Academic literature on the topic 'Geografie. Africa, East'

Viewed from the 'Southern Europe', the theoretical/critical debate in the Anglo-Saxon world, in particular the ongoing debate at the American universities is perplexing. It is a world of opulence and loftiness, not in this case on the level of material wealth, but intellectual wealth. If we understand that the omnipresence of 'critical theory' has an inhibitive effect on a sensory relationship with architecture, and that dichotomies such as critical/projective are schematic, the truth is that we need to leave behind atavisms that diminish the approach in 'Southern Europe': the local against the global; the space against the images; the young against the old. Theory and criticism have much to gain from allowing themselves to be provoked by the unknown. I would like to concretize these ideas by revisiting two recent experiences: to the South, Cape Verde, and to the East, Macau. They are border situations of wealth and material prosperity in Macau; and of poverty and obstruction in Cape Verde. How are these territories read and criticized? The architecture we find there is outside the history based on the MoMA. In China one hears the echo of echoes, increasingly. In Africa, one can hear the distant resonance of those echoes. Where are we beyond 'post-criticism'.

Colonial Itineraries represent an informative product that has its origins in the innovative military organization of Revolutionary and Napoleonic France. Italian Colonial Itineraries were the outcome of exploration and intelligence activities carried out by selected military units in unknown lands. The knowledge of the places was an essential precondition of conquest and its stabilization. The major feature of the itineraries is the juxtaposition of a reconnaissance map to a list of detailed information concerning every short stretch of route covered: running times, road conditions, climate, landforms, land-use, water resources, culture, economy, monuments, etc. The Archives and the Library of the IGMI (Istituto Geografico Militare Italiano), set in Florence, preserve a great deal of such documents and they are probably the richest Italian stock. Itineraries represent a valuable source of geographical knowledge about Ethiopia and Eritrea during the period between the late nineteeth and the thirties of the twentieth century. These pages are the result of an attempt at census and interpretation.

<p><em>Abstrak</em> - <strong>Musim Semi Arab adalah fenomena yang terjadi di negara-negara Timur Tengah yang timbul dari dinamika sosial yang menginginkan orde baru yang dapat mengubah keadaan suatu negara dalam bentuk protes atau pemberontakan yang dilakukan oleh pro-demokrasi di Timur Tengah dan Afrika Utara melawan rezim otoriter di wilayah yang dimulai sekitar tahun 2010 hingga 2011. Dalam studi Budaya Arab bukanlah fenomena baru di Timur Tengah, karena Hitti (2006) mengatakan bahwa budaya Arab egaliter dan geografi gurun tandus khas adalah faktor yang membentuk karakter dan kepribadian utama yang keras dan pantang menyerah. Analisis deskriptif tentang pendekatan kualitatif terhadap budaya Arab fenomena Musim Semi Arab sangat langka sehingga, penulis berharap tulisan ini bisa menggambarkan studi budaya Arab dalam fenomena Musim Semi Arab. Orde baru yang merupakan harapan utama dinamika sosial masih jauh dari harapan, sehingga dalam tulisan ini penulis memberikan alternatif untuk pembentukan sebuah teori berbasis masyarakat regional dan berbasis masyarakat masyarakat Arab pasca Islam.</strong></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Kata Kunci</em></strong><em> – Arab Spring, Dinamik, Budaya, Arab</em></p><p> </p><p><em>Abstract</em> - <strong>Arab Spring is a phenomenon that occurs in the countries of the Middle East arising from a social dynamic who want a new order that can change the state of a country in the form of protest or rebellion committed by the pro-democracy in the Middle East and North Africa against authoritarian regimes in the region that started around the year 2010 up to 2011. In the Arab </strong><strong>C</strong><strong>ultur</strong><strong>al studies</strong><strong> is not a new phenomenon in the Middle East, because Hitti (200</strong><strong>6</strong><strong>) says that Arab culture egalitarian and typical barren desert geography is a factor which form the main character and personality are hard and unyielding. Descriptive analysis of the qualitative approach to the Arab culture of the Arab Spring phenomenon is so rare that, the author hopes this paper can describe the Arab culture studies in the phenomenon of the Arab Spring. New order which is the main hope of social dynamics is still far from the </strong><strong>hope</strong><strong>, so in this paper the authors provide an alternative to the establishment of a regional and community based theory of post-Islamic Arab society institutions.</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> - <em>Arab Spring, Dynamics, Culture, Arab</em><em></em></p>

