Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geodetic networks'

Optimisation of a geodetic network is performed to provide its pre-set quality requirements. Today, this procedure is almost run with the aid of developed analytical approaches, where the human intervention in the process cycle is limited to defining the criteria. The existing complication of optimisation problem was terminated by classifying it into several stages. By performing these steps, we aim to design a network with the best datum, configuration and the observation weights, which meets the precision, reliability and cost criteria. In this thesis, which is a compilation of four papers in scientific journals, we investigate the optimisation problem by developing some new methods in simulated and real applications. On the first attempt, the impact of different constraints in using a bi-objective optimisation model is investigated in a simulated network. It is particularly prevalent among surveyors to encounter inconsistencies between the controlling constraints, such as precision, reliability and cost. To overcome this issue in optimisation, one can develop bi-objective or multi-objective models, where more criteria are considered in the object function. We found out that despite restricting the bi-objective model with precision and reliability constraints in this study, there is no significant difference in results compared to the unconstrained model. Nevertheless, the constrained models have strict controls on the precision of net points and observation reliabilities. The importance of optimisation techniques in optimal design of displacement monitoring networks leads to the development of a new idea, where all the observations of two epochs are considered in the optimisation procedure. Traditionally, an observation plan is designed for a displacement network and repeated for the second epoch. In the alternative method, by using the Gauss-Helmert method, the variances of all observations are estimated instead of their weights to perform the optimisation. This method delivers two observation plans for the two epochs and provides the same displacement precision as the former approach, while it totally removes more observations from the plan. To optimise a displacement monitoring network by considering a sensitivity criterion as a main factor in defining the capacity of a network in detecting displacements, a real case study is chosen. A GPS displacement monitoring network is established in the Lilla Edet municipality in the southwest of Sweden to investigate possible landslides. We optimised the existing monitoring network by considering all quality criteria, i.e. precision, reliability and cost to enable the network for detecting 5 mm displacement at the net points. The different optimisation models are performed on the network by assuming single baseline observations in each measurement session. A decrease of 17% in the number of observed baselines is yielded by the multi-objective model. The observation plan with fewer baselines saves cost, time and effort on the project, while it provides the demanded quality requirements. The Lilla Edet monitoring network is also used to investigate the idea, where we assume more precise instruments in the second of two sequential epochs. In this study, we use a single-objective model of precision, and constrained it to reliability. The precision criterion is defined such that it provides the sensitivity of the network in detecting displacements and has a better variance-covariance matrix than at the first epoch. As the observations are GPS baselines, we assumed longer observation time in the second epoch to obtain higher precision. The results show that improving the observation precision in the second epoch yields an observation plan with less number of baselines in that epoch. In other words, separate observation plans with different configurations are designed for the monitoring network, considering better observation precision for the latter epoch.

QC 20150603

Formas

Bibliography: pages 173-178.
Classical terrestrial (horizontal and vertical) networks and Doppler satellite derived networks are combined in a three dimensional transformation adjustment by solving for the external bias parameters using any of the three standard seven parameter similarity transformation models, namely the Bursa, Molodensky and Veis models. The object of this combination may be merely to merge the systems or networks, but may additionally involve an attempt to assign physical meaning to the estimated bias parameters. These two aspects, and the influence of the a priori Variance-Covariance matrix of the observables on the parameters and their interpretation is studied in detail. An in-depth conceptual, mathematical and numerical comparative assessment of the three standard models is made. The homogeneity of the classical terrestrial South African networks is investigated by comparing the transformation parameter sets derived for different regions and sub-regions of the country.

Após o ajustamento de observações pelo método dos mínimos quadrados (MMQ) ter sido realizado, é possível a detecção e a identificação de erros não aleatórios nas observações, por meio de testes estatísticos. A teoria da confiabilidade faz uso de medidas adequadas para quantificar o menor erro detectável em uma observação, e a sua influência sobre os parâmetros ajustados, quando não detectado. A teoria de confiabilidade convencional foi desenvolvida para os procedimentos de teste convencionais, como o data snooping, que pressupõem que apenas uma observação está contaminada por erros grosseiros por vez. Recentemente foram desenvolvidas medidas de confiabilidade generalizadas, relativas a testes estatísticos que pressupõem a existência, simultânea, de múltiplas observações com erros (outliers). Outras abordagens para o controle de qualidade do ajustamento, alternativas a estes testes estatísticos, também foram propostas recentemente, como por exemplo, o método QUAD (Quasi-Accurate Detection of outliers method). Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo fazer um estudo sobre o controle de qualidade do ajustamento de observações geodésicas, por meio de experimentos em uma rede GPS (Global Positioning System), utilizando tanto os métodos convencionais quanto o atual estado da arte. Desta forma, foram feitos estudos comparativos entre medidas de confiabilidade convencionais e medidas de confiabilidade generalizadas para dois outliers simultâneos, bem como estudos comparativos entre o procedimento data snooping e testes estatísticos para a identificação de múltiplos outliers. Também se investigou como a questão das variâncias e covariâncias das observações, bem como a geometria/configuração da rede GPS em estudo, podem influenciar nas medidas de confiabilidade, tanto na abordagem convencional, quanto na abordagem generalizada. Por fim, foi feito um estudo comparativo entre o método QUAD e os testes estatísticos para a identificação de erros.
After the adjustment of observations has been carried out by Least Squares Method (LSM), it is possible to detect and identify non-random errors in the observations using statistical tests. The reliability theory makes use of appropriate measures to quantify the minimal detectable bias (error) in an observation, and its influence on the adjusted parameters, if not detected. The conventional reliability theory has been developed for conventional testing procedures such as data snooping, which assumes that only one observation is contaminated by errors at a time. Recently, generalized measures of reliability has been developed, relating to statistical tests that assumes the existence, simultaneous, of multiple observations with errors (outliers). Other approaches to the quality control of the adjustment, alternatives to these statistical tests, were also proposed recently, such as the QUAD method (Quasi-Accurate Detection of outliers method). The goal of this research is to make a study about the quality control of the adjustment of geodetic observations, by means of experiments in a GPS (Global Positioning System) network, using both conventional methods and the current state of the art. In this way, comparisons were made between conventional reliability measures and generalized measures of reliability for two outliers, as well as comparisons between the data snooping procedure and statistical tests to identify multiple outliers. It was also investigated how the variances and covariances of the observations, as well as the geometry/configuration of the GPS network in study, can influence the measures of reliability, both in the conventional approach and in the generalized approach. Finally, a comparison was made between the QUAD method and the statistical tests to identify outliers (errors).

This contribution describes an automatic and robust method, which can be applied to all classical geodetic computation problems. Starting from given input quantities (e.g. coordinates of known points, observations) computation opportunities for all other relevant quantities are found. For redundant input quantities there exists a multitude of different computation opportunities from different minimal subsets of input quantities, which are all found automatically, and their results are computed and compared. If the computation is non-unique, but only a finite number of solutions exist, then all solutions are found and computed. By comparison of the different computation results we may detect outliers in the input quantities and produce a robust final result. The method does not work stochastically, such that no stochastic model of the observations is required. The description of the algorithm is illustrated for a practical case. It is implemented on a webserver and is available for free via internet.
Der Beitrag beschreibt ein automatisches und robustes Verfahren, welches auf alle klassischen geodätischen Berechnungsprobleme angewendet werden kann. Ausgehend von vorgelegten Eingabegrößen (z.B. Koordinaten bekannter Punkte, Beobachtungen) werden Berechnungsmöglichkeiten für alle anderen relevanten Größen gefunden. Bei redundanten Eingabegrößen existiert eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Berechnungsmöglichkeiten aus verschiedenen minimalen Untermengen von Eingabegrößen, die alle automatisch gefunden und deren Ergebnisse berechnet und verglichen werden. Wenn die Berechnung nicht eindeutig ist, aber nur eine endliche Anzahl von Lösungen existiert, dann werden alle Lösungen gefunden und berechnet. Durch den Vergleich verschiedener Berechnungsergebnisse können Ausreißer in den Eingabegrößen aufgedeckt werden und ein robustes Endergebnis wird erhalten. Das Verfahren arbeitet nicht stochastisch, so dass kein stochastisches Modell der Beobachtungen erforderlich ist. Die Beschreibung des Algorithmus wird an einem praktischen Fall illustriert. Er ist auf einem Webserver installiert und über das Internet frei verfügbar.

Em levantamentos geodésicos planialtimétrico se faz necessário conhecer a qualidade das coordenadas estimadas de acordo com o tipo de aplicação a que se destinam. Este trabalho mostra de modo didático o estudo das teorias de análise de qualidade de rede GPS, baseando-se nas teorias de confiabilidade de rede propostos por Baarda, em 1968. As hipóteses estatísticas são fundamentais para elaboração dos testes para detecção de erros grosseiros (outliers), que constitui a base para a análise da confiabilidade de rede. Neste trabalho são propostas três estratégias, desenvolvidas em MathCAD, para a análise da qualidade do ajustamento. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com os dos programas comerciais, Ski-Pro e Ashtech Solution, e também validados por medidas de campo feitas com estação total. As três estratégias propostas, para a rede em estudo implantada no Campus II da USP, apresentaram bons resultados
Geodetic planimetric survey requires the knowledge of the coordinates quality, estimated according to the final application. This work shows a didactic way on the study on theoretical analyses on quality of GPS networks, based on reliability network proposed by Baarda in 1968. Statistical hypotheses are fundamental to development of outliers’ detection tests, which consists the base for network reliability. In this work, three strategies are proposed, developed in MathCAD, to analyze adjustment quality. The results were compared with the results of two commercial programs, Ski-Pro and Ashtech Solution, and also field validation measurements with total station. The three proposed strategy, applied on a pilot network located at the Campus II of USP, gave good results

Um dos principais problemas no monitoramento das estruturas de uma barragem por meio de instrumentação geodésica se refere à confirmação da estabilidade dos pontos da rede geodésica de referência. Os eventuais deslocamentos detectados nas estruturas podem ser resultados de análises e interpretações equivocadas, já que os pontos de referência podem ser considerados estáveis sem indicação dessa condição. Considerando o objetivo deste trabalho, de verificar a estabilidade dos pilares da rede geodésica da Usina Hidrelétrica de ITAIPU por meio da tecnologia GPS, foi proposta uma metodologia que compreendesse o planejamento e a coleta dos dados, realizada em quatro épocas (campanhas) distintas, seguidos do seu processamento e ajustamento. No processamento dos dados verificou-se a melhor estratégia usando a fase da portadora L1, devido às linhas de base curtas (até 5km). Já no ajustamento, constatou-se a importância da detecção de erros grosseiros nas observações das linhas de base e também do controle de qualidade. Os resultados da aplicação desta metodologia foram as coordenadas ajustadas dos pilares da rede com as suas respectivas precisões para cada época. Estas coordenadas e suas matrizes variância-covariância foram então comparadas entre combinação de campanhas com a aplicação do teste de congruência global, para a verificação final da significância estatística das diferenças encontradas. Os resultados demonstraram que as investigações da estabilidade dos pilares da rede geodésica em estudo, dependem diretamente da qualidade das observações e do ajustamento, bem como da configuração da rede geodésica.
One of the main problems in dams structures monitoring by geodetic instruments is the confirmation of the stability of reference points in geodetic networks. The detection of displacements on the structures can bring results of wrong analysis just because the reference points assumed as stable points may be not. Considering the objective of this work which is to verify the stability of the pillars in ITAIPU Power Plant geodetic network by GPS, a methodology was proposed including the planning and field surveys of four campaigns in different epochs, followed by data processing and baseline adjustment. According to the results of data processing it was verified that the better strategy is process the carrier phase L1 because the baselines are short (up to 5km). Regarding the adjustment, it was confirmed the significance of observations blunders detection and quality control. The results of methodology application were the adjusted coordinates of each geodetic network pillar and the respective accuracy for each campaign. Those coordinates with its variance-covariance matrices were compared between the campaigns by means of global congruency test verifying if statistically significant differences would be found. The results demonstrated that the pillars stability of studied geodetic network is directly dependent of the observations and adjustment quality, and also of the geodetic network layout.

