Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geographical references'

In this paper, I investigate the idea of cross-community professional theatre as a means of dissolving fixed georgraphical landscapes. Key to this is the synergy between mainstream and community theatre, out of which this idea emerges. I explore how theatre facilitates conversations across differences. 'Differences' encompass questions of geographical, class and racial divides as well as the ideological differences between mainstream and community theatre. Cross-community professional theatre involves working with people from different communities around specific issues. Professional actors work alongside non-professional actors from communities to create a piece of theatre. Community members are involved in the process as well as in the performance. Cross-community refers not only to the exchange between professional actors and non-professional actors, but also to the idea of theatre providing a framework for conversations between different communities.

Finding the way in known and unknown city environments is a task that all pedestrians carry out regularly. Current technology allows the use of smart devices as aids that can give automatic verbal route directions on the basis of the pedestrian's current position. Many such systems only give route directions, but are unable to interact with the user to answer clarifications or understand other verbal input. Furthermore, they rely mainly on conveying the quantitative information that can be derived directly from geographic map representations: 'In 300 meters, turn into High Street'. However, humans are reasoning about space predominantly in a qualitative manner, and it is less cognitively demanding for them to understand route directions that express such qualitative information, such as 'At the church, turn left' or 'You will see a café'. This thesis addresses three challenges that an interactive wayfinding system faces in the context of natural language generation and understanding: in a given situation, it must decide on whether it is appropriate to give an instruction based on a relative direction, it must be able to select salient landmarks, and it must be able to resolve the user's references to objects. In order to address these challenges, this thesis takes a data-driven approach: data was collected in a large-scale city environment to derive decision-making models from pedestrians' behavior. As a representation for the geographical environment, all studies use the crowd-sourced Openstreetmap database. The thesis presents methodologies on how the geographical and language data can be utilized to derive models that can be incorporated into an automatic route direction system.

QC 20160516

Tsunami are rare geological phenomena but their impacts are frequently catastrophic. Greece is the European country that has been affected most frequently by tsunami. Whilst tsunami hazard and risk within Greece have been studied, tsunami vulnerability has not. Previous studies and hazard mapping of tsunami flood prone areas around the world imply that populations, buildings and infrastructure within a potential inundation zone are uniformly vulnerable to impact. However, vulnerability is a dynamic factor and is a function of a number of parameters, since vulnerability of any physical, structural or socio-economic element is the probability of it being damaged, destroyed or lost. This dissertation identifies two coastal segments within Greece known to be at risk from tsunami flooding; reviews the historical record of events and determines a worse case tsunami event for both locations. A new methodology for assessing vulnerability of these coastal communities is then developed and applied to each location. The methodology incorporates multiple parameters that contribute to tsunami vulnerability and identifies and demonstrates the vulnerability of different components of the community (human, economic and the built environment). Using a Multi Criteria Evaluation Method the vulnerability of individual buildings and open spaces within the potential inundation zone are assessed and the results are displayed in map form with the aid of a Geographical Information System (GIS). The primary database may be used by various end-users, such as emergency planners, insurance companies, individuals, local authorities and scientists, in order to produce maps that could enable them to make recommendations regarding response plans or mitigation measures. Finally, a framework for Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment is introduced which integrates this vulnerability assessment methodology. Through this framework, the Greek Civil Protection system is outlined, its weaknesses are discussed and recommendations are made.

Bibliography: pages 111-113.
The continued growth of the South African tourist industry was assumed and projections up to year 2020 were made to establish the corresponding growth in employment opportunities in the hotel industry. Overseas tourism is sensitive to and dependent on many factors. These were identified and the performance over the past two decades for bona fide overseas visitors, excluding mere border crossings, were extrapolated, accepting that oscillations about the suggested trend line will become greater in the future. In order to predict the growth of domestic tourism, cognisance had to be taken of the demographic development of the various population groups. The distribution of wealth among the various groups was estimated in the short, medium and long terms. On it depends the choice of accommodation when going on holiday. An evaluation was made of the employment pattern in the South African hotel industry. Published data from the Central Statistical Services and the Bureau of Financial Analysis (BFA) of the University of Pretoria were used. The 1982 Manpower Survey of the BFA proved particularly useful in establishing the present distribution of skilled staff in the industry by hotel grading and by geographical area. Performance ratios were calculated relative to capital invested and to revenue earned. The lowest staff to room ratios were used as criterion for optimal and most efficient usage of staff. The model thus developed with the aid of the Hewlett Packard STATP computer program, was based on actual present performance of a certain category of hotels. Unlike other approaches reported in the literature, a clear distinction was here made between skilled and unskilled labour. This distinction is considered to be of prime importance to any developing country where a shortage of skilled staff generally prevails, in contrast to a vast supply of untrained labour.

Using ArcView 3.2 software, all active TB cases reported in the former city of Montreal 1996--2000 were precisely geo-coded, that is mapped to the corresponding residential address. For comparison, using a case-cohort approach control dwellings were randomly selected from the municipal dwelling GIS, with a 10:1 ratio. We identified 595 case and 5950 control dwellings. Census tract data from the 1996 Canadian Census as well as dwelling characteristics from the Montreal housing database were attributed to both case and control dwellings. Multivariate logistic regression was used with dwelling status (case vs. control) as the dependant variable, to evaluate the independent influence of crowding and other socio-demographic factors.
A high-precision housing GIS complemented census data in pinpointing and characterising the occurrence of TB in Montreal. It provided a more refined assessment of the impact of local crowding, after adjustment for other important factors.

Bibliography: pages 158-178.
Over the years, recreation opportunities in South Africa have been subject to increasing visitor use and pressure from widespread environmental changes. There has been growing imbalance between recreation opportunities in more and less developed environments. As a result conflicts have arisen between different user groups. The "Cederberg Controversy" demonstrates the need for a redefined, comprehensive recreation planning framework to resolve such conflicts. Traditional recreation planning approaches have not provided a suitable framework. By comparison, the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum concept has considerable potential for aiding recreation planners in South Africa. An application of principles of the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum concept, and closer analysis, reveal that the concept is limited. An extension to the concept is proposed whereby the goal of visitor satisfaction is supplemented by a policy declaration to maintain diverse recreation opportunities. Whenever the consequences of a decision affecting the supply of recreation opportunities are irreversible, the maintenance of diversity should take precedence over visitor demand.

