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Sakai, Shoko, Soeren Metelmann, Yukihiko Toquenaga, and Arndt Telschow. "Geographical variation in the heterogeneity of mutualistic networks." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 6 (2016): 150630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150630.
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Plant–animal mutualistic networks are characterized by highly heterogeneous degree distributions. The majority of species interact with few partner species, while a small number are highly connected to form network hubs that are proposed to play an important role in community stability. It has not been investigated, however, if or how the degree distributions vary among types of mutualisms or communities, or between plants and animals in the same network. Here, we evaluate the degree distributions of pollination and seed-dispersal networks, which are two major types of mutualistic networks that have often been discussed in parallel, using an index based on Pielou's evenness. Among 56 pollination networks we found strong negative correlation of the heterogeneity between plants and animals, and geographical shifts of network hubs from plants in temperate regions to animals in the tropics. For 28 seed-dispersal networks, by contrast, the correlation was positive, and there is no comparable geographical pattern. These results may be explained by evolution towards specialization in the presence of context-dependent costs that occur if plants share the animal species as interaction partner. How the identity of network hubs affects the stability and resilience of the community is an important question for future studies.
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Leontyev, D. V., I. I. Yatsiuk, T. Y. Markina, et al. "Local taxonomic spectra in plants, animals, fungi and terrestrial protists show common mathematical patterns." Biosystems Diversity 29, no. 3 (2021): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/012134.
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Taxonomic spectra, i.e. relations between supraspecific taxa by the number of included species, remain poorly understood in aspect of the mathematical properties. We studied taxonomic spectra of plants (Magnoliophyta, Bryophyta), animals (Coleoptera, Aves), fungi (Agaricomycetes) and terrestrial protists (Myxomycetes), found in the Homilsha Forests National Nature Park (North-East of Ukraine), and concluded that they correspond to the hollow-curve distribution at the level of genera, families and orders. The spectra of most taxa, as shown by the Akaike information criterion, are closely approximated by the log-series distribution model at all taxonomic levels. This type of distribution is typical for the species abundance curves, based on collections made from small areas. At the same time, in the genera–families–orders row the similarity to the lognormal distribution increases. The central values and variability vary considerably between different taxonomic groups and ranks, however, without affecting the type of distribution. The number of orders in all taxa except Bryophyta has reached the saturation and coincides with the curve of the estimated number of orders according to the Chao1 coefficient. For families and especially genera the correspondence with estimated number of species is much lower. Our results do not confirm the assumption that hollow-curve distributions of taxonomic spectra result from the artificial fragmentation of taxa. These distributions neither depend on the insufficient knowledge about the species composition at the locality, nor reflect the size of the studied area. The presence of such distributions in both local and global biota of different groups may be explained by the common features of their evolution, especially by the existence of relict orphan groups. The fact that in Homilsha Forests the kurtosis and skewness of distributions decreases in the genera–families–orders row can therefore be explained by the relatively low percentage of the high-rank orphan taxa in the local biota. This may be a common feature of communities studied at small geographical scale, since orphan taxa often demonstrate a high level of endemism. Comparative studies of local communities from different climate zones may help to understand how universal are the patterns, described herein.
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Kamer Aksoy, Özgür. "Predicting the Potential Distribution Area of the Platanus orientalis L. in Turkey Today and in the Future." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (2022): 11706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811706.
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Climate conditions throughout the world clearly affect every aspect of the lives of plants, animals, and humans. Platanus orientalis L. (Oriental plane) is an important tree species for the economy, culture, and forest ecosystems. Recent studies indicate that the climatic conditions significantly affect the distribution areas of Platanus orientalis L. This study aims to model the potential geographical distribution of Platanus orientalis L., which has a natural distribution in Turkey, today and in the future. The geographical distribution of Platanus orientalis L. is under pressure from human activities such as intensive agricultural production, changes in riverbanks, and increased urban development and road construction, and its population is in serious decline. The study produced prediction models using presence data belonging to the species, bio-climatic variables and altitude, and the distributions of the species were determined according to two separate global climate change scenarios. The potential distribution areas of Platanus orientalis L. for the periods 2041–2060 and 2081–2100 under the SSP5 4.5 and SSP5 8.5 scenarios were modelled using MaxEnt 3.4.1. The distribution area of the species in Turkey will be negatively affected by climatic changes due to relatively medium and high increases in the temperature. Platanus orientalis L., which is also found in the Mediterranean basin, the region subject to the most intensive climate changes, will face the risk of extinction unless it is able to adapt to these changes. Results on the current and future potential distributions of Platanus orientalis L. in Turkey provide crucial insights into species’ response to climate change, particularly to increases in temperature. Extent and locations of predicted suitable and unchanged areas for the distribution of Platanus orientalis L. can be used for developing strategies in conservation, management, monitoring, and cultivation of Platanus orientalis L. in the face of climate change.
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Boraks, André, and Anthony S. Amend. "Fungi in soil and understory have coupled distribution patterns." PeerJ 9 (September 21, 2021): e11915. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11915.
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Ecological processes that control fungal distribution are not well understood because many fungi can persist in a wide variety of dissimilar habitats which are seldom sampled simultaneously. Geographic range size is reflective of species’ resource usage, and for plants and animals, there is a robust positive correlation between niche-breadth and range-size. It remains unknown whether this pattern is true for fungi. To investigate the fungal niche breadth–range size relationship we identified habitat specialists and generalists from two habitats (plant leaves and soil) and asked whether habitat specialization influenced fungal biogeography. We sampled fungi from the soil and phylloplane of tropical forests in Vanuatu and used DNA metabarcoding of the fungal ITS1 region to examine rarity, range size, and habitat connectivity. Fungal communities from the soil and phylloplane are spatially autocorrelated and the spatial distribution of individual fungal OTU are coupled between habitats. Habitat breadth (generalist fungi) did not result in larger range sizes but did correlate positively with occurrence frequency. Fungi that were frequently found were also found in high abundance, a common observation in similar studies of plants and animals. Fungal abundance-occupancy relationships differed by habitat and habitat-specificity. Soil specialists were found to be locally abundant but restricted geographically. In contrast, phylloplane generalists were found to be abundant over a large range in multiple habitats. These results are discussed in the context of differences between habitat characteristics, stability and spatial distribution. Identifying factors that drive spatial variation is key to understanding the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity in forests.
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Karshima, S. N. "Helminths of zoonotic importance in slaughtered food animals in Nigeria: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Journal of Helminthology 93, no. 3 (2018): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x18000196.
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AbstractKnowledge of endemic helminths in a resource-limited country such as Nigeria is essential for their diagnosis, treatment and cost-effective control. In the present study, the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guideline was employed to determine the prevalence and geographical distribution of zoonotic helminths in food animals slaughtered in Nigerian abattoirs between 1970 and 2016. Pooled prevalence estimate (PPE) was determined by the random-effects model while heterogeneity was evaluated using the Cochran'sQ-test. Results from 42 eligible studies reported across 19 Nigerian states revealed 85,466 cases of zoonotic helminths from 3,771,832 slaughtered food animals. Overall PPE was 2.27% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.25, 2.28). PPEs for sub-groups ranged between 0.51% (95% CI: 0.46, 0.56) and 18.05% (95% CI: 17.12, 19.01) across regions, hosts, study periods and diagnostic methods.Ascaris suumhad the highest pooled prevalence of 25.46% (95% CI: 24.04, 26.92). Overall prevalence estimates for cestodes, nematodes and trematodes were 0.60% (95% CI: 0.59, 0.61), 21.51% (95% CI: 20.73, 22.30) and 1.86% (95% CI: 1.84, 1.87), respectively. A high degree of heterogeneity 99.97% (95% CI: 2.25, 2.28,P: 0.000) was observed. Zoonotic helminths were prevalent in slaughtered food animals, with higher prevalence estimates in the north–central region, pigs and during the last decade reviewed.Ascaris suumwas the most prevalent helminth, whileFasciola giganticahad the widest geographical distribution. It is envisaged that the present information will help in the formulation of disease-control policies, encourage on-farm good agricultural practices, and adequate hygiene and sanitation in abattoirs and meat-processing plants, with the aim of protecting public health.
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Quiroga, M. Paula, Lucia Castello, Vilma Quipildor, and Andrea C. Premoli. "Biogeographically significant units in conservation: a new integrative concept for conserving ecological and evolutionary processes." Environmental Conservation 46, no. 4 (2019): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892919000286.