Usando o modelo de ajustamento apresentado por Schaffrin (2001), este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia para ajustamento de redes geodésicas GPS de densificação e extensão, a qual substitui com vantagem o tratamento clássico que utiliza um ajustamento livre seguido por uma \"transformação de Helmert\". A característica deste método é introduzir um procedimento estatisticamente ótimo, baseado no princípio dos mínimos quadrados, que permita ajustar a nova rede, vinculando-a a pontos fiduciais, e conectando-a a pontos de ligação com redes vizinhas de mesmo nível, considerados \"hierarquicamente superiores\" no processo. A técnica da \"propriedade reprodutora\" permite que esses pontos sejam ponderados em função das variâncias decorrentes de suas determinações, mas tenham suas coordenadas preservadas. Para a implementação dessa metodologia, foi desenvolvido um programa, em linguagem FORTRAN, que realiza o ajustamento vetorial da rede, utilizando o modelo paramétrico do método dos mínimos quadrados. O procedimento adotado consiste em fazer com que as variâncias dos pontos de injunção sejam introduzidas na nova rede, e que as coordenadas desses pontos, modificadas pelo ajustamento, sejam recuperadas. O programa apresenta também uma seqüência de testes que possibilitam a detecção, investigação e adaptação de possíveis erros encontrados.
By using the adjustment model presented by Schaffrin (2001), this work presents a methodology for the adjustment of GPS geodetic networks of densification and extension, which substitutes with advantage the classic treatment that uses a free net adjustment followed by a \"Helmert transformation\". The feature of this method is to introduce a statistically optimal procedure, based on least squares principle, that allows adjust the new network, linking it to fiducial points and connecting it to tiepoints with same level neighbor networks, all of them considered \"hierarchically superior\" in the process. The \"reproducing property\" technique allows that these points were weighed up as a function of the variances obtained in the preliminary determination, but they have their coordinates preserved. For this methodology implementation, a software in FORTRAN language was developed for the network vectorial adjustment, by using the linear parametric model of least-squares method. The adopted procedure allows the constraint point variances to propagate in the new network, but afterwards the coordinates of these points, changed in the adjustment, are retrieved. The software presents a sequence of tests to detect, to investigate and to analyze possible encountered errors, too.

Grandes estruturas, sejam elas naturais ou artificiais, estão sujeitas a variações, em suas dimensões e posição, no espaço e no tempo. O monitoramento de estruturas está diretamente ligado com a segurança das mesmas, pois o colapso de uma estrutura artificial ou movimentação de estruturas naturais podem causar perdas econômicas, impactar o meio ambiente e ceifar vidas. Neste sentido o foco deste trabalho é aplicar a tecnologia GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) e redes geodésicas no monitoramento de estruturas. Para confirmar a ocorrência de deslocamentos utilizou-se o Teste de Congruência Global. Durante o desenvolvimento do trabalho foi proposto um método designado por Análise Geométrica, para fornecer indicação de possíveis deslocamentos. A metodologia proposta nesta pesquisa foi aplicada no monitoramento da barragem da Usina Hidrelétrica de Itaipu e pilares da sua rede de trilateração. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram realizadas quatro campanhas de observações. Os dados de cada campanha foram processados para determinar vetores, que posteriormente participaram de ajustamento vetorial pelo Método dos Mínimos Quadrados, para cada época de levantamento. O ajustamento forneceu coordenadas dos pontos da rede e a matriz variânvia-covariância, para cada época de observação. Estas informações foram combinadas duas a duas para aplicar a Análise Geométrica e o Teste de Congruência Global. Os resultados dos dois métodos de teste apresentaram boa correlação entre si e indicaram possíveis deslocamentos em pontos da rede de referência de monitoramento por trilateração e pontos da barragem.
Natural or artificial large structures are subjected to variations in their dimensions and position, in space and time. Structures monitoring is directly attended with their security, since the collapse of an artificial structure or displacement of natural structures can cause economic loss, impact the environment and cause the death of people. Hence, the aim of this study is to apply GNSS technologie (Global Navigation Satellite System) and geodetic networks in structures monitoring. In order to confirm the occurrence of the displacements the Global Congruence Test was employed. During the development of this study it was proposed a method so-called Geometric Analisys, to indicate possible displacements. The methodologie proposed in this research was applied to Itaipu hydro-electric power station and its trilateration networks. GNSS data was surveyed in four campaings. Data from each campaing were processed to determine vectors, which were posteriorly adjusted by means of the least squares method, for each survey epoch. The adjustment provided the coordinates of the network vertices and the covariance matrix, for each observation epoch. These informations were combined two by two to apply the Geometrical Analisys and the Global Congruence Test. Results from both test methods show good agreement and indicate possible displacements in vertices of the monitoring reference network and in object points of the dam.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe „Lietuvos geodezinio tinklo horizontaliųjų deformacijų apibendrintųjų charakteristikų tyrimas“ analizuojant geodezinių tinklų elementų pokyčius, nustatytus pagal pakartotinai atliktus geodezinius matavimus, tirtos Lietuvos teritorijos bei jos vakarinio ir rytinio blokų horizontaliosios deformacijos. Baigiamojo magistro darbo tikslas – atlikti Lietuvos geodezinio tinklo horizontaliųjų deformacijų apibendrintųjų charakteristikų tyrimą. Deformacijos, parenkant laisvo taškų poslinkio tolygiai besideformuojančioje dvimatėje erdvėje modelis, apskaičiuotos pagal trianguliacijos bei GPS tinklo kartotinius matavimus. Trianguliacijos matavimai atlikti 1926–1940 metais, GPS matavimai atlikti 1992–1996 metais bei 2007 metais. Horizontaliųjų deformacijų apskaičiuotų Lietuvos teritorijos bei rytinio ir vakarinio blokų tyrimui naudota tenzorinės analizės metodika. Tenzorinės analizės metodu apskaičiuoti Lietuvos teritorijos bei jos vakarinio ir rytinio blokų parametrai. Įvertintos horizontaliųjų deformacijų apibendrintos charakteristikos: didţiausias ir maţiausias santykinis pailgėjimas bei jų kryptys, santykinė dilatacija, antrojo rango deformacijų tenzoriaus elementai bei didţiausio santykinio pailgėjimo kryptys. Darbą sudaro 8 dalys: įvadas, penki skyriai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas. Darbo apimtis – 82 p. teksto be priedų, 36 iliustr., 23 lent., 26 bibliografiniai šaltiniai. Atskirai pridedami darbo priedai.
In the Master thesis called „Investigation of the Generalized Characteristics of the Horizontal Deformations of the Geodetic Network of Lithuania„ analising the changes of the elements of the geodetic networks determinated according to repeatedly performed geodetic measurements were investigated the territories of Lithuania and the horizontal deformations of its west and east blocks. The purpose of the Master thesis is to perform the investigation of the generalized characteristics of the horizontal deformations of the geodetic network of Lithuania. The deformations were calculated according to the repeated measurements of the triangulation and the GPS network by selecting the model of the free displacement of the points in an evenly formed two-dimensional space. The triangulation measurements were performed 1926-1940, the GPS measurements were performed 1992-1996 and in 2007. For the investigation of the horizontal deformations calculated in the territory of Lithuania and in the west and east blocks was used the tensor analysis method. The parameters of the territory of Lithuania and its west and east blocks were calculated using the tensoric analysis method. Also were measured the generalized characterisitcs of the horizontal deformations: the maximum and the minimum relative elongation and their directions, the relative dilatation, the second rank deformations of the elements of the tensor and the directions of the maximum relative elongation. The thesis is composed of 8... [to full text]

Nos últimos anos, tem sido evidente a importância dos sistemas de cadastro territorial. Isso tem ocorrido, principalmente, devido à sua crescente função no desenvolvimento econômico, e no gerenciamento ambiental. Dentre os elementos fundamentais de um sistema cadastral, destaca-se o custo do cadastramento, o qual deve ser compatível com a utilidade de cada imóvel cadastrado. Nesse contexto, e considerando as exigências da Lei 10.267, este trabalho demonstra que certas características das redes geodésicas de apoio ao cadastro influenciam determinantemente nos custos do cadastramento dos imóveis rurais e, portanto, que tais características devem ser cuidadosamente consideradas quando da implantação e manutenção de sistemas cadastrais. É introduzido o conceito de operacionalidade, como mais um parâmetro a ser maximizado na elaboração de um novo projeto, ou na análise de uma rede já existente. A determinação dos parâmetros de operacionalidade fundamentou-se na identificação e atribuição de \"pesos\" às características dos vértices, através de uma pesquisa entre profissionais e estudiosos da área, e mediante o envio de dezenas de questionários. Dessa pesquisa foi possível inferir que os atributos relacionados ao acesso, monumentação do vértice, uso de receptores GPS e uso por estação total, têm o mesmo peso, sendo que uma importância menor foi atribuída às facilidades logísticas locais. Ficou demonstrado também que, além dos atributos dos vértices, a densidade da rede também influencia a operacionalidade. Utilizando-se de simulações, e tendo como referência uma região piloto, selecionada dentro do Estado de São Paulo, quantificou-se a influência da densidade que, agregada às características dos vértices, permitiu desenvolver um método para obtenção de um indicador numérico da operacionalidade, o qual denominou-se Índice de Operacionalidade. O trabalho permitiu, ainda, separar as redes em 4 classes de operacionalidade, de acordo com a expectativa de dispêndio de tempo para a implantação de uma base topográfica de apoio aos levantamentos cadastrais de imóveis rurais.
In the last few years, it has been noticeable the importance of territorial cadastre systems. This is happening mainly because of its increasing function in economic development, and in environmental managing. Among the fundamental elements of a cadastre system, the cadastral cost, which must be compatible with the utility of each cadastred land parcel, is emphasized. In this context, and considering the 10.267 Law demands, the present study shows that certain characteristics of reference geodetic networks have influence in a determinant way in the costs of rural cadastre, and for that, these characteristics must be carefully considered when implementing and maintaining cadastral systems. The functionality concept was introduced as one more parameter to be maximized when elaborating a new project, or in the analysis of an already existing network. The determination of functionality elements was based in the identification and attribution of \"weighs\" to the network stations characteristics through an investigation by mailing questionnaires to surveyors and researchers. From this investigation, it was possible to infer that the attributes related to the network stations access, monuments, functionality for GPS and total station surveys have the same weigh, however local logistics facilities have been attributed with less importance. It was also demonstrated that, besides the network stations attributes, the network density also influences the functionality. Using simulations, and having as reference a pilot area, selected within São Paulo state, it was quantified the density influence that, together with the network stations characteristics, allowed the development of a method to obtain a numerical indicator of the functionality, which was called Functionality Index. This study also permitted to separate the networks into 4 classes of functionality, according to the time wasting expectation to establish 2 control points to support cadastral surveys.

