Academic literature on the topic 'Geographical distribution of animals and plants'
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Journal articles on the topic "Geographical distribution of animals and plants"
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Sakai, Shoko, Soeren Metelmann, Yukihiko Toquenaga, and Arndt Telschow. "Geographical variation in the heterogeneity of mutualistic networks." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 6 (2016): 150630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150630.
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Plant–animal mutualistic networks are characterized by highly heterogeneous degree distributions. The majority of species interact with few partner species, while a small number are highly connected to form network hubs that are proposed to play an important role in community stability. It has not been investigated, however, if or how the degree distributions vary among types of mutualisms or communities, or between plants and animals in the same network. Here, we evaluate the degree distributions of pollination and seed-dispersal networks, which are two major types of mutualistic networks that have often been discussed in parallel, using an index based on Pielou's evenness. Among 56 pollination networks we found strong negative correlation of the heterogeneity between plants and animals, and geographical shifts of network hubs from plants in temperate regions to animals in the tropics. For 28 seed-dispersal networks, by contrast, the correlation was positive, and there is no comparable geographical pattern. These results may be explained by evolution towards specialization in the presence of context-dependent costs that occur if plants share the animal species as interaction partner. How the identity of network hubs affects the stability and resilience of the community is an important question for future studies.
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Leontyev, D. V., I. I. Yatsiuk, T. Y. Markina, et al. "Local taxonomic spectra in plants, animals, fungi and terrestrial protists show common mathematical patterns." Biosystems Diversity 29, no. 3 (2021): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012134.
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Taxonomic spectra, i.e. relations between supraspecific taxa by the number of included species, remain poorly understood in aspect of the mathematical properties. We studied taxonomic spectra of plants (Magnoliophyta, Bryophyta), animals (Coleoptera, Aves), fungi (Agaricomycetes) and terrestrial protists (Myxomycetes), found in the Homilsha Forests National Nature Park (North-East of Ukraine), and concluded that they correspond to the hollow-curve distribution at the level of genera, families and orders. The spectra of most taxa, as shown by the Akaike information criterion, are closely approximated by the log-series distribution model at all taxonomic levels. This type of distribution is typical for the species abundance curves, based on collections made from small areas. At the same time, in the genera–families–orders row the similarity to the lognormal distribution increases. The central values and variability vary considerably between different taxonomic groups and ranks, however, without affecting the type of distribution. The number of orders in all taxa except Bryophyta has reached the saturation and coincides with the curve of the estimated number of orders according to the Chao1 coefficient. For families and especially genera the correspondence with estimated number of species is much lower. Our results do not confirm the assumption that hollow-curve distributions of taxonomic spectra result from the artificial fragmentation of taxa. These distributions neither depend on the insufficient knowledge about the species composition at the locality, nor reflect the size of the studied area. The presence of such distributions in both local and global biota of different groups may be explained by the common features of their evolution, especially by the existence of relict orphan groups. The fact that in Homilsha Forests the kurtosis and skewness of distributions decreases in the genera–families–orders row can therefore be explained by the relatively low percentage of the high-rank orphan taxa in the local biota. This may be a common feature of communities studied at small geographical scale, since orphan taxa often demonstrate a high level of endemism. Comparative studies of local communities from different climate zones may help to understand how universal are the patterns, described herein.
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Kamer Aksoy, Özgür. "Predicting the Potential Distribution Area of the Platanus orientalis L. in Turkey Today and in the Future." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (2022): 11706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811706.
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Climate conditions throughout the world clearly affect every aspect of the lives of plants, animals, and humans. Platanus orientalis L. (Oriental plane) is an important tree species for the economy, culture, and forest ecosystems. Recent studies indicate that the climatic conditions significantly affect the distribution areas of Platanus orientalis L. This study aims to model the potential geographical distribution of Platanus orientalis L., which has a natural distribution in Turkey, today and in the future. The geographical distribution of Platanus orientalis L. is under pressure from human activities such as intensive agricultural production, changes in riverbanks, and increased urban development and road construction, and its population is in serious decline. The study produced prediction models using presence data belonging to the species, bio-climatic variables and altitude, and the distributions of the species were determined according to two separate global climate change scenarios. The potential distribution areas of Platanus orientalis L. for the periods 2041–2060 and 2081–2100 under the SSP5 4.5 and SSP5 8.5 scenarios were modelled using MaxEnt 3.4.1. The distribution area of the species in Turkey will be negatively affected by climatic changes due to relatively medium and high increases in the temperature. Platanus orientalis L., which is also found in the Mediterranean basin, the region subject to the most intensive climate changes, will face the risk of extinction unless it is able to adapt to these changes. Results on the current and future potential distributions of Platanus orientalis L. in Turkey provide crucial insights into species’ response to climate change, particularly to increases in temperature. Extent and locations of predicted suitable and unchanged areas for the distribution of Platanus orientalis L. can be used for developing strategies in conservation, management, monitoring, and cultivation of Platanus orientalis L. in the face of climate change.
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Boraks, André, and Anthony S. Amend. "Fungi in soil and understory have coupled distribution patterns." PeerJ 9 (September 21, 2021): e11915. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11915.
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Ecological processes that control fungal distribution are not well understood because many fungi can persist in a wide variety of dissimilar habitats which are seldom sampled simultaneously. Geographic range size is reflective of species’ resource usage, and for plants and animals, there is a robust positive correlation between niche-breadth and range-size. It remains unknown whether this pattern is true for fungi. To investigate the fungal niche breadth–range size relationship we identified habitat specialists and generalists from two habitats (plant leaves and soil) and asked whether habitat specialization influenced fungal biogeography. We sampled fungi from the soil and phylloplane of tropical forests in Vanuatu and used DNA metabarcoding of the fungal ITS1 region to examine rarity, range size, and habitat connectivity. Fungal communities from the soil and phylloplane are spatially autocorrelated and the spatial distribution of individual fungal OTU are coupled between habitats. Habitat breadth (generalist fungi) did not result in larger range sizes but did correlate positively with occurrence frequency. Fungi that were frequently found were also found in high abundance, a common observation in similar studies of plants and animals. Fungal abundance-occupancy relationships differed by habitat and habitat-specificity. Soil specialists were found to be locally abundant but restricted geographically. In contrast, phylloplane generalists were found to be abundant over a large range in multiple habitats. These results are discussed in the context of differences between habitat characteristics, stability and spatial distribution. Identifying factors that drive spatial variation is key to understanding the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity in forests.