Bibliography: leaves 128-148.
The impress of history has been particularly profound in the sphere of environmental perception, in that South Africans, both black and white, have had their notions of the environment shaped by the political forces of the past. Accordingly, this study is placed within the context of historical geography, as its open-ended techniques and multi-disciplinary approach is regarded as the most appropriate way of undertaking a study which crosses both historical and environmental boundaries. A contention fundamental to this study, is that South African environmental awareness and knowledge is at a fairly low level and that black environmental interest and concern in particular, ranges from apathy to outright hostility. It is further contended that the attainment of mass environmental literacy is essential for the success of the environmental movement in this country and that this in turn, is dependent on the adoption of a strategy incorporating an integrated historical, social and political perspective. Historico-political factors such as: the impact of the colonizing process; the dispossession of the indigenous peoples; the effect of racial attitudes; discriminatory land legislation and, in particular, the imposition of the apartheid system in 1948, are evaluated in terms of their effect on the development of black environmental attitudes. The culmination of these factors has led to a distortion of environmental perceptions and attitudes, as well as to the alienation of blacks from the environment. Conversely, the initially exploitative white response to the environment gradually incorporated a preservationist element, subsequently evolving into a conservation ideology which generally ignored black interests and perspectives. The policies and activities of the first black environmental organizations are detailed, in an attempt to place their achievements in historical perspective. Research in this area was conducted using primary sources. Interviews with selected environmental and mass democratic organizations in the Greater Cape Town Region were conducted. Using the techniques of the focused interview, their stance on environmental issues was established and their proposals for a future environmental strategy elicited. It was found that, while only one of the nine mass democratic organizations evaluated had an environmental policy, they were all committed to the establishment of a democratic society as well as to the concept of mass participation in environmental politics. Based on the insights gained from the historical aspects of the study, as well as an assessment of the proposals put forward during interviews, it is concluded that certain preconditions .are necessary for the successful implementation of future environmental strategies, if blacks are to become involved in environmental issues. These are: the destruction of apartheid; the establishment of a democratic state and the enhancement of individual quality of life.

The study examines sedimentation changes on the flood tide delta in the Breede River estuary since 1942, and relates these changes in sedimentation to changes in the hydrology of the river, as a consequence of damming the river and its tributaries. Sequential aerial photography is used to determine changes in the extent of the Zostera beds on the flood delta, this being indicative of changes in the substrate sediments. Four cores were taken from the flood delta, and standard grainsize analysis techniques employed to establish the composition and characteristics of the sediments. Together with survey work and other ancillary information, these twci techniques enable description of the sedimentation changes and the present sediment dynamics on the flood tide delta. Virgin catchment runoff was simulated using two models, having rainfall data as the primary input. Simulated and actual runoff, as determined from gauge plate data, were qualitatively compared in terms of mean monthly runoff and cumulative annual runoff. This, together with an examination of temporal increases in the total volume of water impounded in the catchment, enables the impact of dams on the hydrology of the river to be determined. It is found that there has been a virtually complete annihilation of the mudflat the Zostera beds, a concomitant loss of the areas, and that the sediments presently occurring on the flood delta are almost wholly of marine origin. Temporally, these changes correlate well with increased impoundment of runoff in the catchment. It is concluded that there has been an increase in marine sedimentation on the flood tide delta, and that this change in sedimentation is directly related to and consequent upon changes in the hydrology of the river as a result of impounding catchment runoff.

This thesis investigates the economic and social geography of small scale craft producers and production in the context of a rural area of Lowland Scotland. The study area and time period chosen were Lowland Perthshire, c.1750-c.1950. Chapter One presents a summary of evidence which points to the likely importance of the trades in rural Scotland in an historical context. This chapter also outlines the main features of the study area. Chapter Two details the methodological considerations necessary for this study, assesses the sources used, and describes the methods adopted. In Chapters Three and Four the importance of the trades in long term change in the countryside is illustrated. Chapter Three focusses on the period of the agricultural Improvements, c.1750-c.1849., and examines both the effects of change on the craft sector and the tradespeople, and also assesses the role of the tradespeople as agents of change. Chapter Four develops a picture of the form of craft production in the nineteenth century, and focusses on the economic aspects. A quantitative analysis of changing numbers in the craft sector is also presented for 1861-1940. The economic theme is continued in Chapter Five which focusses on the involvement of the small scale producers in the credit system. The importance of credit in production is considered, as is the spatial availability of credit and how this varied over time. Chapter Six turns the focus of attention to the social characteristics of the trades by examining the role of the family in small scale production. In addition, features such as family size, structure and the occupations of family members are discussed. Social characteristics are further examined in Chapter Seven. While the small master tradespeople can be assigned as part of a petite bourgeoisie group in structural terms, it is necessary to assess whether such a class can be isolated on the grounds of social relationships and values. Features such as servant holding, the social relations of the credit system, formal organisation among masters and operatives, and local politics are examined to this end. In the conclusion, Chapter Eight, the main points of the thesis are summarised. It is concluded that the tradespeople formed an important socio-economic group.

The Nubia plate is normally considered to be a rigid plate and as such used in the realization of terrestrial reference frame. Gondwana breakup plate reconstruction, the Cameroon volcanic line, seismicity, and the morphology of the Okavango rift zone (ORZ) suggest the presence of internal deformation within the Nubia plate. To test this hypothesis, six different reference frames were developed from the velocity field of three individual regions (West, Central and South), and of different combinations of them (West+Central, South+Central, and Nubia as a whole). The residual velocities with respect to these references frame help us understand the presence of the relative motion between the different regions thus the stability of the plate. To realize the reference frames, all the publicly available global positioning system (GPS) data within the “stable” Nubia plate was processed. Given the small relative velocity, it is important to eliminate eventual biases in the analysis and to have good estimates of uncertainty of the observed velocities. For this reason, velocities were analyzed, and rate uncertainties computed using the Allan variance of rate (AVR) technique, accounting for colored noise. Although geological and geophysical studies indicate the possibility of internal deformation within Nubia, the results of this study shows that the current GPS network is not capable to identify intraplate deformation and within uncertainties Nubia is a single plate. As final note, both the color of the noise and the amplitude of the annual signal of each time series as function of latitude and climatic region were analyzed. The study shows that the noise is approximately flicker for all the good stations independently of the location. On the contrary, the amplitude of the annual signal is strongly dependent on the climate of the regions.