Orientador: Jorge Luiz Alves Trabanco
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T18:04:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Innocente_EricoFrancisco_M.pdf: 11372115 bytes, checksum: b9b472d335b6c8e71df724c39ded054a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: A procura por soluções de problemas referentes à aquisição de dados cadastrais, dentro da malha urbana de uma cidade, com posicionamento GPS relativo, tem se intensificado nos últimos anos. Quando uma nova tecnologia é introduzida em determinada atividade de uma organização, seja ela pública ou privada, percebe-se que sua utilização fica aquém das reais possibilidades de aproveitamento das funções disponibilizadas pelo fabricante. Essa subutilização da tecnologia/equipamento é, na maioria dos casos, devido à falta de infra-estrutura básica existente no local de atuação e a falta de preparo dos usuários. Está constatado que as determinações altimétricas, utilizando tecnologia GPS, não tem todas as suas funções exploradas devido, primordialmente, a falta de uma carta geoidal que possibilite a correção da ondulação geoidal, diferença entre as altitudes geométricas e as correspondentes ortométricas, sendo esta última a altitude utilizada em obras de engenharia. A comunidade científica, empresas de engenharia e órgãos públicos sabem da necessidade desta carta geoidal, onde é possível contribuir com a melhoria da acurácia das altitudes e aplicação direta nos levantamentos planialtimétricos cadastrais dentro do perímetro urbano da cidade. Portanto a motivação deste trabalho é obter um modelo geoidal para a Cidade de Campinas, melhorando a acurácia da ondulação do geóide e proporcionando o emprego do GPS na determinação de altitude ortométrica que, é fator primordial aos projetos e obras inerentes ao dia a dia da Administração Pública, do saneamento básico e das empresas de engenharia
Abstract: The search for solutions of problems concerning the acquisition of cadastral data, in the urban mesh of a city, with GPS relative positioning, has intensified in the last years. When a new technology is introduced in certain activity of an organization, public or private, one notice its utilization is below the real possibilities of use of the functions available by the manufacturer. This sub technology/equipment use is, in most of the cases, due to the lack of basic infrastructure existing in the actuating place and the lack of the users preparation. It has been verified that the altimetric determinations, using GPS technology, don't have all the possible functions explored due to the lack of a geoid map that makes the geoidal height correction possible, difference between the geometric height and the correspondent orthometrics, being this last one the altitude used in engineering works. The scientific community, engineering companies and public organs know the need of this geoid map, where it is possible to contribute with the accuracy improvement of the height and direct application in the cadastral surveying inside the urban perimeter. Therefore the motivation of this work is to obtain a geoid model for Campinas City, improving the accuracy of the geoidal height and providing the GPS use in the determination of orthometric height that is fundamental factor for the projects and inherent to the daily works to the of the Public Administration, basic sanitation and engineering companies
Mestrado
Transportes
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

O objetivo deste trabalho é desenvolver e propor um novo método para o planejamento de redes geodésicas. O planejamento (ou pré-análise) de uma rede geodésica consiste em planejar (ou otimizar) a rede, de modo que a mesma atenda a critérios de qualidade pré-estabelecidos de acordo com os objetivos do projeto, como precisão, confiabilidade e custos. No método aqui proposto, os critérios a serem considerados na etapa de planejamento são os níveis de confiabilidade e homogeneidade mínimos aceitáveis para as observações; a acurácia posicional dos vértices, considerando tanto os efeitos de precisão quanto os (possíveis) efeitos de tendência, segundo ainda um determinado nível de confiança; o número de outliers não detectados máximo admissível; e o poder do teste mínimo do procedimento Data Snooping (DS) no cenário n-dimensional, isto é, considerando todas as observações (testadas individualmente). De acordo com as classificações encontradas na literatura, o método aqui proposto consiste em um projeto combinado, solucionado por meio do método da tentativa e erro, além de apresentar alguns aspectos inéditos em seus critérios de planejamento. Para demonstrar a sua aplicação prática, um exemplo numérico de planejamento de uma rede GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System – Sistema Global de Navegação por Satélite) é apresentado e descrito. Os resultados obtidos após o processamento dos dados da rede GNSS foram concordantes com os valores estimados na sua etapa de planejamento, ou seja, o método aqui proposto apresentou desempenho satisfatório na prática. Além disso, também foram investigados como os critérios pré-estabelecidos, a geometria/configuração da rede geodésica e a precisão/correlação inicial das observações podem influenciar nos resultados obtidos na etapa de planejamento, seguindo o método aqui proposto. Com a realização destes experimentos, dentre outras conclusões, verificou-se que todo os critérios de planejamento do método aqui proposto estão intrinsecamente interligados, pois, por exemplo, uma baixa redundância conduz a um valor relativamente mais alto para a componente de precisão, e consequentemente, um valor relativamente mais baixo para a componente de tendência (mantendo a acurácia final constante), o que também conduz a um poder do teste mínimo nos cenários unidimensional e n-dimensional significativamente mais baixos.
The aim of this work is to develop and propose a new method for the design of geodetic networks. Design (planning or pre-analysis) of a geodetic network consists of planning (or optimizing) the network so that it follows the pre-established quality criteria according to the project objectives, such as accuracy, reliability and costs. In the method proposed here, the criteria to be considered in the planning stage are the minimum acceptable levels of reliability and homogeneity of the observations; the positional accuracy of the points considering both the effects of precision and the (possible) effects of bias (according to a given confidence level); the maximum allowable number of undetected outliers; and the minimum power of the test of the Data Snooping procedure (DS) in the n-dimensional scenario, i.e., considering all observations (individually tested). According to the classifications found in the literature, the method proposed here consists of a combined project, solved by means of trial and error approach, and presents some new aspects in their planning criteria. To demonstrate its practical application, a numerical example of a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) network design is presented and described. The results obtained after processing the data of the GNSS network were found in agreement with the estimated values in the design stage, i.e., the method proposed here showed satisfactory performance in practice. Moreover, were also investigated as the pre-established criteria, the geometry/configuration of the geodetic network, and the initial values for precision/correlation of the observations may influence the results obtained in the planning stage, following the method proposed here. In these experiments, among other findings, it was found that all the design criteria of the method proposed here are intrinsically related, e.g., a low redundancy leads to a relatively higher value for the precision component, and consequently to a relatively lower value for the bias component (keeping constant the final accuracy), which also leads to a minimum power of the test significantly lower in the one-dimensional and the n-dimensional scenarios.

När kraven på mätosäkerhet är hög vid geodetiska mätningar behövs geodetiska referenssystem realiserade av geodetiska nät av hög kvalitet. Etableringen och transformation till överordnade referenssystem i höjd av dessa nät genomförs idag ofta med terrestra metoder som avvägning, vilket är ett noggrant men tidskrävande arbete. Det finns flera försök att använda sig av andra metoder såsom GNSS, men en möjlighet skulle även vara att använda punktmoln från flygburen laserskanning. Detta arbetes syfte är att undersöka om punktmoln kan användas till transformation av ett geodetiskt höjdnät i Sandvikens kommun. Nätet består av cirka 500 fixpunkter och har 2010 transformerats till RH2000 av Lantmäteriet. Det använda punktmolnet har producerats av Lantmäteriet och har en medelavvikelse om 0,05 m på plana hårdgjorda ytor. Detta är relativt högt då vanligen osäkerheter på millimeternivå önskas vid transformationer. Men eftersom medeltal kan reducera slumpmässiga avvikelser i enskilda mätningar kan en transformation bestående av ett medelhöjdskift möjligen ge ett tillfredsställande resultat. Medelhöjdskiftet är då ett medeltal av flera höjdskift beräknade på olika ställen i punktmolnet. Genom att avväga höjdskillnaden mellan fixpunkterna i nätet och punkter på markytan som med olika metoder höjdbestäms utifrån punktmolnet har höjder för fixpunkterna enligt punktmolnet erhållits. Dessa har jämförts med RH2000 höjder enligt Lantmäteriets transformation för att beräkna en avvikelse, samt med de äldre lokala höjderna för att beräkna ett höjdskift. Genom att beräkna medelvärde och dess osäkerhet för höjdskiftet över hela nätet har en uppfattning om metodens lämplighet erhållits. Höjdskiften låg överlag inom några millimeter från det som Lantmäteriet beräknat, med 3 mm osäkerhet för den överlag bästa metoden. Även om höjdskiftets och därmed transformationens osäkerhet delvis blev något hög jämfört med avvägning så kan punktmoln ändå vara ett lämpligt alternativ. Speciellt i mera avlägsna områden utan bra anknytningar till det överordnade nätet kan det vara intressant. Det finns dock många parametrar som ännu inte utforskats, bland annat vissa eventuella systematiska avvikelser.
When the requirements on accuracy and precision are high for geodetic measurements you need geodetic reference systems realized with geodetic control networks of high quality. Today, establishment and transformation to higher order reference systems for height usually uses terrestrial methods like levelling. While highly accurate these result in time consuming work. There have been a couple attempts at using other methods for this task, for example GNSS, but another possibility might be usage of point clouds from airborne laser scanning. As a starting point for further studies this study attempts to use point clouds to transform a geodetic height network in Sandviken municipality, Sweden. The network consists of around 500 benchmarks and has been transformed to the national reference system for height, RH2000, by the Swedish national geodetic survey (Lantmäteriet) in 2010. The point cloud used is also produced by Lantmäteriet and is said to have a mean error of 0,05 m. This is relatively high since the requirements usually are in the millimeter range when determining transformation parameters, but if the transformation only consist of a single height shift calculated as a mean from several height shifts derived from the point cloud any random errors in the point cloud should be reduced. By measuring the height difference between benchmarks and points on the ground, that through different methods are given heights according to the point cloud, heights of the benchmarks have been determined according according to the point cloud. These can be compared to heights in RH2000 according to the transformation performed by Lantmäteriet to see their deviation from the assumed true value. Further comparisons against the older local heights of the benchmarks give a height shift that can be used as a simple transformation. By calculating a mean and uncertainty an estimation of the suitability of the method can be achieved. The all height shifts deviated a few millimeters from the result Lantmäteriet got, with uncertainties around 3 mm for the overall best method. Even if the uncertainty of the shift and therefore the transformation ended up somewhat high compared to what Lantmäteriet achieved it is still believed that point clouds may be or become a viable alternative. Especially in more remote regions without good connections to the higher order network. There are many parameters that have not yet been explored though, as well as some potential systematic errors that should be further investigated.

This thesis is engaged in geodetic works related to the increase of the capacity of the road II/497 and the modification of the intersection with the road I/55 in the town of Uherské Hradiště. The work is mostly focused on the field of the engineering geodesy. It resolves the issues from the alignment during the construction to the focus of the construction itself. Individual survey procedures are analyzed in the context of the prescribed deviations specified in the project documentation or ČSN. Geodetic documentation for the selected measurements is worked out.

Praćenje promena, odnosno, monitoring terena i objekata je zadatak odizuzetnog značaja, jer omogućava, u prvom redu, pravovremenoreagovanje i time smanjenje materijalne štete i ljudskih žrtava.Primena modernih tehnologija u oblasti senzora i komunikacijaobezbeđuje monitoring terena i objekata u realnom vremenu. Prostornodistribuirani senzori – geosenzorska mreža, prikupljaju podatke, kojise na računarima skladište i analiziraju. Disertacija se bavimodelom geosenzorske mreže, kao opštim rešenjem za monitoringterena i objekata, koje predstavlja polaznu osnovu od koje se može doćido sistema koji zadovoljava postavljene zahteve.
Observing of changes, that is, monitoring of terrain and objects, is verysignificant task, since it enables timely response and thus decreasing ofmaterial damage and human casualties. Usage of modern sensor andcommunication technologies provides real-time monitoring of terrain andobjects. Spatialy distributed sensors, i.e. geosensor network, gather the datawhich are then stored and analyzed. In this disertation a model of geosensornetwork is proposed as a generalized solution for monitoring of terrain andobjects which can represent a basis in creating a system that can be alteredto meet the requirements in certain cases.