Este artigo aborda a análise das citações recebidas pelas publicações do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (ibge) no período de 2001-2010 sob a ótica da teoria de fatores de difusão do conhecimento. Considerando-se que as citações representam uma maneira de medir o quanto as ideias científicas são difundidas, entende-se que quanto maior o número de diferentes autores, instituições e países citantes maior será o grau de difusão. Identifica 3.158 documentos citantes à produção científica do ibge. Das 1,272 instituições de filiações dos autores citantes, 748 (58.80%) são brasileiras ou estão sediadas no Brasil, enquanto 518 (40.72%) são estrangeiras. As instituições voltadas para atividades educacionais lideram (47.96%), seguidas pelas instituições de P&D (22.88%) e as demais ocupam os setores públicos. Em relação aos países, das 7.587 ocorrências de países presentes no vínculo institucional dos autores, 6,168 (81.3%) destas se referem ao Brasil e as demais ocorrências estão distribuídas entre 49 países diferentes situados na América do Sul (82.35%), América do Norte (9.71%), Europa (6.93%), e América Central, Ásia, Oceania, África e Oriente Médio (aproximadamente 1% dos autores citantes). Ao aplicar o fator de difusão com base no estudo proposto Rousseau, Liu e Ye (2012) obteve-se o índice de Gini de 0.62 em 2009 e 0.72 em 2001 e 2003 respectivamente. Conclui que o fator de difusão é satisfatório, ou seja, há um grande número de autores, instituições e países diferentes que citam as publicações do ibge.AbstractThis paper discusses the analysis of the citations received by the publications of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (ibge) in the period of 2001-2010 under perspective of the theory of diffusion factors. Considering that citations represent a way to measure the spreading of scientific ideas, it is presumable that the larger the number of different authors, institutions and countries citing one idea, the larger its diffusion is. Identifies 3,158 documents citing ibge’s scientific output. Out of 1,272 institutions which citing authors are affiliated with, 748 (58.80%) are Brazilian institutions or based in Brazil, while 518 (40.72%) are from other countries. Institutions focused on education lead (47.96%) the amount, followed by R&D (22.88%), and the rest (29.16%) is lying on public sectors. A number of 6,168 (81.3%) from 7,587 citation occurrences happens to be of authors with affiliations with Brazilian institutions, with the rest being distributed between the other South American countries (82.35%), North America (9.71%), Europe (6.93%), and Central America, Asia, Oceania, Africa and Middle East (sum is about 1%). Applying the diffusion factors proposed by Rousseau, Liu & Ye (2012), the Gini Index obtained varies from 0.62 in 2009 and 0.72 in 2001 and 2003, respectively. Concludes that the diffusion factor is satisfactory because there is a large number of authors, institutions and different countries that cite ibge’s publications.ResumenEste artículo aborda el análisis de las citas recibidas por las publicaciones del Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (ibge) en el período de 2001 a 2010 desde la perspectiva de la teoría de los factores de la difusión del conocimiento. Teniendo en cuenta que las citas son una manera de medir cómo se difunden las ideas científicas, entiéndese que, cuanto mayor es el número de diferentes autores, instituciones y países citantess, mayor será el grado de difusión. Identifica 3,158 documentos citantes a la producción científica del ibge. De las 1,272 instituciones de afiliación de los autores citantes, 748 (58.80 %) son de Brasil o tienen su sede en Brasil, mientras que 518 (40.72%) son extranjeros. Las instituciones direccionadas para las actividades educativas lideran (47.96%), seguidas por las instituciones de I&D (22.88 %) y las demás ocupan los sectores públicos. En relación con los países, de las 7,587 ocurrencias de países presentes en el vínculo institucional de los autores, 6,168 (81.3%) de éstas se refieren a Brasil y otras se distribuyen entre 49 países ubicados en América del Sur (82.35%), América del Norte (9.71%), Europa (6.93%), América Central, Asia, Oceanía, África y Medio Oriente (aproximadamente 1% de los autores citados). Al aplicar el factor de difusión, con base en el estudio propuesto por Rousseau, Liu y Ye (2012), se obtuvo el coeficiente de Gini de 0.62 en 2009 y de 0.72 en 2001 y 2003, respectivamente. Concluye que el factor de difusión es satisfactorio, es decir, hay un gran número de autores, instituciones y países diferentes que citan las publicaciones del ibge.