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Karshima, S. N. "Helminths of zoonotic importance in slaughtered food animals in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of Helminthology 93, no. 3 (2018): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x18000196.
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AbstractKnowledge of endemic helminths in a resource-limited country such as Nigeria is essential for their diagnosis, treatment and cost-effective control. In the present study, the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guideline was employed to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of zoonotic helminths in food animals slaughtered in Nigerian abattoirs between 1970 and 2016. Pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) was determined by the random-effects model while heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochran'sQ-test. Results from 42 eligible studies reported across 19 Nigerian states revealed 85,466 cases of zoonotic helminths from 3,771,832 slaughtered food animals. Overall PPE was 2.27% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.25, 2.28). PPEs for sub-groups ranged between 0.51% (95% CI: 0.46, 0.56) and 18.05% (95% CI: 17.12, 19.01) across regions, hosts, study periods and diagnostic methods.Ascaris suumhad the highest pooled prevalence of 25.46% (95% CI: 24.04, 26.92). Overall prevalence estimates for cestodes, nematodes and trematodes were 0.60% (95% CI: 0.59, 0.61), 21.51% (95% CI: 20.73, 22.30) and 1.86% (95% CI: 1.84, 1.87), respectively. A high degree of heterogeneity 99.97% (95% CI: 2.25, 2.28,P: 0.000) was observed. Zoonotic helminths were prevalent in slaughtered food animals, with higher prevalence estimates in the north–central region, pigs and during the last decade reviewed.Ascaris suumwas the most prevalent helminth, whileFasciola giganticahad the widest geographical distribution. It is envisaged that the present information will help in the formulation of disease-control policies, encourage on-farm good agricultural practices, and adequate hygiene and sanitation in abattoirs and meat-processing plants, with the aim of protecting public health.
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Quiroga, M. Paula, Lucia Castello, Vilma Quipildor, and Andrea C. Premoli. "Biogeographically significant units in conservation: a new integrative concept for conserving ecological and evolutionary processes." Environmental Conservation 46, no. 4 (2019): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892919000286.
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SummaryWe combined tools of phylogeography, population genetics and biogeographical interpretation to analyse a group of phylogenetically independent lineages (animals and plants) that coexist within the same geographical region, yet under markedly different environments, in order to identify generalized barriers for gene flow. We tested the hypothesis that major geographic features have produced a concordant genetic structure in phylogenetically independent lineages. A rigorous bibliographic search was performed, selecting available molecular information from six taxa occupying distinct southern biomes of South America: Yungas, Prepuna, Puna and northern Monte. We estimated within-population genetic diversity, the genetic structure and haplotype phylogenies to assemble distribution maps of genetic barriers for each species. We found a strong association between genetic variation and latitudinal distribution of populations. We detected a major barrier for six taxa at 27°S latitude and a second one for a group of three species at 25–26°S. Two alternative non-exclusive hypotheses – geology and/or climate – explain concordant genetic barriers in divergent lineages. We suggest that the term ‘biogeographically significant units’ portrays a group of populations of phylogenetically unrelated taxa that inhabit the same geographic region that have been similarly impacted by major physical events, which can be used to identify priority areas in landscape conservation.
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Kan, Meng-Wei, and David J. Craik. "Discovery of Cyclotides from Australasian Plants." Australian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 4 (2020): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch19658.
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This article is part of a special issue celebrating the contributions of Professor Paul Alewood to peptide science. We begin by providing a summary of collaborative projects between the Alewood and Craik groups at The University of Queensland and highlighting the impacts of some of these studies. In particular, studies on the discovery, synthesis, structures, and bioactivities of disulfide-rich toxins from animal venoms have led to a greater understanding of the biology of ion channels and to applications of these bioactive peptides in drug design. The second part of the article focuses on plant-derived disulfide-rich cyclic peptides, known as cyclotides, and includes an analysis of the geographical distribution of Australasian plant species that contain cyclotides as well as an analysis of the diversity of cyclotide sequences found in Australasian plants. This should provide a useful resource for researchers to access native cyclotides and explore their chemistry and biology.
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Abdurakhmanov, Gayirbeg M., Abdurakhman G. Abdurakhmanov, Abdulgamid A. Teymurov, Zukhra S. Temirlieva, Madina G. Daudova, and Alimurad A. Gadzhiev. "FINDINGS OF THE STUDY, BIOGEOGRAPHICAL ZONATION OF COASTAL AND ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS OF THE CASPIAN SEA." South of Russia: ecology, development 13, no. 2 (2018): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2018-2-211-216.
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Aim. The aim is to carry out the typification of faunas and biogeographical zonation of coastal and island ecosystems of the Caspian Sea. Methods. Revision of fauna of separate groups of invertebrate animals and vegetation cover of coastal and island ecosystems of the Caspian Sea was performed according to the modern taxonomy, unified collection technique and cameral processing of collected field material. Results. For the first time, solution for the actual biogeographical problem is found; the structure, composition and main regularities of the geographical distribution of several groups of invertebrate animals and plants of coastal and island ecosystems of the Caspian Sea have been identified. Conclusion. The data obtained make it possible to better assess the state of ecosystems and determine the impact on social and socio-geomorphological systems, largely determining the structure and boundaries of the latter, thereby predicting the consequences of anthropogenic activity for the nature and establishing the spatial limits of this impact.
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Murienne, Jerome, Savel R. Daniels, Thomas R. Buckley, Georg Mayer, and Gonzalo Giribet. "A living fossil tale of Pangaean biogeography." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1775 (2014): 20132648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2648.