本文データは平成22年度国立国会図書館の学位論文(博士)のデジタル化実施により作成された画像ファイルを基にpdf変換したものである
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(理学)
乙第8755号
論理博第1259号
新制||理||888(附属図書館)
UT51-95-B220
(主査)教授 中川 一郎, 教授 田中 寅夫, 教授 古澤 保
学位規則第4条第2項該当

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Atulim (2002) and Racanicchi (2003) had planned and implemented a geodetic GPS network in São Carlos city, which needed maintenance and revision. The proposals of this dissertation had consisted of: i) to bring up to date the GPS geodetic network in the city of São Carlos and to make it compatible with the SIRGAS2000 (Geocentric Reference System of Americas 2000), with new network adjustment and injunction in two geodesic vertices in the urban area of São Carlos, homologated by the IBGE after the implantation of the original geodetic network in 2003; ii) to evaluate and to compare the new results of the geodetic network coordinates obtained with the relative positioning through the tracking of artificial satellites, according to technology NAVSTAR/GPS and adjusted through the Least Squares Method, with results of coordinates obtained through the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) Method, processed by PPP on-line services. Analyzing the results obtained in this dissertation, it was possible to evaluate that the application of PPP Method, since that followed the specific orientations of each on-line service used, takes care perfectly to the required to support of cadastral registry and location services for the most varied purposes, however it does not substitute yet other services that demand highest degree of accuracy only obtained with vectors and network adjustment with statistical control of processes that demand high computational activity.
Atulim (2002) e Racanicchi (2003) planejaram e implantaram uma rede geodésica GPS no município de São Carlos, que necessitou de manutenção e revisão. As propostas desta dissertação consistiram em: i) atualizar a rede geodésica GPS no município de São Carlos e compatibilizá-la com o SIRGAS2000 (Sistema de Referência Geocêntrica das Américas 2000), com novo ajustamento da rede geodésica e injuncionamento em dois vértices geodésicos na área urbana de São Carlos, homologados pelo IBGE após a implantação da rede geodésica original; ii) avaliar e comparar os novos resultados das coordenadas da rede geodésica de São Carlos obtidas com posicionamento relativo através do rastreamento de satélites artificiais, segundo a tecnologia NAVSTAR/GPS (Navigation Satellite Timing and Ranging/Global Positioning System) e ajustadas através do Método dos Mínimos Quadrados (MMQ), com os resultados das coordenadas obtidas através do Método de Posicionamento Pontual Preciso (PPP), processadas por serviços de cálculo de PPP on-line. Analisando os resultados obtidos nesta dissertação, foi possível avaliar que a aplicação do Método PPP, desde que seguidas as orientações específicas de cada serviço on-line utilizado, atende perfeitamente à exigência requerida para apoiar serviços de cadastro e locação para as mais variadas finalidades, porém não substitui ainda outros serviços que demandam alto grau de exatidão conseguidas somente com vetores e ajustamento de rede com controle estatístico de processos que demandam alta atividade computacional.

U doktorskoj disertaciji je prikazan postupak optimizacije podzemne mrežeza potrebe izgradnje beogradskog metroa. U postupku optimizacije korišćenje metod prethodne ocene tačnosti. Na osnovu građevinskih standardaizvršen je proračun zahtevane tačnosti proboja tunela, kao osnovnogkriterijuma tačnosti za razvijanje podzemne tunelske mreže. U postupkuoptimizacije analizirani su različiti planovi opažanja, kao i dobijeni rezultatiprethodne analize za svaki plan pojedinačno. Na osnovu zadatog kriterijumamaksimalne poprečene greške proboja tunela usvojen je konačan planopažanja.
The docotoral thesis presents an optimization method of the undergroundnetwork for the construction of the Belgrade metro. In the process ofoptimization, method of preanalysis has been used. Based on theconstruction standards, the calculation of the required breakthroughaccuracy, as the fundamental criteria of accuracy for the development of theunderground tunnel network, has been made. In the process of optimizationdifferent plans of observations have been analyzed, as well as the resultsobtained from the preanalysis for each plan individually. Based on therequired criteria of maximal transverse error of the tunnel breakthrough, thefinal plan of observations has been adopted.

By measuring coordinates repeatedly in time we can detect movements of an area or an object by establishing and monitoring a geodetic network. Since it is known that the Vasa warship is suffering from decomposition, a geodetic network has been established around the ship to monitor its deformation. This is an important task for preserving and supporting the ship in its place. In this thesis, time series of coordinates are considered over 22 epochs of the ship measurements, a quadratic line is fitted to them and acceleration and velocity for each point on the ship’s hull are obtained. The x-axis is across the ship, the y-axis is along and the zaxis is the vertical one in the local coordinate system of the ship. A method is developed for monitoring displacement and its error at different parts on the ship in two successive epochs, considering the covariances between the point coordinates. The covariances influence the result of the displacement. Significant displacements, calculated with a variance-covariance matrix were compared with the displacements calculated without variance-covariance matrix. Considering the covariances gave 108 more insignificant three dimensional displacements, which means that they are in the order of random errors. The largest acceleration and velocity are found in the upper part of the ship stern in the Zcoordinates, where all points have significant acceleration and velocity. The ship bow has the second highest acceleration and velocity, while the midsection of the ship seems to be more stabile. In the X- and Y-coordinates the acceleration and velocity are smaller, in Ycoordinates almost all points have significant acceleration and velocity. In the Xcoordinates there are several points of data with insignificant acceleration and velocity, most of them located at the midsection of the vessel. The results show that the ship is moving and accelerating at various speeds on different sides of the ship, which indicates that there are parts that suffer from more crucial decomposing. The stern is the part of the vessel that has the highest velocity, acceleration and displacement. The ship is moving downwards with respect to the museum building at the same time as it tilting towards the port. The down pulling force can explain the movements downwards, the strength of the oak can also be one reason. The tilting could depend on the support structure since points in various part of the ship seems to have the same amount of movement in the direction towards the port.

[EN] The goal of this research is to analise and to develop a system that allows the determination of the most general movement dynamics of a tall building, as well as to quantify its evolution over time by means of Gaussian algorithms revision and by applying GNSS techniques and methodologies. In this thesis, the oscillation of the control quadrilateral located on the roof of the ``Torre Espacio'' bulding and determined by a high precision survey network is assessed rigorously with the method of sequential solution with addition of variables or parameters using VRS-RTK techniques. It is the data processing, together with the gaussian adjustment methodology based on a conditional tax own physical reality and analysis of partial and final results allowing us to achieve a high level of confidence that translates into effective management real-time risk. In parallel, the instantaneous and simultaneous precision of each antenna in every moment is determined. That is the error surface and the individual, simultaneous reliability of each GNSS receiver. Prior to assessing the structure dynamics, the sensitivity threshold is computed, under which nothing can be affirmed or denied with respect to the displacement produced in the control structure. It involves testing the accuracy of the instrumentation GNSS and gaussian initial adjustment mathematical model. The project concludes with the development of a warning system that is activated at the time when the movement of the building reaches a preset threshold.
[ES] El objeto de la investigación es analizar y desarrollar un sistema que permita determinar la dinámica más general del movimiento de un edificio de gran altura, así como cuantificar su evolución en el tiempo. Dicho sistema se plantea mediante la revisión de los algoritmos gaussianos y la aplicación de metodologías y técnicas GNSS. En este trabajo se determina rigurosamente, mediante el método general de Ajustes Coordinados con adición de funciones de variables o parámetros, la situación de oscilación del cuadrilátero de control conformado por una red microgeodésica local y observado con técnicas VRS-RTK ubicado en la planta de coronación del edificio Torre Espacio de Madrid. Es precisamente el tratamiento de los datos, la metodología gaussiana de ajuste en función de un condicionado propio impuesto por la realidad física y el análisis de los resultados parciales y finales lo que nos permite alcanzar un alto nivel de fiabilidad que se traduce en una gestión eficaz del riesgo en tiempo real. Paralelamente se determina la precisión instantánea y simultánea de cada antena y en cada momento, esto es la superficie de error y la fiabilidad individual y simultánea de la posición de cada receptor GNSS. Previo a la evaluación de la dinámica de la estructura, se calcula el umbral de precisión o ``sensibilidad'', por debajo del cual nada puede afirmarse o negarse con respecto al desplazamiento producido en la estructura a controlar. Supone contrastar la precisión de la instrumentación GNSS y del modelo matemático inicial de ajuste gaussiano. El proyecto concluye con el desarrollo de un sistema de alerta que se activa en el momento en que el movimiento del edificio alcanza un umbral preestablecido.
[CAT] L'objecte de la investigació és analitzar i desenvolupar un sistema que permeta determinar la dinàmica més general del moviment d'un edifici de gran alçada, així com quantificar la seua evoluvió en el temps. Aquest sistema es plantaja mitjançant la revisió dels algorismes Gaussians i l'aplicació de metodologies y tècniques GNSS. En aquest treball es determina rigorosament, mitjançant el mètode general d'Ajusts Coordinats amb adició de de funcions de variables o paràmetres, la situació d'oscilació del quadrilàter de control conformat per una xarxa microgeodèsica local i observant amb tècniques VRS-RTK localitzat a la planta de coronació de l'edifici TorreEspacio de Madrid. És precisament el tractament de les dades, la metodologia Gaussiana d'ajust en funció d'un condicionat propi imposat per la realitat física y l'anàlisi dels resultats parcials i finals el que ens permet arribar a un alt nivell de fiabilitat, que es tradieix en una gestió eficaç del risc en temps real. Paral·lelament es determina la precisió instantània i simultània de cada antena i en cada moment, es a dir la superfície d'error i la fiabilitat individual i simultània de la posició de cada receptor GNSS. Previament a l'evaluació de la dinàmica de l'estructura, es calcula l'umbral de precisió o ``sensibilitat'', per davall de la qual no es por afirmar o negar res respecte al desplaçament produït en l'estructura a controlar. Això suposa contrastar la precisió de la instrumentació GNSS i del model matemàtic inicial d'ajust Gaussià. El projecte conclou amb el desenvolupament d'un sistema d'alerta que s'activa en el moment en que el moviment de l'edifici arriba a un umbral preestablert.
Quesada Olmo, MN. (2015). Desarrollo y análisis de un sistema para la determinación de la dinámica del movimiento más general de la azotea de un edificio de gran altura y su evolución en el tiempo [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/58993
TESIS

The main goal of the diploma thesis is the description of geodetic and construction activities and work processes dealing with reconstruction of the D1 highway surface in the section Rosice – Brno. The thesis is focused within the sphere of engineering geodesy and address the issue of creation of point field, stake-out, control measurement and the measurement of real building execution documents. Used survey procedures are analyzed in the context of the standard deviation listed in the project documentation or ČSN. The geotetic documentation is compiled for the chosen measured data.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os avanços tecnológicos nos métodos de posicionamento, sobretudo os sistemas de posicionamento por satélite, fizeram com que diversos países atualizassem e/ou revisassem suas estruturas geodésicas fundamentais. Na busca de explorar a total potencialidade das novas tecnologias, as principais mudanças convergiram para a adoção de referenciais geocêntricos, de caráter global e cuja origem coincide com o centro de massa da Terra. A atualização de uma rede geodésica implica na mudança de coordenadas e, consequentemente, alteração da geometria da rede, evidenciando as distorções nela existentes. Para manter a integridade e topologia da rede geodésica é necessário que se proceda a uma modelagem das distorções. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de modelagem de distorções entre realizações de sistemas de referência geodésicos, baseada na utilização de grades regulares. Amplamente utilizada, a modelagem baseada em grades é uma forma padronizada de se realizar a conversão entre referenciais sem a necessidade de aplicação de modelos complexos por parte dos usuários. Nessa dissertação, foram geradas grades de distorção com diferentes espaçamentos, cobrindo todo o território brasileiro, para a modelagem das distorções entre as redes SAD 69 (realização de 1996) e SIRGAS 2000. A geração e aplicação das grades esta pautada no desenvolvimento de aplicativos computacionais com utilização do método de Shepard na geração da grade e da função bilinear na interpolação das distorções a partir dos pontos da grade. A metodologia foi avaliada através de estações de teste, onde os resultados mostraram-se promissores. Nos melhores casos, houve redução de aproximadamente 50% no erro médio quadrático das coordenadas após a modelagem com um indicador médio de precisão de 0,179m.
The technological advances in the positioning methods, mainly in the satellite positioning systems conduced several countries to update and review their fundamental geodetic networks. In order to explore the full potential of these new technologies, the main changes converged to the adoption of geocentric reference systems, that are global and whose origin coincides with the Earth mass center. The geodetic network update implies in coordinate changes and, consequently, the network geometry changes, evidencing the existent distortions. To preserve the data set integrity and topology it is required a modeling of the distortions. In this context, this work presents a distortion modeling methodology between reference frames based on regular grids. Widely used, the modeling based on grids is a standardized and less complex way to accomplish the conversion between frames without the necessity to apply rigorous models by the user. In this research, distortion grids were generated with different sizes and covering all Brazilian s territory to model the distortion between the SAD 69 (1996) and SIRGAS 2000 frames. The grid generation and application are based on computational software development by the use of the Shepard s method in the grid generation and the bilinear function in the distortion interpolation from the grid points. The methodology was evaluated through test stations where the results were promising. In the best cases, the root mean squared error in the coordinates was reduced 50% after the modeling with an average precision indicator of 0,179m.