A tese investiga a distinção da Geografia no contexto da educação básica, considerando que a geografia escolar permite que se entenda a espacialidade do mundo, da sociedade. Contudo, pelo fato de muitas vezes a aula de Geografia ser tomada como uma apresentação de curiosidades, uma prática de decorar informações só para fazer as avaliações, o efeito desses saberes na educação das pessoas não aparece de forma sistematizada e clara. A pesquisa procura contribuir para o enfrentamento de dificuldades que marcam a aula de Geografia na escola, entre elas a imprecisão de sua identidade e de sua marca educativa. Para isso foram investigadas as referências de professores sobre os conteúdos das aulas, conforme suas compreensões conceituais da ciência geográfica e da pedagogia que é presente na escola. Quais referências balizam as escolhas dos conteúdos de suas aulas? Nesses profissionais observou-se uma compreensão, tanto da função da aula de Geografia na escola quanto da sua contribuição educacional, orientando-se ora em noções próximas a um senso comum docente e frases de efeito, ora em expressões como localização, mapa, orientação e leitura de mundo sinalizando uma base na Geografia acadêmica e uma considerável distância dos conceitos geográficos do ponto de vista metodológico. Essas referências esbarram em limitações de ordem teórica, metodológica e didática que dificultam a ressignificação dos conteúdos escolares para ler a paisagem, além de limitar a autoria do professor e a aprendizagem do aluno. A exigência fundamental é que tanto os geógrafos educadores da escola básica quanto da academia precisam atentar para a efetiva contribuição da educação geográfica, dando-lhe fundamentação teórica e metodológica, ressaltando-lhe o caráter ético-político no desenvolvimento de um raciocínio espacial por parte dos alunos, e claro, por seus professores.
The thesis investigates the distinction of Geography in the context of basic education, considering that the geographic education at school allows you to understand the spatiality of both the society and the world. However, because too often Geography classes are considered to be a mere presentation of curiosities and due to the practice of memorizing facts for an exam, the effect of such knowledge in general education does not appear in a systematic and clear way. The research aims to contribute to coping with difficulties that make a Geography lesson in school, including the inaccuracy of its identity and its brand of education. For this, I have investigated the references of teachers about the content of their classes, according to their conceptual understandings of Geographical Science and Pedagogy. What references guide the choices of the contents of their classes? Among those professionals there was a common understanding of both the functionality of Geography classes at school and its educational contribution, sometimes guided by notions of a common-sense teaching and catchphrases, and sometimes by expressions like location, the map, orientation and reading the world signaling a base in the academic field and a considerable distance from the geographical concepts from the methodological point of view. These references are hindered by theoretical, methodological and didactic limitations that interfere in the way one reads and understands the landscape, as well as limiting the teacher itself and the students learning. The fundamental requirement is that both Geography teachers and academic geographers must attend for the effective contribution of geographical education, giving to it a theoretical and methodological foundation, emphasizing its ethical-political character during the development of a spatial reasoning by students, and of course by their teachers.

This thesis explores important aspects of early nineteenth-century Scottish life, namely geographical mobility, occupational changes and family relationships. A major theme concerns people's transitions through life and how these were moulded by individuals' and families' strategies, and by historical circumstances. The work is based on the evaluation and exploration of a series of hitherto underutilised criminal records, the precognitions of the Lord Advocate's Departement, which is studied for its contribution to these themes. Because this is the first study to use the precognitions systematically for these purposes, particular attention is given to the specifics of their production and validity, as well as to recent literature on the themes under consideration. The research focuses primarily on people who moved geographically, and studies them in terms of their occupational and social groups. Analyses are made of movements between rural and urban places, and to and from towns and cities, particularly Glasgow. Consideration is also given to how far concepts of regional production and regional identity aid our understanding of mobility and personal strategies. An exploration is then made of the ways people used occupational changes and family relationships, often in conjunction with their mobility, while coping with their changing social and economic circumstances. The thesis concludes that geographical mobility, occupational changes and family relationships were integral aspects of people's strategies, and that further work on sources of this nature should yield additional insights regarding nineteenth-century Scotland.

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Threat recognition and geographical training are fundamental parts of the requisite knowledge base for a large number of naval personnel who are assigned to operational or operations-oriented support billets. Yet readiness in these areas is often lacking, in large part due to the paucity of readily available, motivational instruction tools. This thesis explores major issues involved in integrating two emerging technologies, hypermedia and digital optical media (DOM), in the context of developing a prototype of just such an application: the GEOgraphic and Threat RECognition (GEOTREC) training and reference tool. The hypermedia software package used to develop the GEOTREC prototype, Hyperdoc version 1.12, gives evidence of the maturation yet needed in the integration of hypermedia and DOM technologies in application authoring tools. This thesis recommends the development of a system at least somewhat analogous to the GEOTREC prototype. Such a tool, using both hypermedia and DOM, would not only provide an enjoyable, intuitive, yet challenging way to foster multi-sensory learning, but also a quick, powerful, and easy-to-use reference to geographical and threat information needed for a myriad of operational scenarios.