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The current distributions of widespread groups of terrestrial animals and plants are supposedly the result of a mixture of either vicariance owing to continental split or more recent trans-oceanic dispersal. For organisms exhibiting a vicariant biogeographic pattern—achieving their current distribution by riding on the plates of former supercontinents—this view is largely inspired by the belief that Pangaea lacked geographical or ecological barriers, or that extinctions and dispersal would have erased any biogeographic signal since the early Mesozoic. We here present a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of Onychophora (velvet worms), an ancient and exclusively terrestrial panarthropod group distributed throughout former Pangaean landmasses. Our data not only demonstrate that trans-oceanic dispersal does not need be invoked to explain contemporary distributions, but also reveal that the early diversification of the group pre-dates the break-up of Pangaea, maintaining regionalization even in landmasses that have remained contiguous throughout the history of the group. These results corroborate a growing body of evidence from palaeontology, palaeogeography and palaeoclimatic modelling depicting ancient biogeographic regionalization over the continuous landmass of Pangaea.
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CHEN, Xiao-ling, Dong-dong NING, Qian XIAO, Qiu-ying JIANG, Yong-yue LU, and Yi-juan XU. "Factors affecting the geographical distribution of invasive species in China." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 21, no. 4 (2022): 1116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(20)63497-9.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Geographical distribution of animals and plants"
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Chandler, Sheri Kay. "The influence of perch tree distribution and abundance on bald eagle distribution on the northern Chesapeake Bay, Maryland." Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09122009-040456/.
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Robertson, Mark Peter. "Predictive modelling of species' potential geographical distributions." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007189.
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Models that are used for predicting species' potential distributions are important tools that have found applications in a number of areas of applied ecology. The majority of these models can be classified as correlative, as they rely on strong, often indirect, links between species distribution records and environmental predictor variables to make predictions. Correlative models are an alternative to more complex mechanistic models that attempt to simulate the mechanisms considered to underlie the observed correlations with environmental attributes. This study explores the influence of the type and quality of the data used to calibrate correlative models. In terms of data type, the most popular techniques in use are group discrimination techniques, those that use both presence and absence locality data to make predictions. However, for many organisms absence data are either not available or are considered to be unreliable. As the available range of profile techniques (those using presence only data) appeared to be limited, new profile techniques were investigated and evaluated. A new profile modelling technique based on fuzzy classification (the Fuzzy Envelope Model) was developed and implemented. A second profile technique based on Principal Components Analysis was implemented and evaluated. Based on quantitative model evaluation tests, both of these techniques performed well and show considerable promise. In terms of data quality, the effects on model performance of false absence records, the number of locality records (sample size) and the proportion of localities representing species presence (prevalence) in samples were investigated for logistic regression distribution models. Sample size and prevalence both had a significant effect on model performance. False absence records had a significant influence on model performance, which was affected by sample size. A quantitative comparison of the performance of selected profile models and group discrimination modelling techniques suggests that different techniques may be more successful for predicting distributions for particular species or types of organism than others. The results also suggest that several different model design! sample size combinations are capable of making predictions that will on average not differ significantly in performance for a particular species. A further quantitative comparison among modelling techniques suggests that correlative techniques can perform as well as simple mechanistic techniques for predicting potential distributions.
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Burger, Lynton Francois. "The distribution patterns and community structure of the Tsitsikamma rocky littoral ichthyofauna." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005104.
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The results of a community survey of the rocky intertidal and subtidal reef ichthyofauna of the Tsitsikamma National Park and adjacent areas are presented. An updated species checklist is given, comprising 116 species of 46 families, including a new genus and species of Tripterygiid. Single species are shown to dominate, in terms of numbers, both the cryptic and subtidal components for all the areas sampled down the vertical profile. Species richness, evenness and diversity are found to increase with depth for both the cryptic and suprabenthic components. A community level feeding study shows an increase in trophic specialisation with depth and food availability is found to be an important factor delimiting littoral fish vertical distribution. The nursery function of the Tsitsikamma rocky littoral area is assessed and it is shown that shallow littoral areas as a whole are more important than intertidal pools alone in functioning as nurseries. The results of the study are found to fit into the existing trend of an increase in species richness and diversity, from west to east, along the South African coast. A significant difference is shown between the observed frequencies of species on exploited reefs outside the Park and unexploited reefs inside the Park. The density of the key reef predator Petrus rupestris is shown to be nine times more abundant on deep reef inside the park compared to deep reef outside the park (0.0045 fish/m² and 0.0005 fish/m² respectively) and a paucity of larger individuals of this species on exploited reefs is noted. Marked differences in the relative abundance of other species between exploited and unexploited reefs are evident and it is hypothesised that community disruption has occurred on exploited reefs, either directly or indirectly because of the removal of P. rupestris. These results are discussed in the context of marine reserves as a conservation strategy and a recommendation is made to extend the 5.6km seaward boundary of the Tsitsikamma National Park westwards to include the large concentration of presently exploited rocky reefs between the Blaaukrans river mouth and Natures Valley.
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Hickling, Rachael. "The effect of climate change on the distribution, phenology and abundance of British plants and animals." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/11002/.
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Gray, Michael. "New Australian plants and animals. An exhibition - and - Physiology, phenomenology and photography: Picturing the indeterminate within an Australian art practice. An exegesis." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1923.
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This practice-led research project investigates indeterminate aspects of perception related to human vision and postcolonial conditioning. Through an inventive range of lens-based artworks, the research draws parallels between preconscious visual phenomena and the subjective experience of non-indigenous Australians of multiple generations.
The resulting body of creative work, New Australian Plants and Animals, can be seen to approach preconscious visual phenomena derived from the physiology of the human eye through the use of primitive photographic lens technology. This process is applied to the subject matter: introduced plants and partially naturalised migrants. This synthesis of subject and materials creates new insights into preconscious vision whilst questioning aspects of colonisation-in-reverse (Tacey, 1995) where the colonised land immeasurably exerts itself on the coloniser’s psyche. The partially naturalised migrant is metaphorically compared to introduced plants in Australia that are found inexplicably to evolve into new species.