Orientador: Paulo de Oliveira Camargo
Orientador: Maurício Galo
Banca: João Carlos Chaves
Banca: Leonardo Castro de Oliveira
Resumo: Os avanços tecnológicos nos métodos de posicionamento, sobretudo os sistemas de posicionamento por satélite, fizeram com que diversos países atualizassem e/ou revisassem suas estruturas geodésicas fundamentais. Na busca de explorar a total potencialidade das novas tecnologias, as principais mudanças convergiram para a adoção de referenciais geocêntricos, de caráter global e cuja origem coincide com o centro de massa da Terra. A atualização de uma rede geodésica implica na mudança de coordenadas e, consequentemente, alteração da geometria da rede, evidenciando as distorções nela existentes. Para manter a integridade e topologia da rede geodésica é necessário que se proceda a uma modelagem das distorções. Neste contexto, este trabalho apresenta uma metodologia de modelagem de distorções entre realizações de sistemas de referência geodésicos, baseada na utilização de grades regulares. Amplamente utilizada, a modelagem baseada em grades é uma forma padronizada de se realizar a conversão entre referenciais sem a necessidade de aplicação de modelos complexos por parte dos usuários. Nessa dissertação, foram geradas grades de distorção com diferentes espaçamentos, cobrindo todo o território brasileiro, para a modelagem das distorções entre as redes SAD 69 (realização de 1996) e SIRGAS 2000. A geração e aplicação das grades esta pautada no desenvolvimento de aplicativos computacionais com utilização do método de Shepard na geração da grade e da função bilinear na interpolação das distorções a partir dos pontos da grade. A metodologia foi avaliada através de estações de teste, onde os resultados mostraram-se promissores. Nos melhores casos, houve redução de aproximadamente 50% no erro médio quadrático das coordenadas após a modelagem com um indicador médio de precisão de 0,179m.
Abstract: The technological advances in the positioning methods, mainly in the satellite positioning systems conduced several countries to update and review their fundamental geodetic networks. In order to explore the full potential of these new technologies, the main changes converged to the adoption of geocentric reference systems, that are global and whose origin coincides with the Earth mass center. The geodetic network update implies in coordinate changes and, consequently, the network geometry changes, evidencing the existent distortions. To preserve the data set integrity and topology it is required a modeling of the distortions. In this context, this work presents a distortion modeling methodology between reference frames based on regular grids. Widely used, the modeling based on grids is a standardized and less complex way to accomplish the conversion between frames without the necessity to apply rigorous models by the user. In this research, distortion grids were generated with different sizes and covering all Brazilian’s territory to model the distortion between the SAD 69 (1996) and SIRGAS 2000 frames. The grid generation and application are based on computational software development by the use of the Shepard’s method in the grid generation and the bilinear function in the distortion interpolation from the grid points. The methodology was evaluated through test stations where the results were promising. In the best cases, the root mean squared error in the coordinates was reduced 50% after the modeling with an average precision indicator of 0,179m.
Mestre

The main fokus of this D thesis consists in the creating of horizontal points in Lešná village that is closed to Valašské Meziříčí, part Vysoká. Sixty five points of horizontal control (PPBP) were located and set in Vysoká. The network adjustment was done with the help of the method of lest squares and coordinates were counted with the G-NET/Mini programme.

RH 2000 är Sveriges nationella höjdsystem och det bygger på den tredje precisionsvägningen som genomfördes i Sverige mellan 1979 och 2003. Nätet för RH 2000 har en starkare geometri och är mer homogent än vid de tidigare två precisionsavvägningarna och höjdnäten (RH 00, RH 70). Under de senaste 14 åren har mycket arbete lagts ned på att få kommuner, myndigheter och andra samhällsaktörer att byta till RH 2000, detta för att få enhetlighet och främja datautbyte. Nu har de flesta aktörer anslutit sig till det nya nätet, men det finns fortfarande de som använder de äldre referenssystemen från den de två tidigare precisionsavvägningarna.  Högskolan i Gävle har länge använt sig av ett höjdnät som anslutits till RH 70. Man har visserligen gjort en preliminär anslutning till RH 2000, men denna har gjorts genom mätning med Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) och den nationella geoidmodellen. Höjdnätet skall ligga till grund för högskolan inom utbildning och forskning inom lantmäteriteknik, det är därför ett bra höjdnät behövs vid HiG. Nätet bör vara av hög kvalité, och det är därför viktigt att etablera nätet genom avvägning. Höjdbestämning med GNSS har högre osäkerhet jämfört med den traditionella metoden för etablering av höjdnät (avvägning). Ett syfte med denna studie är att etablera ett nytt stomnät i höjd som är hållbart över tid vid Högskolan i Gävles campus och genom finavvägning ansluta detta till riksnätet för det nationella höjdsystemet RH 2000 på ett så bra och tillförlitligt sätt som möjligt. Ett annat syfte är också att undersöka och jämföra skillnad i höjd mellan de nya och äldre höjdnätsrealiseringarna vid skolan, samt även att undersöka hur de nya avvägda RH 2000-höjderna stämmer med geoidmodellen lokalt med hjälp av höjder bestämda från GNSS- mätning och SWEPOS tjänst för Nätverks Real Time Kinematic (NRTK).  I detta examensarbete har finavvägning genomförts med det digitala avvägningsinstrument Leica DNA03 för att etablera ett anslutningsnät för samhällsbyggnad (klass A2 enligt Handbok i mät- och kartfrågor,HMK). Utvärdering av mätosäkerhet har gjorts i enlighet med de styrdokument som examensarbetet följer, nämligen HMK och SIS-TS 21143:2016. Stegvis utförda utjämningar av nätet resulterade i bra skattade höjder med standardosäkerheter på millimeternivå i RH 2000. Genom det nya höjdnätet anslutet till RH 2000 har Högskolan i Gävle erhållit ett nytt höjdnät med låga osäkerheter som möter kraven för anslutningsnät och framtida övningar på högskolan kommer att göras i en högkvalitativ realisering av RH 2000.
RH 2000 is the national height system/frame of Sweden. It is based on the third precision precise levelling that was carried out in Sweden between 1979 and 2003. The network for RH 2000 has a stronger geometry and is more homogeneous than for the previous two Swedish precise levellings and the height networks (RH00, RH70). During the last 14 years, a lot of work has been put into getting municipalities, state authorities and other community operators to switch to RH 2000, in order to achieve uniformity and promote data exchange. Most have now joined the new network, but some still use the older reference systems of the two previous precise levellings.  The University of Gävle has for a long time used a height network that has been connected to RH 70. Although a preliminary connection has been made to RH 2000, it has been made through Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements and with the national geoid model. The height network shall form the basis for the university in education and research in surveying, which is why a good height network is needed at HiG. The network should have a high quality; therefore, it is important to establish the network by levelling. The determination of height with GNSS has higher uncertainty compared with the traditional method for establishing a height network (levelling). A purpose of this study is to establish a new geodetic control network in height that is sustainable over time at the Campus of the University of Gävle and through to connect it to the national height network/system RH 2000 in the best and most reliable way. Another purpose is also to investigate and compare differences in height between the new and older height networks, and it is also investigated whether the levelled RH 2000 heights match with the national geoid model locally by using heights determined from GNSS measurements and SWEPOS service for Network Real Time Kinematic (NRTK).  In this thesis, digital levelling has been carried out with the digital level instrument Leica DNA03 to establish a control network for urban management (class A2 according to Handbook of measurement and map issues,HMK). Evaluation of measurement uncertainty has been made in accordance with the governing documents that the thesis follows, namely Swedish HMK and SIS-TS 21143: 2016. Step-by-step adjustments of the network resulted in well estimated heights with standard uncertainties at the millimeter level in RH 2000. Through the heights in RH 2000 for the new network, the University of Gävle has received a new height network with low uncertainties that meets the requirements for connection networks and future exercises at the university can be made in a high-quality realization of RH 2000.

Este trabalho visou a implementação, no Estado de Minas Gerais, de uma rede geodésica GPS. Após a construção dos marcos, os dados foram coletados, em diversas sessões, empregando receptores de dupla freqüência operados por equipes de profissionais do Departamento de Geodésia do IBGE. A seguir, estes dados foram processados utilizando o programa científico OMNI e ajustados em rede com o programa ADJUST. Descreve-se a organização e a escolha dos dados para processamento testando-se diversas alternativas: a consideração ou não das covariâncias entre diferentes vetores observados, a influência da transformação dos vetores do ITRF97 para o WGS84 e a eliminação de outliers nas coordenadas calculadas, além de avaliar a qualidade das coordenadas de estações já conhecidas e que serviram de controle. Foram calculadas as coordenadas finais de cada estação da Rede Geodésica por GPS do Estado de Minas Gerais, salientando que cabe ao IBGE a escolha do método que considere mais adequado e a publicação oficial dessas coordenadas. Espera-se ter contribuído para isso.
This work aims the implementation, in the State of Minas Gerais, of a GPS network. After the construction of the benchmarks, professionals of the Department of Geodesy of IBGE, in different sections to collect data, occupy them. Then, these data were processed by the scientific program OMNI and adjusted by the program ADJUST. The organization and the selection of data to process, testing different strategies, were described: the consideration or not of the co-variances between different observed vectors, the influence of the transformation of the vectors from ITRF97 to the WGS84 and the elimination of outliers, in the calculated coordinates; besides of the evaluation of the quality of the coordinates of know stations that were used as control. The final coordinates of each station of the Geodesic Network of the State of Minas Gerais were calculated, emphasizing that is a responsibility of the IBGE the choice of the method that it consider most adequate and the publication of the official values of these coordinates. We hope to have been contributed to this.

A monitoração dinâmica de pontes rodoviárias através da determinação de deslocamentos espaciais é uma das atuais áreas de interesse da geodésia. A tecnologia de posicionamento por satélite é uma das ferramentas disponíveis para este fim e foi avaliada nesta pesquisa. Verifica-se que o GNSS pode contribuir para com o monitoramento dinâmico de estruturas e nos últimos anos se observam aplicações em grandes pontes estaiadas na Ásia, na Europa e na América do Norte. No presente estudo analisou-se a aplicação desta tecnologia em uma estrutura mais rígida, sob vinculo com uma rede de referência única e sob as condições apresentadas pela região brasileira. Foram realizados ensaios em um shaker, na Base de Calibração de Instrumentos Geodésicos da USP e na estrutura do Viaduto Ascendente 19 da rodovia dos Imigrantes, empregando-se a tecnologia GPS e análise modal. A partir de determinações no método relativo cinemático obtiveram-se os deslocamentos tridimensionais e a freqüências do primeiro modo de vibração da estrutura. A metodologia aplicada e os resultados obtidos demonstram a potencialidade do método também para estruturas mais rígidas e sob condições características da região brasileira, que diferem de outras partes do globo no que tange a tecnologia GPS. Ao final é sugerida uma Proposta Básica de Metodologia para a Monitoração de Estrutura com Carga Dinâmica pela Utilização de GNSS.
The dynamic monitoring of road bridges though spatial displacements is one of the geodetic areas of interests. The satellite positioning technologies are one of the disposed tools for this task and were evaluate by present research. One verifies that GNSS can contribute for the dynamic monitoring of structures, and has applied for this task in the last years to large cable stayed bridges on Asia, on Europe and on North America. On the present study, one analyses the use of this technology in a more rigid structure, tied to a unique reference network and under Brazilian region conditions. Were realized essays over a shaker on USP Geodetic Instrumental Calibration Base and over the Imigrantes Roadway Ascending Viaduct 19 employing the GPS technology and modal analysis. By determinations in the kinematics relative method ones obtain the tridimensional displacements and the frequency of first modal shape of the structure. The applied methodology and its obtained results demonstrate the potentiality of this method for more rigid structure too, and under Brazilian region characteristics. At the end is proponed a Methodological Basic Proposal for Dynamic Charged Structure Monitoring thru GNSS Employment.