ACOSTA, Corinna. ¿ Qué es la moda?. Expok, México, 12.05.2014. Disponível em: <http://www.expoknews.com/que-es-la-moda-rapida/>. Acesso em: 03 mar. 2017. BBC. Why East Africa wants to ban second-hand clothes, 02.03.2016. Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35706427>. Acesso em: 25 mar. 2017. BCC. Desabamento em Bangladesh revela o lado obscuro da moda, 28.04.2013. Disponível em: <http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/noticias/2013/04/130428_bangladesh_tragedia_lado_obscuro>. Acesso em: 03 mar. 2017. BECK, Ulrich. La sociedad de riesgo: hacia una nueva modernidad. Barcelona: Paidós, 1998. BECKERMAN, Wilfred. “How Would You Like Your ‘Sustainability’, Sir? Weak or Strong? A Reply to My Critics”. In: Environmental Values, Cambridge, v. 4, n. 2, p. 169-179, maio 1995. Disponível em: <www.jstor.org/stable/30301474>. Acesso em: 05 jan. 2017. BOSSELMAN, Klaus. O princípio da sustentabilidade: transformando direito e governança. São Paulo: Revista dos Tribunais, 2015. BRASIL. Lei Ordinária 16.222. São Paulo, 25.06.2015. Disponível em: <https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/sp/s/sao-paulo/lei-ordinaria/2015/1623/16222/lei-ordinaria-n-16222-2015-proibe-a-producao-e-a-comercializacao-de-foie-gras-e-artigos-de-vestuario-feitos-com-pele-animal-no-ambito-da-cidade-de-sao-paulo-e-da-outras-providencias>. Acesso em: 08 set. 2015. BRASIL. Projeto de Lei 684/2011. Deputado Weliton Prado (PT-MG). Disponível em: <http://www.camara.gov.br/proposicoesWeb/fichadetramitacao?idProposicao=494401>. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017. BRUNDTLAND, Gro Harlem. Our Common Future: from one earth to one world. Nova York: Oxford University Press, 1987. CARVALHAL, André. Moda com propósito: manifesto pela grande virada. São Paulo: Schwarcz, 2016. CHAU, Lisa. The Wastful Culture of Forever 21, H&M, and “fast fashion”. USNEWS, 21.09.2012. Disponível em: <https://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/economic-intelligence/2012/09/21/the-wasteful-culture-of-forever-21-hm-and-fast-fashion>. Acesso em: 03 mar. 2017. COMISSÃO EUROPEIA. Regulamento 2016/26. 13.01.2016. Disponível em: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32016R0026>. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017. CONFINO, Jo. We buy a staggering amount of clothing, and mosto f it ends up in landfills. The Huffpost Post, Brasil, 07.09.2016. Disponível em: <http://www.huffpostbrasil.com/entry/transforming-the-fashion-industry_us_57ceee96e4b0a48094a58d39>. Acesso em: 20 mar. 2017. DAERO, Guilherme. Comercial chocante mostra o outro lado do couro. Exame.com, Brasil, 16.05.2016. Disponível em: <http://exame.abril.com.br/marketing/comercial-chocante-mostra-o-outro-lado-do-couro/>. Acesso em: 18 mar. 2017. FASHIONUNITED. Global fashion industry statistics– International Apparel. Disponível em: <https://fashionunited.com/global-fashion-industry-statistics>. Acesso em: 20 fev. 2017. GREENPEACE INTERNATIONAL. A little story about a fashionable lie. Greenpeace International, Amsterdam, fevereiro 2014. Disponível em: <http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/toxics/2014/A-Fashionable-Lie.pdf>. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2017. _____. The Detox Catwalk 2016, campaing and criteria explained. Greenpeace International, 16.07.2016. Disponível em: <https://secured-static.greenpeace.org//international/Global/international/code/2016/Catwalk2016/pdf/Detox_Catwalk_Explained_2016.pdf>. Acesso em: 18 mar. 2017. _____. The Detox Catwalk 2016. Who’s on the path to toxic-free fashion. Disponível em: <http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/detox/fashion/detox-catwalk/>. Acesso em: 18 mar. 2017. GUERRA, Sidney. Direito Internacional ambiental. Rio de Janeiro: Freitas Bastos Editora, 2006. INTERNATIONAL ANTI-FUR COALITION. Victories on the Road to a Fur-Free World. Disponível em: <http://www.antifurcoalition.org/fur-free-victories.html>. Acesso em: 08 set. 2015. LEITE, José R. Sociedade de risco e Estado. In: CANOTILHO, José J. Gomes; LEITE, José R. Direito Constitucional Ambiental Brasileiro. 3. ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 2010. LOVELOCK, James. A vingança de Gaia. Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca, 2006. MARCONDES FILHO, Ciro. Para entender a comunicação. São Paulo: Paulus, 2008. OATEN, Mark. New production figures reveal another Strong year global fur trade. Wearfur, Londres, 17.06.2016. Disponível em: <https://www.wearefur.com/new-production-figures-reveal-another-strong-year-global-fur-trade/>. Acesso em: 07 mar. 2017. TOLEDO, Gabriela. Extração de peles. PEA (Projeto Esperança Animal), Brasil. Disponível em <http://www.pea.org.br/Crueldade/peles/index.htm>Acesso 16 de março de 2017. RIVERO, Sérgio et al. Pecuária e desmatamento: uma análise das principais causas diretas do desmatamento na Amazônia. Nova econ, Belo Horizonte, v. 19, n. 1, p. 41-66, abr. 2009. Disponível em: <http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-63512009000100003&lng=en&nrm=iso>. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017. SAMPAIO, Rômulo Silveira da Rocha. Direito Ambiental: doutrina e casos práticos. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier / FGV, 2011. SANTIAGO, Rejane Saraiva de. Gestão ambiental na indústria têxtil: estudo de casos do Ceará. 2011. 110 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção) – Universidade Federal da Paraí­ba, João Pessoa. SANTOS, Patrícia Menezes et al. Mudanças Climáticas Globais e a Pecuária: Cenários Futuros para o semiárido Brasileiro. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física, v. 4, n. 06, p. 1.176-1.196, 2011. Disponível em: <http://www.revista.ufpe.br/rbgfe/index.php/revista/article/view/268/236>. Acesso em: 15 mar. 2017. SANTOS, Simone. Impacto Ambiental causado pela indústria têxtil. In: Biblioteca da Associação Brasileira de Engenharia de Produção. UFSC – Engenharia de Produção e Sistemas, Florianópolis (SC), 1997. Disponível em: <http://www.abepro.org.br/biblioteca/ENEGEP1997_T6410.PDF>. SILVA, Claudio Eduardo Azevedo; SOUZA Sérgio A Coelho; MIRANDA, Marcio. Solução biode(sa)gradável. In: Ciência hoje. v. 43, n. 254, p. 18-23, nov. 2008. UNEP (United Nations Environment Rights). Climate Change and Human Rights. Nairobi: UNON Publishing Service Section, december 2015. Disponível em: <http://web. unep.org/newscentre/new-un-report-details-link-between-climate-change-and-human-rights>. Acesso em: 07 mar. 2017. WELLE, Deutsche. Agropecuária é responsável por 90% do desmatamento ilegal no Brasil. Carta Capital, Brasil, 16.03.2014. Disponível em: <https://www.cartacapital.com.br/sustentabilidade/agropecuaria-e-responsavel-por-90-do-desmatamento-ilegal-no-brasil-7771.html>. Acesso em: 31 mar. 2017.