The research highlights photography’s historic role in falsely maintaining the view that the human eye views the world with a flat, sharp field of focus by revealing how images potentially appear at the back of the human eye before being processed by the mind. The photographic component of the research work can be seen to depart from the contemporary practice of representing cultured landscapes with highly refined technical processes. Instead, the photographs move towards picturing an indeterminate space where the physical world meets the embodied subject through the use of primitive photographic materials. Additionally, by inverting the power of the lens and photographing the coloniser instead of the colonised, this project enabled fresh insights into the postcolonial subject.
In line with Paul Carter’s concept of material thinking (2004), this research relies on the ‘intelligence’ of materials to automatically reduce visual phenomena to a preconscious ocular quality whilst metaphorically operating as nineteenth-century colonial survey equipment. A broad range of artists has informed the research, ranging from late nineteenth-century European naturalist painters to contemporary Australian installation artists. The main theorists informing this project are Walter Benjamin, Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Edmund Husserl.
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Dalle, Sarah Paule. "The spatial distribution of traditional plant resources on an indigenous territory (Darien, Panama) and implications for management /." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33389.
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Ecological research aimed at the conservation of useful plants has rarely considered the spatial distribution of resources nor the potential implications for management. In this thesis I examined the spatial patterning of a group of 23 useful plant species on the 3,500 ha territory of a Kuna community in Darien, Panama. A systematic random sampling scheme was used to survey the distribution and abundance of the species, as well as the physical environment. A series of canonical analyses was conducted to evaluate the species-environment relationships and to identify spatial structures in the species distributions left unexplained by the environmental variables. Four distinct distribution patterns were identified among the species; these were most strongly explained by land-use, the degree of canopy closure and topography. Significant spatial structures, independent of the environmental variables, were related to anthropogenic pressures and an edaphic gradient. The habitat associations of the individual species are described and data on one species, Sabal mauritiiformis , is used to illustrate the utility of these data in the management of plant resources on human landscapes.
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Gilbert, Benjamin. "Determinants of native and non-native plant distributions in a temperate forest understory." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19731.
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A new sampling method that decouples spatial and environmental correlations was developed and applied to a temperate forest understory. Data were used to contrast niche theory with neutral theory, and only showed support for niche theory. A spatial and environmental partitioning analysis indicated that the effects of dispersal are primarily important within the spatial extent of environments suitable for a given species. The same sampling data were used to test correlates of non-native species invasion at a species level and as a group. The distributions of non-native plant species are also better explained by the niche model; however, non-native species do not appear to negatively impact native species, nor to be negatively impacted by native species. Together, these results suggest that the forest understory is strongly niche-structured, but likely not saturated. Diversity in this forest appears to be primarily determined by regional processes, and only secondarily by local species interactions.
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Fishlock, Victoria L. "Bai use in forest elephants (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) : ecology, sociality & risk." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2758.
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Forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis) sociality is relatively little-studied due to the difficulties of making direct observations in rainforests. In Central Africa elephants aggregate at large natural forest clearings known as bais, which have been postulated to offer social benefits in addition to nutritional resources. This thesis explores the role of these clearings as social arenas by examining bai use within three main themes; ecology, sociality and risk factors. Seasonal changes in elephant use of the Maya Nord bai (Republic of Congo) are described, along with the demography of the visiting population. Elephant visit rate was highly variable; the number of elephants using Maya Nord in an observation day ranged from 0 to 117 animals. This variability was unrelated to local resource availability and productivity suggesting that bai use occurs year round. Elephants in Odzala-Kokoua do not show high fidelity to a single clearing; 454 elephants were individually identified and re-sighted an average of 1.76 times (range 1-10) during the twelve month study period. Previous bai studies have yet to quantify how elephants associate with one another within the bai area. This study examines socio-spatial organisation and associate choice using two measures of association within the 0.23 km2 bai area; aggregations (all elephants present in the clearing) and parties (elephants spatially co-ordinated in activity and movement) and distinguishes these from parties that range together (i.e. arrive and leave together). Social network analyses (SocProg) were used to describe inter- and intra-sexual multi-level organisation in the bai environment, and to illustrate the non-random nature of elephant aggregations and parties. Bais were shown to function as social arenas; female elephants showed active choice of certain associates and active avoidance of others when creating parties, whereas males were less discriminatory. Parties formed in the clearing (mean size= 3.93, SE= 0.186) were larger than ranging parties (mean size= 2.71, SE= 0.084) and elephants stayed for 50% longer in the clearing when they associated with individuals from outside their ranging party. Inter- and intra-sexual relationships were maintained within the clearing, and these are suggested to offer elephants essential opportunities for social learning. The patterning and nature of the relationships observed at the Maya Nord clearing indicates that forest elephants use a fission-fusion social structure similar to that of savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana africana); relationships are significantly structured by age- and sex- and underpinned by individual identity. Old experienced females hold key roles for forest elephants, and male relationships are superimposed on the network of female associations. Odzala-Kokoua elephants use bais to maintain their social relationships despite being highly sensitive to the anthropogenic risks involved in using these open areas. The results of this study suggest that forest and savannah elephants lie on the same social continuum, balancing social “pulls” to aggregate against the ecological “pushes” that force groups to fission. Previous models of savannah elephant sociality construct levels of association and social complexity upwards from the basic mother-calf unit (e.g. Wittemyer & Getz 2007). My results suggest that it may be more appropriate to consider elephant sociality and associations as in dynamic equilibrium between social and ecological influences acting at all levels of grouping, and to explicitly test how these underlie the opportunity costs that elephants are willing to pay in order to maintain social groupings.
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Ehanno, Bernard. "Les Hétéroptères miridés de France (heteroptera-miridae) : distribution biogéographique et contribution à l'étude de leurs rapports avec les plantes et les milieux naturels." Rennes 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988REN10019.
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L'importance de la taxinomie dans la réactualisation des données est mise en valeur. Le rôle prééminent de la plante hôte est souligné : elle offre aux insectes un abri pour l'hibernation des œufs et contribue leur support nutritionnel. L'accent est kis sur l'importance des végétaux pérennes ou à organes pérennants susceptibles d'accueillir le miridé et de conserver sa ponte. L'étude biogéographique intègre les données écologiques, elle propose une répartition de 490 miridés
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Servidio, Antonella. "Distribution, social structure and habitat use of short-finned pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus, in the Canary Islands." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6441.
