Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geographical indications'

This project is organised around the response to a single Thesis Question; If a product bears the place name "X" but does not in fact originate there, when does and when should this contravene principles of intellectual property law? Effectively, when does and when should this branch of the law prohibit the use of 'Californian Champagne'? Responses to this question have emerged over the course of a century of contentious international debates concerning the protection of Geographical Indications (GIs). The project first seeks to locate historical responses to this question within their broader context. The principal set of responses is provided by the law of unfair competition, with its prohibition of conduct which either misleads consumers or results In the misappropriation goodwill.

This thesis explores the historical evolution of the nature of the link between a product and its place of origin in the European sui generis systems of GI protection, with a specific focus on the EU Regulation 1151/2012 on Geographical Indications for the protection of agricultural products and foodstuffs. It concludes that this link has substantively changed, since the 1930s, when some early forms of sui generis GI systems were introduced in southern Europe, especially in France and Italy. While these regimes were based exclusively on the concept of terroir, a cipher for the physical link between a product and a place, an empirical analysis carried out in the present work reveals that, today, the history of the product and of its method of production is, statistically, the predominant linking factor. Furthermore, the research shows that the historical link is almost always mentioned in the specifications of EU GI products, when protected both by Protected Designations of Origin (PDO) or Protected Geographical Indications (PGI), which are the two quality schemes provided by EU Law. In particular, the terroir element, which characterises PDOs, also appears frequently in PGI specifications, where it should be superfluous, thus suggesting that the differences between these two quality schemes are unclear. Finally, the emergence of the historical element confirms that GIs can contribute to the protection of products that are linked to a geographical area not by physical and environmental factors, but by the socio-cultural traditions of a specific place. Although history can constitute a valid product/link, however, it must be used with caution, as it can be mystified and reconstructed in an arbitrary and unfounded way. This is dangerous, because it can turn GIs into a mere marketing tool, thus damaging the origin function that distinguishes them from the broad family of quality labels.

The primary objective of this thesis is to determine how Uganda can optimally benefit from geographical indications. This objective is achieved by focusing on the current negotiations at the World Trade Organization concerning geographical indications. The main issues in contention are the extension of a higher level of protection to other products, besides wines and spirits, and the establishment of a multilateral register for wines and spirits. In the discussion of these issues, each proposal is examined in light of Uganda's interests. The thesis also focuses on how geographical indications can be turned into development tools at the national level. It considers Uganda's legislation, the Geographical Indications Act 8 of 2013, and highlights the provisions that might deter the establishment of a successful geographical indications system in the country. The thesis then identifies other factors that Uganda must address in order for geographical indications to become development tools. It is concluded that in order to establish a successful geographical indications system, Uganda needs to continue its support for the Modalities Proposal in the international negotiations. Furthermore, at the national level, there are various factors that must be addressed, beyond the law, before geographical indications can become development tools, and these include the formation of producer organisations, marketing strategies and the sensitisation of stakeholders.

New challenges have arisen in the protection of geographical indications (GIs), in terms of both global policy harmonization, and the achievement of more egalitarian agricultural societies. This study compares policy rents (characteristics of the GI process) and resource rents (crop characteristics) to analyze the potential of GIs in sustaining rural livelihoods in a setting where agriculture is homogenized, but discontinuous and partially industrialized. Case studies of GIs from Turkey’s Aegean Region are presented, using the disarticulation approach of commodity chain analysis. Data are drawn from 56 field interviews and 150 survey interviews with actual producers and professionals from local institutions in Western Turkey. The agro-exceptionalist perspective helps to identify the differential rates of capitalist penetration in the agro-food sector and the potential of GI systems, to delink commodity chains from the extra-territorial lead firms by linking local products to their geography and culture. Research findings show that the potential for GIs to stave off the appropriation/substitution mechanisms of agro-industry is contingent upon the particular local governance mechanisms in place. Establishing the kind of qualitative, place-based rents that successful GIs require for certain goods is especially difficult, however, precisely because these rents tend to easily fall into the appropriation/substitution agro-industry machine.

Cette thèse évalue l'impact économique des politiques de qualité liée à l'origine en mobilisant des méthodes d'évaluation que nous adaptons à la spécificité des démarches de certification, notamment à leur dimension spatiale. Dans un premier temps, nous analysons l'effet de l'adoption d’une Appellation d’Origine Protégée (AOP) sur le prix ainsi que sur les coûts de production des producteurs de lait AOP en Franche-Comté, en exploitant la discontinuité géographique à la frontière (Geographic Regression Discontinuity). Dans un second temps, nous utilisons les méthodes d'appariement statistique pour analyser les hétérogénéités régionales en termes de prix et de coûts de production entre les régions Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes et Franche-Comté avant de nous intéresser aux effets à une échelle nationale. Enfin, nous évaluons l'effet de l'adoption d'une Indication Géographique Protégée (IGP) sur les prix payés aux producteurs de Café de Colombie à l'aide des méthodes comparatives (synthetic control methods). En moyenne, les résultats montrent un effet positif de l'adoption de l'indication géographique sur la performance économique des exploitations. Cependant, cet effet est hétérogène entre les filières et les régions d'origine des produits
This thesis evaluates the economic impact of quality-related-to-origin policies using evaluation methods adapted to the specificity of such certifications, in particular, the spatial dimension. First, we analyze the effect of a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) adoption on price and production costs of PDO milk producers in Franche-Comté using a Geographic Regression Discontinuity (GRD) design. Secondly, we use propensity matching methods to analyze regional heterogeneity in Auvergne, Rhône-Alpes, and Franche-Comté before focusing on the effect of the PDO adoption at a national level. Finally, we evaluate the effect of the adoption of a Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) on prices paid to Colombian coffee producers using synthetic control methods. Overall, we find that PDO and/or PGI adoption is associated with positive effects on farmers' economic performances. However, these effects are not homogeneously distributed

The aim of this work is to analyse the role that trademarks and geographical indications, as intellectual property rights, play in the wine industry. After a description of their national, international and European legal framework, their registration procedures and their own peculiarities, a comparison is made based on the protection that the two different tools are able to guarantee. In particular, the relationships between collective marks and geographical indications are identified. Finally, the problem of infringement which strongly affects the wine sector is highlighted through some numerical data and the examination of a concrete case concerning the Ferrari trademark in China. This helps to understand how in some countries Italian wine products can be difficult to defend.

The global diffusion of a food culture increasingly attentive to the quality and authenticity of products has been reflected in recent years in the growing market demand for typical products linked to the culture and traditions of particular places, and therefore for products with geographical indications. Considered important intellectual property rights, geographical indications have been subject to a regulatory process in which the European Union has been the first to develop a sui generis protection regime. For years engaged in the project of enhancing and protecting geographical indications, the EU has been seeking to conclude bilateral cooperation agreements with third countries in order to give further impetus to this project. In this context, cooperation has developed with China which, like Europe, enjoys a sophisticated food culture that includes a huge variety of quality GI products. The collaboration initiated in 2010 led to the two parties signing an agreement on cooperation and protection of geographical indications. Considered to be the first important bilateral trade agreement between the two powers, since its entry into force on 1 March 2021 it has already made its first effects felt, bringing economic and social benefits within the territories of the two parties. Through a careful analysis and comparison of existing GI protection regimes at international level and of the main legislative interventions on GIs, with particular reference to the European and Chinese legislative systems, the present work aims to analyse the bases and main motivations that led China and Europe to collaborate in this historically important project. By examining the contents and characteristics of the agreement, this paper then aims to investigate what is the impact of the agreement and what are the main implications and benefits it brings. In particular, through a brief case study, the work attempts to examine in more detail the relevance of the agreement for the Italian Mozzarella di Bufala Campana PDO supply chain in its process of affirmation within the Chinese market.

Dans le cadre du débat sur la protection des indications géographiques (le choix entre système sui generis et système des marques), cette thèse vise à approfondir la réflexion sur le type de régime approprié aux besoins de la Chine. La question se pose : s'il est vrai que le système français et européen de protection sui generis des IG se base sur la notion de terroir, pourquoi ce type de protection a reçu un accueil assez froid de la part du gouvernement chinois, malgré le très grand nombre de « produits de terroir » qui se trouve dans ce pays ? Cette question nous amène à retracer l’histoire de l’émergence du système sui generis en Europe et sa transposition en Chine, à démontrer dans quelle mesure cette approche est appliquée en Chine, à illustrer le revers subi par la transposition, à analyser les raisons sous-jacentes à cet échec, et, enfin, à réfléchir aux options quant à l'avenir du système des IG en Chine. Nous proposons dès lors de réformer la législation chinoise, en privilégiant la protection sui generis, et en diminuant le rôle du système des marques dans la reconnaissance et la gestion des IG
In the context of the debate on approach towards geographical indication protection (the choice between sui generis or trademark regime), this thesis aims to deepen the reflection on what approach is needed for China. It asks one question: if it is true that the concept of terroir underpins the French and European sui generis regime of GIs, why does the sui generis regime, when transplanted in China, gets only a cold reception, despite of the fact that China is endowed with a large number of products with a strong tradition and anchored in the terroir of their place of origin? This question leads us to: retrace the history of how the notion of GIs, along with the sui generis laws governing them, emerged in Europe and was transplanted to China; demonstrate the extent to which the European approach is adopted in China, through conducting a comparative study of the laws in France, the EU and China; show the setback that the transplanted sui generis regime has suffered; analyze the reasons leading to this setback; and finally, loot at the option of the future of China’s sui generis regime. Our suggestion is that the status quo of the sui generis regime needs changing. China should give clear preference to the sui generis regime, as opposed to the regime of collective and certification marks

Taiwan is facing a GI conundrum, symptoms of which are conceptual confusion between GIs and trademarks, the perennial overhaul of the GI registration system and the structural collapse between IP and non-IP law. Taiwan’s situation epitomises the inherent difficulty of accommodating GIs under the general framework of IP. IP is a generic title for patents, copyright, and trademarks and so forth. There are two characteristics shared by the various forms of IP, namely, the intangibility of subject matter and the negativity of the rights granted. IP is a form of government intervention in the economy designed to correct market failures. While patents and copyright are designed to overcome the public good problem, the justification for trademarks involves information asymmetry. Taking a doctrinal, international and comparative approach and using economic theory, the thesis analyses the difficulties of accommodating GIs under the IP framework as manifested in the TRIPS Agreement, which establishes GIs as a form of IP, and its two implementing paradigms, namely, the US trademark paradigm and the EU sui generis paradigm. The TRIPS GI provisions are anomalous in the IP framework. The US paradigm represents efforts to subsume GIs under existing trademark law. These efforts result in theoretical uncertainties because of the inherent incompatibility between the concept of GIs and trademarks. The EU paradigm establishes GIs as a separate category of IP, which represents a deviation from established IP system.

Magister Legum - LLM
A geographical indication (GI) is a sign by which a product is identified as having its origin in a particular territory and as having certain qualities, characteristics and a reputation, which are associated with that origin. There is currently no uniform international mechanism of protecting GIs, however, the framework for the protection of GIs is provided by Articles 22 to 24 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). Article 23.1 provides a distinct advantage for the protection of wines and spirits as compared to the general protection of Article 22 for all other products. This thesis argues that a uniform system of protection for GIs should be established internationally, and that protection would be to the advantage of developing countries. The purpose of this study is to determine the best available method (i.e. trademark legislation or sui generis legislation) for protecting GIs for agricultural products of developing countries, through analysing the international legal framework governing the protection of GIs and the methods of national protection available as applied in Ethiopia, South Africa and India. The central argument advanced is that the use of trademarks should be a stepping stone, sui generis legislation is the ideal. Sui generis (separate) legislation should be drafted to fulfil the obligations of TRIPS and to ensure the extended protection, through national legislation, of all goods within other Member States. It is highly unlikely that the TRIPS Member States will agree to the extended protection of the Article 23. Therefore, the most suitable method to achieve such protection would be for Member States to extend their national protection through sui generis legislation.

Geographical indications assumed prominence in terms of juridical development and economic importance with their inclusion in the TRIPS Agreement. Due to their nexus with place of origin, the importance of agricultural GIs has increased manifold. Pakistan has a strong agriculture-based economy. It has many valuable GIs, like Basmati rice, with significant trade worth billions of dollars. Nevertheless, not a single GI has been registered in Pakistan due to factors such as the inadequacies in the present system of protection of GIs in Pakistan, institutional weaknesses and the absence of an active role of the state. This thesis argues that a sui generis law for the regulation of agricultural GIs will facilitate better protection of GIs and economic development in Pakistan provided that it is also accompanied by the necessary institutional reforms. Pakistan is making efforts to enact a separate GI law for better protection of its GIs. However, there are administrative hurdles and institutional incapacities in Pakistan which need to be reformed. Examples have been taken from the sui generis laws of the EU and India in the discussions on legislative and institutional reforms in Pakistan. The EU and Indian sui generis laws have shown better protection of their GIs resulting in the registration of hundreds of their GIs and economic development. The situation in neighbouring India was the same as is currently found in Pakistan until 2003 when it introduced its sui generis law; it has now registered hundreds of GIs. Besides literature reviews, interviews have been conducted with public and private sector stakeholders to gain an insight into the weaknesses and strengths of the system of protection of GIs in Pakistan, as well as potential reforms. Based on the findings, a sui generis law and institutional reforms for better protection of agricultural GIs and economic development in Pakistan are proposed.