In the last ten years there has been a significant progress of the World Wide Web, which evolved to become the so-called “Web 2.0”. The most important feature of this new quality of the WWW is the participation of the users in generating contents. This trend facilitates the formation of user communities which collaborate on diverse projects, where they collect and publish information. Prominent examples of such projects are the online-encyclopedia “Wikipedia”, the microblogging-platform “Twitter”, the photo-platform “Flickr” and the database of topographic information “OpenStreetMap”. User-generated content, which is directly or indirectly geospatially referenced, is of-ten termed more specifically as “volunteered geographic information”. The geospatial reference of this information is constituted either directly by coordinates that are given as meta-information or indirectly through georeferencing of toponyms or addresses that are contained in this information. Volunteered geographic information is particularly suited for research, as it can be accessed with low or even at no costs at all. Furthermore it reflects a variety of human decisions which are linked to geographic space. In this thesis, the relationship of space and content of volunteered geographic information is investigated from two different perspectives. The first part of this thesis addresses the question for which share of information there exists a relationship between space and content of the information, such that the information is locatable in geospace. In this context, the assumption that about 80% of all information has a reference to space has been well known within the community of geographic information system users. Since the 1980s it has served as a marketing tool within the whole geoinformation sector, although there has not been any empirical evidence. This thesis contributes to fill this research gap. For the validation of the ‘80%-hypothesis’ two approaches are presented. The first approach is based on a corpus of information that is as representative as possible for world knowledge. For this purpose the German language edition of Wikipedia has been selected. This corpus is modeled as a network of information where the articles are considered the nodes and the cross references are considered the edges of a directed graph. With the help of this network a graduated definition of geospatial references is possible. It is implemented by computing the distance of each article to its closest article within the network that is assigned with spatial coordinates. Parallel to this, a survey-based approach is developed where participants have the task to assign pieces of information to one of the categories “direct geospatial reference”, “indirect geospatial reference” and “no geospatial reference”. A synthesis of both approaches leads to an empirically justified figure for the “80%-assertion”. The result of the investigation is that for the corpus of Wikipedia 27% of the information may be categorized as directly geospatially referenced and 30% of the information may be categorized as indirectly geospatially referenced. In the second part of the thesis the question is investigated in how far volunteered geographic information that is produced on mobile devices is related to the locations where it is published. For this purpose, a collection of microblogging-texts produced on mobile devices serve as research corpus. Microblogging-texts are short texts that are published via the World Wide Web. For this type of information the relationship be-tween the content of the information and their position is less obvious than e.g. for topographic information or photo descriptions. The analysis of microblogging-texts offers new possibilities for market and opinion research, the monitoring of natural events and human activities as well as for decision support in disaster management. The spatial analysis of the texts may add extra value. In fact for some of the applications the spatial analysis is a necessary condition. For this reason, the investigation of the relationship of the published contents with the locations where they are generated is of interest. Within this thesis, methods are described that support the investigation of this relationship. In the presented approach, classified Points of Interest serve as a model for the environment. For the purpose of the investigation of the correlation between these points and the microblogging-texts, manual classification and natural language processing are used in order to classify these texts according to their relevance in regard to the respective feature classes. Subsequently, it is tested whether the share of relevant texts in the proximity of objects of the tested classes is above average. The results of the investigation show that the strength of the location-content-correlation depends on the tested feature class. While for the feature classes ‘train station’, ‘airport’ and ‘restaurant’ a significant dependency of the share of relevant texts on the distance to the respective objects may be observed, this is not confirmed for objects of other feature classes, such as ‘cinema’ and ‘supermarket’. However, as prior research that describes investigations on small cartographic scale has detected correlations between space and content of microblogging-texts, it can be concluded that the strength of the correlation between space and content of microblogging-texts depends on scale and topic
Während der vergangenen zehn Jahre vollzog sich eine signifikante Veränderung des World Wide Webs, das sich zum sogenannten „Web 2.0“ entwickelte. Das wesentlichste Merkmal dieser neuen Qualität des WWW ist die Beteiligung der Nutzer bei der Erstellung der Inhalte. Diese Entwicklung fördert das Entstehen von Nutzergemeinschaften, die kollaborativ in unterschiedlichsten Projekten Informationen sammeln und veröffentlichen. Prominente Beispiele für solche Projekte sind die Online-Enzyklopädie „Wikipedia“, die Microblogging-Plattform „Twitter“, die Foto-Plattform „Flickr“ und die Sammlung topographischer Informationen „OpenStreetMap“. Nutzergenerierte Inhalte, die direkt oder indirekt raumbezogen sind, können spezifischer als „nutzergenerierte geographische Informationen“ bezeichnet werden. Der Raumbezug dieser Informationen entsteht entweder direkt durch die Angabe räumlicher Koordinaten als Metainformationen oder er kann indirekt durch die Georeferenzierung von in den Informationen enthaltenen Toponymen oder Adressen hergestellt werden. Nutzergenerierte geographische Informationen haben für die Forschung den besonderen Vorteil, dass sie einerseits häufig gänzlich ohne oder nur mit geringen Kosten verfügbar gemacht werden können und andererseits eine Vielzahl von menschlichen Entscheidungen widerspiegeln, die mit dem Raum verknüpft sind. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wird die Beziehung von Raum und Inhalt nutzergenerierter geographischer Informationen aus zwei Perspektiven untersucht. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit steht die Frage im Vordergrund, für welchen Anteil an Informationen eine Beziehung zwischen Raum und Informationsinhalt in der Art besteht, dass die Informationen im Georaum lokalisierbar sind. In diesem Zusammenhang existiert seit den 1980er Jahren die unter Nutzern von geographischen Informationssystemen weit verbreitete These, dass 80% aller Informationen einen Raumbezug haben. Diese These dient im gesamten Spektrum der Branche als Marketinginstrument, ist jedoch nicht empirisch belegt. Diese Arbeit trägt dazu bei, die bestehende Forschungslücke zu schließen. Für die Prüfung dieser These, die in der Arbeit als „Raumbezugshypothese“ bezeichnet wird, werden zwei Ansätze vorgestellt. Der erste Ansatz basiert auf der Analyse eines möglichst repräsentativen Informationskorpus, wofür die deutsche Sprachversion der Wikipedia ausgewählt wird. Diese wird als Informationsnetzwerk modelliert, indem deren Artikel als Knoten und deren interne Querverweise als Kanten eines gerichteten Graphen betrachtet werden. Mit Hilfe dieses Netzwerkes ist es möglich eine abgestufte Definition des Raumbezuges von Informationen einzuführen, indem die Entfernung jedes Artikels innerhalb des Netzwerkes zum jeweils nächstgelegenen Artikel, der mit räumlichen Koordinaten gekennzeichnet ist, berechnet wird. Parallel dazu wird ein Befragungsansatz entwickelt, bei dem Probanden die Aufgabe haben, Informationen in die Kategorien „Direkter Raumbezug“, „Indirekter Raumbezug“ und „Kein Raumbezug“ einzuordnen. Die Synthese beider Ansätze führt zu einer empirisch begründeten Zahl für die „Raumbezugsthese“. Das Ergebnis ist, dass für das Untersuchungskorpus Wikipedia 27% der Informationen als direkt raumbezogenen und 30% der Informationen als indirekt raumbezogen kategorisiert werden können. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wird die Forschungsfrage untersucht, inwiefern nutzergenerierte Informationen, die über mobile Geräte erzeugt werden, in Beziehung zu den Orten stehen, an denen sie veröffentlicht werden. Als Forschungskorpus dienen mobil verfasste Microblogging-Texte. Dies sind kurze Texte, die über das WWW veröffentlicht werden. Bei dieser Informationsart liegt im Gegensatz zu beispielsweise topographischen Information oder Fotobeschreibungen die Vermutung eines starken Zusammenhanges zwischen dem Inhalt der Informationen und deren Positionen nicht nahe. Die Analyse von Microblogging-Texten bietet unter anderem Potential für die Markt- und Meinungsforschung, die Beobachtung von Naturereignissen und menschlichen Aktivitäten sowie die Entscheidungsunterstützung in Katastrophenfällen. Aus der räumlichen Auswertung kann sich dabei ein Mehrwert ergeben, für einen Teil der Anwendungen ist die räumliche Auswertung sogar die notwendige Voraussetzung. Aus diesem Grund ist die Erforschung des Zusammenhanges der veröffentlichten Inhalte mit den Orten, an denen diese entstehen, von Interesse. In der Arbeit werden eine Methoden vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe die Untersuchung dieser Korrelation am Beispiel von klassifizierten Points of Interest durchgeführt wird. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Texte mit Hilfe von manueller Klassifikation und maschineller Sprachverarbeitung entsprechend ihrer Relevanz für die getesteten Objektklassen klassifiziert. Anschließend wird geprüft, ob der Anteil der relevanten Texte in der Nähe von Objekten der getesteten Klassen überdurchschnittlich hoch ist. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zeigen, dass die Stärke der Raum-Inhalt-Korrelation von den getesteten Objektklassen abhängig ist. Während sich beispielsweise bei Bahnhöfen, Flughäfen und Restaurants eine deutliche Abhängigkeit des Anteils der relevanten Texte von der Entfernung zu den betreffenden Objekten zeigt, kann dies für andere Objektklassen, wie z.B. Kino oder Supermarkt nicht bestätigt werden. Da frühere Forschungsarbeiten bei der Analyse im kleinmaßstäbigen Bereich eine Korrelation der Informationsinhalte mit deren Entstehungsorten feststellten, kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen Raum und Inhalt bei Microblogging-Texten sowohl vom Maßstab als auch vom Thema abhängig ist