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SummaryWe combined tools of phylogeography, population genetics and biogeographical interpretation to analyse a group of phylogenetically independent lineages (animals and plants) that coexist within the same geographical region, yet under markedly different environments, in order to identify generalized barriers for gene flow. We tested the hypothesis that major geographic features have produced a concordant genetic structure in phylogenetically independent lineages. A rigorous bibliographic search was performed, selecting available molecular information from six taxa occupying distinct southern biomes of South America: Yungas, Prepuna, Puna and northern Monte. We estimated within-population genetic diversity, the genetic structure and haplotype phylogenies to assemble distribution maps of genetic barriers for each species. We found a strong association between genetic variation and latitudinal distribution of populations. We detected a major barrier for six taxa at 27°S latitude and a second one for a group of three species at 25–26°S. Two alternative non-exclusive hypotheses – geology and/or climate – explain concordant genetic barriers in divergent lineages. We suggest that the term ‘biogeographically significant units’ portrays a group of populations of phylogenetically unrelated taxa that inhabit the same geographic region that have been similarly impacted by major physical events, which can be used to identify priority areas in landscape conservation.
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Kan, Meng-Wei, and David J. Craik. "Discovery of Cyclotides from Australasian Plants." Australian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 4 (2020): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch19658.
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This article is part of a special issue celebrating the contributions of Professor Paul Alewood to peptide science. We begin by providing a summary of collaborative projects between the Alewood and Craik groups at The University of Queensland and highlighting the impacts of some of these studies. In particular, studies on the discovery, synthesis, structures, and bioactivities of disulfide-rich toxins from animal venoms have led to a greater understanding of the biology of ion channels and to applications of these bioactive peptides in drug design. The second part of the article focuses on plant-derived disulfide-rich cyclic peptides, known as cyclotides, and includes an analysis of the geographical distribution of Australasian plant species that contain cyclotides as well as an analysis of the diversity of cyclotide sequences found in Australasian plants. This should provide a useful resource for researchers to access native cyclotides and explore their chemistry and biology.
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Abdurakhmanov, Gayirbeg M., Abdurakhman G. Abdurakhmanov, Abdulgamid A. Teymurov, Zukhra S. Temirlieva, Madina G. Daudova, and Alimurad A. Gadzhiev. "FINDINGS OF THE STUDY, BIOGEOGRAPHICAL ZONATION OF COASTAL AND ISLAND ECOSYSTEMS OF THE CASPIAN SEA." South of Russia: ecology, development 13, no. 2 (2018): 211–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2018-2-211-216.
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Aim. The aim is to carry out the typification of faunas and biogeographical zonation of coastal and island ecosystems of the Caspian Sea. Methods. Revision of fauna of separate groups of invertebrate animals and vegetation cover of coastal and island ecosystems of the Caspian Sea was performed according to the modern taxonomy, unified collection technique and cameral processing of collected field material. Results. For the first time, solution for the actual biogeographical problem is found; the structure, composition and main regularities of the geographical distribution of several groups of invertebrate animals and plants of coastal and island ecosystems of the Caspian Sea have been identified. Conclusion. The data obtained make it possible to better assess the state of ecosystems and determine the impact on social and socio-geomorphological systems, largely determining the structure and boundaries of the latter, thereby predicting the consequences of anthropogenic activity for the nature and establishing the spatial limits of this impact.
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Murienne, Jerome, Savel R. Daniels, Thomas R. Buckley, Georg Mayer, and Gonzalo Giribet. "A living fossil tale of Pangaean biogeography." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1775 (2014): 20132648. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2648.
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The current distributions of widespread groups of terrestrial animals and plants are supposedly the result of a mixture of either vicariance owing to continental split or more recent trans-oceanic dispersal. For organisms exhibiting a vicariant biogeographic pattern—achieving their current distribution by riding on the plates of former supercontinents—this view is largely inspired by the belief that Pangaea lacked geographical or ecological barriers, or that extinctions and dispersal would have erased any biogeographic signal since the early Mesozoic. We here present a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny of Onychophora (velvet worms), an ancient and exclusively terrestrial panarthropod group distributed throughout former Pangaean landmasses. Our data not only demonstrate that trans-oceanic dispersal does not need be invoked to explain contemporary distributions, but also reveal that the early diversification of the group pre-dates the break-up of Pangaea, maintaining regionalization even in landmasses that have remained contiguous throughout the history of the group. These results corroborate a growing body of evidence from palaeontology, palaeogeography and palaeoclimatic modelling depicting ancient biogeographic regionalization over the continuous landmass of Pangaea.
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CHEN, Xiao-ling, Dong-dong NING, Qian XIAO, Qiu-ying JIANG, Yong-yue LU, and Yi-juan XU. "Factors affecting the geographical distribution of invasive species in China." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 21, no. 4 (2022): 1116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2095-3119(20)63497-9.
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Clemow, Frank G. "THE GEOGRAPHY OF DISEASE, AND THE FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE IT." Hygeia - Revista Brasileira de Geografia Médica e da Saúde 8, no. 14 (2012): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/hygeia817234.
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The study which forms the subject of this volume differs in many respects from a study of the geographical distribution of more concrete objects, such as certain groups of animals, plants, or minerals. Though constantly spoken of as if it were a material, tangible entity, disease is, in fact, no such thing. It is only a morbid phenomenon, or rather a group of morbid processes, in the tissues of a particular animal organism. In the language of logic, it is not even a phenomenon, but an epiphenomenon. It is only in that class of diseases known or believed to be of Parasitic origin that there exists, in addition to the group of intangible signs and symptoms which in ordinary language constitute the disease, a tangible, palpable something, the distribution of which over the earth's surface may be justly compared with the distribution of mammals or insects, herbs or trees. But, on the one hand, it has not yet been shown that all, or nearly all, diseases are of this character; and, on the other hand, even where the parasitic origin of a human disease has been proved, it is well to bear in mind that the parasite and the disease are not one and the same thing, nor is their geographical distribution always or of necessity identical. There is good reason to believe, for example, that the parasites which are the known or suspected causes of such diseases as cholera, blackwater fever, malaria, guinea-worm disease, hydatids, and perhaps enteric and other fevers, may and do exist for long periods together outside the human body, and that there are uninhabited or sparsely inhabited tracts of the earth's surface where these parasites remain in the soil, or in water, or in the bodies of the lower animals, and where the human disease associated with them is only set up when man visits those tracts. In other words, the area of distribution of some disease parasites may be wider than the area of distribution of the human disease caused by them. In these instances the disease has a wider distribution potentially than actually. In others the reverse may be the case, and the area of distribution of the disease may at any given moment be actually wider than that of the parasite which gave rise to it. This, however, is exceptional, and can only occur in the case of certain affections of long duration, such, for example, as elephantiasis arabum, where the symptoms of the disease remain long after the filaria or other parasite which first caused them has disappeared from the tissues.
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Savaris, Marcoandre, Felipe Da Luz, Lisete Maria Lorini, and Silvana Lampert. "New distribution record, host plant and notes on natural history of Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz & Lima, 1918) (Diptera: Tephritidae)." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 59 (August 23, 2019): e20195943. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.43.
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In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, there are few records of geographical distribution and host plants to species of Tomoplagia Coquillett, as well as other genera of Tephritidae, especially those associated with plants of the family Asteraceae. Here, we report the first occurrence of Tomoplagia rudolphi (Lutz & Lima, 1918) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, inducing stem galls in Vernonanthura tweediana (Baker) H. Rob. (Asteraceae, Vernonieae), whose plant becomes a new host record for this species. In this way, is increased to nine species of Tomoplagia recorded for Rio Grande do Sul. Biological and morphological data and photos of gall, larvae, pupae at new host and distribution map of the species in Brazil are provided.
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Yolanda, Hanna, and Theerapong Krajaejun. "Global Distribution and Clinical Features of Pythiosis in Humans and Animals." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 2 (2022): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8020182.
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Pythiosis is a difficult-to-treat infectious disease caused by Pythium insidiosum. The condition is unfamiliar among healthcare workers. Manifestation of pythiosis is similar to other fungal infections, leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. The geographical extent of pythiosis at a global scale is unclear. This study aimed to analyze the clinical information recorded in the scientific literature to comprehensively project epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, and future trends of pythiosis. From 1980 to 2021, 4203 cases of pythiosis in humans (n = 771; 18.3%) and animals (primarily horse, dog, and cow; n = 3432; 81.7%), with an average of 103 cases/year, were recruited. Pythiosis case reports significantly increased in the last decade. Pythiosis spanned 23 tropical, subtropical, and temperate countries worldwide. Some patients acquired pythiosis from a trip to an endemic country. Strikingly, 94.3% of human cases were in India and Thailand, while 79.2% of affected animals were in the U.S.A. and Brazil. Clinical features of pythiosis varied. Vascular and ocular pythiosis were only observed in humans, whereas cutaneous/subcutaneous and gastrointestinal infections were predominant in animals. Mortality depended on host species and clinical forms: for example, none in patients with ocular pythiosis, 0.7% in cows with a cutaneous lesion, 26.8% in humans with vascular disease, 86.4% in dogs with gastrointestinal pathology, and 100% in several animals with disseminated infection. In summary, this study reports up-to-date epidemiological and clinical features of pythiosis in humans and animals. It increases awareness of this life-threatening disease, as the illness or outbreak can exist in any country, not limited to the endemic areas.