This dissertation focuses on promoting the enforcement of an international system of protection of geographical indications for foodstuff, bearing an extensive level of guarantee close to that domestically provided within the EU. In doing so, the work adopts a functional point of view: it is possible to compare the EU and the US systems because they basically serve the same double-faced function, protecting consumers from misleading information and producers from unfair competition. On this assumption, the dissertation tries to overcome the traditional view according to which there will always be a dispute between EU and USA which seek to limit geographical indications protection rather than extending it. To this extent, it highlights various initiatives of state certifications marks (such as Idaho potatoes, Vidalia Onions, Florida Oranges) aimed at promoting consumers’ awareness in their purchasing choices which translates into significant sales growth both internally and overseas. This means that, since business is always becoming more global, it is in the greatest interest of all stakeholders to uniform their backgrounds. Furthermore, the dissertation demonstrates that – aside from the trademark protection – free ride of geographical indications in the US territory can already find relief (even if in indirectly) also into the Federal statutes governing misbranding and deception and cared by respectively FDA (Food and Drug Agency) and FTC (Fair Trade Commission). In conclusion, the adequate and extended level of protection proposed by the author is feasible and can be grounded on the TRIPs. It is a model which, in the first place, provides the protection of Article 23 of the TRIPs to all food products. And, then, it is matched with a list of specific names that, being strategically important for some sectors and if not safeguarded can turn into deal breakers, can continue to be used in a descriptive way, provided that the place of real origin is clearly displayed, and they are likely not to be misleading (by way of example, “Parmesan kind – product of California”).
La presente tesi concerne i segni di qualità dei prodotti alimentari e propone un modello di protezione estesa per garantire un’uniforme tutela internazionale delle indicazioni geografiche e conciliare le posizioni “tradizionalmente” antitetiche di UE e USA. Tutto ciò mediante la dimostrazione della sostanziale compatibilità giuridica dei due sistemi, l’omogeneità degli interessi sottostanti e i reciproci vantaggi in termini economici. L’analisi del sistema USA riconosce che lo stesso si compone di diversi “strati”, che risultano comunque in grado comunque di tutelare adeguatamente le indicazioni geografiche. Mi riferisco alla disciplina dei marchi collettivi e di certificazione, nonché alla tutela risarcitoria avverso i danni causati da unfair practices tenute dai concorrenti disciplinate dal Lanham Act. Infine, alle norme federali che vietano l’etichettatura ingannevole dei prodotti alimentari che – secondo la giurisprudenza più recente di cui al caso POM Wonderful v. Coca Cola – non richiedono più il solo intervento della Food and Drug Administration (ente pubblico competente in materia di sicurezza e etichettatura di alimenti), ma possono essere fatte valere anche dai privati mediante azioni per il risarcimento dei danni. Ulteriormente, la tesi si occupa di descrivere numerosi movimenti interessati a promuovere il cibo di qualità e la salute dei consumatori che si stanno sviluppando in maniera massiccia negli USA, oltre a significativi interventi di singoli Stati americani finalizzati a proteggere i prodotti alimentari di qualità American Style (i.e. certificazione delle Vidalia onions, Florida oranges, Idaho potato, Napa Valley wines e altri). Alla luce di tutte queste considerazioni, sembra che la tendenza internazionale (anche USA) si muova verso un sempre crescente interesse per le indicazioni geografiche. Il modello suggerito si ispira alle proposte avanzate dall’UE nel corso dei diversi round di negoziazioni per modificare l’accordo TRIPs. Si tratta dell’estensione del livello di tutela di cui all’art. 23 TRIPs (attualmente applicabile solo al vino) a tutti i prodotti alimentari, a cui altresì accompagnare possibili concessioni da parte dell’UE. Si tratterebbe di predisporre una lista di nomi geografici relativi a prodotti di settori “sensibili” (in quanto economicamente rilevanti) come quello lattiero caseario o delle carni, rispetto ai quali verrebbe garantito l’utilizzo dei nomi in maniera descrittiva, sempre che siano neutralizzati i rischi di confusione dei consumatori (i.e. “Parmesan kind – Product of California”). Salvo quanto previsto nella menzionata ipotetica lista di concessioni, l’effetto principale di tale estensione sarebbe che l’utilizzo improprio, ingannevole o anche solo evocativo di un nome geografico protetto in uno degli Stati membri dell’UE sarebbe automaticamente vietato in tutti i Paesi firmatari. Pertanto, sarebbe escluso l’uso non solo dello stesso nome geografico per prodotti analoghi, ma anche di nomi simili o in traduzione o dello stesso nome accompagnato da espressioni quali “tipo”, “stile”, “imitazione”.

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: European-South African trade relations concerrnng wine and spirits are characterized by various opportunities and, at the same time, a range of conflicts. The latter notably relates to the dispute over geographical indications and designations of origin. Considering this confusing amalgamation of discord and harmony, it is the purpose of this study, entitled "International Trade in Wine and Geographical Indications - Common Interests between the EU and South Africa", to understand the rationale for trade in wine from both sides of the coin. Moreover, this research assesses possible multilateral and bilateral solutions for dealing with trade frictions between the EU and South Africa and identifies common interests with a view to establish a lasting foundation for blossoming trade in wine and sustained growth. The underlying methodology is a qualitative interpretative approach and bases on insights into modern marketing and international management theory. On this basis the "objective" interests of the EU and South Africa in trade in wine are analysed in order to assess the coming into existence of the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement as well as the Wine and Spirits Agreement. Pivot of these trade negotiations is the dispute on geographical indications, which is scrutinized by looking into relevant chapters of the WTO and its TR.IPS Agreement. With regards to the Wine and Spirits Agreement it is salient to ask whether it is economically and politically reasonable for South Africa to accept a financial package from the EU to secure the 'voluntary' phasing out of a number of trademarks and geographical indications. The study concludes with an outlook regarding the globalisation of the world's wine market, potential future investment flows between the EU and South Africa and the need for an effective marketing strategy in order to become or remain global player in an increasing competitiveness caused by globalisation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Europese en Suid-Afrikaanse handelsverhoudinge in wyn en spiritualieë word gekenmerk deur verskeie geleenthede en terselfdertyd 'n reeks konflikte. Laasgenoemde hou merkbaar verband met die twis oor geografiese indikatore en aanwysings van oorsprong. Gegewe hierdie verwarrende tweedrag en harmonie, is die doel van hierdie studie, getiteld "Internasionale Handel in Wyn en Geografiese Aanwysings - Gemeenskaplike belange tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika", om die 'rationale' agter die wynhandel van twee kante te beskou. Verder ondersoek hierdie navorsing moontlike multi- en bilaterale oplossings vir die handelswrywing tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika en identifiseer gemeenskaplike belange met die doelom 'n fondament te bou vir volhoubare groei in die wynhandel. Die onderliggende metodologie is 'n kwalitatiewe verklarende benadering, gebaseer op insigte uit moderne bemarkings- en bestuursteorie. Op hierdie vlak word die 'objektiewe' belange van die EU en Suid-Afrika in die wynhandel ontleed om gevolgtrekkings oor die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms en die Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms te maak. Onderliggend aan hierdie onderhandelinge is die twis oor geografiese aanwysings, wat noukeurig ondersoek is deur relevante hoofstukke van die WHO Ooreenkoms en sy TRIPS-komponent te raadpleeg. Met verwysing na die Wyn- en Spiritualieë- Ooreenkoms is dit voor die hand liggend om te vra of dit ekonomies en polities verstandig vir Suid-Afrika is om 'n finansiële pakket van die EU te aanvaar in ruil vir die vrywillige uitfasering van 'n aantal handelsmerke en geografiese aanwysings. Die studie sluit af met '11" blik op globalisering van die wêreld se wynmarkte, die potensiële toekomstige vloei van beleggings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika, en die behoefte aan 'n effektiewe bemarkingsstrategie om 'n globale speler te word.

The difference between Geographical Indication (GI) and generic food terms is an important and highly contentious issue in international negotiations. This distinction is of significant importance to producers, manufacturers, consumers, and policy-makers all over the world because it means the difference between the restricted versus open use of certain popular terms in domestic and global markets. This thesis uses a food studies approach that employs cheese as a lens to understand the contested politics of Generic Geographical Indications (GGIs), which has been under-explored in the literature on GIs. Through case study and an analysis of written policy material and other documents, websites, blogs, artifacts, observations, and semi-structured interviews and discussions, it investigates the complex processes through which European and New World (NW) actors compete over the status – protected or generic - of cheese names, why this struggle is manifested in the case of Parmesan but not of Cheddar, and how we can better understand genericism within the context of GI policy. The thesis argues that actors guided by differing agricultural paradigms compete to secure the use of terms through oppositional discursive strategies of ‘gastro-panic’ where they appeal to a language of security in order to persuade policy-makers to take action against the perceived threatening actions of their opponents. It finds that unlike the contested term Parmesan no such panic has emerged surrounding Cheddar because its widespread use has not been interpreted as a threat to the ‘original.’ As well, genericism emerges as both a dynamic and socially-constructed concept subject to ongoing negotiation and contestation and a strategic discursive device used block the successful registration of proposed product names as GIs. The debate over cheese reveals the inherently political nature of the ways in which genuineness and genericness are constructed in an increasingly competitive marketplace.

Global food production, supply chains, and food quality are coming under increasing scrutiny by consumers, environmentalists and governments. Particularly in developed countries, there is growing awareness among consumers about food origins and environmental practices. There are increasing concerns over animal welfare and protection and due to food scares in the late 1990’s, and more recently contamination issues from additives within supply chains and food borne illness outbreaks in Europe. It is no surprise then that food safety and traceability matters have become an issue of public and governmental concern. There is much debate currently about globalisation of the international trade of food commodities. There is also a growing awareness about and changing attitudes towards the provenance of consumers’ food sources. This dichotomy provides the background argument to this thesis. Europe has long been considered the home of finely crafted cheeses and this thesis aims to examine how the use of Geographical Indications (GI’s) by the European Union (EU) can influence New Zealand made speciality cheeses. The EU system of GI’s and the protection of specialised food and agricultural products has enabled companies to build strong reputations in the global marketplace and also within the internal market in order to charge premium prices for these protected products. The vast majority of the world’s GI foods are located in Europe. This thesis aims to argue that while there is not an official system for the control of labels of origin for the names of speciality cheeses in New Zealand, they are used nonetheless. These labels of location are used to denote certain qualities, production methods or guarantee and differ from standardised, commoditised cheeses. This thesis discusses the use of GI’s in the cheese industry as a way for New Zealand cheese producers to create product differentiation and as a means of communicating product quality through provenance branding. This thesis uses qualitative research methods to gauge industry opinion regarding the nature of the speciality cheese industry in New Zealand in order to better understand the reasons for naming speciality cheese products and how European cheeses have influenced them. Findings indicate that naming and influences for these products are varied and complex, but have been ultimately influenced by European cheeses. For New Zealand cheese companies GI’s are used as a means to differentiate products from competitors.

Geographers have investigated agri-foods, commodity chains, 'alternative' food networks, 'local' production, and multicultural cuisine. However, the relationship between food, place, boundaries, environmental determinism, and authenticity remains under-researched. This thesis seeks to redress this deficiency with a detailed study of the construction of the Protected Food Names (PFN) scheme in the UK. PFNs are a type of Intellectual Property (IP) and form the European component of the international Geographical Indications (GI) system. These place-based foods and drinks originate from defined and bounded areas and are produced in supposedly traditional ways. Their manufacturers consider them unreplicable outside the protected zone. This qualitative investigation of three PFNs – Melton Mowbray Pork Pies, Stilton Cheese, and Grimsby Traditional Smoked Fish – critiques the ways in which ideas of place, boundaries, and authenticity are invoked by producers. The thesis interrogates how manufacturers understand place and its boundedness, employ supposedly 'objective' historical evidence, and apply the ambiguous notion of authenticity to stabilise and sustain local practices. The study also examines the strategies deployed to generate consumer interest in an era where uniqueness is an important marker of value. This work thus introduces a different conceptual angle to accounts of the PFN structure which primarily privilege legal or economistic assessments. It aims instead to deconstruct the geographical concepts on which the PFN edifice is based. The ultimate aim is to draw attention to the vagaries inherent in the increasingly hegemonic GI model. This research connects with geographical debates about the construction of place and boundaries, the social production of authenticity, the role of selective historical 'facts' in the development of narratives about place, and the 'selling' of location and its products. It therefore provides a lens through which the foundations and everyday operation of the GI system can be profitably analysed.

The designations of protected origin are a protectionist system able to protect the originality of a food product and guarantee consumers’ quality, safeguarding specific knowledge and techniques that give the food some unique characteristics. Each nation has its own protectionist system dictated by different historical and social needs. Over the years the interest on geographical designations increase, becoming the subject of debate in international trade. A bilateral trade agreement between two countries that provides for a protectionist system generates considerable economic benefits. In today's scenario it would seem that many of the emerging countries want to insert a protectionist system mainly to be able to establish trade agreements with other more powerful states. Japan introduced the designation of protected origin for the first time in 2015 and between 2017 and 2018, a trade agreement was signed between Europe and Japan, based on the mutual protection of its protected food products and on the reduction of customs duties, to create one of the largest alliances. Japan could have adopted a specific protectionist system carefully considering the current economic situation. In a similar scenario, the main reasons why the geographical names of protected origin were born start to fade. The elimination of customs barriers and commercial facilities allowed the producers to gain a competitive advantage even on products that guarantee only a local reputation and this could have negative consequences for consumers. Taking into consideration the case of Japan, I will try to study in more detail the reason and the consequence of the adoption of these system, through the analysis of data, report and questionnaires submitted to consumers.

