area characterized by the coexistence of intense anthropic activities and offshore natural gas production. Onshore subsidence can be studied by GNSS, InSAR, high precision leveling and extensometers that provide broad datasets for a fully integrated description of the phenomenon. At present, seafloor subsidence monitoring cannot be carried out by high precision leveling, and GNSS is the only reliable method, implemented by means of permanent stations installed on offshore hydrocarbon production facilities. In the Northern/Central Adriatic Sea gas production platforms, GNSS data are recorded since more than 15 years, allowing to estimate not only the average subsidence of the platform/seafloor, but also possible velocity variations due to underground fluids withdrawal. This study shows the comparison of 22 offshore GNSS permanent stations located in the study area. Raw data have been processed with two different software packages (GIPSY-OASIS and GAMIT-GLOBK) based on different approaches and considering different boundary conditions of geodetic and/or modeling nature. Main results point out the high accuracy of the GNSS technology considering also the impact of data processing. Finally, at selected permanent stations we also performed a comparison of results obtained by GNSS, InSAR and high precision leveling.
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Kravchenko, Yuriy. "The Moon influence on Vertical Lines Deviations as Geodetic Instruments of Urban Territories Development." MATEC Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 02008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817002008.
Full textAbstract:
The increase in the complexity of facilities entails the requirements increasing for the accuracy of geodetic measurements and the need to revise some existing techniques for accounting of factors’ variety that affect the measurements results of urban development. Such factors include the Moon influence on the magnitude and direction of gravity. In order to determine the need for adjusting the methods of accounting for the effects of the moon on the geodetic measurements results, an assessment was made of their maximum influence on the value of the earth’s gravity force and the deviation of plumb lines. The results of a computational experiment for estimating the extreme values of the variation in the plumb lines’ deviations (up to 1 “), the oscillations of the measured exceedances (up to 0.5 mm per 100 m) and variations in the gravity (up to 5.44 × 10-5 μg / s2) are sufficient grounds for correcting existing methods of precision leveling and gravimetric measurements.
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Nikonov, Anton V., Victor A. Skripnikov, and Margarita A. Skripnikova. "APPLICATION OF HIGH-PRECISION TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING IN DEFORMATION MONITORING OF HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES." Interexpo GEO-Siberia 1 (May 21, 2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33764/2618-981x-2021-1-85-92.
Full textAbstract:
The article proposes to use high-precision trigonometric leveling when determining the deformations of hydraulic structures. The required accuracy can be ensured by measuring the excess with automated high-precision total station and observing a number of conditions. Recommendations are given for the modernization of one of the sections at the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station. The results of field studies on the determination of the refraction coefficient by the geodetic method are presented. During a summer day (from 10 to 18 hours), a change in the coefficient of refraction was recorded in the range from -0.14 to +0.81, which significantly differs from the standard value of +0.13. Therefore, when measuring the vertical displacements of deformation marks located on the alignment, it is proposed to periodically determine the coefficient of refraction and, if necessary, introduce appropriate corrections into the measurement results.