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Leslie, Andrew B., Jeremy M. Beaulieu, Peter R. Crane, and Michael J. Donoghue. "Explaining the distribution of breeding and dispersal syndromes in conifers." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1770 (2013): 20131812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.1812.
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The evolution of plants exhibiting different sexes, or dioecy, is correlated with a number of ecological and life-history traits such as woody growth form and animal-dispersed seeds, but the underlying causes of these associations are unclear. Previous work in seed plants has suggested that the evolution of fleshy cones or seeds may favour dioecy. In this study, we use a well-sampled molecular phylogeny of conifers to show that although dioecy and fleshiness strongly co-occur at the species level, this relationship has not resulted from numerous separate origins of this trait combination or from differential rates of diversification. Instead, we suggest that two character combinations—the ancestral dry-monoecious condition and the derived fleshy-dioecious condition—have persisted in conifers longer than other combinations over evolutionary time. The persistence of these trait combinations appears to reflect differences in the rate of successful transition into and out of these character states over time, as well as the geographical restriction of species with rare combinations and their consequent vulnerability to extinction. In general, we argue that such persistence explanations should be considered alongside ‘key innovation’ hypotheses in explaining the phylogenetic distribution of traits.
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Leeming, Rhys, and Peter D. Nichols. "Determination of the sources and distribution of sewage and pulp-fibre-derived pollution in the Derwent Estuary, Tasmania, using sterol biomarkers." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 1 (1998): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf95140.
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A geographical survey of sediments in the Derwent Estuary, near Hobart (Tasmania), for sterol biomarkers of faecal pollution has established the extent, distribution and severity of sewage pollution in the estuary. Analysis of biomarkers for terrestrial plants has also determined the distribution of pulp fibre discharged from a paper mill at Boyer in the upper estuary. Contributions from other sources of extractable organics, such as hydrocarbons and terrestrial plant and animal faecal matter from stormwater and creeks were qualitatively evaluated. On the basis of the distribution of the faecal biomarker coprostanol, the mid estuary and parts of the upper estuary (from Newtown Bay to Taroona) are severely contaminated by sewage. Pollution from pulp fibre is worst in the upper estuary and concentrations of pulp-fibre biomarkers decrease downstream. Sediments of the lower estuary (south of Taroona) have biomarker distributions more typical of open marine systems with little evidence of pulp fibre. There is, however, evidence of low concentrations of faecal pollution in the lower estuary.
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YANG, LIN, and XIANG-SHENG CHEN. "The Oriental bamboo-feeding genus Bambusiphaga Huang & Ding, 1979 (Hemiptera: Delphacidae: Tropidocephalini): a checklist, a key to the species and descriptions of two new species." Zootaxa 2879, no. 1 (2011): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2879.1.5.
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A checklist of the known species of the Oriental bamboo-feeding genus Bambusiphaga Huang & Ding, 1979 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Delphacidae: Delphacinae: Tropidocephalini) together with their host plants and geographical distribution and a key to the known species in the genus are provided. Two new species, B. kunmingensis sp. nov. and B. yangi sp. nov., are described and illustrated from Yunnan Province, southwestern China.
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RODRÍGUEZ, WILLIAM DAVID, JOSÉ LUIS NAVARRETE-HEREDIA, MIGUEL VÁSQUEZ-BOLAÑOS, et al. "Insects associated with the genus Agave spp. (Asparagaceae) in Mexico." Zootaxa 4612, no. 4 (2019): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4612.4.1.
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We present a synthesis of the insects reported associated with plants of the genus Agave L. (Asparagaceae) in Mexico, through a detailed review of published records. This work includes two checklists: the first include the species of insects collected in Agave, name of their hosts, their geographical distribution, notes on their biology and, references. Natural enemies of the insects associated with agaves are included in the second checklist with their geographical distribution, insect species host and, references. We found 273 species of insects collected in different Agave species. These species belong to 63 families and 7 orders. The orders of insects with the highest number of species are Coleoptera with 118 species and, Hemiptera with 65. The natural enemies of insects collected in agaves were 98 species from 18 families and 6 orders. The genera Aphytis and Encarsia (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) grouped the largest number of natural enemies of insects that were recorded in Agave with 15 and 10 species, respectively. Insects were collected from 42 species of Agave, of which 25 are endemic to Mexico. This study provides biological information on Mexican insects captured in Agave and, their natural enemies. The need for the conservation of these plants and associated insects is highlighted.
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Schoch, Paul E., and Burke A. Cunha. "Pseudomonas maltophilia." Infection Control 8, no. 4 (1987): 169–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s019594170006584x.
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Pseudomonas maltophilia is a free-living ubiquitous organism of wide geographic distribution. It has been isolated from a variety of animals, plants, and from nearly every site on or within the human body, where it is usually a commensal/contaminant. It is frequently cultured as transient flora in hospitalized patients, but occasionally is a cause of opportunistic infections, including bacteremia/septicemia, endocarditis, pneumonia, cholangitis, conjunctivitis, mastoiditis, meningitis, wound infections/abscesses, and urinary tract infections.
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Cubino, Josep Padullés, Jakub Těšitel, Pavel Fibich, Jan Lepš, and Milan Chytrý. "Alien plants tend to occur in species-poor communities." NeoBiota 73 (May 5, 2022): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.73.79696.
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Invasive alien species can have severe negative impacts on natural ecosystems. These impacts may be particularly pronounced within ecological communities, where alien species can cause local extinctions. However, it is unclear whether individual alien plant species consistently occur in species-poor or species-rich communities across broad geographical scales and whether this pattern differs amongst habitat types. Using ~17,000 vegetation plots sampled across the Czech Republic, we calculated the median, range and skewness of the distribution in community species richness associated with 73 naturalised alien plant species. We compared the observed values with those obtained under a null expectation to test whether alien species occurred at random with respect to species richness in forest and grassland communities. We found that the relationship between the occurrence of alien species and the diversity of local plant communities was species-dependent and varied across habitats. Overall, however, alien species occurred in species-poor communities more often than expected by chance. These patterns were more pronounced in grasslands, where alien species also occurred in communities with a lower range of species richness than under random expectation. Our study represents one of the most comprehensive quantitative analyses relating alien plant invasion to resident community diversity at a broad geographical scale. This research also demonstrates that multi-species studies are needed to understand the processes of community assembly and to assess the impact of alien plant invasions on native diversity.
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Lieberman, Bruce S., and Alycia L. Stigall Rode. "Paleobiogeography: Tracking the Coevolution of the Earth and its Biota." Paleontological Society Papers 11 (October 2005): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600001200.
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Biogeography is a scientific discipline with a rich intellectual heritage extending back at least to the 18th century, and the discipline figured prominently in the development of ideas on evolution (see review in Lieberman, 2000). During the development of ideas on evolution, an important analogy was recognized between patterns of change in organisms across geographic space and patterns of change in organisms through geological time. For instance, Alfred Russel Wallace argued that, “If we now consider the geographical distribution of animals and plants upon the Earth, we shall find all the facts beautifully in accordance with, and readily explained by, the present hypothesis (Evolution). A country having species, genera, and whole families peculiar to it, will be the necessary result of its having been isolated for a long period…The phenomena of geological distribution are exactly analogous to those of geography. Closely related species are found associated in the same beds, and the change from species to species appears to have been as gradual in time as in space.” (Wallace, 1855 in Brooks, 1984, p. 75). Charles Darwin felt it was important enough to remark in the very introduction to his On the Origin of Species that, “…when on board H.M.S. ‘Beagle,’ as naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the organic beings inhabiting South America, and in the geological relations of the present to the past inhabitants of that continent. These facts, as will be seen in the latter chapters of this volume, seemed to throw some light on the origin of species-that mystery of mysteries” (Darwin, 1859, p. 1).
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Yansen, M. Victoria, and Fernando Biganzoli. "Las especies arbóreas exóticas en Argentina: caracterización e identificación de las especies actual y potencialmente problemáticas." Darwiniana, nueva serie 10, no. 1 (2022): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14522/darwiniana.2022.101.1001.