Origin related attributes, such as geographical indications, have been largely identified as good proxy indicators of wine quality and are therefore useful tools both for producers and consumers to address information asymmetry. For Argentina, a New World wine producer with an interesting growing pattern in international markets, the understanding of the role of geographical indications is a key issue. Despite the current success of the grape-variety based differentiation strategy, there is an increasing debate on its long-term suitability. Meanwhile, most Argentinean wineries do include non-protected geographical names and vineyard indications on their product label. Through the hedonic pricing methodology we estimated marginal willingness to pay for a wide variety of geographical names present on Argentinean Malbec wine labels sold in foreign markets. New World and Old World markets –well-known classification based on wine production and consumption traditions- have been included in the analysis, in an attempt to provide a comprehensive picture. The United States and the United Kingdom were considered from the former group while the Netherlands and Germany were considered for the latter. For a superior assessment of marginal willingness to pay, analyses were carried out for a Retail data set and an Free on Board data set, which is a novel approach in hedonic pricing. With the former data set we were able to estimate consumers’ willingness to pay for high- to medium-priced Malbec wines sold mostly in specialized shops. The latter data set extended estimates to all price segments sold in the wide diversity of off-trade or on-trade stores, giving insights into intermediates’ marginal willingness to pay. Overall, results indicate that both in New World and Old World countries, consumers are willing to pay for specific origin based wines when buying Argentinean Malbec wine. Differences between countries indicate that their ‘telescopic ability’ to differentiate geographical names and their willingness to pay vary substantially. United States’ consumers are willing to pay a price premium for many different geographical names, located in all the wine producing regions of Argentina. A similar but weaker behavior pattern was observed for English consumers. In the Netherlands and Germany, a reduced number of geographical names are appreciated by consumers and a strong concentration on specific areas was verified. The observed appreciation of vineyard indication -which is not controlled by law but simply defined by the vintner- in all four markets gives further support to conclusions. Both consumers and intermediate buyers are interested in the origin of the product and thus employ available tools to simplify their difficult purchasing decision. The revealed appreciation overcomes the lack of effective national and international protection of Argentinean wine geographical indications. Notwithstanding the importance of possible bilateral or multilateral agreements -for enhancing consumers’ ‘telescopic ability’ to recognize and discriminate among terroir-related wine attributes- the assessment of geographical indications territorial governance indicates a lack of collective management of resources. An actual change in producers’ mentality is required for the implementation of an effective geographical indiactions governance system able to benefit from the revealed appreciation. Adequate investments in human capital will be crucial to effectively implement this substantially new strategic approach based on an appropriate collective management of geographical indication property rights.
Nell’attuale scenario agro-alimentare mondiale le indicazioni geografiche costituiscono tra i più diffusi elementi di differenziazione dei prodotti in termini di origine. Attraverso un particolare legame tra origine geografica e caratteristiche intrinseche o estrinseche, le indicazione geografiche in quanto proxy di qualità aiutano a ridurre l’asimmetria informativa tra produttori e consumatori. Inoltre a definire l’importante ruolo di questi modelli, c’è anche la protezione della proprietà intellettuale che essi garantiscono. La differenziazione attraverso l’origine è stata la strategia vincente dei paesi europei nel settore vitivinicolo, mentre i nuovi paesi produttori hanno seguito una strategia basata sulla varietà dei vini. L’Argentina, che nell’ultima decade è passata da rappresentare solo l’1% del mercato mondiale del vino fino a quasi il 4%, ha seguito il modello della varietà – sulla base della varietà Malbec – ma sempre più spesso si interroga sulla sostenibilità di lungo termine di questo approccio. Nel frattempo una gran quantità di cantine ha iniziato a includere nel labelling dei vini i nomi geografici, anche se non protetti come indicazioni geografiche. A livello internazionale la protezione delle indicazioni geografiche è data da diversi accordi bilaterali e multilaterali che confluiscono, anche se in maniera debole, sugli aspetti dell’accordo dei diritti di proprietà intellettuale attinenti al commercio (TRIPS) – allegato dell’Accordo conclusivo dell’Uruguay Round del WTO del 1994. Il documento prevede un grado di tutela base per i prodotti alimentari in generale e una tutela forte per i vini e le bevande alcoliche. In termini generali, i paesi firmatari hanno l’obbligo di predisporre strumenti legislativi volti ad impedire l’uso scorretto di un’indicazione geografica, determinando ognuno le modalità più appropriate a seconda delle rispettive normative nazionali. Questo ha dato luogo a diversi metodi d’implementazione, tra i principali troviamo il sistema sui generis europeo di protezione delle indicazioni geografiche e il sistema dei trademarks e marchi collettivi presente negli Stati Uniti. L’Argentina segue il modello europeo in termini legali, ma la sua scarsa diffusione e il suo utilizzo scorretto, mostrano come ci sia una limitata conoscenza del sistema e una scarsa consapevolezza dei suoi potenziali benefici. Per il vino, la legge nazionale 25.163 del 1999 prevede la tutela delle denominazioni di origine, delle indicazioni geografiche e le indicazioni di origine. Anche se il registro ufficiale presenta 86 indicazioni geografiche e 2 denominazioni di origine, la loro presenza sul mercato interno è marginale e sul mercato esterno si scontra con l’assenza di accordi bilaterali o multilaterali per la sua protezione. La governance del sistema di indicazioni geografiche, sia dal punto di vista legale che dal punto di vista della realtà osservata, è caratterizzato da deboli performance, con istituzioni organizzate esclusivamente intorno ai produttori e obiettivi a breve termine molto più orientati al mercato esterno che non al territorio. Attraverso il metodo dei prezzi edonici, basato sul valore implicito degli attributi che costituiscono un bene, si è stimata la disponibilità a pagare dei consumatori per i nomi geografici -non protetti da indicazione geografica- dei vini Malbec venduti nel mercato internazionale. I mercati analizzati rispondono all’analisi di mercato condotta, che considera le diverse tipologie di vino vendute (sfuso o imbottigliato), il tasso di crescita dell’ultima decade, i prezzi medi e l’importanza per l’Argentina in termini di share. Inoltre, i mercati scelti, consentono di fare un’analisi cross-country tra i paesi del Old World e quelli del New World, classifica che distingue i paesi a seconda della tradizione di produzione e consumo. Per il Old World sono stati considerati la Germania e i Paesi Bassi, mentre per il New World sono stati scelti gli Stati Uniti e il Regno Unito. Per realizzare un’analisi più mirata e critica sulla disponibilità a pagare per le indicazioni d’origine, si sono presi in considerazione due data set diversi: prezzi retail e prezzi free on board. Questo approccio costituisce una novità nel metodo dei prezzi edonici e permette un’analisi più accurata dell’impatto di ogni nome geografico sul prezzo e un confronto tra la disponibilità marginale a pagare del consumatore e dei distributori/importatori. L’analisi congiunta dei due data set ha permesso inoltre di conoscere il ruolo dei nomi geografici sia per i vini con prezzi medio-alti, venduti attraverso negozi specializzati, sia per vini venduti nei diversi punti vendita per ogni livello di prezzo. Per di più l’analisi doppia consente di identificare tracce del potere di negoziazione degli intermediari in confronto ai produttori. I risultati indicano che tanto nei paesi del Old World quanto in quelli del New World esiste una disponibilità a pagare per i nomi geografici al momento dell’acquisto di vino Malbec argentino, disponibilità che supera la mancanza di protezione legale a livello internazionale. Si è notata una valutazione diversa da parte del consumatore, che risponde al sistema di classificazione dei paesi vitivinicole tra Old e New World: mentre nel New World i consumatori apprezzano una maggiore quantità di indicazioni – per tutte le regioni vitivinicole dell’Argentina – e lo fanno con grande intensità, nei paesi del Old World sono meno disposti a pagare per i nomi geografici; questa disponibilità è molto concentrata in specifiche regioni del paese. Dall’altro lato i risultati indicano una forte disponibilità a pagare, in tutti i paesi considerati, per l’indicazione del vigneto d’origine. Sebbene questo non abbia le caratteristiche dell’indicazione geografica, per la mancanza del legame tra qualità e origine, e non sia neanche regolato per legge -ogni produttore può decidere come nominare il suo vigneto- rappresenta senz’altro un segnale dell’importanza attribuita all’origine del vino nell’acquisto del Malbec argentino. Nonostante i mancati accordi internazionali per la tutela delle indicazioni geografiche e l’attuale debolezza del sistema argentino di protezione, i risultati indicano gli effetti positivi della tutela derivanti dall’evidente disponibilità marginale a pagare dei consumatori stranieri per specifici nomi geografici. Per un adeguato sistema di protezione, il cambiamento non può limitarsi agli aspetti legislativi, ma deve includere necessariamente un cambio d’approccio, andando verso una governance collettiva dei beni comuni. Il percorso da seguire prevede adeguati investimenti sul capitale umano nelle regioni vitivinicole, al fine di acquisire la consapevolezza e le conoscenze necessarie per le gestione delle GI come diritto di proprietà intellettuale comune e come modo per valorizzare il territorio. Studi futuri potrebbero essere indirizzati verso l’analisi della costruzione del prezzo, confrontando il prezzo retail con il prezzo FOB, considerando l’impatto dei rincari (mark-up) e dei dazi. Insieme alle indicazioni d’origine potrebbero essere analizzati anche l’effetto della marca, le attività promozionali e le variabili sensoriali, al fine di migliorarne la comprensione. La reputazione individuale e quella collettiva sono altre variabili da considerare per le attività di ricerca future. Questo lavoro parte da una revisione della letteratura esistente sui prezzi edonici del vino, raggruppando i contributi a seconda del mercato d’origine del vino e del mercato di destinazione nel New e nel Old World (Capitolo II). Sebbene ci sia una vasta e crescente letteratura per il vino del New World, questa è rivolta esclusivamente ai mercati del Old World, lasciando un importante gap di ricerca. Per di più le analisi si limitano a stimare la disponibilità a pagare su un singolo mercato, eliminando così la possibilità di confronto tra diversi mercati, aspetto fondamentale nello scenario commerciale attuale. Il terzo capitolo riguarda la metodologia dei prezzi edonici. Sulla base dei modelli proposti da Lancaster e Rosen si analizzano le principali variabili da includere, considerando come presupposto di base il fatto che queste variabili vadano a influenzare il comportamento dei consumatori. Le forme funzionali più diffuse, sia parametriche che non parametriche, sono presentate. Vengono infine discussi i limiti al modello dei prezzi edonici, così come le possibili soluzioni. Nel capitolo IV viene presentata e discussa la natura delle indicazioni geografiche, i vantaggi e gli svantaggi per i produttori e i consumatori, così come la normativa internazionale per la tutela. È stata poi approfondita la normativa europea, considerando il percorso storico di tutela delle indicazioni geografiche per i prodotti alimentari in generale e per il vino in particolare. Successivamente viene presentato il sistema di protezione degli Stati Uniti, come esempio di modello dei trademarks. Alla fine del capitolo viene esaminata la normativa argentina, insieme a una valutazione della governance territoriale del sistema delle indicazioni geografiche. Nel capitolo successivo (V) sono presentate l’analisi del mercato mondiale del vino e la performance Argentina, guardando in particolare al trend dei consumi, produzione e commercio. L’analisi è svolta sia per il vino imbottigliato che per il vino sfuso, proprio per capire le sue particolari dinamiche in termini di tasso di crescita e di prezzo medio. La performance argentina viene successivamente esaminata, dedicando una sezione particolare alla varietà emblematica Malbec. Nel capitolo VI sono presentati i risultati della stima edonica sui dati al dettaglio, che include vini Malbec con prezzo medio-alto venduti attraverso negozi specializzati. Si presenta un modello per gli Stati Uniti e un altro per i paesi europei, prendendo in considerazione variabili relative a: prezzo, nome geografico, età, punteggio (score), mono o multi-vitigno, rosso o rosé, gamma dei vini e indicazione del vigneto. Le conclusioni preliminari sono presentate e discusse. Come definito dagli obiettivi, per avere un approccio più mirato, si analizzano nel capitolo VII i dati all’ export forniti dall’ufficio doganale argentino. Attraverso un unico modello per i quattro paesi e con variabili confrontabili con quelle utilizzate nella stima precedente, si analizza la disponibilità marginale a pagare dei distributori/importatori. Le conclusioni preliminari e i confronti principali sono presentati e discussi. Il capitolo conclusivo contiene una riflessione sulla politica di tutela desiderabile per i vini argentini e sulla disponibilità marginale a pagare di consumatori e intermediari per i nomi geografici nei quattro paesi considerati. Vengono presentate anche alcune linee guida, in termini di governance, per i sistemi delle indicazioni geografiche.

Dissertation (PhD(Agric)) -- Stellenbosch University, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Due to increased consumer demand for products labelled by origin, and the requirement that these labels are a guarantee of both quality and product character, there is an increasing global focus on delimitation of denominations of origin. The integrity of denominations of origin and their defensibility can be ensured through the use of terroirs as a basis for delimitation. The aims of this study were to establish the dominant environmental criteria that affect the viticultural behaviour and wine character of two important cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc) in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District, to use an appropriate methodology to identify viticultural terroirs in this district based on these criteria and with the use of a geographic information system, and finally to use these viticultural terroirs to identify denominations of origin within the same area. A terroir can be defined as a grouping of homogenous environmental units, or natural terroir units, based on the typicality of the products obtained. Identification and characterisation of terroirs depends on knowledge of environmental parameters, the functioning of the grapevine and the characteristics of the final product. Field studies, resulting in point data, are necessary to investigate the functioning of the grapevine but in order for this information to be of use within zoning studies it must be placed in a spatial context. As a first phase in data acquisition, the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District was characterised and natural terroir units were identified using existing digital data and a geographic information system. A natural terroir unit (NTU) can be defined as a unit of land that is characterised by relatively homogenous topography, climate, geological substrate and soil. A total of 1389 NTUs were identified in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District (84 537 ha). The identified NTUs were homogenous with respect to terrain morphological unit, altitude, aspect and soil type. Each of the identified units was further described with respect to the extent of the expected sea breeze effect and, for certain of the soil types, the associated parent material. As a second phase of data acquisition, a network of plots of Sauvignon blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon were delimited in commercial vineyards in proximity to weather stations and their viticultural and oenological response monitored for a period of seven years. Regression tree analyses were performed on the complete data set and the relative importance of the environmental and management related variables determined for each dependent variable. Excepting for scion clone, which had a high relative importance for bunch mass of Sauvignon blanc and yield to pruning mass index of Cabernet Sauvignon, no other non-environmental variable included in the analyses appeared to have a strong effect on grapevine performance and wine character. The performance of Cabernet Sauvignon was affected by the potassium content of the subsoil and the climate of the season. The performance of Sauvignon blanc appeared to be related to soil texture, wind exposure and temperature, both during the green berry growth stage and the month prior to ripening. From the results presented, it appears that environmental parameters have an overriding effect on the performance of both Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc, but that these two cultivars react differently to environmental stimuli. A knowledge-driven model used the rules generated in the regression tree analyses to directly classify natural terroir units with respect to expected response of Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District. The natural terroir units were thus grouped into terroir units that were homogenous with respect to predicted viticultural and oenological response for each cultivar. The use of representative sites to determine the response of the grapevine to its environment is time consuming and costly and limits terroir studies to research related investigations. Vineyard managers were therefore surveyed with respect to the functioning of established Sauvignon blanc vineyards in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District in an attempt to obtain the necessary data. Comparison of the data generated with these questionnaires to measured data in commercial vineyards suggested that the vineyard managers were able to characterise the performance of vineyards with respect to vigour, signs of drought stress and yield. Each vineyard was mapped and the responses were linked to modelled environmental variables. Classification and regression trees were used to construct decision trees, which could be applied to environmental data in a geographic information system to determine viticultural terroirs for production of Sauvignon blanc. These terroirs, although fewer, were comparable to those generated using field data. Data gathered during terroir studies, and the identified viticultural terroirs for Cabernet Sauvignon and Sauvignon blanc, were used to revisit the boundaries of the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District and the Simonsberg-Stellenbosch ward. Modifications were proposed based on expected wine characteristics. Boundaries for two new wards in the Helderberg basin were proposed. It was also possible to identify vineyards within a ward for the production of terroir specific wines.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Toenemende verbruikersaanvraag vereis produkte waarvan die etikette nie net die oorsprong aandui nie, maar ook kan dien as ‘n waarborg vir die produk se kwaliteit en kenmerkendheid. Hierdie tendens verklaar die toenemende wereldwye fokus op afgebakende areas van oorsprong. Die integriteit van die afgebakende areas van oorsprong sowel as hul verdedigbaarheid kan gewaarborg word deur terroirs as basis vir afbakening te gebruik. Die doelstellings van die studie was om die oorheersende omgewingseienskappe wat wingerdprestasie en wynkarakter van twee belangrike cultivars, naamlik Cabernet Sauvignon en Sauvignon blanc, in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprongsdistrik bemvloed, te bepaal; tweedens om ‘n toepaslike metodologie te gebruik om terroirs in die die distrik te bepaal wat gebaseer is op die geidentifiseerde omgewingseienskappe met die gebruik van ‘n geografiese inligtingstelsel; en, ten slotte, om hierdie terroirs vir wingerbou te gebruik om afgebakende areas van oorsprong in dieselfde omgewing te identifiseer. ‘n Terroir kan gedefinieer word as ‘n samestelling van homogene omgewingseenhede, of natuurlike terroir-eenhede (NTE), wat gebaseer word op die kenmerkende eienskappe van die produkte wat daaruit verkry word. Identifisering en karakterisering van terroirs sal afhang van kennis van die omgewingsparameters, die funksionering van die wingerdstok en die eienskappe van die finale produk. Veldstudies waaruit puntdata verkry word, is noodsaaklik om die funksionering van die wingerdstok te ondersoek. Dit is egter noodsaaklik om eers hierdie inligting in ruimtelike konteks te plaas alvorens die inligting vir soneringstudies gebruik kan word. As 'n eerste fase van datagenerering, was die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprongsdistrik gekarakteriseer en NTE’s geidentifiseer deur gebruik te maak van bestaande digitale data en ‘n geografiese inligtingstelsel. ‘n NTE kan gedefinieer word as ‘n landseenheid wat gekarakteriseer word deur ‘n relatiewe homogene topografie, klimaat, geologiese substraat en grondtipe. ‘n Totaal van 1389 NTE’s is geidentifiseer in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprongsdistrik (84 537 ha). Die geidentifiseerde NTE’s was homogeen met betrekking tot die terrein morfologiese eenheid, hoogte bo seespieSI, hellingsaspek en grondtipe. Elk van die geidentifiseerde eenhede was verder beskryf volgens die omvang van die seewindinvloed en, vir toepaslike grond tipes, die geassosieerde moedermateriaal. As ‘n tweede fase van datagenerering is ‘n netwerk van persele van Cabernet Sauvignon en Sauvignon blanc afgebaken binne bestaande kommersiele wingerde in die nabyheid van weerstasies. Hul wingerd- en wynkundige respons is vir ‘n periode van sewe jaar gemonitor. Regressieboomanalises is gebruik om die volledige stel data te analiseer en om die relatiewe belang van omgewings- en bestuurspraktykverbonde veranderlikes te bepaal. Die bostokkloon (wat 'n hoe relatiewe belang vir die trosmassa van Sauvignon blanc en die oes- tot snoeimassa verhouding van Cabernet Sauvignon het) is die enigste van die nie-omgewingsparameter wat ‘n sterk invloed op wingerdprestasie of wynkarakter blyk te he. Die prestasie van Cabernet Sauvignon is beTnvloed deur die kaliuminhoud van die ondergrond sowel as die seisoensklimaat. By Sauvignon blanc het dit voorgekom of die prestasie verband hou met grondtekstuur, windblootstelling en temperatuur tydens die groen fase van korrelgroei sowel as die maand voor rypwording. Alhoewel dit blyk uit die resultate dat omgewingsparameters 'n oorheersende invloed op die prestasie van beide Cabernet Sauvignon en Sauvignon blanc uitoefen, reageer die twee cultivars verskillend op omgewingsprikkels. ‘n Kennisgedrewe model waarvan die riglyne uit resultate van die regressieboomanalise saamgestel is, word gebruik om NTE direk te klassifiseer ten opsigte van die verwagte respons van Cabernet Sauvignon en Sauvignon blanc in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprongsdistrik. Die NTE is dus gegroepeer om terroir eenhede te vorm wat homogeen was ten opsigte van die verwagte wingerd- en wynkundige respons vir elke cultivar. Die gebruik van verwysingspersele om die respons van die wingerdstok teenoor sy onmiddelike omgewing te bepaal, is tydrowend en duur en beperk sodoende terroir studies tot navorsing. Gevolglik is ‘n opname onder wingerdbestuurders gemaak om inligting oor die prestasie van Sauvignon blanc in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprongsdistrik in te win en sodoende die nodige data te verkry. Na vergelyking van die ingewinde data, wat uit die opname verkry is, met gemete data vanaf kommersiele wingerde, kon afgelei word dat wingerdbestuurders by magte is om die prestasie van wingerde ten opsigte van groeikrag, tekens van droogtestres en opbrengs te karakteriseer. Elke wingerd is gekarteer en die respons is gekoppel aan die gemodeleerde omgewingsparamters. Klassifikasie en regressiebome is gebruik om besluitnemingsmodelle saam te stel wat toegepas kon word op omgewingsdata in ‘n geografiese inligtingstelsel om terroirs vir die produksie van Sauvignon blanc te bepaal. Hierdie terroirs, alhoewel minder, was vergelykbaar met die wat gegenereer was met behulp van veldstudies. Data verkry met terroirstudies, sowel as gei'dentifiseerde terroir-eenhede, was gebruik om die grense van die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsrongsdistrik en die Simonsberg-Stellenbosch wyk te herbepaal. Voorgestelde modifiserings was gebaseer op verwagte wyneienskappe. Grense vir twee nuwe wyke in die Helderbergkom is voorgestel. Dit was ook moontlik om wingerde binne ‘n wyk te identifiseer vir die produksie van terroir-spesifieke wyne.