Creighton Connolly (2017) Landscape political ecologies of urban ‘swiftlet farming’ in George Town, Malaysia. cultural geographies 24(3): 421–439. DOI: 10.1177/1474474016684128. The journal would like to make the following correction: Endnotes 45-69 should be revised as follows: 45. Geografia, George Town Land Use and Population Survey. 46. Following Malaysian independence in 1957, the new Malay government renamed all streets in Malaysia’s colonial enclaves such as George Town. However, many of the old names are still commonly used by residents, hence my reference to both. 47. This attitude on behalf of government officials in Malaysia has also been documented by other scholars, see K.Mulligan, S.J.Elliott and C.Shuster-Wallace, ‘The Place of Health and the Health of Place: Dengue Fever and Urban Governance in Putrajaya, Malaysia’, Health & Place, 18, 2012, pp. 613–20. 48. On a more recent visit to George Town in August, 2016, EYS still had hundreds of swiftlets flying in and out, nearly 3 years after the deadline for closure of swiftlet farms inside the WHS. Given the political and economic influence of the EYS company, it is conceivable that they will be able to continue operating the swiftlet farm for the foreseeable future. 49. According to George Town’s Special Area Plan (2011), category II buildings are those ‘of special interest that warrants every effort being made to preserve them’. See State Government of Penang (SGP), Draft Special Area Plan, George Town: Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca (Penang: SGP, 2010). 50. This incident was (allegedly) triggered by the export of fake birds’ nests with dangerous nitrite levels to China from Malaysia, and resulted in the near collapse of the swiftlet farming industry, given that China has always been the primary market for EBNs. This episode demonstrated how the physical landscape in one place can be dramatically influenced by political-economic changes elsewhere. See Connolly, ‘A Landscape Political Ecology of ‘Swiftlet Farming’ in Malaysian Cities’, chapter 4; C.Thorburn, ‘The Edible Birds’ Nest Boom in Indonesia and South-East Asia’, Food, Culture and Society, 17, 2014, 535–53. 51. MBPP (Majlis Bandaraya Pulau Pinang), ‘Laporan Industri Dan Premis Burung Walit Di Dalam Tapak Warisan Dunia George Town’ (George Town, Penang, Jabatan Warisan, 2013), np. 52. George Town World Heritage Incorporated (GTWHI), Draft Guidelines for Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) World Heritage Cities of Melaka and George Town (Penang, 2010), pp. 76–7, < www.gtwhi.com.my/index.php/regulate/2015-01-21-04-01-01/2015-01-21-04-18-59 > 53. Note, this excludes Penang and Malacca, where heritage was the largest concern, due to the UNESCO World Heritage listing in both cities. 54. On an earlier visit to Taiping, I came across a hotel which operated a swiftlet house on the top story, while the bottom three stories were rented out to human occupants (!) 55. J.Lepawsky and R.C.Jubilado, ‘Globalizing Kuala Lumpur and Rationalizing the Street’, In S.G.Yeoh (ed.), The Other Kuala Lumpur (London: Routledge, 2014), pp. 22–37. 56. T.K.Ho, ‘Swiftlet Rearing in Town a Health Threat’, The Star, 6 February 2009, p. N49. 57. Quoted in anonymous, ‘Chow: Swiftlet farms being phased out’, The Star, 14 April 2013, n.p. 58. Mulligan et al., ‘The Place of Health and the Health of Place’. 59. Duckett-Wilkinson, correspondence, 15 December 2010. 60. Duckett-Wilkinson, correspondence, 5 May 2011. 