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Biological invasions are one of five direct drivers of global change that act synergistically threatening biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services globally. In this work we compile the list of exotic woody species that have been introduced in Argentina, we characterize them according to their geographical origin, use, foliage phenology, reproduction, dispersal, and we analyse their geographical distribution within Argentina. Based on the bibliography, we identify those species that are currently or potentially problematic for Argentina. Most of the species are native to Eurasia and the main reason for their introduction was their ornamental use. They are mostly monoecious, with deciduous leaves, without vegetative reproduction, with fleshy fruits and dispersed by animals. The area corresponding to the Yungas, the Paranaense Forest and the Humid Chaco presents the largest number of exotic species; the area corresponding to the Espinal and Dry Chaco has the largest number of currently problematic species and, together with the Pampeana area, the largest number of potentially problematic species. Finally, we propose actual problematic species in areas without native trees and potentially problematic species with broad distribution in Argentina should be monitored and probably managed among the studied species.
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Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, Kinga, Artur Pliszko, Beata Barabasz-Krasny, et al. "The Relationships of Habitat Conditions, Height Level, and Geographical Position with Fruit and Seed Traits in Populations of Invasive Vine Echinocystis lobata (Cucurbitaceae) in Central and Eastern Europe." Forests 13, no. 2 (2022): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020256.
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In climbing plants, fruits can be formed at different heights, depending on the height of external support. However, the effect of height on fruit and seed traits in invasive vines of Cucurbitaceae has not been intensively studied so far. In Europe, Echinocystis lobata, a North American member of Cucurbitaceae, is considered one of the most abundant invasive alien plants spreading in natural riparian forests, thickets, and tall herbs, whereas it is a rare species in urban woodlands. In this study, we tested the variability of selected fruit and seed traits of E. lobata in connection with habitat origin (natural, semi-natural, and anthropogenic), habitat type (using the EUNIS habitat classification), height (the distance between the fruit and the ground), and geographical position. The study was conducted in 2018 in 65 sites located in Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Slovakia. In each study site, a random sample of 10 fresh mature fruits of E. lobata was collected from subsequent 0.50 m intervals of height. The length, the width, and the weight of the fresh fruits, as well as the total number of seeds and number of undeveloped seeds per fruit, were examined. Moreover, the well-developed seeds from selected study sites were weighed. The statistical analysis showed the significant effect of habitat origin, habitat type, and height on most of the studied fruit and seed traits. The largest range of height (from 0.00 to 4.00 m) was observed in two types of habitats (F—heathland, scrub, and tundra; and G—woodland, forest, and other wooded land). The total number of seeds per fruit was positively correlated with the length, width, and weight of the fresh fruits. The fruits were a little heavier and bigger in natural habitats located in the northeast of the study area. The distribution of fruits at different heights may contribute to better dispersal of seeds by animals and wind, and may also better protect the seeds from being eaten by granivorous animals. The defence against seed-eating animals is expected to be stronger in semi-natural habitats, as well as on banks and shores of inland surface waters, where the seed production is the highest. The influence of seed traits on seed germination and seedling survival in various habitats and their importance in the invasiveness of E. lobata require further study.
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Debinski, Diane, Kelly Kindscher, and Mark Jakubauskas. "Biodiversity and Remotely Sensed Habitat Types: A Comparison of Montane Meadows in the Gallatin Range, MT and in Grand Teton National Park, WY." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 20 (January 1, 1996): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.1996.3277.
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During the last decade, many approaches to biodiversity analysis have relied on the use of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and remotely sensed data to categorize habitats, and then predict species assemblages expected to be found in those habitats. For example, Gap analysis uses predictions based on knowledge of the geographical limits of a species' distribution, ecological limiting factors, and habitat preferences (Scott et al. 1993). The goal of Gap analysis is to compare locations of plant and animal habitats to those of existing preserves, thereby identifying geographical gaps in habitat and/or species protection. One problem with this approach to conservation planning is that Gap analysis has not been extensively tested to determine the accuracy of its predictions (Flather et al. 1995). Thus, an important parallel approach to Gap analysis, which we describe here, involves assessing statistical relationships between species distribution patterns and remotely sensed habitat types. For the past several years, we have used plants and butterflies as taxonomic test groups to examine these relationships. Because the plant species with dominant cover play a major role in determining the spectral reflectance patterns recorded by multispectral scanners, we felt that it was imperative to test the relationship between the remotely sensed habitat types and the plant community. Butterfly species were chosen because they are moderately host-specific insects, and their diversity may be correlated with underlying plant diversity. We have found that many of the butterfly and plant species of montane meadow communities show significant differences in distribution among remotely sensed habitat types (Debinski 1996, Jakubauskas et al. 1996). Here, we pose the question whether species-habitat relationships (based on remotely sensed habitat categorization of montane meadows) in one part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem will hold in another area of the ecosystem. The long-term goal of our research is to use known species-habitat relationships to predict species distribution patterns in unsurveyed sites. The test of geographic limits of species-habitat relationships is the first step in our analysis. More extensive data will be collected during 1997-1998, allowing for a more rigorous comparisons.
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Čertnerová, Dora, and Pavel Škaloud. "Substantial intraspecific genome size variation in golden-brown algae and its phenotypic consequences." Annals of Botany 126, no. 6 (2020): 1077–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa133.
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Abstract Background and Aims While nuclear DNA content variation and its phenotypic consequences have been well described for animals, vascular plants and macroalgae, much less about this topic is known regarding unicellular algae and protists in general. The dearth of data is especially pronounced when it comes to intraspecific genome size variation. This study attempts to investigate the extent of intraspecific variability in genome size and its adaptive consequences in a microalgal species. Methods Propidium iodide flow cytometry was used to estimate the absolute genome size of 131 strains (isolates) of the golden-brown alga Synura petersenii (Chrysophyceae, Stramenopiles), identified by identical internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA barcodes. Cell size, growth rate and genomic GC content were further assessed on a sub-set of strains. Geographic location of 67 sampling sites across the Northern hemisphere was used to extract climatic database data and to evaluate the ecogeographical distribution of genome size diversity. Key Results Genome size ranged continuously from 0.97 to 2.02 pg of DNA across the investigated strains. The genome size was positively associated with cell size and negatively associated with growth rate. Bioclim variables were not correlated with genome size variation. No clear trends in the geographical distribution of strains of a particular genome size were detected, and strains of different genome size occasionally coexisted at the same locality. Genomic GC content was significantly associated only with genome size via a quadratic relationship. Conclusions Genome size variability in S. petersenii was probably triggered by an evolutionary mechanism operating via gradual changes in genome size accompanied by changes in genomic GC content, such as, for example, proliferation of transposable elements. The variation was reflected in cell size and relative growth rate, possibly with adaptive consequences.
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Álvarez-de Prado, Laura, Miguel de Simón-Martín, Ana-María Diez-Suárez, Jorge Blanes-Peiró, and Alberto González-Martínez. "Optimal Sizing and Location of Co-Digestion Power Plants in Spain through a GIS-Based Approach." Environments 5, no. 12 (2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments5120137.
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The promotion of the development of co-digestion power plants will be intensified in many European Union member states as the main target of the Union concerning energy generation is complete decarbonisation by 2050. This potential expansion prompts the need for optimal resources allocation according to several techno-economical parameters, highlighting energy costs, power infrastructures access, and social and environmental aspects and restrictions. In Spain, agricultural and livestock biogas production trough co-digestion power plants is still poorly deployed, although the EU Directive 2009/28/EU stipulates that energy from bio-fuels and bio-liquids should contribute to a reduction of at least 35% of greenhouse gas emissions in order to be taken into account, and many authors agree that biogas produced from energy crops and livestock waste fulfils this criterion. Moreover, biogas can be used to upgrade gas pipelines and may have other efficient thermal uses. In this paper, through a Geographical Information System approach, eight different co-digestion mixtures have been evaluated and the most profitable ones have been optimized for the Spanish Iberian Peninsula according to the geographical distribution of the resources. Furthermore, the best locations for co-digestion power plants siting have been calculated, minimizing transport costs and considering technical, environmental and social restrictions. In contrast with other studies, this proposed approach is focused on a holistic optimization. Results show that in Spain the most feasible co-digestion mixtures are based on slurry, glycerine and animal meals, and four areas arise with an outstanding energetic potential up to 208 MW exploitable in large electrical power plants, while 347 MW can be reserved for distributed generation based on this technology.
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Gull E. Fareen, Ammara, Tariq Mahmood, Imran Bodlah, Audil Rashid, Azeem Khalid, and Shahid Mahmood. "Modeling potential distribution of newly recorded ant, Brachyponera nigrita using Maxent under climate change in Pothwar region, Pakistan." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (2022): e0262451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262451.