Geographical indications (GIs) are one form of protective labelling used to indicate the origin of food and alcohol products. The role of protected geographical indicators as a promising sustainable rural development tool is the basis for this research. The protection of geographical indications is a rather controversial subject and much research is still required for both sides of the debate. The research method employed for this study is qualitative critical social science. Two Case studies are used to investigate the benefits brought to rural areas through the protection of GIs. The case studies include the GIs Jersey Royal and Welsh Lamb both from the United Kingdom a member of the European Union (the EU is in favour of extended protection of GIs for all agro-food products under the 1994 WTO/TRIPS agreement on geographical indications). Twenty-five indepth interviews were conducted for this study the duration of the interviews was approximately one hour. The study identifies predominantly indirect links between GIs and sustainable rural development, through economic and social benefits bought to rural areas by the GIs investigated - less of a connection was found to ecological elements. No considerable cost for GI protection was discovered. This finding suggests that GIs are worthwhile for implementation in New Zealand as a rural development tool.

This thesis examines the emerging global regulatory framework for the protection of intellectual property rights, and its effects on developing countries. It analyses in particular, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). The TRIPs Agreement is considered as a contentious issue between developed and developing countries, where opinions at the WTO negotiations have been divided between these two categories of countries. This is the case for all areas of the disciplines of intellectual property rights recognised in the TRIPs Agreement, except the concept of geographical indications. The negotiations related to this do not involve a strict division of views between developed and developing countries. While the two most powerful Member States, namely, the EU and the US are divided in their views at the negotiations related to geographical indications, developing countries have taken the side of either of these two Member States. This thesis demonstrates how the concept of geographical indications could also become a conflict between developed and developing countries, unless the WTO takes some measures to prevent this. In illustrating this point, the thesis relies on three main elements. Firstly, the thesis analyses the position of developing countries at the WTO, demonstrating the existence of a series of deficiencies inherent in the multilateral trade framework, such as unequal bargaining powers. Secondly, by analysing the EU experience in the area, the thesis examines potential problems that could arise in the harmonisation of geographical indications, such as diverse normative concepts. Finally, it evaluates the more subtle influences imposed on developing countries and other countries with weaker bargaining powers on their interpretation of the TRIPs provisions, through individually negotiated bilateral agreements for the protection of geographical indications. Based on the changing attitudes of the developed Member States in the multilateral framework, this thesis argues that certain measures could be undertaken by the WTO to prevent a potential future developed and developing country conflict with respect to geographical indications.

The study considered and analyzed the GIs’ value chain governance structures and mechanisms for the particular wine and agri-food (fresh and processed) products in Italy (IT), United Kingdom/UK (England and Wales) and SA. A qualitative literature review was conducted to examine previous studies that could be relevant to the nature of this study in IT, UK and SA. This informed a qualitative investigation that used in-depth qualitative telephonic interviews, which were aimed at directors of GIs’ consortia, associations, cooperatives and SMEs in IT and SA. Twelve (12) interviews with these key informants were recorded in IT, seven (7) and SA five (5), respectively with an aid of key interview guidelines. The results indicated that GIs were great sources of value creation and enhancement, which protected the product’s quality and reputation. The results also showed that GIs could be useful marketing tools that could contribute positively towards rural economic development, and this could be viable through the effective value chain governance structures such as legal framework, not to mention effective supply chain management systems. Therefore, the implication was that SA should endorse its legal framework regarded GIs, and redefine and enhance its current Agricultural product standards. Thus, the study recommended that the creation of an effective business model, policies and legalities to suit the governance of GIs.

No atual contexto econômico da empresa agrária, em que os produtos da atividade econômica, sejam eles animais ou vegetais, são tratados como verdadeiras commodities, ou seja, bens absolutamente fungíveis, cujo valor de comercialização é determinado em bolsas de mercadorias & futuro, as indicações geográficas ganham cada vez mais importância econômica quanto ao empresário rural, por tratar-se de uma importante ferramenta de diferenciação no mercado, permitindo que se agregue valor aos produtos agrícolas. A presente dissertação visa o estudo dos principais aspectos relativos às indicações geográficas, como a sua natureza jurídica, titularidade, extensão da proteção, procedimento de registro, comparando-as a institutos análogos, especialmente as marcas coletivas e de certificação, como maneira de permitir uma melhor compreensão do instituto e de ressaltar a possibilidade do seu uso como instrumento de desenvolvimento agrário no Brasil. Para tanto, pretende-se fazer um estudo sobre a evolução história do instituto, especialmente sobre a crescente proteção das indicações geográficas, através dos acordos internacionais, iniciados com a Convenção da União de Paris CUP, passando pelos Acordos de Madrid, Lisboa e acordo TRIPS (sigla em inglês da expressão Aspectos dos Direitos da Propriedade Intelectual relacionados ao Comércio). Estuda-se, com este trabalho, a evolução da proteção às indicações geográficas no país, culminando com a proteção prevista na Lei nº 9.279/96 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial), e os procedimentos para o registro destas perante o Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial INPI. Visa-se, ainda, tecer algumas críticas que se fazem necessárias à falta de uma melhor normatização das indicações geográficas na Lei da Propriedade Industrial. Por fim, o trabalho tem como objetivo contribuir para a consolidação da proteção e divulgação da importância das indicações geográficas no atual contexto brasileiro, permitindo e incentivando seu desenvolvimento pelos produtores brasileiros.
The products of the present day agricultural enterprise, be they animal or crops are traded on the world markets like any other commodity, that is to say, they are fungible goods whose value is determined solely on the world commodity exchanges and futures markets. In this context, the geographical indications take on an increasing significance to the agrarian businessman in that they allow those agricultural products to be distinguished from the standard commodities and thus enable them to command a premium price. This dissertation aims the study the main aspects of the geographical indications, such as their legal nature, where ownership lies, the extent of their legal protection, registration procedures, and to compare them with similar concepts, such as: collective trademarks and certification marks. The objective being to understand the importance of the principle better and demonstrate its possible use as a means of further agricultural development in Brazil. The intention is to study the historical evolution of the concept of geographical indications, particularly regarding the growing protection of geographical indications through international treaties such as the Paris Convention, the Madrid and Lisbon agreements and the TRIPS (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights) accord. The evolution of Brazilian legislation protecting geographical indications will be considered, this legislation culminating with the protection embodied in Law No. 9279/96 (Industrial Property Law) and the procedures for registration of geographical indications with the National Institute for Industrial Property Rights. It is also my intention to analyse critically the lack of more precise rules governing geographical indications within the Industrial Property Law. Finally, this paper tries to contribute to the understanding of the importance of geographical indications to Brazil at present and to consolidate a means of protecting their integrity, in this way allowing and encouraging the development of new geographical indications for Brazilian producers.

Cette thèse porte sur les processus de qualification territoriale des produits agroalimentaires, en analysant le rôle que jouent les indications géographiques (IG) dans ces processus, en Indonésie et au Vietnam. Nous interrogeons les objectifs et les conditions économiques du développement des IG, en articulant économie de la qualité et des territoires. Trois pôles de conditions économiques sont mis à l’épreuve, par l’analyse (1) de la spécificité des produits, (2) des coordinations territoriales et de l’organisation locale des acteurs, et (3) du rôle de l’État. La mise en regard des systèmes d’IG indonésien et vietnamien, confrontée au modèle économique des IG, souligne le rôle important joué par les États, qui dépasse la seule dimension juridique de protection des IG pour englober un ensemble de fonctions (sélection des produits, financement des IG, expertise, suivi post-enregistrement). La lecture croisée de six expériences locales d’IG démontre, d’une part, que l’enregistrement des IG peut être effectué à différents stades du processus de qualification territoriale en cours (avancé, intermédiaire ou récent) et que le moment d’apparition de l’IG conditionne la construction du dispositif institutionnel local. D'autre part, notre enquête de terrain souligne l’importance du contexte économique des filières et l’influence des configurations sociopolitiques locales dans la phase d’émergence des IG, questionnant ainsi la capacité des ces dispositifs institutionnels locaux à équilibrer les rapports de pouvoir entre acteurs. L’analyse des rôles multiples des États centraux et locaux dans les dynamiques émergentes d’IG ouvre des pistes de réflexion quant aux liens entre IG, action publique, décentralisation et marges de manœuvre pour l’organisation et l’action collective locale. La poursuite de processus d'institutionnalisation du lien à l'origine à travers les IG dans ces deux pays apparaît conditionnée par plusieurs éléments, notamment une participation élargie des producteurs aux dynamiques locales d’IG, le rôle actif des services agricoles provinciaux et l’adhésion plus étendue des acheteurs
This thesis analyses the process of territorial qualification of agro-food products, by studying the role of geographical indications (GI) in this process, in Indonesia and Vietnam. We interrogate the objectives and the economic conditions of the development of GIs, by combining the economics of quality and territories. Three types of conditions are questioned, through the analysis of (1) the specificity of products, (2) the territorial coordinations and the organization of local actors, and (3) the State’s role. The comparison of the Indonesian and Vietnamese GI systems, confronted with the economic model of GIs, highlights the important role of the States, which goes beyond the legal protection of GIs and gather several functions (selection of products, funding, expertise, monitoring after registration). The parallel analysis of six local GI experiences demonstrates, first, that GIs are be registered at various stages of the ongoing process of territorial qualification (advanced, intermediate or recent) and that the moment of the GI establishment conditions the construction of the local institutional device. Secondly, our field research underlines the importance of the economic context of supply-chains and the influence of local sociopolitical configurations during the emergence of GIs, questioning the capacity of these local institutional devices to balance the power between stakeholders. The study of the various roles of central States and local governments in the emerging GI dynamics opens perspectives of analysis of the interactions between GIs, public intervention, decentralization and opportunities for local organization and collective action. The evolution of the institutionalization process of the link to origin through GIs in both countries appears contingent upon several elements, including a larger participation of producers to the local GI dynamics, an active role of the local agricultural services and a broad engagement of buyers