Els datasets geogràfics representen la realitat mitjançant un conjunt d'entitats temàtiques que sovint no estan definides d'una manera precisa i que diferents persones poden entendre de diferents formes. La integració d'informació geogràfica provinent de diverses fonts presenta un important repte des del punt de vista semàntic. En aquesta tesi es proposa una solució a aquest problema basada en la definició d'un marc semàntic el nucli del qual és una ontologia que representa els conceptes temàtics en un repositori de datasets, així com les relacions entre aquests conceptes. També es proposa un mètode semi-automàtic per fusionar les ontologies d'aplicació dels datasets en el repositori. El marc semàntic permet també la definició de serveis semàntics, en concret la integració en un nou dataset d'informació temàtica provinent de diverses fonts. Finalment, el marc semàntic i els seus serveis s'utilitzaran en un sistema d'indexació i recuperació d'elements multimèdia geo-referenciats a partir del seu contingut geogràfic temàtic.
Los datasets geográficos representan la realidad mediante un conjunto de entidades temáticas que a menudo no están definidas de una manera precisa y que diferentes sujetos pueden entender de distintas formas. La integración de información geográfica proveniente de diversas fuentes presenta un importante reto desde el punto de vista semántico. En esta tesis se propone una solución a este problema basada en la definición de un marco semántico cuyo núcleo es una ontología que representa los conceptos temáticos en un repositorio de datasets, así como las relaciones entre dichos conceptos. También se propone un método semi-automático para fusionar las ontologías de aplicación de los datasets en el repositorio. El marco semántico permite además la definición de servicios semánticos, en concreto la integración en un nuevo dataset de información temática proveniente de diversas fuentes. Finalmente, el marco semántico y sus servicios se utilizarán en un sistema de indexación y recuperación de elementos multimedia geo-referenciados a partir de su contenido geográfico temático.
Geographic datasets represent reality through a set of thematic entities that are often not precisely defined and that may be understood in different ways by different subjects. Integrating geographic information from diverse datasets presents an important challenge from the semantic point of view. A solution to this problem is proposed in this thesis based on the definition of a semantic framework whose core is an ontology that represents the thematic concepts in a repository of datasets as well as their relations. A semi-automatic method is also proposed to merge the application ontologies of the datasets in the repository. The semantic framework supports the definition of semantic services, particularly the integration of the thematic information from diverse datasets in a new one. Finally, the semantic framework and its services have been used in the context of indexing and retrieving geo-referenced multimedia elements based on their thematic geographic content.

The purpose of this dissertation is to assess digital geo-referenced information and standards for exchanging such information, especially the South African National Exchange Standard (NES). The process of setting up a standard is exacting. On the one hand, the process demands a thorough scrutiny and analysis of the objects to be standardised and of all related concepts. This is a prerequisite for ensuring that there is unanimity about their meaning and inter-relationships. On the other hand, the process requires that the standard itself be enunciated as succinctly, comprehensibly and precisely as possible. This dissertation addresses both these facets of the standards process in the context of standards for exchanging digital geo-referenced information. The dissertation begins with an analysis of geo-referenced information in general, including digital geo-referenced information. In chapters 2 and 3, the various aspects of such information are scrutinised and evaluated in more detail. The examination of concepts is backed up by a comprehensive Glossary of terms in the domain under discussion. Chapter 4 examines the nature of standards. It also proposes a novel way to approach a standard for the exchange of digital geo-referenced information: namely, that it can be viewed as a language and can accordingly be specified by a grammar. To illustrate the proposal, NES is fully specified, using the Extended Backus-Naur Form notation, in an Appendix. Apart from the advantages of being a succinct and precise formal specification, the approach also lends itself to deploying standard tools such as Lex and yacc for conformance testing and for developing interfaces to NES, as illustrated in a second appendix. As a final theme of the dissertation, an evaluation of such standards is provided. Other standards that have been proposed elsewhere for purposes similar to that of NES are surveyed in chapter 5. In chapter 6, features of NES are highlighted, including the fact that it takes a relational approach. Chapter 7 concludes the dissertation, summarising the work to date, and looking ahead to future work. AFRIKAANS : Die doel van hierdie verhandling is om versyferde geo-verwysde inligting en standaarde vir die uitruil van sulke inligting te ondersoek, met spesifieke verwysing na die Suid- Afrikaanse Nasionale Uitruilstandaard (NES). Die proses om ’n standaard op te stel is veeleisend. Aan die een kant vereis die proses ’n volledige bestudering en ontleding van die objekte wat gestandaardiseer gaan word, asook van al die verwante konsepte. Hierdie is ’n voorvereiste om te verseker dat daar oor hul betekenisse en onderlinge verwantskappe eenstemmigheid bestaan. Aan die ander kant vereis die proses dat die standaard so kernagtig, volledig en presies moontlik gestel moet word. Hierdie verhandeling spreek beide hierdie fasette van die standaardiseringsproses aan, en wel in die konteks van standaarde vir die uitruil van versyferde geo-verwysde inligting. Dié verhandling begin met ’n oorhoofse analise van geo-verwysde inligting, insluitend versyferde geo-verwysde inligting. In hoofstukke 2 en 3 word verskeie aspekte van dié inligting in meer detail ondersoek en geëvalueer. Hierdie ondersoek van konsepte word deur ’n omvattende woordelys van terme in die veld onder bespreking gesteun. Hoofstuk 4 ondersoek die aard van standaarde. Dit stel ook ’n nuwe manier voor om ’n standaard vir die uitruil van versyferde geo-verwysde inligting te benader, naamlik dat dit as ’n taal beskou kan word, en dat dit gevolglik deur middel van ’n grammatika gespesifiseer kan word. Om die voorstel te illustreer, word NES volledig in ’n aanhangsel deur middel van die Uitgebreide Backus-Naur Vorm notasie gespesifiseer. Afgesien van die voordeel van ’n kernagtige en presiese formele spesifikasie, ondersteun die benadering ook standaardgereedskap soos Lex en yacc wat vir konformeringstoetsing en vir NES koppelvlakke gebruik kan word, soos in ’n tweede aanhangsel illustreer word. As ’n finale tema van die verhandeling word ’n evaluasie van tersaaklike standaarde voorsien. Standaarde wat elders vir soortgelyke doeleindes aan dié van NES voorgestel is, word oorsigtelik in hoofstuk 5 beskou. In hoofstuk 6 word kenmerkende eienskappe van NES uitgelig, insluitend die feit dat dit op ’n relasionele benadering gebaseer is. Hoofstuk 7 sluit die verhandeling af met ’n opsomming van werk tot op datum en ’n blik op toekomstige werk.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1993.
Computer Science
unrestricted