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Climate change has been discussed as to exert shifts in geographical range of plants, animals or insect species by increasing, reducing or shifting its appropriate climatic habitat. Globally, Pakistan has been ranked at 5th position on the list of countries most vulnerable to climate change in 2020. Climate change has resulted in the losses of biodiversity and alteration in ecosystem as a result of depletion of natural habitats of species in Pakistan as well as in the world. Ants have been regarded as indicators of environmental change and ecosystem processes. Brachyponera nigrita (Emery, 1895) was reported for the first time from Pakistan (Pothwar region). Objective of our studies was to model geographic distribution of newly recorded ant species, B. nigrita based on two representative concentration pathways (RCP) (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for 2050s using maximum entropy model (Maxent) in Pakistan. In modeling procedure, 21occurrence records and 8 variables namely Bio4 (Temperature seasonality), Bio8 (Mean temperature of wettest quarter), Bio10 (Mean temperature of warmest quarter), Bio12 (Annual precipitation), Bio13 (Precipitation of wettest month), Bio15 (Precipitation seasonality), Bio17 (Precipitation of driest quarter) and Bio18 (Precipitation of warmest quarter) were used to determine the current and future distributions. Performance of the model was evaluated using AUC (area under curves) values, partial ROC, omission rates (E = 5%) and AICc (Model complexity).The results showed the average AUC value of the model was 0.930, which indicated that the accuracy of the model was excellent. The jackknife test also showed that Bio4, Bio18, Bio17 and Bio15 contributed 98% for the prediction of potential distribution of the species as compared to all other variables. Maxent results indicated that distribution area of B. nigrita under future predicted bioclimatics 2050 (RCP 4.5 and RCP8.5) would be increased in various localities of Pakistan as compared to its current distribution. In Pothwar region, moderately suitable and highly suitable areas of this species would increase by 505.932321km2and 572.118421km2as compared to current distribution under 2050 (RCP 4.5), while under 2050 (RCP 8.5), there would be an increase of 6427.2576km2and 3765.140493km2 respectively in moderately suitable and highly suitable areas of B. nigrita. This species was associated with termites, collembolans and larval stages of different insects. White eggs, creamy white pupae and many workers of this species were observed in a variety of habitats. Unknown nesting ecology, species identification characters supported with micrographs has been given which will help researchers for further ecological studies.
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Zhong, Jia, Shaokui Yi, Laiyan Ma, and Weimin Wang. "Evolution and phylogeography analysis of diploid and polyploid Misgurnus anguillicaudatus populations across China." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1901 (2019): 20190076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.0076.
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The origin and evolution of polyploid organisms have been extensively studied in plants, but this topic remains only partially understood in vertebrates, where polyploidy is relatively rare. In this study, we used Misgurnus anguillicaudatus , a fish that comprises five ploidy levels in nature, as a model animal to improve our understanding of biogeographic history and evolution of polyploid vertebrates. After collecting samples from different geographical populations in China, their ploidy levels were determined using flow cytometry. Two mitochondrial markers ( cytochrome b and control region) were then used for phylogeographic analyses to unravel the possible origins of diploids and tetraploids in China. The results showed that diploids have wider geographical distribution than tetraploids and triploids. There was no clear allopatric geographical range or boundary to divide diploid and polyploid populations. Rather, the analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences indicated that tetraploids were autopolyploids, with lower genetic diversity than diploids. This suggests that tetraploids originated from sympatric diploids via multiple independent polyploidization events. Genetic structure patterns were similar between diploids and tetraploids, whereas complex genetic differentiation was found among different regions. The potential origin of M. anguillicaudatus was deduced to be in the Pearl River basin, which exhibited the highest nucleotide diversity and genetic differentiation. These findings provide insights into the evolution of polyploidy in vertebrates.
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HICKMANN, FREDERICO, TAMARA MORAES, FILIPE MICHELS BIANCHI, ALBERTO SOARES CORRÊA, and CRISTIANO FELDENS SCHWERTNER. "Integrating data to redescribe Euschistus taurulus Berg (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)." Zootaxa 4688, no. 1 (2019): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4688.1.7.
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The genus Euschistus Dallas includes 67 species restricted to the New World, and several species are registered on cultivated plants in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. In South America, most Euschistus species are completely overlooked due to the lack of information to allow accurate identification. Here, we redescribed Euschistus taurulus Berg, including for the first time, characterization of the internal and external genitalia of both sexes. We also report original information on bionomics, review and update information on geographical distribution and host plants records. Additionally, we provide DNA barcoding sequences for E. taurulus and three other morphologically similar key-agriculture pest species in South America: Euschistus heros (Fabricius), Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas), and Dichelops furcatus (Fabricius). We discuss means for correct identification of E. taurulus and its phylogenetic position within Euschistus and other similar stink bugs; the potential economic importance of the E. taurulus is also addressed.
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Svenson, Gavin J., and Henrique M. Rodrigues. "A Cretaceous-aged Palaeotropical dispersal established an endemic lineage of Caribbean praying mantises." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1863 (2017): 20171280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1280.
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Recent phylogenetic advances have uncovered remarkable biogeographic histories that have challenged traditional concepts of dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Greater Antilles. Much of this focus has centred on vertebrate lineages despite the high diversity and endemism of terrestrial arthropods, which account for 2.5 times the generic endemism of all Antillean plants and non-marine vertebrates combined. In this study, we focus on three Antillean endemic praying mantis genera, Callimantis , Epaphrodita and Gonatista , to determine their phylogenetic placement and geographical origins. Each genus is enigmatic in their relation to other praying mantises due to their morphological affinities with both Neotropical and Old World groups. We recovered the three genera as a monophyletic lineage among Old World groups, which was supported by molecular and morphological evidence. With a divergence at approximately 107 Ma, the lineage originated during the break-up of Gondwana. Ancestral range reconstruction indicates the lineage dispersed from an African + Indomalayan range to the Greater Antilles, with a subsequent extinction in the Old World. The profound ecomorphic convergence with non-Caribbean groups obscured recognition of natural relationships within the same geographical distribution. To the best of our knowledge, the lineage is one of the oldest endemic animal groups in the Greater Antilles and their morphological diversity and restricted distribution mark them as a critical taxon to conserve.
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GUO, KAI, HONGLI SHI, KUN LIU, and JINGWU ZHENG. "Past and present distribution and hosts of Longidorus (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) in mainland China." Zootaxa 3088, no. 1 (2011): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3088.1.3.
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The geographical distribution and host associations of Longidorus in mainland China were determined from a comprehensive survey. Among 2,103 soil samples collected from 12 provinces of China during 2008–2010, nine Longidorus species were identified based on morphological characters: L. henanus Xu & Cheng 1992; L. litchii Xu & Cheng 1992; L. hangzhouensis Zheng et al. 2001; L. pisi Edward, Misra & Singh 1964; L. macromucronatus Siddiqi 1962; L. fangi Xu & Cheng 1991; L. camelliae Zheng et al. 2000; L. jonesi Siddiqi 1962; and L. fursti Heyns et al. 1987. In this study, we compile new data on the distribution and hosts of Longidorus in China and the available historical records reported from China. Longidorus henanus has the most widespread distribution in China, while L. litchii is found only in Fujian province, and L. pisi is recorded for the first time in China. The hosts of the genus Longidorus in mainland China included 39 known and 3 unknown plant genera, all of which are perennial woody plants. No records were from cultivated annual crops.
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Urbaniak, Jacek, Paweł Kwiatkowski, and Paweł Pawlikowski. "Phylogeography ofSwertia perennisin Europe based on cpDNA markers." PeerJ 6 (September 17, 2018): e5512. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5512.
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BackgroundSwertia perennis(Gentianaceae) is a perennial diploid and clonal plant species that is discontinuously distributed in peat bogs in the mountains of Europe, Asia and North America as well as in the lowlands of Europe. The current geographical dispersion ofS. perennisis probably the result of quaternary climatic changes that have played an important role in determining the distribution ofSwertiaand other plant and animal species.MethodsIn this study we used molecular techniques and combined data from chloroplast DNA markers (trnLF region andtrnH-psbA spacer) to elucidate the phylogeography ofS. perennisin Europe. Plants were collected from 28 populations in different locations in the lowlands and mountainous areas of Europe (e.g., the Carpathians, Sudetes, Bohemian Forest and Alps). cDNA was analysed to detect the genetic relationship between specimens from different locations.ResultsA total of 20 haplotypeswere identifiedacross the dataset. Theywere characterised by a high level of genetic variability but showed a lack of phylogeographical structure. This pattern may be the result of repeated recolonization and expansion from several areas. Such genetic differentiation may also be attributed to the relatively long-term isolation ofS. perennisin Pleistocene refugia in Europe, which resulted in independent separation of different cpDNA phylogenetic lineages and variation in the nucleotide composition of cpDNA.DiscussionThe lack of strong phylogeographical structure makes it impossible to indicate the centre of haplotype diversity; however, refugia located in the Carpathians, Sudetes or Alps are the most probable sites whereS. perennisexisted in Europe. This lack of structure may also indicate a high level of gene flow in times when the landscape and fen systems were not fragmented in numerous geographically-isolated populations. This makes it difficult to speculate about the relationships between Asiatic and European plant populations and the origin and distribution of this species in Europe. Today, it seems to be restricted due to the occurrence of plants which clearly reflects the genetic variability from the ancient period.