L'indication Géographique, signe distinctif particulièrement spécifique, a connu au XIXème et XXème siècle, par, notamment des législations nationales éparses, des accords bilatéraux ou des conventions multilatérales, voire même l'utilisation contentieuse des moyens juridiques de lutte contre la concurrence déloyale, différents types de protection utiles mais limités. Ces derniers, appuyés par l'intervention de la Communauté Européenne, ont, néanmoins, eu le grand avantage de rendre possible l'émergence internationale, dans l'Accord ADPIC, d'une section spécifique dédiée. Ce texte issu des Accords de Marrakech instituant, en 1994, l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) reconnaît, en effet, l'Indication Géographique comme l'objet d'un droit autonome de Propriété Intellectuelle. Il lui permet de disposer d'une définition et d'un régime juridique, et surtout oblige les différents Membres de l'OMC, à le reconnaître et à le protéger. En posant un principe de liberté dans la mise en œuvre de ce dispositif nouveau qui, contrairement aux autres Droits de Propriété Intellectuelle, et en particulier aux marques, ne s'applique pas à un système préexistant, cet Accord a eu pour conséquence non pas une uniformisation, mais une certaine hétérogénéité des situations nationales. Celles-ci ont pu conduire, dans certains cas, à un métissage ou à une substitution des concepts, notamment à cause de l'intégration des Indications Géographiques dans des systèmes préexistants de Propriété Intellectuelle, comme celui des marques de certification
Geographical Indication, a particularly specific distinguishing sign, experienced throughout the XIXth and XXth centuries, under specially scattered national legislations, joint conventions or bilateral agreements, even under the contentious use of legal means to combat unfair competition, different types of useful but limited protection. These latter, supported by the intervention of the European Community, had however the advantage of contributing to make a specific dedicated section emergence possible in the Trip's agreement. This text coming from the Marrakech Agreements which established in 1994 the World Trade Organization (WTO), recognizes in fact the Geographical Indications as an independent law of Intellectual Property. It allows them to rely on a definition and a legal system, and bind the different members of the WTO to their recognition and protection. In asserting a principle of liberty in the implementation of this new system which, contrary to the other rights of Intellectual Property, and particularly of marks, does not apply to a preexisting system, this Agreement has not resulted in a uniform effect but heterogeneity of national situations. In special cases, these situations may have led to a knowledgeable mix or substitution of concepts, particularly because of the Geographical Indications integration into preexisting systems of Intellectual Property such as certification marks. Beyond the recognition of the Geographical Indication definition in these texts, the existence of two types of protection, simple and additional, has also practical consequences on these different integrations

Intellectual property has been a crucial issue for China in the past four decades. Internationally, it was central to China’s fifteen-year negotiation on its accession to the WTO and has been a priority in China-US bilateral relations. Domestically, changes in the regulation and use of intellectual property reflect a larger picture of rapid economic and social transition in China. Initially, China was a rule-taker in intellectual property, experiencing pressure from abroad to do much more on intellectual property. In response, China enacted comprehensive domestic intellectual property laws. From 2001, the Chinese Trademark Office was registering more trademarks than any other office in the world and from 2011, the State Intellectual Property Office of China (SIPO) became the world's largest patent office. Today the Chinese government promotes intellectual property protection in its national strategy of “innovation-driven development” and seeks to transform China into the world’s leading intellectual property power. This thesis focuses on whether the large-scale deployment of intellectual property by China in various markets means that it has become a regulatory power in intellectual property, in the sense of being an agenda setter and source of global influence over IP rules. The UK in the nineteenth century and the US in the twentieth were regulatory IP powers in this sense. China’s regulatory and international influence over IP rules is tracked empirically through case studies on geographical indications (Chapter 3), the disclosure obligation (Chapter 4), and intellectual property and standardization (Chapter 5), along with an examination of China’s international IP engagement at the bilateral level (Chapter 6) and plurilateral and multilateral levels (Chapter 7). This thesis also analyses the roles of sub-state actors and non-state actors in China’s international intellectual property engagement (Chapter 8). This thesis argues that China’s role in international intellectual property regulation is more nuanced and complicated than a binary categorization of “rule-maker” or “rule-taker”. China’s international IP engagement is guided by a group of key principles, specifically the principles of IP instrumentalism and a set of foreign policy principles. These principles have been implemented through a process of modeling, while potential conflicts have been minimized through a strategy of balancing. The effects of modeling are compliance and institutional isomorphism which makes the Chinese IP system similar to those of developed countries. Balancing leads to constructed inconsistency and has led China into keeping a low-profile in international policy debates on intellectual property.

This thesis presents an ethnography of the processes and practices through which Australian grape and wine producers attempt to produce, and to assess, quality and value in the materials with which they work. Drawing on participant observation research conducted within two wine companies in South Australia – one owned by a multinational beverage conglomerate, one a family-owned boutique winery – this thesis engages with three overarching questions, which engage with the concerns of agro-food studies and of social studies of markets. First, how – and with what economic effects – are the sensory qualities of materials made to matter within the Australian wine industry? Second, how do grape and wine producers pursue wine quality in a more-than-human world, and in what ways might their endeavours problematise extant theorisations of economic agency? Finally, what might be the consequences of Australian wine producers’ recent engagements with principles of grape and wine quality centred upon geographical origin? In response to these questions, this thesis explores time-reckoning and value production in viticultural practice, the pricing of winegrapes during a fungal disease epidemic, the commercial relationships convened through the production of large-volume mass-market wine blends, and Australian wine producers’ recent attempts to produce ‘wines from somewhere.’ These empirical engagements lead it to argue that the qualification and valuation practices deployed within the Australian wine industry do not simply affect the qualities and prices of grapes and wines. They also shape economic agencies and vulnerabilities, organise and value commercial relationships among grape growers and wine producers, and reassemble the economic geographies of Australian grape production. This thesis concludes that because different ways of pursuing quality enact these phenomena in different ways, much may depend not only upon how successfully, but also upon how – through what techniques, practices, and associations – quality is pursued.

Being the world’s biggest agri-food importer, with a demand rapidly shifting towards high quality food, China has become a very appealing market to GI products and high quality food exporters. China has recently signed two bilateral agreements with the EU and US. The two agreements attracted special attention, as some relevant contents and crisscrossing obligations may cause international disputes on the treatment of foreign Geographical Indications in China. In the first half of our research, drawing upon secondary sources, we analyze the complex legal and economic framework that encloses the Sino-EU and Sino-US Agreement. In the second half, we untangle these two sets of crisscrossing obligations by analyzing in detail relevant clauses and possible conflicts. We conclude that the two economic powers’ vertical shift to parallel negotiation for the settlement of beyond TRIPS provisions has caused added complexity to the issue of Geographical Indications, and therefore the theory of the Noodle Bowl effect also applies to this very narrow field of Intellectual Property. This is the outcome of EU and US policy export race, that is on a route marked out by the de facto interplay of national and international rules for the protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications.

Les indications géographiques et les appellations d’origine sont des signes distinctifs ayant de fortes valeurs économiques, sociales et culturelles. Tout d’abord, ces dénominations constituent une importante source de revenus pour les producteurs ; ensuite, elles constituent une garantie de qualité pour les consommateurs; enfin,elles sont un outil de développement rural du pays d’origine ainsi que de protection de son patrimoine culinaire et culturel. Par conséquent, la protection juridique de ces dénominations est primordiale. À cet effet, le législateur communautaire a prescrit, dans le règlement européen n° 510/2006 relatif à la protection des indications géographiques et des appellations d’origine, les règles de forme et de fond relatives à la reconnaissance et la protection de ces dénominations de la manière la plus détaillée. Au Liban, le ministère de l’Économie et du Commerce a préparé un projet de loi sur la protection des dénominations géographiques largement inspiré du règlement européen. Dans ce contexte, les spécificités agricoles, sociales et économiques du pays devront être prises en considération par le législateur libanais.D’ailleurs, la réputation de cette catégorie de dénominations dépasse en principe les frontières nationales du pays d’origine. C’est ainsi que ces dénominations constituent aujourd’hui un enjeu crucial dans le cadre des négociations commerciales internationales surtout au niveau de l’Accord sur les Droits de la Propriété Intellectuelle qui touchent au Commerce (ADPIC), qui constitue l’accord de référence dans ce domaine
Geographical indications and designations of origin are distinctive signs with high economic, social and cultural values. Firstly, these names are an important source of income for producers, then they are a quality guarantee for consumers, and finally, they are a tool for rural development of their country of origin and also of protection of its cultural and culinary heritage. Therefore, the legal protection of these names is paramount. To this end, the legislator of the European Union has prescribed, in the European Regulation n° 510/2006 on the protection of geographical indications and designations of origin, formal and substantives rules on the recognition and the protection of these names with ample details. In Lebanon, the Ministry of Economy and Trade has prepared a draft law on the protection of geographical designations largely inspired by the European Regulation. In this context, the agricultural, social and economic characteristics of the country must be taken into account by the Lebanese legislator. Moreover, the reputation of this kind of designations exceeds in principle the national borders of the country of origin. Thus, these designations are now a critical issue in the context of international trade negotiations especially in terms of the agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) which is the reference in this domain

Estudio de caso para optar al grado de magíster en Estrategia Internacional y Política Comercial.
Las Indicaciones Geográficas son activos intangibles que otorgan valor a un producto con características únicas derivadas de su lugar de origen. Estos productos son altamente cotizados en mercados internacionales, ya que actualmente, consumidores adquieren productos que certifiquen su calidad, reputación y origen. En el caso de Chile, no existe una sensibilización acerca de la importancia de estos Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual, sólo existen 12 productos registrados. El Limón de Pica fue el primer producto en obtener esta certificación en el año 2010. Este estudio da a conocer los principales motivos de un grupo de productores para obtener la Indicación Geográfica del Limón de Pica, y determinar los efectos que esta obtención trajo al desarrollo de la localidad de Pica. Se entrega información acerca del trabajo que realizaron productores, el sector público y privado para obtener el registro y, posteriormente, para posicionar al Limón de Pica en el mercado nacional e internacional. Siete años después de obtener el registro, factores cómo el desconocimiento acerca del tema, la falta de asociatividad entre productores y los proyectos a corto plazo, han impedido su utilización. El sector público les ha dado un gran apoyo para sacar adelante su Indicación Geográfica, pero parecen no responder a las verdaderas necesidades de los actores.
Geographical Indications are intangible assets that add value to a product with unique characteristics deriving from their geographical origin. These products are highly valued in international markets and, nowadays, consumers mainly acquire certified products that protect their quality, reputation and origin. In the Chilean case, there is a need to increase awareness about the importance of Intellectual Property Rights, specially about Geographical Indications. There are only 12 products registered in Chile and Limón de Pica was the first product that obtained this certification in 2010. This investigation shows the main reasons why a group of people obtained Limón de Pica Geographical Indication, and it determines its effects on the local development of Pica. This investigation also gives information regarding how farmers, and the public and private sector worked to obtain this certification and to promote Limón de Pica in both national and international markets. Seven years have passed since they received the certification, but elements such as lack of knowledge, lack of cooperative work and short-time projects, have hindered its use. The public sector has provided them with a great support to develop their Geographical Indication, but it seems that they have not been able to fulfill farmers’ true needs.

The new territoriality is, in a geographic area, the socio-cultural interaction determined by present or past affinities, which gives it a distinct identity. Thus, this concept has now become an important subject of study in the social sciences, as well as an object of public policies that aims at designing strategies for development from territorial specificities. Taking into account market environments that offer a very high value differentiated products, these strategies are based on benchmarks of marked quality and able to produce goods that can be recognized in various areas of consumption. For this, the mobilization of social networks seeks to produce and disseminate 'recognition devices'. These are already long-term used in European countries and such devices have gained notoriety recently in Brazil through the granting of Geographical Indication (IG), in two forms: a Statement of Origin (IP) and Designation of Origin (DO). This study aimed to identify the experiences of Geographical Indication recognized in the RS, the IPs of the Valley of the Vineyards and the Pampa Gaúcho in the Southern Campanha, which took key elements in the consolidation of territorial identity manifest in the label indication of origin, contrasting their obstacles, challenges and processes adopted for the achievement and maintenance of the IG and the main impacts arising in their respective territories, with a view to the notion of territorial development. Methodologically, we proceeded with a rescue of material available on secondary sources and visits to the regions in focus for conducting semistructured interviews with key informants. The results were focused on the collection of the general characteristics of each experience, covering their peculiarities and contexts in which they occurred, the difficulties encountered in obtaining the registration of IGs, the most relevant results generated within the territory, and the problems and barriers to current and future maintenance of their IGs, ending with a comparison between the elements found. The experience of IP in the Valley of the Vineyards is nearly a territorial development strategy, since the economic goals led to the creation of a territorial marketing projection abroad, we attract an increasing flow of tourists the place and the social goals led to the (re) construction and promotion of local identity in the local community, to strengthen the sense of community, increase the confidence of the actors on the economic value of local culture, reflecting in large sectors of the territory. Moreover, the experience of IP Pampa Gaúcho da Campanha Meridional seems to have reached sufficient evidence enabling a process of territorial development based on the strategy of the IG, given its character still restricted to the sector in social and within the economic territory. The strategies for using recognition devices can provide the goods, services and agri-food basic territorial competitiveness and greater ability to integrate into differentiated items within the market, it may fulfill the characteristics of segmentation of consumption, as it is presented today, favorably produced to territorial development in the country.
As novas territorialidades representam, em um espaço geográfico, a interação sócio-cultural determinada por afinidades, presentes ou passadas, que conferem-lhe uma identidade própria. Assim, tal noção tornou-se atualmente uma importante temática de estudos nas ciências sociais, bem como objeto das políticas públicas que buscam traçar estratégias de desenvolvimento a partir de especificidades territoriais. Levando em conta ambientes de mercado que valorizam sobremaneira a oferta de produtos diferenciados, estas estratégias baseiam-se em referenciais de qualidade demarcados e capazes de produzir bens passíveis de serem reconhecidos em diversos âmbitos do consumo. Para tanto, recorrem a mobilizações de redes sociais que buscam produzir e difundir dispositivos de reconhecimento . De longa data já utilizados nos países Europeus, tais dispositivos ganharam notoriedade recentemente no Brasil através da concessão de Indicação Geográfica(IG), que se apresenta em duas modalidades: a Indicação de Procedência(IP) e a Denominação de Origem(DO). Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar nas experiências de Indicação Geográfica reconhecidas no RS, as IPs do Vale dos Vinhedos e do Pampa Gaúcho da Campanha Meridional, quais elementos assumiram papel fundamental na consolidação da identidade territorial manifesta no selo de Indicação de Procedência, contrastando os seus obstáculos, desafios e processos adotados para a obtenção e manutenção da IG, bem como os principais impactos gerados nos seus respectivos territórios, com vistas à noção de desenvolvimento territorial. Metodologicamente, procedeu-se um resgate do material disponível em fontes secundárias, bem como visitas às regiões em foco para realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com informantes-chaves. Os resultados focaram-se no levantamento das características gerais de cada experiência, abordando as respectivas peculiaridades e contextos em que estas ocorreram; as dificuldades encontradas para obtenção do registro das IGs; os impactos mais relevantes gerados no território; e os problemas e entraves para a manutenção atual e futura das respectivas IGs, finalizando com um comparativo entre os elementos encontrados. O estudo apontou que a experiência da IP Vale dos Vinhedos aproxima-se do que pode ser considerado uma estratégia de desenvolvimento territorial, posto que os objetivos econômicos levaram à criação de um marketing territorial de projeção para o exterior, conseguindo atrair um fluxo crescente de turistas ao lugar e os objetivos sociais levaram à (re)construção e promoção da identidade territorial na comunidade local, com o sentido de reforçar o sentido de comunidade, aumentar a confiança dos atores no valor econômico da cultura local, repercutindo em amplos setores do território. Por outro lado, a experiência da IP Pampa Gaúcho da Campanha Meridional parece não ter alcançado elementos suficientes que indiquem estar viabilizando um processo de desenvolvimento territorial a partir da estratégia das IGs, dado o seu caráter ainda eminentemente setorial, com alcance demasiado restrito em termos sociais e econômicos no âmbito do território. Reforça-se, no entanto, com base nestas experiências, que as estratégias de uso de dispositivos de reconhecimento podem conferir aos bens, serviços e produtos agroalimentares de base territorial maior competitividade e possibilidade de inserção diferenciada no âmbito do mercado, pois podem corresponder às características de segmentação do consumo, tão presentes na atualidade, produzindo conjuntura favorável ao desenvolvimento territorial no país.