"July 1998"
Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, School of Biological Sciences, 1999.
Bibliography: leaves 321-360.
Introduction -- Musculoskeletal anatomy of Mugil cephalus -- A phylogenetic analysis of the Indo-Pacific mullets -- Description of the genera and species of Indo-Pacific mullet -- References.
Systematic, phylogeny and geographical distribution of Mugilidae in Indo-Pacific and Australian waters was reviewed, using morphological and osteological data. The original description, and synonymies, of all genera and species were compiled, and the extant type specimens in the Australian Museum, Queensland Museum, Western Australian Museum, British Museum of Natural History, Paris Museum of Natural History, Amsterdam, and Leiden Museums of Natural History were examined. Specimens of 11 species were collected from 50 coastal sites of Australia between Cairns (Queensland), to Port Elliston (South Australia), and Tasmania. Species that could not be collected were borrowed from the above mentioned museums. Thirty nine genera of mullets have been described worldwide of which 18 genera were recognised as valid in this study and a new genus 'ParamugiV is described. Mullets are most speciose in Indo-Pacific and this research suggests that 27 species (excluding Mugil brousssonetii Valenciennes, 1836), belonging to 14 genera are found in this region. -- The osteology and musculature of Mugil cephalus, as representative of Mugilidae is described. Distinguishing osteological characters within the group are defined. Osteology is a useful discriminant between genera and, in combination with morphometries and meristics, establishes useful criteria for the identification of these fishes. -- Phylogenetic analysis of data was performed using PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony) computer software. Keys for identification of genera and species of Indo-Pacific mullets are developed and description of different genera and species are given following the hierarchy of relationships among them on the cladogram. The genera of Cestraeus and Aldrichetta represent the plesimorphic (primitive) subfamily of Agonostominae in Indo-Pacific. Mugilinae containing the other Indo-Pacific mullets is apomorphic (advanced). The cladogram of phylogenetic analysis suggests that Myxus elongatus and Trachystoma petardi are the most plesiomorphic members of the subfamily Mugilinae and sister group to other Indo-Pacific species. Osteology and morphology of alimentary canal of Gracilimugil argenteus also supports the superficial differences of this genus from Liza, and the cladogram separates it as a distinct lineage following Trachystoma, and more primitive compared to the rest of Indo-Pacific mullets. Osteology also strongly suggests that Gracilimugil ramsayii is a junior synonym of Gracilimugil argenteus. The cladogram also separates Ellochelon vaigiensis as a distinct lineage which is plesiomorphic to Liza and the rest of derived Indo-Pacific mullets. Valamugil georgii and Liza parmata display some morphological features different from diagnostic characters for Mugil, Valamugil and Liza. The autapomorphic character states of distinct morphology of maxilla, articular, palatine and lachrymal plus ctenoid scales without membranous hind margin, and lack of pectoral axillary scale grouped them as a distinct lineage in the cladogram and sister-group to Liza. 'Paramugil' a new genus is erected for 'MugiV parmatus and 'Mugil' georgii. The genera Crenimugil and Valamugil are sister-groups, and except morphology of mouth do not reveal any significant differences. -- Twenty species of mullets belonging to twelve genera are found in Australian waters. Species Trachystoma petardi, Myxus elongatus, Gracilimugil argenteus, and Paramugil georgii, are restricted only to Australian waters. Trachystoma petardi is confined to freshwater rivers of north New South Wales to south Queensland. Myxus elongatus inhabits in temperate waters of Australia, Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. Gracilimugil argenteus is limited to southern coasts of Australia from Cardwell in Queensland to Geraldton in Western Australia and Paramugil georgii is confined to temperate and tropical coastal waters of Australia. Aldrichtta forsteri is restricted to temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand. The most diversity in Australian mullets is observed in tropical waters of north Queensland, Northern Territory and north Western Australia. Liza macrolepis occurs in the waters of north and north-east Australia. There is no record of Neomyxus leuciscus, Cestraeus spp., Liza affinis, Valamugil speigleri and Valamugil perusii in Australian Waters.
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
xiii, 397 leaves ill

Denna studie har undersökt elevers kunskaper angående namngeografi samt läge- och storleksrelationer kopplat till Sverige, Norden, Europa samt världen. Studiens syfte är att undersöka om elevernas kunskaper påverkas av deras resvana, ursprung, kön eller annan vistelse utomlands. Studien utgår ifrån Bronfenbrenners ekologiska systemteori och Piagets kognitiva konstruktivism. Undersökningen är genomförd med en kvantitativ metod och respondenterna har bestått av 52 elever i tre olika klasser i årskurs 6. Respondenterna har fyllt i en enkät där de har fått besvara frågor angående deras resvana, vart de är födda, hur många plaster de har bott på samt om de har släkt utomlands. Respondenterna har även besvarat tolv frågeställningar kopplat till namngeografi samt läge- och storleksrelationer där respondenterna uppmanades att ringa in rätt svar bland fyra svarsalternativ. Avslutningsvis ombads respondenterna att konstruera en världskarta på ett blankt papper och markera ut världsdelarna samt Sverige. Resultatet av studien visar att de elever som är beresta har presterat bättre än de elever som inte har rest utanför Sverige. Studien visar även att de elever som har släkt utomlands har presterat bättre än de elever som inte har släkt utomlands. I sin helhet har flickorna presterat bättre än pojkarna och de elever som tillhör en annan könstillhörighet. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att eleverna tar till sig namngeografi utanför skolan och att resande och släkt utomlands kan bidra till sådana kunskaper.
The aim of this study is to examine students' knowledge regarding name geography, location and size relationships linked to Sweden, the Nordic countries, Europe and the world. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether students' knowledge is affected by their travel habits, origin, gender or other residence abroad. This study is based on Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory and Piaget's cognitive constructivism. The survey was conducted using a quantitative method and the respondents consisted of 52 students in three different classes in 6th grade. The respondents filled in a questionnaire where they were asked questions about their travel habits, where they were born, how many places they have lived in and if they have relatives abroad. The respondents also answered twelve questions related to name geography, location, and size relationships where the respondents were asked to circle the correct answer among four alternatives. Finally, the respondents were asked to construct a map of the world and mark the continents and Sweden on a blank piece of paper. The results of the study show that the students who have traveled have performed better than the students who have not traveled outside Sweden. The study also shows that students who have relatives abroad have performed better than students who have not relatives abroad. Overall, the girls have performed better than the boys and the students who belong to another gender. The results of the survey show that students absorb name geography outside of school and while traveling. Relatives abroad can also contribute to such knowledge.