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The Canary Archipelago is considered one of the planet's biodiversity hotspots and the short-finned pilot whale is a key species in need of conservation measures. To address a lack of knowledge, almost 2,000 day-surveys were conducted (1999-2012) resulting in 1,094 short-finned pilot whale sightings. The species was recorded year-round and distributed non-uniformly around the archipelago, with greater densities concentrated in patchy areas mainly on the leeward side of the main islands. A total of 1,320 well-marked individuals were identified, which exhibited a large degree of variability in site fidelity (from core residents to transients). Evidence of an island-associated sub-population and a transient one was found. Longitudinal data were used to infer population structure and estimate abundance, while a spatial modelling approach was used to study spatio-temporal patterns in habitat use, distribution and abundance. Spatial modelling revealed habitat preferences in areas between depths of 1000m and 1500m, and higher densities in the south-west of Tenerife and La Gomera (117 short-finned pilot whales recaptured within the two islands). Abundance of 1,980 individuals (CV = 0.33, 95% CI=1,442 – 2,324) was estimated for the entire archipelago, with higher density predicted during the summer months. Mark-recapture analysis estimated 636 resident individuals (CV = 0.028, 95% CI=602 - 671) in the southwest waters of Tenerife between 2007 and 2009. The social and temporal analyses of the behavioural relationships between pairs of individuals revealed a well-differentiated society with long-lasting and non-random social structure built of constant companions. A hierarchical social system is proposed composed of a population encompassing several clans of pilot whales, each one containing several pods. Nine long-term units were identified with a high degree of association (0.62 - 0.83). This study, the first to provide combined results on distribution, habitat use, and social structure of the species, provides essential information towards the development of recommendations for much needed conservation measures.
Books on the topic "Geographical distribution of animals and plants"
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Conference, National Federation for Biological Recording (Great Britain). Biological recording: The products ; proceedings of the annual conference of the National Federation for Biological Recording, held at Churchill Hall, Bristol, 22nd-24th April 1987. The Federation, 1988.
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1911-, I︠A︡nshin Aleksandr Leonidovich, ed. Ėkologicheskie problemy v proshloĭ, nastoi︠a︡shcheĭ i budushcheĭ geografii mira. Nauka, 1985.
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Gerasimov, I. P. Ėkologicheskie problemy v proshloĭ nastoi͡a︡shcheĭ i budushcheĭ geografii mira. "Nauka", 1985.
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Jon, Lovett, and Wasser Samuel K, eds. Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of eastern Africa. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
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Schaab, Gertrud. The BIOTA East Africa atlas: Rainforest change over time. Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Geomatics, 2010.
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Hammond, Paula. The atlas of the world's most dangerous animals: Mapping nature's born killers. Marshall Cavendish, 2010.
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Asʹov, B. Konspekt na visshata flora na Bŭlgarii︠a︡: Khorologii︠a︡ i florni elementi. 3rd ed. Bŭlgarska fondat︠s︡ii︠a︡ bioraznoobrazie, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Geographical distribution of animals and plants"
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Díaz Vélez, M. Celeste, Ana E. Ferreras, and Valeria Paiaro. "Seed dispersal interactions promoting plant invasions." In Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions. CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242171.0090.
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Abstract Animal dispersers are essential for many non-native plants since they facilitate seed movement and might promote seed germination and seedling establishment, thereby increasing their chances of invasion. This chapter reviews the published literature on seed dispersal of non-native plant species by native and/or non-native animals. The following questions are addressed: (i) Are interactions between non-native plants and their animal dispersers evenly studied worldwide? (ii) Which are the distinctive traits (i.e. geographical origin, life form, dispersal strategy and propagule traits) of non-native plants that are dispersed by animals? (iii) Which are the most studied groups of dispersers of non-native plants around the world? (iv) Does the literature provide evidence for the Invasional Meltdown Hypothesis (non-native plant-non-native disperser facilitation)? (v) What is the role of animal dispersers at different stages of the non-native plant regeneration process? Our dataset of 204 articles indicates that geographical distribution of the studies was highly heterogeneous among continents, with the highest number coming from North America and the lowest from Asia and Central America. Most of the non-native plants involved in dispersal studies were woody species from Asia with fleshy fruits dispersed by endozoochory. More than the half of the animal dispersal agents noted were birds, followed by mammals, ants and reptiles. The dominance of bird-dispersal interactions over other animal groups was consistent across geographical regions. Although most of the studies involved only native dispersers, interactions among non-native species were detected, providing support for the existence of invasional meltdown processes. Of the total number of reviewed articles reporting seed removal, 74% evaluated seed dispersal, but only a few studies included seed germination (35.3%), seedling establishment (5.4%) or seed predation (23.5%). Finally, we discuss some research biases and directions for future studies in the area.
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Embabi, Nabil Sayed. "Environmental aspects of geographical distribution of mangrove in the United Arab Emirates." In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3_5.
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Fisher, David G. "Distribution of Plasmodesmata in Leaves. A Comparison of Cananga Odorata with Other Species Using Different Measures of Plasmodesmatal Frequency." In Parallels in Cell to Cell Junctions in Plants and Animals. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83971-9_14.
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Rosenberg, Gary D., and W. William Hughes. "Ontogenetic Variations in the Distribution of Ca and Mg in Skeletal Tissues of Vertebrates and Invertebrates." In Origin, Evolution, and Modern Aspects of Biomineralization in Plants and Animals. Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6114-6_27.
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Haque, Ziaul, and Mujeebur Rahman Khan. "Aphelenchidae: Aphelenchoides and Bursaphelenchus species." In Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247367.0003.
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Abstract This chapter provides information on: geographical distribution; host plants; symptoms; biology and life cycle; economic importance; movement and means of dispersal; pest risk analysis; invasiveness rating; management measures; and detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization, of Aphelenchoides and Bursaphelenchus species.
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Haque, Ziaul, and Mujeebur Rahman Khan. "Trichodoridae: Nanidorus, Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus species." In Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247367.0014.