El contexto actual es el de una crisis en la Unión Europea, especialmente en los países del sur. Para acabar con la crisis, la Unión Europea elaboró la estrategia Horizon2020 que se centra en la innovación para abordar los desafíos socio-económicos. La innovación tiene un impacto en la sociedad y por tanto también sobre el territorio en el que habitan las personas que forman dicha sociedad. El empleo de la perspectiva geoespacial permite llevar a cabo un tipo de análisis que es raramente utilizado por los expertos en Educación Superior que suelen centrarse en metodologías puramente estadísticas. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es el desarrollo de un modelo que utiliza los Sistemas de Información Geográfica para evaluar la innovación desde el punto de vista de las universidades y el territorio. Además, a través de la aplicación de ese modelo para el caso específico de la innovación producida por las universidades españolas que forman parte de la Conferencia de Rectores de las Universidades Españolas en el año 2015, un segundo objetivo es identificar patrones y tendencias que puedan revelar nueva información. Los resultados muestran dichos patrones así como la posibilidad de mejorar los métodos actuales de evaluación de la innovación. El modelo presentado en esta tesis provee una solución para entender mejor las redes de innovación y su efecto en el territorio. En el caso específico estudiado, la evaluación provee una solución que es fácil de entender para las personas responsables de la toma de decisiones en cada una de las provincias españolas. Estas personas pueden identificar qué tipo de instituciones promueven la innovación y dónde se encuentran, qué conexiones tienen y cómo mejorar los resultados de innovación a través de la identificación de socios significativos. Además, la financiación de investigación e innovación podría dirigirse mejor hacia aquellas instituciones con mayor potencial de innovación.
The current context is one of crisis in the European area, especially in the southern countries. To put an end to the crisis, the European Union elaborated the Horizon 2020 strategy focusing on innovation to tackle the socio-economic challenges. Innovation has an impact on society and, as a result on the territory inhabited by the people forming such society. Employing a geospatial perspective allows performing a type of analysis that is seldom approached by higher education experts, who tend to focus on purely statistical methodologies. The main goal of this dissertation is the development of a model that uses GIS for innovation assessment from the perspective of universities and the territory. Then, through application of the model for the case of the assessment of innovation produced by the Spanish universities listed in CRUE in the year 2015, the secondary goal is to identify patterns that may unearth new significant information. The results show spatial patterns and the potential of improving the current methods of assessing innovation. The model presented in this thesis does provide an innovative solution to better understand innovation networks and their effect on the territory. In the specific case studied, the assessment provides an easy-to-understand solution for decision makers in the different provinces. The decision makers can then identify what type of institutions are driving innovation and where they are located, what connections they have and how to improve their innovation results through the identification of significant partners. Furthermore, the funding for research and innovation could be better directed towards those institutions with the higher potential.
El context actual és el d'una crisi a la Unió Europea, especialment als països del sud. Per acabar amb la crisi, la Unió Europea va elaborar l'estratègia Horizon2020 que es centra en la innovació per afrontar els desafiaments socio-econòmics. La innovació té un impacte en la societat i per tant també sobre el territori en el que habiten les persones que formen eixa societat. L'ús de la perspectiva geoespacial permet realitzar un tipus d'anàlisi que és rarament utilitzat pels experts en Educació Superior que solen centrar-se en metodologies purament estadístiques. L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és el desenvolupament d'un model que utilitza els Sistemes d'Informació Geogràfica per avaluar la innovació des del punt de vista de les universitats i el territori. A més, a través de l'aplicació d'aquest model per al cas específic de la innovació produïda per les universitats espanyoles que formen part de la Conferència de Rectors de les Universitats Espanyoles durant l'any 2015, un segon objectiu és identificar patrons i tendències que puguen mostrar nova informació. Els resultats mostren aquests patrons així com la possibilitat de millorar els mètodes actuals de l'avaluació de la innovació. El model presentat en aquesta tesi proveeix una solució per comprendre millor les xarxes d'innovació i el seu efecte sobre el territori. Al cas específic estudiat, l'avaluació ofereix una solució que és fàcil de comprendre per a les persones responsables de la presa de decisions en cadascuna de les províncies espanyoles. Aquestes persones poden identificar quins tipus d'institucions promouen la innovació i on es troben, quines connexions tenen i com millorar els resultats d'innovació a través de la identificació de socis significatius. A més, el finançament d'investigació podria dirigir-se millor cap aquelles institucions amb major potencial d'innovació.
Fombuena Valero, A. (2018). Geospatial Social Network lnnovation Assessment of the Spanish Higher Education [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/107943
TESIS

The University of Canberra (UC) has been involved in GPS processing since the late 1980s. This processing commenced with the GOTEX 1988 campaign and progressed through a series of project specific regional campaigns to the current daily processing of a distributed set of continuously operating sites for the determination of precise GPS station positions for user applications. Most of these earlier campaigns covered only short periods of time, ranging from a few weeks to multiple occupations of a few days to a time over one to two years. With software developments, these multiple occupations were able to be combined to produce results from which crustal motion velocities could be extracted. This first became feasible with the processing of the Australian National Network (ANN), which yielded realistic tectonic velocities from two occupations (1992 and 1993) of sites 12 months apart. Subsequently, this was successfully extended by a further 12 months, with re-occupation of certain sites for a third time in 1994. Analysis of the results indicated that the accuracy of determining the earth signals improved as the time span from first to last observation was increased. The same was true also for the determination of the position of global references sites. However, by current standards the results achieved were poor. Consequently, the process was extended to combine the results of subsequent campaigns with the original ANN data set. From 1995 to 1999, campaigns were conducted across Australia, covering many State and tide gauge sites included in the original ANN solution. These provided additional multiple occupations to improve the determinations for both position and velocity. UC has maintained a data set of the global IGS sites, commencing with the IGS pilot campaign of 1992. Daily data sets for those global sites, which contained days common to the regional campaigns, were processed to produce our own independent global orbit and reference frame connection. The motivation for doing so was fourfold. �Firstly, to see if historic data could be reprocessed using current modern software and thus be able to be incorporated in this and other analysts research programs. �Secondly, to compare the results of the reprocessing of the original data set using modern software with the original ANN solution and then validate both the solutions. �Thirdly, to extend the timespan of observations processed to include more recent campaigns on as many original sites as possible. This to achieve a stronger solution upon which to base the determination of an Australian tectonic plate velocity model and provide quality assurance on the solution comparisons with re-observed sites. �Fourthly, to develop a set of transformation parameters between current coordinate systems and the GDA94 system so as to be able to incorporate new results into the previous system. The final selection of regional and global sessions, spanning from mid 1992 to late 2002, contained almost 1000 individual daily solutions. From this 10 year data span a well determined rigid plate tectonic motion model was produced for Australia. This site velocity model was needed to develop a transformation between the thesis solution in ITRF00 an the GDA94 solution in ITRF92. The significant advantage of the plate velocity model is that all Australian sites can now have computed a realistic velocity, rather than being given a value which has been interpolated between sites whose velocities had been determined over a one or two year span. This plate velocity model is compared with the current tectonic motion NNR-NUVEL-1A model and other recently published models. To perform the comparison between the thesis solution in ITRF00 and the GDA solution in ITRF92 a transformation was developed between the two reference systems. This set of transformation parameters, in conjunction with the plate velocity model developed, enables site solutions at any epoch in the current ITRF00 to be converted onto the GDA94, and vice versa, with a simple, non-varying seven parameter transformation. The comparisons between the solutions are analysed for both horizontal position and height consistency. There were 77 sites whose differences were compared. The horizontal consistency was within estimated precisions for 75 of the 77 sites. However, the vertical comparisons revealed many of the single epoch sites, especially in 1992, have inconsistent results between the two solutions. The heights from this thesis for some West Australian sites were compared with analysis done by DOLA and the height recoveries are very similar, indicating a weakness in the GDA94 solution for some of the single epoch sites. Some of these differences have been resolved but others are still under investigation. This thesis describes the repocessing of the original ANN data set, the addition of later data sets, the results obtained, and the validation comparisons of the old and new solutions. As well as the plate velocity model, transformation is provided which enables the user to compute between the GDA94 system, and any epoch result in ITRF00. Recommendations are made as to which sites need additional work. This includes sites which only need further analysis or investigation and those which require further observations to achieve a result which will have acceptable accuracy and reliability.

O presente trabalho consiste de apresentação de metodologia para estudo, elaboração e análise de estratégias para processamento de observáveis GPS, para a constituição de redes geodésicas. No desenvolvimento deste trabalho foram utilizados os dados observados da rede geodésica do Estado de São Paulo, concluída em 1994. Esta rede é constituída por vinte e quatro pontos distribuídos pelo estado, mais o vértice CHUA, que é o vértice fundamental da triangulação do Sistema Geodésico Brasileiro. Através das estratégias elaboradas são analisados diversos fatores de importância relevante nos processamentos dos dados GPS, como: influência de dados meteorológicos no processamento de linhas bases longas; resultados de processamentos com efemérides transmitidas e precisas; resultados de processamentos com linhas bases de comprimentos homogêneos e menores ou igual a 150 km; resultados de processamentos considerando apenas duas horas e trinta minutos do tempo total de duração das sessões de observação. Os resultados dos ajustamentos destas estratégias são comparados entre si e se apresenta, então, análises e conclusões sobre a influência dos fatores analisados
The present work consists in the presentation of a methodology for study, elaboration and analyses of strategies to process GPS observables for geodetic networks. In the development of this work, GPS data of the geodetic network of the State of Sao Paulo, concluded in 1994, were used. This network is composed twenty-four points scattered in the State, plus the vertex CHUA, that is the fundamental point of the triangulation of the brazilian geodesy system. Through the strategies elaborated, several factors of main importance for data GPS processing, are analyzed, such as: the influence of meteorological data processing of long baselines; the results of data processing with broadcast and precise ephemeris; the results of data processing with baselines of homogeneous lengths and smaller than or equal to 150 km; the results of data processing considering only two hours and thirty minutes of the total time of duration of the observation sessions. The results of the adjustment of these strategies are compared to each other, followed by analyses and conclusions about the influence of these factors on data processing

Orientador: Diogenes Cortijo Costa
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Este trabalho visa apresentar procedimentos para o planejamento e implantação de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG Municipal com ênfase na precisão, exatidão, confiabilidade, segurança e interoperabilidade dos dados e informações geográficas. Foram estudadas as metodologias e técnicas para elaboração de uma Base Cartográfica Cadastral Digital com estrutura topológica ajustada às necessidades do software de SIG, bem como sua vinculação com as entidades do mundo real através da elaboração de uma Rede de Referência Cadastral Municipal. A parte prática deste trabalho foi limitada à área urbana e de expansão urbana de um município de pequeno porte, integrando a coleta, tratamento, armazenamento, recuperação e análise dos dados e informações geográficas através dos métodos e técnicas de mapeamento com topografia convencional, uso do sistema de navegação e posicionamento global por satélite (Global Navigation Satellite System - GNSS) e uso do SIG. No estudo de caso os dados e informações geográficas foram armazenados em um Sistema Gerenciador de Banco de Dados SGBD Objeto-Relacional com extensão espacial, possibilitando a integração destes dados e toda a exploração do potencial deste sistema. Finalmente foram apresentadas discussões e recomendações sobre temas abordados em geotecnologias
Abstract: This paper has the purpose of presenting procedures for planning and implementing a Municipal Geographic Information System (GIS) with an emphasis on the precision, exactness, reliability, safety, and interoperability of the data and geographical information. The methodologies and techniques for elaborating a Digital Cartographic Base with a topological structure adjusted to the needs of the GIS software as well as its link with the entities of the real world by elaborating a Municipal Geodetic Reference Network. The practical part of this work was limited to the urban area and the urban expansion of a small municipality, integrating it into the colIection, handling, storage, recuperation, and analysis of geographical data and information by the mapping methods and techniques with conventional survey, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and GIS. In the case study, the geographical data and information were stored in an Object-Relational Database Management System (DBMS) with spatial extension, making it possible to integrate this data to alI the exploration of this system's potential. Finally, discussions and recommendations were presented about the issues addressed in geotechnologies
Mestrado
Transportes
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