61. Indeed, Duckett-Wilkinson has spoken to several local doctors in George Town about this issue, who have verbally confirmed that cases of lung disease are ‘disproportionate’ in Georgetown (Duckett-Wilkinson, interview, 22 October 2013). 62. Duckett-Wilkinson, Open Letter, 20 June 2010; citing M.L.DeWitt, ‘cryptococcus’, < http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215354-overview > 63. Anonymous, ‘A health hazard not many are aware of’, New Straits Times, 9 September 2009, n.p., print. 64. In: R.Nathan, ‘“More Seminars” Plan for Bird’s Nest Farmers’ The Star, 6 June 2003, p. 13. 65. See Mulligan et al., ‘The Place of Health and the Health of Place’; T.Bunnell, ‘Re-Viewing the Entrapment Controversy: Megaprojection, (Mis)Representation and Postcolonial Performance’, GeoJournal, 59, 2004, pp. 297–305. 66. Carpiano, ‘Come Take a Walk with Me’. 67. M.Gandy, ‘Marginalia: Aesthetics, Ecology and Urban Wastelands’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(6), 2013, pp. 1301–16; A.Loftus, ‘Working the Socio-Natural Relations of the Urban Waterscape in South Africa’, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 31(1), 2007, pp. 41–59; E.Swyngedouw, ‘The City as a Hybrid – On Nature, Society and Cyborg Urbanization’, Capitalism, Nature, Socialism, 7(2), 1996, pp. 65–80. 68. See, for example, Mitchell, The Lie of the Land; D.Matless, Landscape and Englishness (London: Reaktion Books, 1998). 69. See, for example, P.Y.Hung, Tea Production, Land Use Politics, and Ethnic Minorities: Struggling over Dilemmas on China’s Southwest Frontier (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015); Neumann, ‘Political Ecology III’; Walker and Fortmann, ‘Whose Landscape?’.

The essays offered here originated in a series of conference papers presented over the years at various professional meetings. In the time elapsed since the first of them was offered at the meeting ofthe UNESCO Commission on the History of Geographical Thought (1988), new important works on Swahili history and language have appeared which demonstrate a variety of productive approaches to the problems of Swahili cultural and ethnic history In a publication such as the Swahili Forum it may be appropriate to recognize the steps made, to acknowledge the advances achieved, and to identify the needs remaining John Middleton`s (1992) well-received book presents a thorough and authmitative analysis of the social, economic, and spatial structures which evolved in the international setting of the East African coast Jarnes de Vere Alien`s posthumously published study (1992) pursues the questions of historic identity of the Swahili and of the political styles developed in the process of interaction of Arab-Islamic and African elements of coastal culture The special role of Islam in the formation and dynamics of Swahili city-states` elites has been analyzed slightly earlier by Randall L Pouwels (1987) Pouwels also has addressed coastal historiography in a series of articles some of which are cited in the following essays The fundamental study of the Swahili language by Derek Nurse and Thomas Hinnebusch (1993) revises and elaborates the possibilities of relating the chronology of the development of Swahili to the history of the Bantu-speaking coastal societies, raised in the earlier works singly or jointly by Derek Nurse and Thomas Spear New editions of Swahili texts make available, sometimes for the first time, to African and Western scholars alike, the synchronic nanatives indispensable for historical accuracy of our interpretations (Omar & Frankl 1990, I olmacheva 1993)