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Abstract This chapter provides information on geographical distribution; host plants; vectors; symptoms; biology and life cycle; economic importance; movement and means of dispersal; pest risk analysis; invasiveness rating; management measures; and detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as morphological and molecular characterization, of Nanidorus, Paratrichodorus and Trichodorus species.
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Haque, Ziaul, and Mujeebur Rahman Khan. "Heterodoridae: Cactodera, Globodera, Heterodera and Punctodera species." In Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247367.0007.
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Abstract This chapter provides information on geographical distribution; host plants; symptoms; biology and life cycle; economic importance; movement and means of dispersal; pest risk analysis; invasiveness rating; management measures; and detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization, of Cactodera, Globodera, Heterodera and Punctodera species.
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Haque, Ziaul, and Mujeebur Rahman Khan. "Hoplolaimidae: Aphasmatylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus and Scutellonema species." In Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247367.0008.
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Abstract This chapter provides information on geographical distribution; host plants; symptoms; biology and life cycle; economic importance; movement and means of dispersal; pest risk analysis; invasiveness rating; management measures; and detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization, of Aphasmatylenchus, Helicotylenchus, Hoplolaimus and Scutellonema species.
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Haque, Ziaul, and Mujeebur Rahman Khan. "Tylenchulidae: Tylenchulus species." In Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247367.0015.
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Abstract This chapter provides information on geographical distribution; host plants; symptoms; biology and life cycle; economic importance; movement and means of dispersal; pest risk analysis; invasiveness rating; management measures, including cultural, pest resistance, biological, and chemical control; and detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as morphological and molecular characterization, of Tylenchulus species.
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Haque, Ziaul, and Mujeebur Rahman Khan. "Pratylenchidae: Achlysiella, Hirschmanniella, Nacobbus, Pratylenchus, Radopholus and Zygotylenchus species." In Handbook of invasive plant-parasitic nematodes. CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247367.0011.
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Abstract This chapter provides information on geographical distribution; host plants; symptoms; biology and life cycle; economic importance; movement and means of dispersal; pest risk analysis; invasiveness rating; management measures, including cultural, host resistance, biological, and chemical control; and detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization, of Achlysiella, Hirschmanniella, Nacobbus, Pratylenchus, Radopholus and Zygotylenchus species.
Conference papers on the topic "Geographical distribution of animals and plants"
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BARI, A., G. AYAD, S. PADULOSI, et al. "ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN PLANTS USING FRACTALS." In Fractals 2006. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812774217_0026.
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Gezer, Dogan, Abdullah Nadar, Cem Sahin, and Nevzat Ozay. "Determination of operating reserve requirements considering geographical distribution of wind power plants." In 2011 International Conference on Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccep.2011.6036395.
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Cravcenco, Oxana. "Литературный обзор распространения клещей Ixodes Ricinus L., 1758, на территории Республики Молдова". У International symposium ”Functional ecology of animals” dedicated to the 70th anniversary from the birth of academician Ion Toderas. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975315975.46.
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The article analyzes the literature sources and surveys on the distribution of Ixodes ricinus mergers in the territory of the republic of Moldova. Various geographical areas of the Republic of Moldova and the distribution of mites in them are considered. A literature review of mite feeders is presented. Data on the various reserves of the Republic of Moldova are given, their characteristics and the occurrence of ticks in these reserves are examined.
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Degtyareva, S. I., and V. D. Dorofeeva. "METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE STATE OF FOREST ECOSYSTEMS USING A TEST OBJECT." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, Voronezh, Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_49-55.
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To study the assessment of the state of forest ecosystems on the level of biodiversity of mosses and vascular plants in the Voronezh upland oak grove, a transect from the watershed to the reservoir was laid. The influence of geomorphological factors on the spore component – mossy and vascular plants-is considered. Taxonomic, ecological-biological, and geographical analyses of the flora were carried out. Geobotanical survey methods were used to assess the state of phytocenoses. The regularities in the ecotopic distribution of plants are revealed, taking into account the score and the projective coverage, and the parameters for assessing the biodiversity of ecosystems are proposed and used in research. Mosses and vascular plants manifest themselves differently in different phytocenoses, often without reflecting the features of landscape and ecological conditions. But, as the results showed, the majority of plant species (from 55.9% and above) belong to mesophytes. As a result, low indicators of species richness, species density, and generic.
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Artemieva, Elena. "DESERT SPECIES IN THE REGION AS INDICATORS OF DESERTIFICATION." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1711.978-5-317-06490-7/213-217.
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The distribution of desert species of plants and animals in the Ulyanovsk region (Middle Volga region) is associated with two main reasons: native origin and penetration (entry) from arid and semiarid regions. Deserted species of indigenous origin, as a rule, are located on the northern border of the range and move north along similar biotopes - salt marshes, saline steppe areas, arid steppes with elements of semi-deserts, etc. Most of these species are rare and are listed in the regional Red Book. Intertile desert species are often occupied by ruderal biotopes - silver goof, tamarix, etc. In general, in the biota of the Ulyanovsk region, desert species account for about 5%.
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Chechenev, S., A. Babakov, and Liliya Alaeva. "PROTECTED NATURAL TERRITORIES AS THE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING OBJECTSOF VORONEZH REGION FOREST ECOSYSTEMS." In Reproduction, monitoring and protection of natural, natural-anthropogenic and anthropogenic landscapes. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/rmpnnaal2021_59-62.
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Abstract: biological diversity is an important condition for maintaining the balance of the biosphere. In order to preserve it, a network of specially protected natural territories has been created on the territory of the Voronezh Region. They act as reserves of natural ecological conditions and habitats of animals and plants. Forest ecosystems have a limited distribution in the study area, therefore, monitoring studies of their ecological state are of high scientific and practical importance. The article presents the objects of ecological monitoring of forest ecosystems within the protected areas of regional and regional significance. They are located in various landscape and ecological conditions, which predetermined the biological diversity of their edaphotopes.
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Abdelbary, Ekhlas M. M., and Aisha AlAshwal. "A comparative study of Seagrasses Species in Regional Seas and QMZ." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0039.