Orientador: Diogenes Cortijo Costa
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T01:35:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agostinho_JulianoCesarPinto_M.pdf: 9468284 bytes, checksum: 1fb890c825cef0933e70359a6c567f70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007
Resumo: Este trabalho visa apresentar procedimentos para o planejamento e implantação de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG Municipal com ênfase na precisão, exatidão, confiabilidade, segurança e interoperabilidade dos dados e informações geográficas. Foram estudadas as metodologias e técnicas para elaboração de uma Base Cartográfica Cadastral Digital com estrutura topológica ajustada às necessidades do software de SIG, bem como sua vinculação com as entidades do mundo real através da elaboração de uma Rede de Referência Cadastral Municipal. A parte prática deste trabalho foi limitada à área urbana e de expansão urbana de um município de pequeno porte, integrando a coleta, tratamento, armazenamento, recuperação e análise dos dados e informações geográficas através dos métodos e técnicas de mapeamento com topografia convencional, uso do sistema de navegação e posicionamento global por satélite (Global Navigation Satellite System - GNSS) e uso do SIG. No estudo de caso os dados e informações geográficas foram armazenados em um Sistema Gerenciador de Banco de Dados SGBD Objeto-Relacional com extensão espacial, possibilitando a integração destes dados e toda a exploração do potencial deste sistema. Finalmente foram apresentadas discussões e recomendações sobre temas abordados em geotecnologias
Abstract: This paper has the purpose of presenting procedures for planning and implementing a Municipal Geographic Information System (GIS) with an emphasis on the precision, exactness, reliability, safety, and interoperability of the data and geographical information. The methodologies and techniques for elaborating a Digital Cartographic Base with a topological structure adjusted to the needs of the GIS software as well as its link with the entities of the real world by elaborating a Municipal Geodetic Reference Network. The practical part of this work was limited to the urban area and the urban expansion of a small municipality, integrating it into the colIection, handling, storage, recuperation, and analysis of geographical data and information by the mapping methods and techniques with conventional survey, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and GIS. In the case study, the geographical data and information were stored in an Object-Relational Database Management System (DBMS) with spatial extension, making it possible to integrate this data to alI the exploration of this system's potential. Finally, discussions and recommendations were presented about the issues addressed in geotechnologies
Mestrado
Transportes
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Diese Arbeit bietet eine solide theoretische Grundlage zu Philanthropie und religiös motivierten Spendenaktivitäten und deren Einfluss auf Wohltätigkeitstrends, Entwicklungszusammenarbeit und einer auf dem Gedanken der sozialen Gerechtigkeit beruhenden Philanthropie. Untersucht werden dafür die Strukturen religiös motivierte Spenden, für die in der islamischen Tradition die Begriffe „zakat“, „Waqf“ oder im Plural auch „awqaf-“ oder „Sadaqa“ verwendet werden, der christliche Begriff dafür lautet „tithes“ oder „ushour“. Aufbauend auf diesem theoretischen Rahmenwerk analysiert die qualitative und quantitative Feldstudie auf nationaler Ebene, wie die ägyptische Öffentlichkeit Philanthropie, soziale Gerechtigkeit, Menschenrechte, Spenden, Freiwilligenarbeit und andere Konzepte des zivilgesellschaftlichen Engagements wahrnimmt. Um eine umfassende und repräsentative Datengrundlage zu erhalten, wurden 2000 Haushalte, 200 zivilgesellschaftliche Organisationen erfasst, sowie Spender, Empfänger, religiöse Wohltäter und andere Akteure interviewt. Die so gewonnen Erkenntnisse lassen aussagekräftige Aufschlüsse über philanthropische Trends zu. Erstmals wird so auch eine finanzielle Einschätzung und Bewertung der Aktivitäten im lokalen Wohltätigkeitsbereich möglich, die sich auf mehr als eine Billion US-Dollar beziffern lassen. Die Erhebung weist nach, dass gemessen an den Pro-Kopf-Aufwendungen die privaten Spendenaktivitäten weitaus wichtiger sind als auswärtige wirtschaftliche Hilfe für Ägypten. Das wiederum lässt Rückschlüsse zu, welche Bedeutung lokale Wohltätigkeit erlangen kann, wenn sie richtig gesteuert wird und nicht wie bislang oft im Teufelskreis von ad-hoc-Spenden oder Hilfen von Privatperson an Privatperson gefangen ist. Die Studie stellt außerdem eine Verbindung her zwischen lokalen Wohltätigkeits-Mechanismen, die meist auf religiösen und kulturellen Werten beruhen, und modernen Strukturen, wie etwa Gemeinde-Stiftungen oder Gemeinde-„waqf“, innerhalb derer die Spenden eine nachhaltige Veränderung bewirken können. Daher bietet diese Arbeit also eine umfassende wissenschaftliche Grundlage, die nicht nur ein besseres Verständnis, sondern auch den nachhaltiger Aus- und Aufbau lokaler Wohltätigkeitsstrukturen in Ägypten ermöglicht. Zentral ist dabei vor allem die Rolle lokaler, individueller Spenden, die beispielsweise für Stiftungen auf der Gemeindeebene eingesetzt, wesentlich zu einer nachhaltigen Entwicklung beitragen könnten – und das nicht nur in Ägypten, sondern in der gesamten arabischen Region. Als konkretes Ergebnis dieser Arbeit, wurde ein innovatives Modell entwickelt, dass neben den wissenschaftlichen Daten das Konzept der „waqf“ berücksichtigt. Der Wissenschaftlerin und einem engagierten Vorstand ist es auf dieser Grundlage gelungen, die Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) zu gründen, die nicht nur ein Modell für eine Bürgerstiftung ist, sondern auch das tradierte Konzept der „waqf“ als praktikable und verbürgte Wohlstätigkeitsstruktur sinnvoll weiterentwickelt.
This work provides a solid theoretical base on philanthropy, religious giving (Islamic zakat, ‘ushour, Waqf -plural: awqaf-, Sadaqa and Christian tithes or ‘ushour), and their implications on giving trends, development work, social justice philanthropy. The field study (quantitative and qualitative) that supports the theoretical framework reflects at a national level the Egyptian public’s perceptions on philanthropy, social justice, human rights, giving and volunteering and other concepts that determine the peoples’ civic engagement. The statistics cover 2000 households, 200 Civil Society Organizations distributed all over Egypt and interviews donors, recipients, religious people and other stakeholders. The numbers reflect philanthropic trends and for the first time provide a monetary estimate of local philanthropy of over USD 1 Billion annually. The survey proves that the per capita share of philanthropy outweighs the per capita share of foreign economic assistance to Egypt, which implies the significance of local giving if properly channeled, and not as it is actually consumed in the vicious circle of ad-hoc, person to person charity. In addition, the study relates local giving mechanisms derived from religion and culture to modern actual structures, like community foundations or community waqf that could bring about sustainable change in the communities. In sum, the work provides a comprehensive scientific base to help understand- and build on local philanthropy in Egypt. It explores the role that local individual giving could play in achieving sustainable development and building a new wave of community foundations not only in Egypt but in the Arab region at large. As a tangible result of this thesis, an innovative model that revives the concept of waqf and builds on the study’s results was created by the researcher and a dedicated board of trustees who succeeded in establishing Waqfeyat al Maadi Community Foundation (WMCF) that not only introduces the community foundation model to Egypt, but revives and modernizes the waqf as a practical authentic philanthropic structure.