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Venâncio, Igor, Ângelo Luís, Fernanda Domingues, Mónica Oleastro, Luísa Pereira, and Susana Ferreira. "The Prevalence of Arcobacteraceae in Aquatic Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Pathogens 11, no. 2 (2022): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11020244.
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Members of the family Arcobacteraceae are distributed widely in aquatic environments, and some of its species have been associated with human and animal illness. However, information about the diversity and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different water bodies is still limited. In order to better characterize the health risk posed by members in the family Arcobacteraceae, a systematic review and meta-analysis-based method was used to investigate the prevalence of Arcobacteraceae species in aquatic environments based on available data published worldwide. The database search was performed using related keywords and considering studies up to February 2021. The pooled prevalence in aquatic environments was 69.2%, ranging from 0.6 to 99.9%. These bacteria have a wide geographical distribution, being found in diverse aquatic environments with the highest prevalence found in raw sewage and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), followed by seawater, surface water, ground water, processing water from food processing plants and water for human consumption. Assessing the effectiveness of treatments in WWTP in eliminating this contamination, it was found that the wastewater treatment may not be efficient in the removal of Arcobacteraceae. Among the analyzed Arcobacteraceae species, Al. butzleri was the most frequently found species. These results highlight the high prevalence and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different aquatic environments, suggesting a risk to human health. Further, it exposes the importance of identifying and managing the sources of contamination and taking preventive actions to reduce the burden of members of the Arcobacteraceae family.
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Rahmawati, Fitri, and Bagas Prakoso. "Data Jenis-jenis Kupu-kupu Di Lingkungan Perumahan Bukit Kalibagor." JURNAL KRIDATAMA SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 3, no. 02 (2021): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53863/kst.v3i02.176.
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Butterflies are part of the biological wealth that must be preserved. Butterflies have important values ??for humans and the environment, including: ecological, aesthetic, educational, endemic, conservation and cultural values. Butterflies are one type of insect that comes from the order Lepidotera, namely insects whose wings are covered by scales, and have a very important role in maintaining the ecosystem. Good geographical distribution and diversity of butterflies can provide good information in environmental studies as environmental indicators, as well as changes that may occur. Butterflies also make a very significant contribution in maintaining the balance of nature by acting as pollinators in flowers along with other pollinating animals. Butterflies are also insects whose existence is determined by their distributional ability and adaptation to environmental factors. Factors that play an important role in the existence of butterflies are plants. Plants are used by butterflies as host plants and food sources. Butterfly diversity is also influenced by abiotic factors. Several abiotic factors that affect the life of butterflies, among others: temperature, humidity, season, and wind speed. How the types of butterflies in the residential area of ??Bukit Kalibagor Indah have never been studied and published considering that currently the types of butterflies in each ecosystem have different species. This study aims to determine the types of butterflies in the Bukit Kalibagor Indah residential area. The parameters observed were the types of butterflies. Samples were taken from the Bukit Kalibagor Indah residential area. The research was conducted in April 2021 - June 2021 for 2 months. This research was conducted using the roaming method. The results of the study found 10 species with 6 genera from 48 individuals belonging to 2 families, namely Nympalidae (3 species) and Pieridae (7 species). Keywords: Types, Butterflies, Beautiful Kalibagor Hill Housing
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PATHANIA, PRAKASH C., CORNELIS GIELIS, APURVA DAS, and KAILASH CHANDRA. "Catalogue of superfamily Pterophoroidea Kuznetsov & Stekolnikov (Lepidoptera) of India." Zootaxa 4915, no. 2 (2021): 201–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4915.2.2.
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A catalogue of the species of superfamily Pterophoroidea from India is presented. The documented fauna comprises 108 species belonging to two families, Macropiratidae (one species), and Pterophoridae (107 species in 38 genera). Four subfamilies of Pterophoridae are recognized: i) Agdistinae (one species), ii) Deuterocopinae (five species in one genus), iii) Ochyroticinae (three species in one genus), and iv) Pterophorinae (98 species in 35 genera). The present catalogue is based primarily on the literatures in which Indian pterophoroids have been mentioned or described. For each species, the type-locality, geographical distribution (within and outside of India), host plants, and synonyms are provided. Pterophorus karmawangdi Gielis & Wangdi, syn. n., is new subjective junior synonym of Pterophorus tinsuki Kovtunovich, 2003.
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FERRAGUT, FRANCISCO, and DENISE NAVIA. "The genus Neoseiulus Hughes (Mesostigmata: Phytoseiidae) in the Espinhaço Range, a great reservoir of biodiversity in Brazil." Zootaxa 5120, no. 4 (2022): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5120.4.4.
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Several surveys were conducted between 2010 and 2012 in the Brazilian range Serra do Espinhaço, a highly biodiverse region extending more than 1000 km in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais. We report in this paper eight species of the genus Neoseiulus Hughes collected on natural, non-cultivated, vegetation. Two of these species are described, illustrated and proposed as new taxa, N. cipoensis sp. nov. and N. diamantinus sp. nov. New morphological information as well as host-plants and geographical distribution are provided for six additional species, N. benjamini (Schicha), N. californicus (McGregor), N. goiano Demite, Cavalcante & Lofego, N. idaeus Denmark & Muma, N. melinis Lofego & Moraes, and N. tunus (De Leon).
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Mally, Richard, Samuel F. Ward, Jiří Trombik, Jaroslaw Buszko, Vladimír Medzihorský, and Andrew M. Liebhold. "Non-native plant drives the spatial dynamics of its herbivores: the case of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) in Europe." NeoBiota 69 (November 9, 2021): 155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.69.71949.
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Non-native plants typically benefit from enemy release following their naturalization in non-native habitats. However, over time, herbivorous insects specializing on such plants may invade from the native range and thereby diminish the benefits of enemy release that these plants may experience. In this study, we compare rates of invasion spread across Europe of three North American insect folivores: the Lepidoptera leaf miners Macrosaccus robiniella and Parectopa robiniella, and the gall midge Obolodiplosis robiniae, that specialize on Robinia pseudoacacia. This tree species is one of the most widespread non-native trees in Europe. We find that spread rates vary among the three species and that some of this variation can be explained by differences in their life history traits. We also report that geographical variation in spread rates are influenced by distribution of Robinia pseudoacacia, human population and temperature, though Robinia pseudoacacia occurrence had the greatest influence. The importance of host tree occurrence on invasion speed can be explained by the general importance of hosts on the population growth and spread of invading species.
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Westover, M. L., K. A. Lizewski, K. B. Klingler, and F. A. Smith. "Isotopic niche of the American pika (Ochotona princeps) through space and time." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 8 (2020): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0212.
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Anthropogenic climate change is influencing the ecology and distribution of animals. The American pika (Ochotona princeps (Richardson, 1828)) is considered a model species for studying the effects of climate on small alpine mammals and has experienced local extirpation across its range. Using stable isotope analysis of two seasonal molts and bone collagen, we characterize the isotopic carbon and nitrogen niche of pika populations across their range and through time. We find pika isotopic diet to be stable across both time and space compared with other animals and considering the geographic and environmental extent of their range. We find that climatic, not geographic, factors explain part of the isotopic variation across their range. Both δ13C and δ15N from the fall-onset molt decrease with relative humidity of the environment and δ15N values from bone collagen increase with temperature and precipitation. We find a small but significant seasonal difference in δ13C, which could be explained by microbial enrichment of cached haypiles. We establish a baseline of pika isotopic diet and patterns related to climate across their range. We conclude that differences in isotopic signature between pika populations likely reflect the physiology of their forage plants in different environmental conditions.
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RIBA-FLINCH, JOSEP M., MAR LEZA, and DIEGO GALLEGO. "First records of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in the Iberian Peninsula: an expanding alien species?" Zootaxa 4970, no. 1 (2021): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4970.1.8.
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Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Col.: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) is an ambrosia beetle species native to subtropical Eastern Asia, with great concern due to its high invasive ability. This species has invaded 54 countries worldwide, including 4 European countries (Italy, France, Greece, and Spain); it was detected in Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) in October 2019. In the present work, X. compactus is recorded for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula (Girona province, NE Spain); specimens were collected in Banyoles (August 2020, attacking twigs of Laurus nobilis and Liquidambar styraciflua) and Platja d’Aro (October 2020, attacking twigs of L. nobilis). Up-to-date information is presented about its geographical distribution, host plants, biology, symptoms, associate damages, and the possible origin of this species in Europe.
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Pironon, Samuel, James S. Borrell, Ian Ondo, et al. "Toward Unifying Global Hotspots of Wild and Domesticated Biodiversity." Plants 9, no. 9 (2020): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091128.