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Seagrasses are flowering monocot green plants that have adapted to marine life, and remain completely immersed in seawater and are primary producers of food for numerous marine animals. Seagrasses are of worldwide distribution and it was earlier estimated that there are approximately 60-72 known species of seagrasses. It is now evident that the number of seagrasses species is almost 200, comprising 25 genera and 5 families, namely Cymodoceaceae, Hydrocharitaceae, Posidoniaceae, Zosteraceae and Ruppiaceae, covering a global area of 300,000-600,000 km2. It is also estimated that they have declined in area by 29%. The Western Indo-Pacific realm encompasses 13 species in two families; the Cymodoceacae with 4 genera and the Hydrocharitaceae with 3 genera. Twelve species extend into the Red Sea, 4 occur in the Arabian/Persian Gulf and 4 in the Arabian Sea. The total area of Qatar marine zone (EEZ) is approximately 35,000km2 and three species of seagrasses are known to occur in this zone. These are Halophila stipulacea, Halophila ovalis and Halodule uninervisis, the most common one. It is established that seagrasses consolidate and stabilize bottom sediments, create and maintain good water quality (clarity), produce oxygen, provide food, nursery ground for many animals and have been proven to be very important in GHG emissions.
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Xiao, Ning, Qingchuan Zhang, Zhiyuan Xu, and Yanna Li. "Economic and Operational Characteristics of PWR Unit Participation in Grid Peak-Load Regulation." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66237.
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Following the unceasing changes in power demand and the power utility structure in China, the load fluctuation characteristics of the power grid are gradually increasing. The capacity of the power grid’s peak-load regulation and transmission has become the bottleneck of nuclear power and intermittent renewable energy consumption. In some jurisdictions of China, the curtailment of the wind and solar power output is higher than 30%, and the unplanned halt of nuclear power plant operation happens periodically. These phenomena cause energy efficiency decreases and potential safety hazards for nuclear power generation units. How to increase the “flexibility” of the power system has become a main issue of China’s power grid that can contribute to the promotion of nuclear power plants’ production and reduce the curtailment of wind and solar energy. Based on China’s power grid structure, the power plants’ geographical distribution, the power plants’ operation characters, the power grid load characteristics, and the power grid operation modes, the performances of various types of power sources participating in daily load regulation are compared, including the peak-load regulation capacity, response characteristics, environmental benefits and economic benefits. On account of the above outcome, drawing on the experience of international research results and based on a feasible power plant’s load characteristics and operation economy, a strategy of power plants participating in peak-load regulation is proposed, and an evaluation index system is built. The strategy and index are both used to elevate the power grid’s power quality and operation economy, optimize the multi-energy coupling power supply model, and evaluate the PWR units’ core competence. A peak-load regulation strategy and policy proposal is concluded in the treatise.
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Dygert, Joseph P., Melissa L. Morris, Erik M. Messick, and Patrick H. Browning. "Feasibility of an Energy Efficient Large-Scale Aquaponic Food Production and Distribution Facility." In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6567.
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Today the United States is plagued by societal issues, economic insecurity, and increasing health problems. Societal issues include lack of community inclusion, pollution, and access to healthy foods. The high unemployment coupled with the rising cost of crude oil derivatives, and the growing general gap between cost of living and minimum wage levels contribute to a crippled consumer-driven US economy. Health concerns include increasing levels of obesity, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. These epidemics lead to staggering economic burdens costing Americans hundreds of billions of dollars each year. It is well-known that many of the health issues impacting Americans can be directly linked to the production, availability, and quality of the food. Factors contributing to the availability of food include reduction of United States farmland, an increase in food imported from overseas, and the cost of goods to the consumer. The quality of food is influenced by the method of growth as well as imposed preservation techniques to support food transportation and distribution. At the same time, it has become increasingly common to implement biotechnology in genetically modified crops for direct human food or indirectly as a livestock feed for animals consumed by humans. Crops are also routinely dosed with pesticides and hormones in an attempt to increase productivity and revenue, with little consideration or understanding of the long term health effects. Research shows that community gardens positively impact local employment, community involvement and inclusivity, and the diets of not only those involved in food production, but all members of their households. The purpose of this work is to determine the feasibility of an energy efficient large-scale aquaponic food production and distribution facility which could directly mitigate growing socioeconomic concerns in the US through applied best practices in sustainability. Aquaponics is a symbiotic relationship between aquaculture and hydroponics, where fish and plants grow harmoniously. The energy efficient facility would be located in an urban area, and employ solar panels, natural lighting, rain water reclamation, and a floor plan optimized for maximum food yield and energy efficiency. Examples of potential crops include multiple species of berries, corn, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, peppers, squash, and carrots. Potential livestock include responsibly farmed tilapia, shrimp, crayfish, and oysters. The large scale aquaponic facility shows a lengthy period for financial return on investment whether traditional style construction of the building or a green construction style is used. However many forms of federal government aid and outside assistance exist for green construction to help drive down the risk in the higher initial investment which in the long run could end up being more profitable than going with a traditionally constructed building. Outside of financial return there are many proven, positive impacts that a large-scale aquaponic facility would have. Among these are greater social involvement and inclusivity, job creation, increased availability of fresh food, and strengthening of America’s agriculture infrastructure leading to increased American independence.
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Золотарев, Сергей, Sergei Zolotarev, Мария Берберова, and Mariya Berberova. "NPP Risk Assessments Results Dependence Study on the Composition of the Population Living Around the NPP (on the Example of Rostov and Kalinin NPP)." In 29th International Conference on Computer Graphics, Image Processing and Computer Vision, Visualization Systems and the Virtual Environment GraphiCon'2019. Bryansk State Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/graphicon-2019-2-285-289.