Nesąžiningos konkurencijos pagrindai buvo įtvirtinti 1883 m. Paryžiaus konvencijoje dėl pramoninės nuosavybės apsaugos. Šia konvencija apsaugos nuo nesąžiningos konkurencijos institutas ne tik, kad buvo priskirtas prie pramoninės nuosavybės objektų, bet taip ir joje numatyti pavyzdiniai nesąžiningos konkurencijos veiksmai buvo glaudžiai susiję su intelektinės nuosavybės teise. Siekiant užtikrinti plačią apsaugą intelektinės nuosavybės objektų, pavyzdžiui, prekių ženklų, dizaino, geografinių nuorodų, išradimų, savininkams teisiniu reglamentavimu yra suteikiamos plačios teisės. Dėl to galimybės pasinaudoti intelektinės nuosavybės teisės suteikiama apsauga tam tikra dalimi sutampa su ta, kuri yra suteikiama nesąžiningos konkurencijos teisės, pavyzdžiui, prekių ženklams su reputacija suteikiama apsauga. Visgi, šios teisės šakos, turėdamos skirtingus apsaugos tikslus, t.y. intelektinės nuosavybės teisė – saugoti nuosavybę nuo pažeidimų, o nesąžiningos konkurencijos teisė – užtikrinti konkurencijos sąlygomis veikiančių subjektų apsaugą gintis nuo nesąžiningų kitų subjektų veiksmų, nėra tapačios. Todėl tiek viena, tiek kita suteikia apsaugą tais atvejais, kai viena kuri nors iš jų jos negarantuoja. Taip apsauga nuo nesąžiningos konkurencijos papildo intelektinės nuosavybės teisės suteikiamą apsaugą. Nors nesąžininga konkurencija gali pasireikšti visų intelektinės nuosavybės objektų atžvilgiu, magistro darbe buvo analizuojamas pramoninės nuosavybės objektų ir apsaugos nuo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
At first grounds for protection against unfair competition were established in Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. The latter not only includes protection against unfair competition under industrial property rights, but also provides the examples of three cases of unfair competition which closely relates to the intellectual property law. In order to ensure the broad protection to the owners of the objects of intellectual property, e.g. trade marks, design, geographical indications, inventions, a variety of rights are provided by the legal regulation. Therefore the protection granted by intellectual property law, especially the trademark law, overlaps with the protection against unfair competition. However, taking into account the different goals, pursued by intellectual property law and unfair competition law, respectively the protection of property and the guarantee of the protection for the subjects acting in the situation of competition againt unfair acts of the others, it has to be stated that intellectual property law and unfair competition law are not identical. Accordingly, both of them establish the protection in those cases where only one of them is applicable. Thus protection against unfair competition supplements the protection under intellectual property law. Although unfair competition may occur in respect to all of the objects of intellectual property, only the relationship between the objects of industrial property and the protection of... [to full text]

Pirmoji tarptautinė sutartis, be kitų nuostatų įtvirtinanti ir minimalius geografinių ir kilmės vietos nuorodų teisinės apsaugos standartus – Paryžiaus konvencija dėl pramoninės nuosavybės apsaugos - buvo priimta dar 1883 metais, tačiau šis netradicinis intelektinės nuosavybės objektas ilgą laiką nesulaukė didesnio pasaulinio susidomėjimo, o geografinių nuorodų apsaugos teikiama nauda buvo nepelnytai nuvertinama. Geografinių nuorodų teisinės apsaugos atgimimas yra siejamas su 1994 m. Pasaulio prekybos organizacijos Sutarties dėl intelektinės nuosavybės teisių aspektų, susijusių su prekyba (TRIPS) įsigaliojimu. Pagaliau buvo suvoktos didelės geografinių nuorodų panaudojimo komercinėje veikloje galimybės. Europos Sąjunga bei ją palaikančios besivystančios valstybės ėmėsi iniciatyvos kiek įmanoma stiprinti tradicinių vietovardžių teisinę apsaugą. Vis dėlto Lietuvai šis teisės institutas yra gana naujas, todėl kol kas nėra daug praktikos šiuo klausimu, o ir esanti negausi praktika yra nevienareikšmiška. Būdingas geografinių nuorodų teisinės apsaugos bruožas yra itin didelė šio intelektinės nuosavybės objekto apsaugos koncepcijų įvairovė. Geografinių nuorodų apsaugai nacionaliniu ir regioniniu lygmeniu gali būti taikomos labai skirtingos teisinės apsaugos sistemos: pradedant sui generis registruotų geografinių nuorodų ir kilmės vietos nuorodų apsauga, apsauga pagal kovą su nesąžininga konkurencija reglamentuojančius teisės aktus, baigiant geografinių nuorodų apsauga pagal prekių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The first international agreement inter alia establishing minimum standards for protections of geographical indications and designations of origin – the Paris Convention for Protection of Industrial Property - was adopted in 1883. However, for quite a long time geographical indications were considered to be the kind of intellectual property that nobody really understood and the advantage of their protection was wantonly depreciated. The resurgence of legal protection of geographical indications is considered to be a result of coming into force of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Law (TRIPS) of 1994. Since then the possibilities of using the protection of geographical indications in commercial activity were finally realized. Therefore, European Union as well as developing countries took the initiative to strengthen the protection of traditional geographical names. Nonetheless, this institute is rather new for Lithuania. That is why there is almost no case law on this issue. The distinctive feature of protection of geographical indication is that there is a big variety of concepts for their protection. Various forms of protection of geographical indications might be used on international and national level: starting with sui generis protection of registered geographical indications and designations of origin as well as protections under laws on fair competition and ending with protection based on existing trademark registration systems. Taking... [to full text]

O atual quadro de tensão sócio-ambiental obriga que sustentabilidade seja adotada como variável transversal em qualquer programa ou projeto. Dessa forma, o Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável (DTS) surge a partir da união da abordagem territorial com os princípios de sustentabilidade e evidencia a necessidade de propostas efetivas de aplicação, atendendo às especificidades do local (nos âmbitos político, social, ambiental, econômico e territorial). Tal abordagem enfatiza o desenvolvimento endógeno, pautado na valorização das potencialidades locais e na formação de Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APLs), baseado em endogeneidade, territorialidade e instituições. Dessa forma, o terroir vitivinícola é a expressão de fatores físicos e imateriais ligados a um produto, trazendo elementos da região e da cultura a ele relacionados, além de potencializar um tipo especial de turismo – o enoturismo – e assim configura os territórios do vinho. O terroir caracteriza e diferencia cada produto, conferindo-lhe uma identidade, que pode ser materializada nas Indicações Geográficas (IG’s). Assim, a pesquisa trata da constituição de territórios do vinho em um contexto de desenvolvimento territorial e sustentabilidade, tendo como objetivo geral compreender como a constituição destes territórios está relacionada aos princípios de desenvolvimento territorial sustentável, através de estudo de caso no território dos Vinhos da Campanha. A produção vitivinícola na Campanha Gaúcha é relativamente antiga, mas seu maior impulso teve início na década de 80, a partir de pesquisas que indicaram o potencial edafoclimático da região, acompanhadas de investimentos de multinacionais. Em um segundo momento de expansão, a partir do ano 2000, novos atores se apresentam: os vitivinicultores independentes e os empreendedores que constituirão suas próprias vinícolas. Aliado a isso, começa a ocorrer a nacionalização dos investimentos e um movimento de expansão de vinícolas tradicionais da Serra Gaúcha para a região da Campanha. No presente momento, além de nova aceleração nos investimentos, começa a organização e a articulação dos atores locais, que culmina na criação da Associação dos Produtores de Vinhos Finos da Campanha Gaúcha e na busca por uma Indicação Geográfica. Assim, o trabalho analisa os atores sociais que constituem esse território, seu percurso e seu posicionamento com relação às dimensões de sustentabilidade propostas, buscando elementos para elucidar se a constituição de territórios do vinho pode estar alinhada aos princípios de desenvolvimento territorial sustentável, identificando as oportunidades e barreiras nesse sentido.
The current picture of social environment tension compels that sustainability is adopted as a transversal variable in any program or project; this way, Sustainable Territorial Development (STD) appears from the union of the territorial approach with the sustainability principles and it evidences the necessity of effective application proposals, meeting the places specific needs (in the political, social, environmental, economical and territorial scope). This approach emphasizes the endogenous development, based in the in the valuation of the local potentialities and in the setting of Local Productive Arrangements (APLs), based in endogeneity, territoriality and institutions. In this way, winery terroir is the expression of physical and incorporeal factors linked to a product, bringing elements of a region and it´s culture, and it potencializes a special type of tourism - the wine tourism – therefore configuring the wine territories. Terroir characterizes and differentiates each product, conferring it an identity, which can be materialized in the Geographic Indications (IG's). Thus, this research deals with the constitution of wine territories in a context of territorial development and sustaintability, and it´s main objective is to understand how the wine territories´s constitution is related to the principles of sustainable territorial development, through the case study of the “Vinhos da Campanha”. The winemaking production in the Campanha Gaúcha is relatively old, but its bigger impulse took place in the Eighties, from researches that had indicated the edafoclimatic potential of the region, accompanied by multinational investments. At a second moment of expansion, in the year 2000, new players showed themselves: the independent winemakers and the entrepreneurs, who went on developing their own wineries. At the same time, the nationalization of investments started to occur, and the movement of expansion of the traditional wineries from the Serra Gaúcha to the Campanha Region. Actually, beyond the new investments`s acceleration, the local players starts to organize and articulate themselves, which culminates in the creation of the Association of Fine Wines Producers of the Campanha, and in the search of a Geographic Indication. Therefore this work analyses the social players that constitutes this territory, its course and position regarding the dimensions of the proposed sustainability, looking for elements to elucidate if the constitution of the wine territory can be aligned with the principles of sustainable territorial development, identifying the opportunities and barriers in this direction.

This thesis analyses a trade dispute between the US and the EU concerning geographical indications, which was brought to the World Trade Organization in 1999. It deals with the differences between the american and the european approach towards geographical indications, it describes the background of the dispute, its various stages and consequences.

Les Indications Géographiques (IG), désignent un label particulier utilisé pour assurer la qualité, l’origine et protéger les produits de la contrefaçon. Elles lient la qualité et la réputation d’un produit à un térritoire et sont très présentes en Europe, notamment en France. A l’heure où les consommateurs demandent davantage de transparence et d’information sur l’origine des biens qu’ils consomment, la valorisation des produits locaux représente un enjeu important. Nous analysons dans cette thèse, le consentement à payer des consommateurs pour les produits sous indications géographiques à l’aide de la base de données Kantar WorldPanel, qui regroupe des données d’achats des ménages français. L’accent étant mis sur les fromages AOP d’Auvergne, nous travaillons sur la période 2008-2010 qui représente la période de réforme et de restructuration des acteurs des filières AOP fromagères auvergnates. Dans un premier temps nous réalisons une méta-analyse afin d’observer ce que les études nous disent sur le sujet. Sachant que le consentement à payer est une prime du prix, nous estimons la dispersion et les déterminants des prix des fromages AOP d’Auvergne dans un second temps. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous répondons à notre question de recherche principale en estimant les déterminants de choix et le consentement à payer (CAP) des consommateurs. De façon globale, nous trouvons que l’indication géographique joue un rôle important dans l’esprit des consommateurs durant les actes d’achats, mais pour qu’elle soit plus efficace, elle doit être accompagnée par des stratégies de promotion initiée par les distributeurs et producteurs. De même les attributs des produits et les conditions de distributions jouent un rôle plus important dans les décisions d’achats, par rapport aux caractéristiques propres aux consommateurs. Enfin, nous notons que les consommateurs ont des CAP très différents d’un fromage AOP d’Auvergne à l’autre, mais ces CAP convergent tous vers un prix unique, qui représente le prix espéré par les consommateurs pour ces produits
Geographical Indications (GIs) designate a particular label used to ensure quality, origin and protect products from counterfeiting. They bind the quality and the reputation of a product to a territory and are very present in Europe, especially in France. At a time when consumers are demanding more transparency and informations about the origin of the goods they consume, valuing local products represents an important issue. In this thesis, we analyze consumers' willingness to pay for products under geographical indications by using the Kantar WorldPanel database, which includes data of purchases of French households. With a focus on Auvergne PDO cheeses, we work on the period 2008-2010, which represents the period of reform and restructuring of actors in the Auvergne PDO cheeses sector. In a first step, we carry out a meta-analysis in order to observe what the studies tell us about the subject. Knowing that the willingness to pay is a price premium, we estimate the dispersion and the price determinants of Auvergne PDO cheeses in a second step. Finally, in a third step, we answer to our main research question by estimating determinants of choices and the consumers' willingness to pay (WTP). Globally, we find that the geographical indication plays an important role in the minds of consumers during purchasing activities, but in order to be more effective, it must be accompanied by promotion strategies initiated by distributors and producers. Similarly attributes of product and conditions of distribution play a more important role in the decisions of purchases, with regard to, the characteristics of consumers. Finally, we note that consumers have WTPs very different from a PDO cheese from Auvergne to another, but all these WTPs converge towards a single price, which represents the expected price of consumers for these products

The central theme is focused on the association of cattle producers in the community of Rincão do 28 in Alegrete, RS. The objective was to analyze the association of the local development perspectives and the market accesses related to beef cattle ranching, with livestock farming being an important activity in Rio Grande do Sul, occupying the state sixth place in production in Brazil. For the study, a documentary with the topics of geographical indications and initiatives of local groups as local development tools was carried out. Thus, we also analyzed some breed associations within the state, such as Angus; Hereford and Braford, which together with the refrigeration industry are engaged in the marketing of processed meat. Other marketing options were also considered, such as the Geographical Indication: Meat of the Pampa Gaúcho of the Southern Campaign and the seal of the Alianza del pastizal association, all of which are a source of income in which producers obtain a remuneration in the sale of the animals. Once these issues have been addressed, I have had a sense of local development, geographical indications and how distinctive seals contribute as an asset to the marketing of products, in this case, livestock. The information was compiled through a case study methodology in its single case modality, carried out in two moments: the first part was the bibliographic research (documentary) with the aforementioned themes, and the field research with the Interviews with ten of the association's producers. The results obtained in the field research showed how the association intervened in the increase of production; How it accelerated the arrival of public policies in the installation of electric light and the improvement of the highway; As well as in social issues such as the incorporation of women in decision making in the production part, thus observing prospects for local development through the association and showing that there are capacities and the willingness to improve production and market niches , As well as considering new options as a geographical indication, but in this case for another type of production such as sheep.
O tema central está focado na associação de produtores do gado de corte na comunidade do Rincão do 28 em Alegrete, RS. O objetivo foi analisar, em relação à associação, as perspectivas de desenvolvimento local e os acessos ao mercado relacionados à pecuária de corte, sendo a pecuária uma atividade importante no Rio Grande do Sul, ocupando o estado o sexto lugar na produção de Brasil. Para o estudo se realizou uma parte documental com os temas de indicações geográficas e iniciativas próprias de grupos locais como ferramentas do desenvolvimento local. Assim, também analisaram-se algumas associações de raça dentro do estado, como Angus e Brangus; Hereford e Braford, que em conjunto com a indústria frigorífica se dedicam a comercialização de carne processada. Foram consideradas outras opções de comercialização como a Indicação Geográfica: Carne do Pampa Gaúcho da Campanha Meridional e o selo da associação Alianza del Pastizal, sendo todas estas uma fonte de renda na que produtores obtêm uma remuneração melhor na venda dos animais. Uma vez tratados estes temas, descreve-se uma noção sobre o desenvolvimento local, as indicações geográficas e como os selos contribuem como uma vantagem para a comercialização de produtos, neste caso, da carne. As informações foram recopiladas através de uma metodologia de estudo de caso na sua modalidade de caso único, realizado em dois momentos: num primeiro momento, realizou-se a parte de pesquisa bibliográfica (documental) com os temas antes mencionados, e a pesquisa de campo com a realização de entrevistas a dez produtores da associação do Rincão do 28. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa de campo apresentaram como a associação interveio no incremento da produção; como acelerou a chegada das políticas públicas na instalação da luz elétrica e a melhora da estrada. Em questões sociais, destaca a incorporação das mulheres na tomada de decisões na parte da produção, observando-se desta maneira perspectivas de desenvolvimento local por meio da associação e evidenciando que existem as capacidades e a disposição de melhorar a produção e os nichos de mercado, assim como considerar novas opções como uma indicação geográfica, mas, neste caso para outro tipo de produção como a ovina.