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Global biodiversity hotspots are areas containing high levels of species richness, endemism and threat. Similarly, regions of agriculturally relevant diversity have been identified where many domesticated plants and animals originated, and co-occurred with their wild ancestors and relatives. The agro-biodiversity in these regions has, likewise, often been considered threatened. Biodiversity and agro-biodiversity hotspots partly overlap, but their geographic intricacies have rarely been investigated together. Here we review the history of these two concepts and explore their geographic relationship by analysing global distribution and human use data for all plants, and for major crops and associated wild relatives. We highlight a geographic continuum between agro-biodiversity hotspots that contain high richness in species that are intensively used and well known by humanity (i.e., major crops and most viewed species on Wikipedia) and biodiversity hotspots encompassing species that are less heavily used and documented (i.e., crop wild relatives and species lacking information on Wikipedia). Our contribution highlights the key considerations needed for further developing a unifying concept of agro-biodiversity hotspots that encompasses multiple facets of diversity (including genetic and phylogenetic) and the linkage with overall biodiversity. This integration will ultimately enhance our understanding of the geography of human-plant interactions and help guide the preservation of nature and its contributions to people.
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Chandra, Naveen, Gajendra Singh, Shashank Lingwal, M. P. S. Bisht, and Lalit Mohan Tiwari. "Population assessment and habitat distribution modelling of the threatened medicinal plant Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. in the Kumaun Himalaya, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 7 (2021): 18868–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5603.13.7.18868-18877.
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Kumaun Himalaya is a home to various threatened medicinal and aromatic plants. Picrorhiza kurroa is a threatened medicinal plant useful in curing many diseases in Indian Himalayan region. Due to overharvesting from the wild its population is decreasing at an alarming rate. The present study attempted to assess its availability and predict highly suitable areas for in situ conservation in the alpine region of Kumaun. Availability of P. kurroa across various meadows was evaluated through rapid mapping exercise. MaxEnt model was used to predict the geographical distribution of the species using various environmental and physiographic parameters, and 29 primary distribution points. The results reveal that potential habitat of P. kurroa is located near forest fringes. Of the 3,828km2 area (vegetated) of the alpine region of Kumaun, about 202km2 is recorded highly suitable, 489km2 less suitable and the rest not suitable for the species. It is also revealed that Napalchu nala, Panchachuli base, Chhipla Kedar, Rongkong, Ralam, Milam, Dwali, and Pindari areas are highly suitable areas for distribution of P. kurroa.
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NOBRE, CARLOS EDUARDO B., CLEMENS SCHLINDWEIN, and OLAF H. MIELKE. "The butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea) of the Catimbau National Park, Pernambuco, Brazil." Zootaxa 1751, no. 1 (2008): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1751.1.3.
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The first butterfly checklist for the Caatinga region and information about the taxonomic composition and seasonal structure of these butterflies is presented here. This study was conducted in the Catimbau National Park, located in the semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. The butterflies were collected from September, 2005, to August, 2006; 5 days per month, on trails exhibiting flowering plants and also by using fruit-bait traps. A total of 121 butterfly species was recorded; half of them exclusively in the rainy season, 7% exclusively in the dry season and 42% in both seasons. The species richness was low when compared to neotropical rainforest habitats, due to strong seasonality and the structurally simple vegetation. The butterfly fauna is dominated by species typical for open areas and of wide geographical distribution. No endemism was discovered.
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Zamani, Alireza, Varpu Vahtera, Ilari E. Sääksjärvi, and Leonardo S. Carvalho. "The Effect of Sampling Bias on Evaluating the Diversity and Distribution Patterns of Iranian Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae)." Diversity 15, no. 1 (2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010022.
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Although spiders constitute a highly diversified group of animals, the knowledge regarding their geographic distribution (i.e., the so-called Wallacean shortfall) and diversity patterns is incipient on a global scale; while attempts to explore such patterns have been made for the highly diversified Neotropical fauna, several Old World regions are historically neglected. Aiming to close this gap, the present study provides the most comprehensive review of spatial variation in the diversity patterns of the spider fauna of Iran. We also examined the effects of sampling biases on the results. We gathered a database with 4434 non-duplicate records of 935 species of spiders from Iran, 215 of which are currently considered endemic to the country. We showed that, despite a significant improvement in state-of-the-art taxonomic research regarding this fauna in the past 20 years, the Iranian spider fauna suffers from a highly uneven distribution of records throughout the country and its ecoregions. Additionally, highly sampled areas are typically near large cities. We also found a high correlation between the number of records and species of spiders and the number of records of plants and other animals in Iran, suggesting that the biodiversity shortfalls herein described for spiders are corroborated by other taxa. The biases reported herein are likely to be observed for other countries, as the area alone explained only 33.24% of the spider species richness among 171 compared countries. We hope that the present study stimulates further sampling and research aiming to explore this fauna and the underlying biological processes related to its patterns of diversity and distribution.
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Edwards, Joseph, Cameron Johnson, Christian Santos-Medellín, et al. "Structure, variation, and assembly of the root-associated microbiomes of rice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 8 (2015): E911—E920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1414592112.
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Plants depend upon beneficial interactions between roots and microbes for nutrient availability, growth promotion, and disease suppression. High-throughput sequencing approaches have provided recent insights into root microbiomes, but our current understanding is still limited relative to animal microbiomes. Here we present a detailed characterization of the root-associated microbiomes of the crop plant rice by deep sequencing, using plants grown under controlled conditions as well as field cultivation at multiple sites. The spatial resolution of the study distinguished three root-associated compartments, the endosphere (root interior), rhizoplane (root surface), and rhizosphere (soil close to the root surface), each of which was found to harbor a distinct microbiome. Under controlled greenhouse conditions, microbiome composition varied with soil source and genotype. In field conditions, geographical location and cultivation practice, namely organic vs. conventional, were factors contributing to microbiome variation. Rice cultivation is a major source of global methane emissions, and methanogenic archaea could be detected in all spatial compartments of field-grown rice. The depth and scale of this study were used to build coabundance networks that revealed potential microbial consortia, some of which were involved in methane cycling. Dynamic changes observed during microbiome acquisition, as well as steady-state compositions of spatial compartments, support a multistep model for root microbiome assembly from soil wherein the rhizoplane plays a selective gating role. Similarities in the distribution of phyla in the root microbiomes of rice and other plants suggest that conclusions derived from this study might be generally applicable to land plants.
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B. Yeh, Kenneth, Jeanne M. Fair, Woutrina Smith, et al. "Assessing Climate Change Impact on Ecosystems and Infectious Disease: Important Roles for Genomic Sequencing and a One Health Perspective." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 5, no. 2 (2020): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5020090.
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Changes in the Earth’s climate and weather continue to impact the planet’s ecosystems, including the interface of infectious disease agents with their hosts and vectors. Environmental disasters, natural and human-made activities raise risk factors that indirectly facilitate infectious disease outbreaks. Subsequently, changes in habitat, displaced populations, and environmental stresses that affect the survival of species are amplified over time. The recurrence and spread of vector-borne (e.g., mosquito, tick, aphid) human, animal, and plant pathogens to new geographic locations are also influenced by climate change. The distribution and range of humans, agricultural animals and plants, wildlife and native plants, as well as vectors, parasites, and microbes that cause neglected diseases of the tropics as well as other global regions are also impacted. In addition, genomic sequencing can now be applied to detect signatures of infectious pathogens as they move into new regions. Molecular detection assays complement metagenomic sequencing to help us understand the microbial community found within the microbiomes of hosts and vectors, and help us uncover mechanistic relationships between climate variability and pathogen transmission. Our understanding of, and responses to, such complex dynamics and their impacts can be enhanced through effective, multi-sectoral One Health engagement coupled with applications of both traditional and novel technologies. Concerted efforts are needed to further harness and leverage technology that can identify and track these impacts of climate changes in order to mitigate and adapt to their effects.
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Gabriela, Rijo, Alameda Diego, and Barro Alejandro. "Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) specialized pollination is isolated from neighboring plants and pollinators." Journal of Pollination Ecology 30 (May 3, 2022): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26786/1920-7603(2022)656.