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Nuclear power plants, being complex technological systems, represent a source of increased risk, in particular, a specific risk of radiation exposure. Obtaining quantitative assessments of radiation risk is critical for risk reduction and accident prevention. Existing methods for assessing radiation risk do not take into account the influence of external factors, such as population composition, geographical features, anthropogenic environmental changes, etc. The result of the risk analysis is the assessment of physical and economic indicators for the Rostov and Kalinin NPPs, taking into account the age composition of the population, as the most significant parameter. Based on a comparison of the estimates obtained with the results without taking into account the age distribution, recommendations are given on the use of adjusted estimates when developing measures to reduce risk and mitigate the consequences for the most sensitive age groups of the population (1-12 years). The objective of the work is to modify the methodological approach to the calculation of radiation risk indicators of the population, taking into account the age composition and the practical application of the formulas for assessing the physical and economic indicators of damage to real objects.
Reports on the topic "Geographical distribution of animals and plants"
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Michalak, Julia, Josh Lawler, John Gross, and Caitlin Littlefield. A strategic analysis of climate vulnerability of national park resources and values. National Park Service, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287214.
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The U.S. national parks have experienced significant climate-change impacts and rapid, on-going changes are expected to continue. Despite the significant climate-change vulnerabilities facing parks, relatively few parks have conducted comprehensive climate-change vulnerability assessments, defined as assessments that synthesize vulnerability information from a wide range of sources, identify key climate-change impacts, and prioritize vulnerable park resources (Michalak et al. In review). In recognition that funding and planning capacity is limited, this project was initiated to identify geographies, parks, and issues that are high priorities for conducting climate-change vulnerability assessments (CCVA) and strategies to efficiently address the need for CCVAs across all U.S. National Park Service (NPS) park units (hereafter “parks”) and all resources. To help identify priority geographies and issues, we quantitatively assessed the relative magnitude of vulnerability factors potentially affecting park resources and values. We identified multiple vulnerability factors (e.g., temperature change, wildfire potential, number of at-risk species, etc.) and sought existing datasets that could be developed into indicators of these factors. To be included in the study, datasets had to be spatially explicit or already summarized for individual parks and provide consistent data for at least all parks within the contiguous U.S. (CONUS). The need for consistent data across such a large geographic extent limited the number of datasets that could be included, excluded some important drivers of climate-change vulnerability, and prevented adequate evaluation of some geographies. The lack of adequately-scaled data for many key vulnerability factors, such as freshwater flooding risks and increased storm activity, highlights the need for both data development and more detailed vulnerability assessments at local to regional scales where data for these factors may be available. In addition, most of the available data at this scale were related to climate-change exposures, with relatively little data available for factors associated with climate-change sensitivity or adaptive capacity. In particular, we lacked consistent data on the distribution or abundance of cultural resources or accessible data on infrastructure across all parks. We identified resource types, geographies, and critical vulnerability factors that lacked data for NPS’ consideration in addressing data gaps. Forty-seven indicators met our criteria, and these were combined into 21 climate-change vulnerability factors. Twenty-seven indicators representing 12 vulnerability factors addressed climate-change exposure (i.e., projected changes in climate conditions and impacts). A smaller number of indictors measured sensitivity (12 indicators representing 5 vulnerability factors). The sensitivity indicators often measured park or landscape characteristics which may make resources more or less responsive to climate changes (e.g., current air quality) as opposed to directly representing the sensitivity of specific resources within the park (e.g., a particular rare species or type of historical structure). Finally, 6 indicators representing 4 vulnerability factors measured external adaptive capacity for living resources (i.e., characteristics of the park and/or surrounding landscape which may facilitate or impede species adaptation to climate changes). We identified indicators relevant to three resource groups: terrestrial living, aquatic living (including living cultural resources such as culturally significant landscapes, plant, or animal species) and non-living resources (including infrastructure and non-living cultural resources such as historic buildings or archeological sites). We created separate indicator lists for each of these resource groups and analyzed them separately. To identify priority geographies within CONUS,...
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Kull, Kathleen, Craig Young, Jennifer Haack-Gaynor, Lloyd Morrison, and Michael DeBacker. Problematic plant monitoring protocol for the Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network: Narrative, version 2.0. National Park Service, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293355.
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Problematic species, which include invasive, exotic, and harmful species, fragment native ecosystems, displace native plants and animals, and alter ecosystem function. In National Parks, such species negatively affect park resources and visitor enjoyment by altering landscapes and fire regimes, reducing native plant and animal habitat, and increasing trail maintenance needs. Recognizing these challenges, Heartland Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Network parks identified problematic plants as the highest-ranking vital sign across the network. Given the need to provide early detection of potential problematic plants (ProPs) and the size of network parks, the Heartland I&M Network opted to allocate available sampling effort to maximize the area searched. With this approach and the available sampling effort in mind, we developed realistic objectives for the ProP monitoring protocol. The monitoring objectives are: 1. Create a watch list of ProPs known to occur in network parks and a watch list of potential ProPs that may invade network parks in the future, and occasionally update these two lists as new information is made available. 2. Provide early detection monitoring for all ProPs on the watch lists. 3. Search at least 0.75% and up to 40% of the reference frame for ProP occurrences in each park. 4. Estimate/calculate and report the abundance and frequency of ProPs in each park. 5. To the extent possible, identify temporal changes in the distribution and abundance of ProPs known to occur in network parks. ProP watch lists are developed using the best available and most relevant state, regional, and national exotic plant lists. The lists are generated using the PriorityDB database. We designed the park reference frames (i.e., the area to be monitored) to focus on accessible natural and restored areas. The field methods vary for small parks and large parks, defined as parks with reference frames less than and greater than 350 acres (142 ha), respectively. For small parks, surveyors make three equidistant passes through polygon search units that are approximately 2-acres (0.8 ha) in size. For large parks, surveyors record each ProP encountered along 200-m or 400-m line search units. The cover of each ProP taxa encountered in search units is estimated using the following cover scale: 0 = 0, 1 = 0.1-0.9 m2, 2 = 1-9.9 m2, 3 = 10-49.9 m2, 4 = 50-99.9 m2, 5 = 100-499.9 m2, 6 = 499.9-999.9 m2, and 7 = 1,000-4,999.9 m2. The field data are managed in the FieldDB database. Monitoring is scheduled to revisit most parks every four years. The network will report the results to park managers and superintendents after completing ProP monitoring.