A dissertação estuda a figura das indicações geográficas (IGs) com foco em sua pregressa e atual regulamentação nacional e internacional, nas discussões nos foros multilaterais, bem como na situação brasileira de reconhecimento das indicações geográficas, evidenciandose as potencialidades que se oferecem ao país por meio dos esforços para reconhecimento nacional e internacional de seus nomes geográficos. A dissertação inicia-se com a apresentação dos conceitos gerais e das funções da figura estudada, bem como da distinção entre as IGs e demais sinais distintivos. Na segunda parte, é analisada a regulamentação das indicações geográficas nos principais acordos internacionais (Convenção de Paris, Acordo de Madri, Acordo de Lisboa), com especial atenção ao seu tratamento no âmbito do Acordo TRIPS/OMC, bem como às propostas apresentadas por seus Membros. Com o intuito de analisar a experiência bem sucedida de países que ultrapassaram os níveis de proteção definidos nos foros multilaterais, o terceiro capítulo será consagrado ao estudo da normatização da União Européia e da organização administrativa francesa sobre a matéria. A última parte é dedicada à análise da regulamentação nacional em matéria de indicações geográficas (Lei nº 9.279/96) e da estrutura organizacional criada para o reconhecimento e proteção de tal figura, sendo expostas as experiências brasileiras no tocante ao reconhecimento das indicações geográficas, as tentativas em curso e os setores que ainda poderão ser beneficiados. Analisa-se, ao final, a compatibilidade do regime brasileiro com os compromissos assumidos internacionalmente pelo país e as possibilidades existentes para o país explorar a figura como meio de agregar valor às suas transações comerciais e aproveitar-se dos benefícios de tal exploração.
The dissertation examine the geographical indications (GIs) with focus on its past and present national and international regulation, the discussions in multilateral forums as well as the recognition of geographical indications by Brazil, demonstrating the possibilities that are offered to the country through the efforts for national and international recognition of its geographical names. The dissertation begins with the presentation of general concepts and functions of the GIs, as well as the distinction between the GIs and other distinctive signs. In the second part, it is presented a study on the major international agreements regarding GIs (Paris Convention, Madrid Agreement, and Lisbon Agreement), with special attention to the treatment under the TRIPS / WTO and the proposals made by its Members In order to analyze the successful experience of countries that have surpassed the levels of protection set out in multilateral forums, the third chapter will study European Union regulation and French administrative organization on the subject. The last part is devoted to a review of national legislation on geographical indications (Law 9279/96) and the organizational structure created for the recognition and protection of such a figure, being exposed the Brazilian experiences with regard to the recognition of geographical indications, ongoing attempts and sectors that can still benefit. At the end, it will be analyzed the compatibility of the Brazilian system with the international commitments signed by the country and the possibilities for the country to explore the figure as a means of adding value to their business transactions and taking advantage of the benefits of such exploitation.

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A agricultura familiar desempenha importante papel na economia e na sociedade como fornecedora de alimentos de primeira necessidade e geradora de mercado consumidor. Com a crescente demanda do mercado por produtos diferenciados, as Indicações Geográficas (IGs) têm sido reconhecidas como uma ferramenta com capacidade de fortalecer a agricultura familiar à medida que ela garante a qualidade e a reputação de um produto, ligando-o à sua origem, bem como reduzindo as assimetrias informacionais e protegendo o território da ação de oportunistas. Considerando as dificuldades encontradas pelos agricultores familiares para acessar mercados, esta pesquisa analisou como os registros de IGs favorecem a coordenação do sistema agroalimentar de café na agricultura familiar e quais suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento territorial. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória de casos múltiplos em duas regiões brasileiras que possuem o registro de IG para o café e que apresentam elevado número de propriedades familiares: a Serra da Mantiqueira em Minas Gerais e o Norte Pioneiro do Paraná. A abordagem teórica que sustentou a análise da coordenação vertical está centrada na Nova Economia Institucional, com base no Ambiente Institucional e na Economia dos Custos de Transação, buscando verificar por meio da escolha da estrutura de governança, a minimização dos custos envolvidos na transação. Já a abordagem teórica dos Sistemas Agroalimentares Localizados auxiliou na compreensão da coordenação horizontal e suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento territorial. Os resultados apontaram que nos territórios pesquisados o registro de IG contribui, principalmente, para a coordenação horizontal na medida em que reforça os laços entre os atores sociais que compõem o território, o que pode vir a contribuir para o seu desenvolvimento.
Family farming plays an important role in the economy as a supplier and consumer of food and goods. Under the growing market demand for differentiated products, geographical indications (GIs) have been recognized as a tool capable of strengthening family farming as it ensures the quality and reputation of a product by connecting it to its territory, as well as reducing informational asymmetries and protecting the territory from opportunistic actions. Considering the difficulties faced by farmers to access markets, this research examined how the IGs favor the coordination of the family farmers in the coffee agrifood system and what are their contribution to territorial development. To this end, an exploratory study of multiple cases was carried out in two Brazilian regions with GI registration for coffee and with a large number of family farms: the Serra da Mantiqueira in Minas Gerais and the Pioneer North of Paraná. The theoretical approach that supported the analysis of vertical coordination is based on New Institutional Economics, as Institutional Environment and the Economy of Transaction Costs. The theoretical approach of Localized Agrifood Systems helped in understanding the horizontal coordination and their contribution to territorial development. The results indicated that GI registrations contribute mainly to the horizontal coordination as it strengthens the links between social actors within the territory leading to local development.

Orientador: Ana Elisa Bressan Smith Lourenzani
Coorientador: Sandra Mara Schiavi Bankuti
Coorientador: Giuliana Aparecida Santini Pigatto
Resumo: A agricultura familiar desempenha importante papel na economia e na sociedade como fornecedora de alimentos de primeira necessidade e geradora de mercado consumidor. Com a crescente demanda do mercado por produtos diferenciados, as Indicações Geográficas (IGs) têm sido reconhecidas como uma ferramenta com capacidade de fortalecer a agricultura familiar à medida que ela garante a qualidade e a reputação de um produto, ligando-o à sua origem, bem como reduzindo as assimetrias informacionais e protegendo o território da ação de oportunistas. Considerando as dificuldades encontradas pelos agricultores familiares para acessar mercados, esta pesquisa analisou como os registros de IGs favorecem a coordenação do sistema agroalimentar de café na agricultura familiar e quais suas contribuições para o desenvolvimento territorial. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória de casos múltiplos em duas regiões brasileiras que possuem o registro de IG para o café e que apresentam elevado número de propriedades familiares: a Serra da Mantiqueira em Minas Gerais e o Norte Pioneiro do Paraná. A abordagem teórica que sustentou a análise da coordenação vertical está centrada na Nova Economia Institucional, com base no Ambiente Institucional e na Economia dos Custos de Transação, buscando verificar por meio da escolha da estrutura de governança, a minimização dos custos envolvidos na transação. Já a abordagem teórica dos Sistemas Agroalimentares Localizados auxiliou na compreensão da coor... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Family farming plays an important role in the economy as a supplier and consumer of food and goods. Under the growing market demand for differentiated products, geographical indications (GIs) have been recognized as a tool capable of strengthening family farming as it ensures the quality and reputation of a product by connecting it to its territory, as well as reducing informational asymmetries and protecting the territory from opportunistic actions. Considering the difficulties faced by farmers to access markets, this research examined how the IGs favor the coordination of the family farmers in the coffee agrifood system and what are their contribution to territorial development. To this end, an exploratory study of multiple cases was carried out in two Brazilian regions with GI registration for coffee and with a large number of family farms: the Serra da Mantiqueira in Minas Gerais and the Pioneer North of Paraná. The theoretical approach that supported the analysis of vertical coordination is based on New Institutional Economics, as Institutional Environment and the Economy of Transaction Costs. The theoretical approach of Localized Agrifood Systems helped in understanding the horizontal coordination and their contribution to territorial development. The results indicated that GI registrations contribute mainly to the horizontal coordination as it strengthens the links between social actors within the territory leading to local development.
Mestre

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The productive flexibility and the increasing importance of goods and services quality are some of the major changes that bound the current phase of capitalism. In this context, strategies capable of promoting and communicating the differentiation of commodities become increasingly relevant. Thus, the symbolic dimension and territorial bond of the goods are acquiring greater importance within the markets in the so-called economies of signs and space. In this field, several actors from the agro food system are resorting to strategies anchored in the quality that has been derived from territorial bonds as a means of differentiating their products, among which stands out the figure of Geographical Indications (GIs).Of long standing use in Europe, these figures are still relatively recent in Brazil, where they unfold in two kinds: Indication of Origin ( IP ) and Designation of Origin (DO ). Studies on Brazilian experiments have pointed out to the potential of GIs in promoting territorial development, when able to mobilize and contemplate the interests of different social actors, valuing products, practices, identities and knowledge of the territory. But it has also been pointing out to several cases in which these experiences were merely shaped as a sectoral and socially excluding strategy, benefiting a select club of actors. Thus, this research took care to investigate the experiment of the first Denomination of Brazilian Origin, the DBO of the Rice of the Northern Coast from Rio Grande do Sul. Granted in 2010, DBO certified a peninsula of 300 km between the Lagoa dos Patos lake and the Atlantic Ocean, which has unique climatic conditions for the cultivation of the irrigated rice, covering eleven cities of the Northern Coast of the RS. Thus, the objective was to describe the trajectory of construction and acquisition of the Denomination of Origin, identifying key actors, institutions and social groups involved in this process, their relationships and interests, as well as the difficulties, conflicts and potentialities wrapped in getting the Designation of Origin. Correlatively it also sought to identify eventual impact on the promotion process of territorial development on the Northern Coast of Rio Grande do Sul. For such, the research methodologically proceeded to compile and analyze the available material on secondary sources, as well as field trips to the territory of the Northern Coast of the RS for notes, field records and conducting semi-structured interviews with key informants. It is possible to be considered that the experience of the DBO of the Rice of the Northern Coast from Rio Grande do Sul has not yet reached sufficient evidence to suggest that they are promoting a process of territorial development from the GI approach, given its still markedly sectorial character, manipulated by a club of actors, so that its impact remains limited in social, economic and environmental points of view, in the field of the researched territory.
A flexibilização produtiva e a crescente importância da qualidade de bens e serviços são algumas das principais transformações que demarcam o atual estágio do capitalismo. Neste contexto, estratégias capazes de promover e comunicar as diferenciações de mercadorias se tornam cada vez mais relevantes. Assim, a dimensão simbólica e o vínculo territorial das mercadorias vêm adquirindo maior importância dentro dos mercados nas chamadas economias dos signos e espaços. Neste âmbito, vários atores do sistema agroalimentar vêm recorrendo a estratégias ancoradas na qualidade derivada de vínculos territoriais como instrumento de diferenciação de seus produtos, dentre os quais se destaca a figura das Indicações Geográficas (IGs). De longa data já utilizadas na Europa, tais figuras ainda são relativamente recentes no Brasil, onde se desdobram em duas modalidades: a Indicação de Procedência (IP) e a Denominação de Origem (DO). Estudos sobre as experiências brasileiras têm apontado para o potencial das IGs na promoção do desenvolvimento territorial, quando capaz de mobilizar e contemplar os interesses dos diferentes atores sociais, valorizando produtos, práticas, saberes e identidades do território. Mas também tem apontado para diversos casos em que estas experiências se configuraram apenas como estratégia meramente setorial e excludente socialmente, beneficiando um restrito clube de atores. Assim, esta pesquisa ocupou-se de investigar a experiência da primeira Denominação de Origem brasileira, a DO Litoral Norte Gaúcho para o Arroz. Concedida em 2010, a DO certificou uma península de 300 km entre a Lagoa dos Patos e o Oceano Atlântico que possui condições climáticas singulares para o cultivo do arroz irrigado, abrangendo onze municípios do Litoral Norte do RS. Assim, objetivou-se descrever a trajetória de construção e obtenção da Denominação de Origem, identificando os principais atores, instituições e grupos sociais implicados neste processo, suas relações e interesses, bem como as dificuldades, conflitos e potencialidades envolvidos na obtenção da Denominação de Origem. Correlatamente também se buscou identificar eventuais repercussões no processo de promoção do desenvolvimento territorial no Litoral Norte Gaúcho. Para tanto, metodologicamente procedeu-se a compilação e análise de material disponível em fontes secundárias, bem como incursões ao território do Litoral Norte Gaúcho para observações, registros de campo e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com informantes-chaves. Pode-se considerar que a experiência da DO Litoral Norte Gaúcho para o Arroz ainda não alcançou elementos suficientes que indiquem estar promovendo um processo de desenvolvimento territorial a partir da abordagem de IGs, dado o seu caráter ainda marcadamente setorial, manipulado por um clube de atores, de modo que sua repercussão permanece restrita do ponto de vista social, econômico e ambiental no âmbito do território estudado.