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Tomato is one of the crops that require buzz pollination, for which a pollinator vibrates the tubular anthers for pollen to be released. This process is efficiently carried out by wild bees, whose distribution varies according to the geographical location and the particular characteristics of the different agroecosystems. The pollination network associated with tomato fields located in an agricultural area of Cuba was determined by field observations. In addition, it was studied whether pollination influences tomato yield, through exclusion experiments and comparing the characteristics of the fruits obtained in the presence or absence of pollinators. The pollination network consisted of 241 interactions between 12 plants, including tomato, adjacent crops such as papaya and pumpkin, and ruderal species, and 11 floral visitors, fundamentally bees, with 5 species involved. Tomato flowers were almost exclusively visited by the bee species Exomalopsis pulchella, capable of buzz pollination. Species of the genus Exomalopsis are frequent pollinators of tomato in the Neotropic. This denotes a temporary specialization in the use of tomato´s floral resources by Exomalopsis pulchella. Apis mellifera was not detected visiting tomato flowers, despite being present in the pollination network associated with the studied agroecosystem. Pollination significantly increased the dimensions of tomato fruits. Exomalopsis pulchella also visited the ruderal plants Asteraceae sp., Commelinaceae sp. and Milleria quinqueflora. This should be taken into account in the management of the ruderal plant communities that surround the tomato fields, in order to promote and guarantee the presence of the main pollinator of this crop.
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Archidona-Yuste, Antonio, Carolina Cantalapiedra-Navarrete, Pablo Castillo, and Juan E. Palomares-Rius. "Molecular phylogenetic analysis and comparative morphology reveals the diversity and distribution of needle nematodes of the genus Longidorus (Dorylaimida: Longidoridae) from Spain." Contributions to Zoology 88, no. 1 (2019): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-20191345.
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The genus Longidorus constitutes a large group of approximately 170 species of plant-ectoparasitic nematodes that are polyphagous and distributed almost worldwide. Some of the species of this genus are vectors of plant viruses. Species discrimination in Longidorus is difficult because the morphology is very conservative, and morphometric characters often overlap, leading to potential misidentification. Integrative taxonomy, based on the combination of molecular analyses with morphology, is a useful and necessary approach in Longidorus species identification. In Spain from 2014 to 2017, we conducted nematode surveys among cultivated and wild plants, from which we identified 13 populations of Longidorus, two of which appeared to represent new species and are described herein as L. iliturgiensis sp. nov. and L. pacensis sp. nov., and 11 populations belonging to eight known species: L. africanus, L. baeticus, L. carpetanensis, L. fasciatus, L. nevesi, L. cf. olegi, L. pini, and L. vallensis. Three species are new geographical records for Spain (L. nevesi, L. cf. olegi, and L. africanus). We report molecular data for L. nevesi, L. cf. olegi, L. carpetanensis and L. pini for the first time. Additionally, we describe the males of L. pini and the juveniles of L. cf. olegi.
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KOLESIK, PETER, and RAYMOND J. GAGNÉ. "A review of the gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) of Indonesia: taxonomy, biology and adult key to genera." Zootaxa 4847, no. 1 (2020): 1–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4847.1.1.
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Forty-seven species in 25 genera of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae) known from Indonesia are reviewed. Available historic types were examined, and taxa are revised. Leefmansiella Kolesik & Gagné gen. nov. is erected for Trishormomyia pandani Felt. Actilasioptera falcaria (Felt) is found to be a senior synonym of Actilasioptera tumidifolium Gagné. Apoasphondylia orientalis Felt is transferred to Bruggmanniella Tavares, new combination; Asphondylia bursaria Felt is changed to Bruggmanniella, new combination; Contarinia eragrostidis Felt to Stenodiplosis Reuter, new combination; the Australian Contarinia brevipalpis Harris to Stenodiplosis, new combination; Dasyneura tetrastigma Felt to Gephyraulus Rübsaamen, new combination; and the Philippine Itonida paederiae Felt to Eucalyptodiplosis Kolesik, new combination. For each species, type data, a description, the basic biology and the known geographical distribution are given. A key to Cecidomyiidae genera based on adults, with references to described species, is provided. Species of economic importance, as pests of cultivated plants or biological control agents of weeds and pest arthropods, are listed.
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Pennington, R. Toby, Quentin C. B. Cronk, and James A. Richardson. "Introduction and synthesis: plant phylogeny and the origin of major biomes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 359, no. 1450 (2004): 1455–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1539.
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Phylogenetic trees based upon DNA sequence data, when calibrated with a dimension of time, allow inference of: (i) the pattern of accumulation of lineages through time; (ii) the time of origin of monophyletic groups; (iii) when lineages arrived in different geographical areas; (iv) the time of origin of biome–specific morphologies. This gives a powerful new view of the history of biomes that in many cases is not provided by the incomplete plant fossil record. Dated plant phylogenies for angiosperm families such as Leguminoaceae (Fabaceae), Melastomataceae sensu stricto , Annonaceae and Rhamnaceae indicate that long–distance, transoceanic dispersal has played an important role in shaping their distributions, and that this can obscure any effect of tectonic history, previously assumed to have been the major cause of their biogeographic patterns. Dispersal from other continents has also been i mportant in the assembly of the Amazonian rainforest flora and the Australian flora. Comparison of dated biogeographic patterns of plants and animals suggests that recent long–distance dispersal might be more prevalent in plants, which has major implications for community assembly and coevolution. Dated plant phylogenies also reveal the role of past environmental changes on the evolution of lineages in species–rich biomes, and show that recent Plio–Pleistocene diversification has contributed substantially to their current species richness. Because of the critical role of fossils and morphological characters in assigning ages to nodes in phylogenetic trees, future studies must include careful morphological consideration of fossils and their extant relatives in a phylogenetic context. Ideal study systems will be based upon DNA sequence data from multiple loci and multiple fossil calibrations. This allows cross–validation both of age estimates from different loci, and from different fossil calibrations. For a more complete view of biome history, future studies should emphasize full taxon sampling in ecologically important groups, and should focus on geographical areas for which few species–level phylogenies are available, such as tropical Africa and Asia. These studies are urgent because understanding the history of biomes can both inform conservation decisions, and help predict the effects of future environmental changes at a time when biodiversity is being impacted on an unprecedented scale.
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Meyer, Ane Katharina Paarup, Caroline Schleier, Hans-Peter Piorr, and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen. "The potential of surplus grass production as co-substrate for anaerobic digestion: A case study in the Region of Southern Denmark." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 31, no. 4 (2015): 330–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170515000277.
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AbstractThis paper presents an assessment of the surplus grass production in the Region of Southern Denmark, and the perspectives of utilizing it in local biogas production. Grass production represents a significant role in the Danish agricultural sector. However, statistical data show an excess production of averagely 12% in the period 2006–2012. Based on spatial analyses and statistical data, the geographical distribution of grass production and consumption was estimated and mapped for the Region of Southern Denmark. An excess production of grass was estimated for several of the municipalities in the Region of Southern Denmark, but the excess production was found to be quite sensitive to the management practice of the grass fields and the productivity of the grass. The yields of excess grass estimated in the sensitive and conservative scenario were found to be sufficient to serve a sole co-substrate in 2–8 biogas plants using animal manure as primary feedstock. The yields in the intensive scenario were assessed to be sufficient to serve a sole co-substrate in 8–16 biogas plants. Alternatively, at least 31% of the regionally produced maize which is exported to the biogas sector could annually be substituted by methane produced from the production of excess grass. The intensive scenario was estimated to have significantly higher grass yields than the sensitive and conservative scenario. The environmental impacts of intensified agricultural management should, however, be assessed carefully in order to ensure that the ecosystems are not increasingly being burdened. The potential of utilizing residual grass for energy production in the region or as an alternative to the maize exported to Northern Germany, was concluded to seem as a promising possibility for a sustainable development of the regional biogas sector. Furthermore, it could provide incentives for establishing new biogas plants in the region and thereby increase the share of manure being digested anaerobically, which could help extrapolate the environmental and climate related benefits documented for the use of digested animal manure as fertilizer on agricultural land.
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CORRÊA, CARLOS A., LETIZIA J. MIGLIORE, LUAN GARBELINI, JOSÉ C. ZANUNCIO, and SÉRVIO P. RIBEIRO. "Species survey of the subfamily Cerambycinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in the Rio Doce State Park, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Zootaxa 4881, no. 2 (2020): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4881.2.6.
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The Rio Doce State Park (“PERD”) is the largest Atlantic Forest remnant in Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with predominantly semi-deciduous forests. The longhorned beetles of the Cerambycinae subfamily (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) are distributed worldwide, developing on healthy, stressed or recently dead trees. Faunistic surveys are necessary to understand about the Minas Gerais’ cerambycid fauna due to a lack of research, especially in the eastern region of the state. A list of species of the subfamily Cerambycinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), collected in the PERD during the rainy season (September 2013- February 2014), is presented. The beetles were collected using a light trap and through their emergence from Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan (Fabaceae) logs. A total of 663 individuals of 33 species, 30 genera, and 15 tribes of the Cerambycinae subfamily were collected. The species Malacopterus tenellus (Fabricius, 1801) was registered for the first time in Minas Gerais State, while A. colubrina is a new host plant for 14 Cerambycinae species. The geographical distribution, number of host plants and materials examined are presented for each species collected. This is the first list of Cerambycidae species from the Rio Doce State Park.