A method prepared and created algorithm for computations and evaluation of relation between Earth’s crust horizontal deformations and variations of tectonic stresses. Hooke’s law was used for relation description. Method of evaluation of Earth’s crust horizontal deformations was improved as well as modelling method based on observation data. Elements of deformation tensors were evaluated by applying finite element method. New data of Earth’s crust horizontal movements and their geodynamic interpretation at the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant region were obtained.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
PPP (Precise Point Positioning) is a positioning method by GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), based on SSR (State Space Representation) concept that can provide centimeter accuracy solutions. Real-time PPP (RT-PPP) is possible thanks to the availability of precise products, for orbits and clocks, provided by the International GNSS Service (IGS), as well as by its analysis centers such as CNES (Center National d'Etudes Spatiales). One of the remaining challenges on RT-PPP is the mitigation of atmospheric effects (troposphere and ionosphere) on GNSS signals. Thanks to recent improvements in atmospheric models, RT-PPP can be enhanced, allowing accuracy and centimeter initialization time, comparable to the current NRTK (Network Real-Time Kinematic) method. Such performance depends on topology of permanent stations networks and atmospheric conditions. The main objective of this project is to study the RT-PPP and the optimized infrastructure in terms of costs and benefits to realize the method using atmospheric corrections. Therefore, different configurations of a dense and regular GNSS network existing in France, the Orpheon network, are used. This network has about 160 sites and is owned by Geodata-Diffusion (Hexagon Geosystems). The work was divided into two main stages. Initially, ‘float PPP-RTK’ was evaluated, it corresponds to RT-PPP with improvements resulting from network corrections, although with ambiguities kept float. Further on, network corrections are applied to improve “PPP-RTK” where ambiguities are fixed to their integer values. For the float PPP-RTK, a modified version of the RTKLib 2.4.3 (beta) package is used to take into account for the network corrections. First-order ionospheric effects were eliminated by the iono-free combination and zenith tropospheric delay estimated. The corrections were applied by introducing a priori constrained tropospheric parameters. Periods with different tropospheric conditions were chosen to carry out the study. Adaptive modeling based on OFCs (Optimal Fitting Coefficients) has been developed to describe the behavior of the troposphere, using estimates of tropospheric delays for Orpheon stations. This solution allows one-way communication between the server and the user. The quality of tropospheric corrections is evaluated by comparison to external tropospheric products. The gains achieved in convergence time to 10 centimeters accuracy were statistically quantified. Network topology was assessed by reducing the number of reference stations (up to 75%) using a sparse Orpheon network configuration to perform tropospheric modeling. This did not degrade the tropospheric corrections and similar performances were obtained on the user side. In the second step, PPP-RTK is realized using the PPP-Wizard 1.3 software and CNES real-time products for orbits, clocks and phase biases of satellites. RT-IPPP (Real-Time Integer PPP) is performed with estimation of tropospheric and ionospheric delays. Ionospheric and tropospheric corrections are introduced as a priori parameters constrained to the PPP-RTK of the user. To generate ionospheric corrections, it was implemented a solution aligned with RTCM (Real-Time Maritime Services) conventions, regarding the transmission of ionospheric parameters SSR, which is a standard Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) algorithm. The choice of the periods for this experiment was made mainly with respect to the ionospheric activity. The comparison of the atmospheric corrections with the external products and the evaluation of different network topologies (dense and sparse) were also carried out in this stage. Statistically, the standard RT-IPPP takes ~ 25 min to achieve a 10 cm horizontal accuracy, which is significantly improved by our method: 46% (convergence in 14 min) with dense network corrections and 24% (convergence in 19 min) with the sparse network. Nevertheless, vertical positioning sees its convergence time slightly increased, especially when corrections are used from a sparse network solution. However, improvements in horizontal positioning due to external SSR corrections from a (dense or sparse) network are promising and may be useful for applications that depend primarily on horizontal positioning.
O PPP (Precise Point Positioning) é um método de posicionamento pelo GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), baseado no conceito SSR (State Space Representation) o qual pode fornecer soluções de acurácia centimétrica. O PPP em tempo real (RT-PPP) é possível graças à disponibilidade de produtos precisos, para órbitas e relógios, fornecidos pelo IGS (International GNSS Service), bem como por seus centros de análise, como o CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales). Um dos desafios restantes no RT-PPP é a mitigação dos efeitos atmosféricos (troposfera e ionosfera) nos sinais GNSS. Graças às melhorias recentes nos modelos atmosféricos, o RT-PPP pode ser aprimorado, permitindo tempo de inicialização com acurácia centimétrica, comparável ao atual método NRTK (Network Real-Time Kinematic). Esse desempenho depende da topologia das redes de estações permanentes e das condições atmosféricas. O objetivo principal deste projeto é estudar o RT-PPP e a infraestrutura optimizada em termos de custos e benefícios para realizar o método usando correções atmosféricas. Portanto, são utilizadas diferentes configurações de uma rede GNSS densa e regular existente na França, a rede Orphéon. Esta rede tem cerca de 160 estações, sendo propriedade da Geodata-Diffusion (Hexagon Geosystems). O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas principais. Inicialmente, foi avaliado o "float PPP-RTK", que corresponde ao RT-PPP com melhorias resultantes de correções de rede, embora mantendo as ambiguidades como float. Em um segundo momento, as correções de rede são aplicadas para aprimorar o "PPP-RTK", onde ambiguidades são fixadas para seus valores inteiros. Para o float PPP-RTK, uma versão modificada do software RTKLib 2.4.3 (beta) é empregada de modo a levar em consideração as correções de rede. Os efeitos ionosféricos de primeira ordem são eliminados pela combinação iono-free e atraso zenital troposférico é estimado. As correções são aplicadas introduzindo parâmetros troposféricos a priori injuncionados. Períodos com diferentes condições troposféricas foram escolhidos para realizar o estudo. Uma modelagem adaptativa baseada em OFCs (Optimal Fitting Coefficients) foi implementada para descrever o comportamento da troposfera, utilizando estimativas de atraso troposférico para estações da rede Orphéon. Tal solução permite a comunicação unidirecional entre o servidor e o usuário. A qualidade das correções troposféricas foi avaliada através de comparação com produtos externos troposféricos. Os ganhos alcançados no tempo de convergência para acurácia de 10 centímetros foram quantificados estatisticamente. A topologia de rede foi avaliada reduzindo o número de estações de referência (em até 75%) usando uma configuração da rede Orphéon esparsa para realizar a modelagem troposférica. Isso não degradou as correções troposféricas e foram obtidas performances similares para os usuários simulados. Na segunda etapa, o PPP-RTK é realizado usando o software PPP-Wizard 1.3, bem como os produtos para tempo real do CNES de órbitas, relógios e biases de fase dos satélites. O RT-IPPP (Real-Time Integer PPP) é realizado com estimativa de atrasos troposféricos e ionosféricos. As correções ionosféricas e troposféricas são introduzidas como parâmetros a priori injuncionados no PPP-RTK do usuário. Para gerar correções ionosféricas, foi implementada uma solução alinhada com as convenções RTCM (Real-Time Maritime Services), em relação à transmissão de correções ionosféricas SSR, o qual é um algoritmo baseado na ponderação pelo inverso da distância (IDW – Inverse Distance Weighting). A escolha dos períodos para este experimento foi realizada principalmente em relação à atividade ionosférica. A comparação das correções atmosféricas com produtos externos, assim como a avaliação de diferentes topologias de rede (densa e esparsa) também foram realizadas nesta etapa. Estatisticamente, o RT-IPPP padrão leva ~ 25 min para alcançar uma acurácia horizontal de 10 cm, a qual é significativamente melhorada pelo método implementado: 46% (convergência em 14 min) com correções de rede densa e 24% (convergência em 19 min) com a rede esparsa. No entanto, o posicionamento vertical vê o seu tempo de convergência ligeiramente aumentado, especialmente quando as correções são usadas a partir de uma solução de rede esparsa. No entanto, as melhorias no posicionamento horizontal com o uso das correções de SSR externas de uma rede (densa ou esparsa) são promissoras e podem ser úteis para aplicações que dependem principalmente do posicionamento horizontal.
Le PPP (Precise Point Positioning) est une méthode de positionnement par GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), basée sur le concept SSR (State Space Representation), qui peut générer solutions de précision centimétrique. Le PPP en temps réel (RT-PPP) est possible grâce à la disponibilité des produits précis, pour les orbites et horloges, fournis par l’IGS (International GNSS Service), ainsi que par ses centres d'analyse, tels que le CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales). Un des défis restants sur le RT-PPP est la mitigation des effets atmosphériques (troposphère et ionosphère) sur les signaux GNSS. Grâce aux améliorations récentes des modèles atmosphériques, le RT-PPP peut être amélioré, ce qui permet une précision et un temps d'initialisation au niveau du centimètre, comparables à la méthode NRTK (Network Real-Time Kinematic) actuelle. De telles performances dépendent de la topologie du réseau de stations GNSS permanentes et des conditions atmosphériques. L'objectif principal de ce projet est d'étudier le RT-PPP et l'infrastructure optimisée en termes de coûts et d'avantages pour réaliser la méthode en utilisant des corrections atmosphériques. Pour cela, différentes configurations d'un réseau GNSS dense et régulier existant en France, le réseau Orphéon, sont utilisées. Ce réseau compte environ 160 sites, propriété de Geodata-Diffusion (Hexagon Geosystems). Le travail est divisé en deux étapes principales. Dans un premier temps, le mode «PPP-RTK flottant» a été évalué, il correspond au RT-PPP avec des améliorations issues des corrections de réseau, mais avec les ambiguïtés flottantes. Ensuite, des corrections de réseau sont appliquées pour améliorer le mode « PPP-RTK » où les ambiguïtés sont fixées à leurs valeurs entières. Pour le PPP-RTK flottant, une version modifiée du package RTKLib 2.4.3 (beta) est utilisée pour prendre en compte les corrections réseau. Les effets ionosphériques de premier ordre ont été éliminés par la combinaison iono-free et le retard troposphérique zénithal est estimé. Les corrections ont été appliquées en introduisant des paramètres troposphériques a priori contraints. Des périodes avec différentes conditions troposphériques ont été choisies pour réaliser l'étude. Une modélisation adaptative basée sur les OFCs (Optimal Fitting Coefficients) a été mise en place pour décrire le comportement de la troposphère, en utilisant des estimations des retards troposphériques pour les stations Orphéon. Cette solution permet une communication mono-directionnelle entre le serveur et l'utilisateur. La qualité des corrections troposphériques est évaluée par comparaison avec des produits troposphériques externes. Les gains réalisés sur le temps de convergence pour obtenir un positionnement de 10 centimètres de précision ont été quantifiés statistiquement. La topologie du réseau a été évaluée, en réduisant le nombre de stations de référence (jusqu'à 75%), via une configuration de réseau Orphéon lâche pour effectuer la modélisation troposphérique. Cela n'a pas dégradé les corrections troposphériques et des performances similaires ont été obtenues du côté de l'utilisateur. Dans la deuxième étape, le PPP-RTK est réalisé grâce au logiciel PPP-Wizard 1.3 et avec les produits temps réel CNES pour les orbites, les horloges et les biais de phase des satellites. Le RT-IPPP (Real-Time Integer PPP) est réalisé avec estimation des délais troposphériques et ionosphériques. Les corrections ionosphériques et troposphériques sont introduites en tant que paramètres a priori contraints au PPP-RTK de l'utilisateur. Pour générer des corrections ionosphériques, il a été mis en place une solution alignée avec les conventions RTCM (Real-Time Maritime Services) pour la transmission des paramètres ionosphériques SSR, un algorithme standard d'interpolation à distance inversée (IDW – Inverse Distance Weighting). Le choix des périodes pour cette expérience a été fait principalement en regard de l'activité ionosphérique. La comparaison des corrections atmosphériques avec les produits externes et l'évaluation de différentes topologies de réseau (dense et lâche) ont également été effectuées dans cette étape. Statistiquement le RT-IPPP standard prend ~25 min pour atteindre une précision horizontale de 10 cm, ce que nous améliorons significativement par notre méthode : 46% (convergence en 14 min) avec le réseau dense et 24% (convergence en 19 min) avec le réseau restreint. Néanmoins le positionnement vertical voit son temps de convergence légèrement augmenté, en particulier lorsque l'on utilise des corrections à partir d'une solution de réseau lâche. Cependant, les améliorations apportées au positionnement horizontal dues aux corrections atmosphériques SSR externes provenant d’un réseau (dense ou lâche) sont prometteuses et peuvent être utiles pour les applications qui dépendent principalement du positionnement horizontal.
CNPq: 229828/2013-2