Le sujet de cette thèse est le paysage dans sa spécificité viticole analysée comme représentation spatiale dans le processus de construction de l'espace géographique de la vitiviniculture et aussi dans l'utilisation des images du paysage viticole comme l’image spatiale des vins des régions des Indications de Provenance (IP's) Vale dos Vinhedos, Pinto Bandeira et Monte Belo (Brésil). Les sources théoriques sont en lien avec la Géographie Critique et la Géographie Culturelle. L'objectif a été d'expliquer le paysage viticole comme représentation spatiale des régions et d’analyser l'image du paysage viticole comme symbole spatial pour les vins des IP's. L'organisation de l'espace géographique des régions de IP's s'insère dans le contexte de la colonisation italienne. Le développement de la vitiviniculture régionale a occasionné des conditions de mise en oeuvre des IP's, dont les associations de producteurs ont utilisé des images de paysages viticoles pour construire le lien espace-régiontoponyme- vin. L'analyse des paysages a révélé six types et un sous-type avec deux formes de paysages viticoles traditionnels et cinq types de paysages viticoles modernes, y compris les éléments emblématiques naturels et construits, entre lesquels se remarquent l’Araucaria angustifolia, et l'usage des Platanus acerifolia pour soutenir les vignobles, héritage de la tradition viticole étrusque. L'analyse des images des paysages viticoles utilisées par les associations a montré qu'il y a des différences significatives et la majorité sont paysages viticoles traditionnels. Les IP Vale dos Vinhedos et IP Monte Belo ont établi des liaisons directes entre espace-vinpaysage, mais non celle de IP Pinto Bandeira. La recherche a montré que le paysage viticole est un symbole de la représentation de l'espace régional et du vin des IP’s Vale dos Vinhedos, Pinto Bandeira et Monte Belo.
O tema da tese é a paisagem em sua especificidade vitícola, analisada como representação espacial no processo de construção do espaço geográfico da vitivinicultura e no uso da imagem da paisagem vitícola como imagem espacial dos vinhos das regiões das Indicações de Procedência (IP’s) Vale dos Vinhedos, Pinto Bandeira e Monte Belo, Brasil. O objetivo foi explicar a paisagem vitícola como representação espacial das regiões e analisar a imagem da paisagem vitícola como símbolo espacial para os vinhos das IP’s, cujas bases teóricas estão na Geografia Crítica e na Geografia Cultural. A organização do espaço geográfico das regiões das IP’s insere-se no contexto da colonização italiana, da qual a vitivinicultura é elemento cultural. O desenvolvimento da vitivinicultura regional levou à implementação de IP’s e ao uso de imagens de paisagens vitícolas, pelas associações de produtores, para construir o vínculo espaço/região-topônimo-vinho. A análise das paisagens das regiões revelou seis tipo e um subtipo em duas formas de paisagens vitícolas tradicionais e cinco tipos de paisagens vitícolas modernas, incluindo elementos emblemáticos naturais e construídos, entre os quais se destaca a Araucaria angustifolia e o uso do Platanus acerifolia para sustentar os vinhedos, herança da tradição vitícola etrusca. A análise das imagens de paisagens vitícolas usadas pelas associações evidenciou que há diferenças significativas sendo, a maioria, de paisagens vitícolas tradicionais. As associações das IP’s Vale dos Vinhedos e Monte Belo estabeleceram vínculos diretos entre espaço/vinho/paisagem, mas não IP Pinto Bandeira. A pesquisa evidenciou que a paisagem vitícola é um símbolo representacional do espaço regional e do vinho das IP’s Vale dos Vinhedos, Pinto Bandeira e Monte Belo.
The theme of this thesis is the landscape in its specificity vineyard analyzed as a spatial representation in the building process of the geographical area of viticulture growing and the use of image of vineyard landscape as spatial landscape of the wine of the regions of Geographical Indication (GI’s) Vale dos Vinhedos, Pinto Bandeira and Monte Belo, Brazil. The objective was to explain the use of vineyard landscape as spatial representation and the images of vineyard landscape as spatial symbol for the wines of GI’s. The theoretical sources to analyze are related to the Critical geography and with the Cultural geography. The organization of the geographic area of the regions of GI’s comes within the context of the Italian colonization process in which its culture was part of the cultivation of vines. The vineyard regional industry development took the conditions of implementation of GI’s, whose producers associations begun to use images of landscape wine to build wine-region-toponym. The landscape analysis revealed six types of traditional wine-growing landscapes and a subtype of landscapes and five types of modern wine landscapes, occurring in both natural and constructed features characteristic among these was the Araucaria angustifolia and the use of Platanus acerifolia in support of the vineyards, and is the Etruscan wine growing tradition. The analysis of the landscape vine images used by associations showed that there are significant differences; the most are images of traditional vine landscape. The association of GI’s Vale dos Vinhedos and Monte Belo established direct links of wine-region- landscape, but not IG Pinto Bandeira. The survey showed that landscape is a representational symbol of regional area and of the wine of GI’s from Vale dos Vinhedos, Pinto Bandeira and Monte Belo.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Brazil has a vast ecological wealth, a situation that favors the emergence of diverse cultures, since there are different forms of man's interaction with nature. This natural and cultural richness, named sociobiodiversity lacks legal means able to safeguard it, given the risk of extinction. For this reason, the Federal Constitution, in providing protection to an ecologically balanced environment, made it considering the environmental and cultural dimension, considering the material and immaterial dimensions. Thus, ruled not only the fauna and flora, but also cultural events and traditions, forms of expression, the celebrations, the knowledge, the means to do, among others. Therefore, when considering the contemporary society, marked by the effects of globalization, in which the global and the local sometimes get confused, a reality that is resulting in cultural pasteurization, it is important to reflect on guardianship mechanisms of immaterial cultural heritage, in view of their risk of annihilation. In this context, it deserves attention the institute of the Geographical Indications, part of the legal diploma of intellectual property, governed by Law 9.279 / 96, which was established to promote local development, adding value to products and services from regions that became known as extraction centers, of manufacturing and production of goods and services. In this study, we intend to investigate the extent to which the institute in question lends itself to promote the immaterial cultural heritage. To achieve this goal, it will be used the deductive method of approach and historical and monographic procedure methods. The basic theory to be adopted will be Capra‟s systemic theory. In conclusion, it was obtained that such institute is not limited to promoting economic growth in a given region, but is a mechanism that lends itself to promote and rescue the local culture. Furthermore, geographical indications can be taken by the side of heritage listing, the registry and the inventory, as being able to guard the immaterial cultural heritage.
O Brasil detém uma vasta riqueza ecológica, situação que propicia o surgimento de diversas culturas, posto que existem diferentes formas de interação do ser humano com a natureza. Essa riqueza natural e cultural, nomeada sociobiodiversidade, carece de meios jurídicos capazes de tutelá-la, haja vista o risco de perecimento. Por tal razão, a Constituição Federal, ao conferir proteção ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado, o fez considerando a dimensão ambiental e cultural, contemplando as dimensões material e imaterial. Dessa forma, tutelou não só a fauna e a flora, mas também manifestações culturais como as tradições, as formas de expressão, as celebrações, os saberes, os modos de fazer, entre outros. Diante disso, ao se considerar a sociedade contemporânea, marcada pelos reflexos da globalização, em que o global e o local por vezes se confundem, realidade que vem acarretando uma pasteurização cultural, é importante refletir a respeito de mecanismos de tutela do patrimônio cultural imaterial, tendo em vista o seu risco de aniquilação. Nesse contexto, merece atenção o instituto das Indicações Geográficas, parte integrante do diploma jurídico da propriedade intelectual, disciplinado pela Lei nº 9.279/96, o qual foi estabelecido a fim de promover o desenvolvimento local, agregando valor a produtos e serviços provenientes de regiões que se tornaram conhecidas como centros de extração, de fabricação e de produção de bens e serviços. Pretende-se, neste estudo, investigar em que medida o instituto em questão se presta a promover o patrimônio cultural imaterial. Para se atingir tal objetivo, serão utilizados o método de abordagem dedutivo e os métodos de procedimento histórico e monográfico. A teoria de base a ser adotada será a teoria sistêmica de Capra. À guisa de conclusão, obteve-se que o referido instituto não se limita a promover o crescimento econômico de uma dada região, mas consiste em um mecanismo que se presta a promover e a resgatar a cultura local. Ademais, as indicações geográficas podem ser tidas, ao lado do tombamento, do registro e do inventário, como aptas a resguardarem o patrimônio cultural imaterial.

O objetivo desta dissertação é examinar problemas terminológicos e a importância da preparação e pesquisa terminológica na tradução especializada. O tema escolhido é a tradução de documentação sobre as Denominações de Origem e Indicações Geográficas dos vinhos portugueses, nomeadamente dos vinhos da Região do Dão. Começa-se por apresentar no Capítulo I uma introdução às Denominações de Origem e as classificações utilizadas para vinhos portugueses. No Capítulo II estudamos os problemas mais comuns dos recursos tradutológicos, contemplando a preparação e a pesquisa terminológica que devem anteceder o processo de tradução, discutindo a bibliografia relevante e caraterizando o corpus de análise. No Capítulo III discutimos os recursos para a tradução vitivinícola. No Capítulo IV contemplamos os problemas de tradução nos documentos escolhidos para a tradução e as suas soluções. Finalmente, apresentamos as conclusões e sugerimos vias para investigações posteriores; Designations of Origin and Geographical Indications in Translating Wine- Related Documents: Terminological Problems ABSTRACT: The purpose of this dissertation is to examine terminological problems and the importance of preparation and terminology work in the field of specialized translation. The chosen topic is the translation of documents containing terminology about Designations of Origin and Geographical Indications of Portuguese wines, namely wines from the Dão region. Chapter I provides an introduction to Designations of Origin in general and then specifically for Portuguese wines. Chapter II examines common translation resource problems and the importance of documentation and terminology work prior to the translation process; then, it discusses the relevant bibliography. Chapter III provides a translation of two documents about Designations of Origin, namely Labelling Regulations and Guide for Technical Procedures of Management and Control for the wines of the Dão. Chapter IV discusses the difficulties and solutions for the translation problems encountered during the process. Finally, the conclusions are shown and suggestions for future research are given.

Le sujet de cette thèse est le paysage dans sa spécificité viticole analysée comme représentation spatiale dans le processus de construction de l'espace géographique de la vitiviniculture et aussi dans l'utilisation des images du paysage viticole comme l'image spatiale des vins des régions des Indications de Provenance (IP) Vale dos Vinhedos, Pinto Bandeira et Monte Belo (Brésil). Les sources théoriques sont en lien avec la Géographie Critique et la Géographie Culturelle. L'objectif a été d'expliquer le paysage viticole comme représentation spatiale des régions et d'analyser l'image du paysage viticole comme symbole spatial pour les vins des IP. L'organisation de l'espace géographique des régions des IP s'insère dans le contexte de la colonisation italienne. Le développement de la vitiviniculture régionale a occasionné des conditions de mise en place des IP, dont les associations de producteurs ont utilisé des images de paysages viticoles pour construire le lien espace-région-toponyme-vin. L'analyse des paysages a révélé six types et un sous-type avec deux formes de paysages viticoles traditionnels et cinq types de paysages viticoles modernes, y compris les éléments emblématiques naturels et construits, entre lesquels se remarquent l'Araucaria angustifolia, et l'usage des Platanus acerifolia pour soutenir les vignobles, héritage de la tradition viticole étrusque. L'analyse des images des paysages viticoles utilisées par les associations a montré qu'il y a des différences significatives et la majorité sont des paysages viticoles traditionnels. Les associations de l'IP Vale dos Vinhedos et IP Monte Belo ont établi des liaisons directes entre espace-vin-paysage, mais non celles de IP Pinto Bandeira. La recherche a montré que le paysage viticole est un symbole de la représentation de l'espace régional et du vin des IP Vale dos Vinhedos, Pinto Bandeira et Monte Belo.

Geographical indications designate products which have a specific geographical origin, which can either be national, regional or local. The subject is complicated since geographical indications arises a large number of questions There are EC regulations which regulate the protection of geographical indications, but since the field has not yet been exhaustively harmonized, the existence of national rules of protection is therefore still possible, which can lead to trade barriers between the member states. Consequently, one problem consists in whether it may be legitimate to restrict the free movement of goods by article 28 in the EC Treaty by referring to national rules of protection and to what extent such measures may be justified by article 30 or by the Cassis doctrine. An additional question consists in how the line between geographical indications and generic terms is to be established appropriately. Further, geographical indications are exposed to improper use by other dishonest commercial operators and therefore the possibilities of protection against unfair competition and misleading are also discussed in the thesis. Since there are several questions which are unanswered regarding geographical indications, the purpose of this essay is to analyze what kind of intellectual property right geographical indications constitute and how they are protected.

Dans un contexte de foisonnement des circuits courts de proximité, les enjeux de qualité invitent à déplacer la focale géographique, de produits spécifiques caractérisés par leur origine vers des produits ordinaires caractérisés par leur provenance. Se pose alors la question des modalités d’attachement de ces produits ordinaires aux milieux géographiques. À la fois aliments du quotidien et éléments de matériel végétal communs, les pommes et les pommes de terre permettent d’aborder les enjeux de reconnexion entre agriculture et alimentation autour de la notion de système agri-alimentaire territorial. Sur trois espaces de moyenne montagne – en France (Ardèche, Bauges) et en Italie (Ligurie) – cette thèse propose une analyse des trajectoires de dix collectifs passant par des phases de controverses qui les conduisent à se tourner vers des dispositifs de qualification plus souples que les indications géographiques. Conservant des logiques d’enracinement inspirées d’une rhétorique du terroir, ils ne versent pas pour autant dans le modèle des circuits courts de proximité, et maintiennent pour la plupart la question variétale au cœur de leurs préoccupations. La thèse montre que cette dernière ne peut être traitée à l’échelle des territoires qu’à condition d’envisager la production alimentaire de manière intégrée, c’est-à-dire en impliquant une diversité d’acteurs, capables de concevoir dans un même mouvement différentes étapes de qualification, de la gestion du matériel végétal à la consommation des aliments. L’émergence et la viabilisation de tels systèmes agri-alimentaires territoriaux ouvrent des débats politiques, et posent la question des modalités de l’action publique pour favoriser de tels dispositifs, dont on observe qu’ils tiennent principalement à des figures individuelles et à des lieux de médiation
In a context of proliferation of short supply chains, issues of quality invite a shift in geographical focus, moving from specific products characterized by their origin to ordinary products characterized by their provenance. This shift raises the question of the modalities of attachment that these common products have to geographical areas. Everyday foods and common plant materials such as apples and potatoes allow for particular discussion around the issues concerning the reconnection of agriculture and food, specifically around the concept of territorial agri-food systems. Looking at three medium mountain areas - in France (Ardèche, Bauges) and Italy (Liguria) - this thesis proposes an analysis of the trajectories of ten different food collectives through the varying phases of controversy that are driving them towards qualification devices which are more flexible than purely geographical indications. Maintaining the logic of 'rooting', inspired by a territorial rhetoric, the collectives do not fall into the short supply chains model, and maintain, for the most part, the varietal question at the heart of their concerns. This thesis shows that this varietal question can only be treated at the territorial level if we consider the production of food as integrated. That is to say, involving a variety of stakeholders, capable of designing various stages of qualification in the same movement, from plant material management to food consumption. The emergence and realizable qualities of these territorial agri-food systems incite political debate, and raise the question of the public action modalities to promote these devices, which we notice are mainly due to individuals and places of mediation