M.A.
It is true that public participation processes in local government do not produce the outcomes that reveal a fully optimised process. The aim of the study was to bring about a better understanding of the perceptions and experiences of Pretoria Central residents, in particular, with regard to the possible extent to which they feel they participated in discussions pertaining to the re-naming of Pretoria. This was achieved by way of a literature review and an analysis of the data collected during the focus groups. The methodological approach that was used by the researcher was a qualitative one, and purposive and snowball techniques were instrumental for the identification of participants. In chapter 1, the topic of the study is introduced and the background to the study, the research problem, the design and methodology as well as the outline of the chapters is explained. In chapter 2, the concept of public participation is discussed within the context of the local government. The role and involvement of the public in decision making is discussed, as well as public participation in other countries and how these relate to South Africa. The discussion is positioned within the broader context of Dahrendorf’s theory of conflict. Chapter 3 deals with the research design and methodology used to research the topic of this study. In chapter 4, the presentation of research findings is given, according to the themes that were used during data collection and analysis. The study shows that the respondents were unhappy about the manner in which the renaming of Pretoria was conducted. They were of the opinion that the municipality could have done better in terms of advertising and informing them about the process so that they could participate. The last chapter focuses on the conclusion and recommendations based on the findings discussed in the previous chapter. The researcher makes some recommendations based on the gaps that he identified on the findings. The study has some limitations which are also discussed.

Thesis (M.A (African Languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2009
The purpose of this research was to investigate, analyze and examine the historical background of Louis Trichardt, the renaming process with special reference to principles and procedures outlined by the South Africans Geographical Names Council. The study demonstrates the importance of principles and procedures when renaming a place. Ignoring these principles and procedures as outlined by the South African Geographical Names Council results in unnecessary confrontations and expenditure as it has been the case with Louis Trichardt. The study also reveals that not abiding by the rules, results in the polarization of communities. It also demonstrates how places should be renamed, which names are recommended and who should be involved. In the end, recommendation were suggested for the smooth renaming of places. This will help in coming up with names that will be acceptable to all.

Access to clean water and improved sanitation are basic human right. This quantitative, descriptive study sought to establish current water and sanitation coverage in Chirumanzu and Shurugwi districts in Zimbabwe and develop methods of assessing coverage using Geographic Information Systems. Google Earth was used to identify homesteads. Personal digital assistant-based forms were used to collect geo-referenced data on all water points and selected households. Geospatial analysis methods were used to calculate borehole water coverage. Using Google Earth, 29375 homesteads were identified. The water survey mapped 4134 water points; 821 were boreholes; and only 548 were functional. Functional borehole water coverage was: 57.3%, 46.2%, and 33.5% for distance from household to water point of within 1500 m, 1000 m, and 500 m respectively. Sanitation coverage was 44.3%, but 96% of the latrines did not meet Blair Ventilated Pit latrine standards.
Health Studies
M.A. (Public Health) (Medical Informatics)

by Chung Him.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 160-175).
ABSTRACT --- p.i -ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii
ABBREVIATIONS --- p.iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v -vii
LIST OF FIGURES --- p.viii -ix
LIST OF TABLES --- p.x -xi
LIST OF MAPS --- p.xii
CHAPTER
Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1.1 --- Setting the Scene --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- The Research Problem --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Research Objective --- p.7
Chapter 1.4 --- Research Methodology --- p.8
Chapter 1.5 --- Significance of this Research --- p.9
Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.10
Chapter 2 --- UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE URBAN AND THE RURAL: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.12
Chapter 2.2 --- The Literature on Urban-Rural Inequality in China --- p.12
Chapter 2.3 --- Urban-Rural Inequality: A Discussion of Western Concepts --- p.20
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Urban-Rural Inequality and Neo-classical Economic Theories --- p.20
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Theories of Unequal Exchange --- p.24
Chapter 2.3.3 --- "The Concept of ""Urban Bias""" --- p.29
Chapter 2.4 --- "Summary," --- p.34
Chapter 3 --- GEOGRAPHIC TRANSFER OF RESOURCES: THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.37
Chapter 3.2 --- The Concept of GTR --- p.38
Chapter 3.3 --- The Operation of GTR in China --- p.44
Chapter 3.4 --- The GTR Mechanism in the Context of the Regional Administrative System --- p.51
Chapter 3.4.1 --- The Traditional Regional Administrative System and GTR --- p.52
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Institutional Reform of City-Leading-Counties and GTR --- p.55
Chapter 3.5 --- Variety Forms of Vertical and Horizontal Resource Transfer --- p.61
Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.66
Chapter 4 --- OPERATIONALIZATION OF THE CONCEPT OF GTR
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.68
Chapter 4.2 --- On Methodology --- p.68
Chapter 4.3 --- The Measurement of Resource Transfer --- p.72
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Resource Transfer Via the Price Mechanism (GTR1) --- p.74
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Resource transfer Via Taxes and Payments (GTR2) --- p.80
Chapter 4.4 --- Sketching the Picture of Resources Localization --- p.83
Chapter 4.5 --- The Technical Problems of Operationalization --- p.86
Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.86
Chapter 5 --- THE SUNAN AREA: A DESCRIPTION OF THE SETTING
Chapter 5.1 --- Defination --- p.88
Chapter 5.2 --- Basic Socio-Economic Characteristics --- p.89
Chapter 5.3 --- Summary: Implications For the Operation of the GTR --- p.97
Chapter 6 --- ESTIMATION OF THE RESOURCE TRANSFER & LOCALIZATION IN THE SUNAN AREA
Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.100
Chapter 6.2 --- The Estimation of GTR1 --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.1 --- The Rural Commodity Accounts of GTR1 --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.2 --- Adjust the Rural Commodity Accounts by the Base-Year Method --- p.109
Chapter 6.3 --- Sketching the Picture of Resource Localization --- p.111
Chapter 6.4 --- Concluding Remarks --- p.118
Chapter 7 --- GTR IN THE SUNAN AREA
Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.120
Chapter 7.2 --- Administrative System Reform in Sunan and Its Effects on GTR: A Discussion of the Estimations --- p.120
Chapter 7.2.1 --- GTR Under the Traditional Administrative System --- p.122
Chapter 7.2.2 --- Institutional Reform & the GTRin the Sunan Area --- p.125
Chapter 7.3 --- GTR in the Sunan Rural Ecocomy: A Discussion of the Mechanism --- p.142
Chapter 7.3.1 --- GTR in the Agricultural Sector --- p.142
Chapter 7.3.2 --- GTR in the Rural Non-Agricultural Activities --- p.149
Chapter 7.4 --- Conclusion --- p.151
Chapter 8 --- SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS
Chapter 8.1 --- Summary --- p.153
Chapter 8.2 --- Implications --- p.156
Chapter 8.3 --- Directions for Further Study --- p.158
BILBLIOGRAPHY --- p.160
Cited Statistical Yearbooks --- p.173