Cette thèse de doctorat traite les aspects de la modélisation et de l'analyse de la parole, regroupés sous le chapeau commun de la qualité. Le premier aspect est représenté par le développement d'un modèle interne de contrôle de la production de la parole ; le deuxième, par le développement des outils pour son analyse. Un modèle interne optimal sous contraintes est proposé pour le contrôle d'un robot parlant, basé sur l'hypothèse du point d'équilibre (EPH, modèle-lambda). Ce modèle interne se repose sur le principe suivant : les mouvements du robot sont produits de telle façon que la longueur du chemin, parcouru dans l'espace interne des commandes motrices lambda, soit minimale, sous certaines contraintes liées à l'espace externe. L'aspect mathématique du problème conduit au problème géodésique généralisé, un problème relevant du calcul variationnel, dont la solution exacte analytique est assez complexe. En utilisant certains résultats empiriques, une solution approximative est enfin développée et implémentée. La solution du problème donne des résultats intéressants et prometteurs, et montre que le modèle interne proposé permet d'atteindre une certaine réalité de la production de la parole ; notamment, des similitudes entre la parole réelle et celle produite par le robot sont constatées. Puis, dans un but d'analyser et de caractériser le signal de parole, plusieurs méthodes d'analyse statistique sont développées. Elles sont basées sur les statistiques d'ordre supérieurs et sur l'entropie discrète normalisée. Dans ce cadre, nous avons également élaboré un estimateur non-biaisée et efficace du cumulant d'ordre quatre, en deux versions bloc et adaptative
This Ph.D. dissertation deals with speech modeling and processing, which both share the speech quality aspect. An optimum internal model with constraints is proposed and discussed for the control of a biomechanical speech robot based on the equilibrium point hypothesis (EPH, lambda-model). It is supposed that the robot internal space is composed of the motor commands lambda of the equilibrium point hypothesis. The main idea of the work is that the robot movements, and in particular the robot speech production, are carried out in such a way that, the length of the path, traveled in the internal space, is minimized under acoustical and mechanical constraints. Mathematical aspect of the problem leads to one of the problems of variational calculus, the so-called geodesic problem, whose exact analytical solution is quite complicated. By using some empirical findings, an approximate solution for the proposed optimum internal model is then developed and implemented. It gives interesting and challenging results, and shows that the proposed internal model is quite realistic; namely, some similarities are found between the robot speech and the real one. Next, by aiming to analyze speech signals, several methods of statistical speech signal processing are developed. They are based on higher-order statistics (namely, on normalized central moments and on the fourth-order cumulant), as well as on the discrete normalized entropy. In this framework, we also designed an unbiased and efficient estimator of the fourth-order cumulant in both batch and adaptive versions

碩士
國立交通大學
土木工程研究所
82
This paper deals with the optimization design of geodetic networks. The developed mathematical modelling solves for both an optimal network configuration(First Order Design) and an ptimal observational plan(Second Order Design)simultaneously. The input information includes amount of the maximum possible coordinate shifts for each network point, and all the possible observables together with the maximum available observational precisions. We can derive mathmatical modelling which to solve for both A and P matrix of optimization from objective function ■. The optimally solved for coordinate shifts and observational weigrts of network are used as a guide-line for the choice ofnstrumentation and field operation procedures. The results of optimization enable us to make decisions on which instruments should be selected from the various geodetic instruments should be selected from the various geodetic instruments and where they should be located in order to estimate the unknown parameters and achieve the desired precision derived from and determined by the purpose of the network.

The work is intent on the aplication of useful geodetic method for height off-road treads. The aim of the work is to survey and establish fixed point network for this monitoring. The teoretic part is intent on geodetic network and point fields and on aplication of geodetic method for geodetic monitoring throughout the country. In the practical part, there are described accessible methods for height profiles, description of choice method workmaship and grafic results processing.

The Geodetic network of Lesotho as established by the Directorate of Overseas Surveys in the 1950's, has been known to have distortions of several meters in some areas. This network is still very much in use today. Several altcmpts were made to strengthen the DOS network. but these attempts were not used for a complete readjustment. The South African Control net, which completely surrounds Lesotho, has recently been readjusted so as to bring it into sympathy with the WGS reference system used by GPS. It has become urgent to similarly update the Lesotho control system, to enable economical use of GPS surveying methods. This thesis addresses the problems of updating the Lesotho control system and also of bringing existing data onto the updated systcm. This thesis first reviews the historical background of Lcsotho and that of its geodetic net work. Different sets of data were collected and common points in the compared sets selected for the analysis. The South African readjustment was chosen as the standard, because it is the most recent, derived with the support of the new zero-order South African control net. The data sets were fitted to the reference system using conformal transformations from first up to fourth order. These comparisons were used to detect outliers. They revealed systematic distortions in the older data. which could be largely eliminated in the fourth-order transformation. The opportunity to update control point co-ordinates also gave an opportunity to revisit the existing choice of using two map panels of the Gauss Conform projection. The distortions involved in using a single Gauss Conform panel and also the UTM projection were investigated. A companson or all the methods and the recommendations concludes the section. Software was developed for transforming existing survey data onto the recommended updated reference system. The height system used in Lesotho is also reviewed because it forms part of the control net. The focus is on heights in relation to gravity. because that bears on the relation of published orthometric heights. with GPS-derived ellipsoidal heights. This section is mostly a literature review, starting with the theory of heights and gravity, proceeding onto the applied corrections and then showing what relations have been found.
Thesis (M.Sc.Sur.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

碩士
國立成功大學
測量工程學系
85
GPS全球定位系統是個新興的大地測量方法，其在數據處理方面與傳統 的大地測量方式有顯著的不同。現今較普遍的GPS資料處理方式是運用單 基線法平差模式進行GPS觀測資料之計算。然而由於此方法只考慮了基線 兩端測站觀測量之間的相關性，忽略與其他測站的觀測量也有相關性存在 ，故單基線法理論上並不嚴密。 本文顧及平差模式的嚴密性，使用多 測站-多時段嚴密平差法，在考慮所有同步觀測量之間的相關性下，進行 台灣一等GPS網觀測資料之解算。藉由此嚴密平差的方式與重覆度、可靠 度及精度等分析，使得平差成果正確、可靠，並能適當反映出一等GPS控 制網的真實精度。 台灣一等GPS大地網共有75個時段，105個一等衛星 控制點，經多測站-多時段嚴密平差計算後，得到最小約制網點位內部精 度平均值，緯度、經度及高程方向分別為0.21公分、0.75公分及1.62公分 。而重覆度平均值各為0.74公分、1.92公分及3.79公分。追蹤站框架網部 份， 內部精度平均值，緯度、經度及高程方向分別是0.78公分、1.49公 分及2.67公分，重覆度平均值則各為0.83公分、2.04公分及4.04公分。 與85年北部130個二等衛星控制點測量資料的平差成果進行比較，可得點 位坐標較差的標準偏差值，在最小約制網部份為緯度1.6公分、經度1.3公 分及高程3.6公分；追蹤站框架網部份則是緯度1.5公分、經度1.2公分及 高程3.7公分，兩者比較成果非常接近。 "Global Positioning System" is a relatively new method for geodetic surveying.The difference is great between GPS and traditional surveyingmethod.Commonly,people use the single- baselines adjustment method to process the data.However,the relationship between simutaneous basselineshas not been considered rigorously. We attemp to use the more rigorous multistation-multisessionadjustment method to process the data. Using the rigorous adjustmentmethod and analyzing repeatibility, reliability and precision,we canobtain a more realistic and correct result of the first-order GPScontrol network. There are 105 first-order GPS control points in Taiwan.We processed data from 75 sessions and adopt multistation- multisessionadjustment.The average precision is 0.21cm in latitude,0.75cm inlongitude,1.62cm in height,the coordinate repeatibility is 0.74cmin latitude,1.92cm in longitude,3.79cm in height in the minimum constrained network;the average precision is 0.78cm in latitude,1.49cm in longitude,2.67cm in height,the coordinate repeatibilityis 0.83cm in latitude,2.04cm in longitude,4.04cm in height in thefiducial network.

Dissertation was worked on the theme " Project and surveying of the network for planimetry and hight points in the area of the river Jenín using several methods". Target of this dissertation was building of point field, their planimetry and altitude destination like basis for another telemetry in range. On the basis of geodetic and map data was effected reconnaissance of the area, estimation of current point field, their completion to required density and locating new points by geodetic and GPS methods. It was built net of 16 points of the detailed planimetry point field and eight of them was subjekt of my dissertation. For planimetry and altitude survey by GPS method was used Trimble 4600LS device. By geodetic method points was located by electronic total station Leica TCR 407 power. Altitude of the three points was determined by the technical levelling using levelling machine Topcon AT {--} 22A and the other hights of points was calculated trigonometrically. Part of dissertation was processing of surveyed data, execution of graphic enclosure and comparing both methods.

碩士
國立成功大學
測量工程學系
87
In the paper, a three-dimensional geodetic control network adjustment model is adopted to make the relationship between measurements and unknown parameters. The stepwise regression model is used in order to maintain the national coordinate system and to avoid the additional network tension as those in hierarchical adjustment. In the paper, a simulated three-dimensional network is analyzed by the three-dimensional geodetic control network adjustment program GeoTech developed by the author. It is showed that the height parameter and planimetry parameters are not absolutely independent. By using GPS measurements on the points located in the weakness of the network can improved the network strength. The effect on the accuracy of these points occupied by GPS measurements is significant, if these points are distributed outside the network. However, quantity of such GPS measurements points has less contribution to the accuracy of the other points in the the network.

This thesis was elaborated on the topic: Project and realisation of the network for planimetry control points using the methods geodetic and GPS. The aim was carry out the reconnaissance of the terrain, valorize of the current state of the point field in the selected locality, as necessary complete him in the density for the detailed mapping of big ratio scale and locate. All calculations, evaluation of the accuracy and processing of the graphic supplements were a part of this thesis. The point network was built in the cadastral territory Horní Planá in the drainage area of the river Ostřice. Following the geodetic data and the map basis was effected the reconnaissance of the selected locality, the stabilization of the new points PPBP and after that they were positional located. On the whole there were stabilized 14 new points. They were located by using the total station Leica TC407 by the help of double - sided incorporated and double - sided oriented polygonal traverse and by using GPS station Trimble 4600LS for the fast static method.

In this thesis was elaborated the topic: Project and surveying of the network for planimetry and hight points in the area of the river Ostřice using several methods. It{\crq}s purpose was a reconnaissance of the part of a basin of Ostřice, assessment of existing point field, propose and complete the point network for planimetry in sufficient density for further surveying work in the area and survey of location and level by using geodetic methods and GPS. The reconnaissance of the area was conducted due to geodetic and levelling data of the points and maps. A network of 18 points of the detailed point network was built. I located nine of them by using a GPS method and a method of polygonal traverse. The electronic total station Leica TC 407 was used for the point survey by the method of polygonal traverse, for the GPS method was used a GPS apparatus Trimble 4600LS. Altitude of the points was determined by the method of technical levelling. For the altitude determination was used a Topcon AT {--} 24A levelling device.

This work was elaborated on the theme: Design of building a network of detailed positional point field as a basis for solving complex land treatment method of surveying and GPS. The aim was to assess the current status of position of the point field in the locality, spot field complemented by a focused method of surveying and GPS. Building a network of PPBP served for the implementation of comprehensive land consolidation in the cadastral Chudenín in Klatovy. Reconnaissance of the existing points of positional point field was made based on geospatial data and maps. The area has been designed and stabilized PPBP 9 new items. Focusing was conducted by surveying and GPS. For geodetic positioning targeting method was used electronic total station TOPCON GTS Series - 502 E. Positional orientation points using GPS was carried two-frequency surveying system Promark 500.