Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Géographie – Burkina Faso'
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Ouedraogo, François de Charles. "Géographie de la vulnérabilité alimentaire dans l'Est du Burkina Faso : des potentialités aux ressources." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010521.
Full textSory, Issa. ""Ouaga la belle !" gestion des déchets solides à Ouagadougou : enjeux politiques, jeux d'acteurs et inégalités environnementales." Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010523.
Full textOuattara, Nobéré. "L’évolution des activités agricoles dans les zones ouest du Burkina faso : la confrontation des espaces ruraux avec des sollicitations nationales concurrentes : l'exemple des hauts-bassins." Caen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CAEN1043.
Full textBiehler, Alexandra. "Enjeux et modes de constitution des espaces publics à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)." Paris 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA010513.
Full textBelem, Pegda Célestin. "Coton et systèmes de production dans l'ouest du Burkina Faso." Montpellier 3, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON30057.
Full textBamony, Pierre. "Structure apparente, structure invisible : l'ambivalence des pouvoirs chez les Lyéla du Burkina Faso." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF20011.
Full textOuedraogo, Issiaka. "Inégalités spatiales d'éducation post-primaire et secondaire à Ouagadougou : enjeux de gouvernance et d'aménagement du territoire." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMC011/document.
Full textAt the independence of Upper Volta in 1960, the city of Ouagadougou had a total of 10 secondary schools, including 3 public, 5 private Catholic, 1 private Protestant, and 1 private secular. This offer got a sounding increase since then. So, in 2013-2014, the city had more than 390 establishments. It is characterized above all by a greater diversity of actors and a strong primacy of private secular institutions. Moreover, it appears that despite this meteoric growth in school supply related to population growth, access to education remains a problem for a large part of the population. Several factors justify this situation and could be examined in many ways, including public policies and strategies implemented by actors and populations. To understand this situation and see how it is reflected on the territory of the city, this thesis has choosed to question the practices of actors, or governance, in a general way.The process of urbanization of the city appears as a relevant gateway to ask the question. Indeed, urbanization in Ouagadougou is characterized by both high population growth and significant spatial expansion. In a context of low level of public investment in the field of post-primary and secondary education, this situation results in an inability of the public school supply to meet the high demand that results. With a growing demand for education, which has emerged with the current urbanization process, and also because of investments for the development of primary education since the 1990s, the private sector (secular, Franco-Arab, Catholic, Protestant, associative, etc.) got developed. In the school year 2014-2015, it accounted for approximately 91.6% of establishments in the capital. This development of the private sector diversifies the actors implying a plurality of the modes of provision of educational service. Their interventions help to improve a failing public school offer through an increase of schools. However, there are many shortcomings related to school mapping and the quality of education, in terms of respect for official standards.This is why students and families develop several strategies both in school choice and in school attendance. These mechanisms of supply and school demand are reflected on the territory of the city. They thus make it possible to make an urban social geography to the prism of education. The aim of this thesis is to describe the spatial inequalities of post-primary and secondary education in Ouagadougou, and measure their intensities, and then explain them through the issues of governance and regional planning. The analyzes focus on the effects of the spatial distribution of school supply on the choice of schools by students and their families. To achieve this, we proceeded by a mixed analysis which resorts to qualitative and quantitative approaches. After having geo-referenced and mapped all the establishments of the city, qualitative interviews, carried out with actors of the education, made it possible to understand the modes of intervention of the various actors. The spatial transcription of governance and regional planning mechanisms in the field of post-primary and secondary education in Ouagadougou has thus been better understood
Déverin, Yveline. "Le corps de la terre : Moose de la région de Ouagadougou : représentations et gestion de l'environnement." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010652.
Full textThis doctor's thesis principally uses the methods of ethnoscience. The social and human sciences (philosophy, ethnology, anthropology and sociology), when based on ethnolinguistics and applied from a geographical perspective, help us understand the relations between people and their environment. The mossi see the world as being in their likeness and at their service. The world comprises not only "nature" but also space and time, which are defined and measured with regard to mankind. This anthropomorphic and anthropocentric conception enables the geographer to understand certain practices having to do with the management of the environment. It also helps him explain the way the mossi are seen by their non-mossi neighbors. This geographical approach sheds light on the homogeneity and coherence of an original way of thinking that structurally unites the conception of mankind and the conception of the world. In fact, it unites them so closely that image cannot be distinguished from object. In ougadougou but also in rural areas, major changes are occurring in the values governing behaviors. Tradition is adapting to these new exigencies. However the mossi logic is still functional, because it is tied to fundamental representations of the bonds that unite people both among themselves and to their environment. This dualism helps explain several reactions: what is a priori. .
Robineau, Ophélie. "Vivre de l'agriculture dans la ville africaine : une géographie des arrangements entre acteurs à Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00917958.
Full textGonin, Alexis. "Jeux de pouvoir pour l'accès aux ressources et devenir de l'élevage en Afrique soudanienne : le foncier pastoral dans l'Ouest du Burkina Faso." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010703/document.
Full textPastoral land tenure in Sudanian savannas is less studied than pastoral land tenure in Sahelian areas. However, livestock breeding has been growing in Sudanian areas since the 1970s, and is now the second largest sources of wealth after agriculture. Increase in croplands and livestock stems from population growth. This entails a growing and potentially conflicting spatial competition between agriculture and stockbreeding. This PhD dissertation builds on the case of western Burkina Faso to deal with the issue of the role and the spatial organization of stockbreeding in regions under land pressure. Data were mainly collected through interviews with producers and key informants, questionnaires, accompanying along herds during transhumance and remote sensing analysis. The first part describes decrease in pasturelands and its consequences on pastoral mobility. The second part is entered in the search fields of political ecology and geography of power. The analysis of local power relations and national rural development policies shows that land pressure comes along with a territorialisation of bushes to the detriment of pasturelands. This results into a growth of socio-economic inequalities between herders. Finally, the third part gathers arguments in favour of pastoralism in Sudanian areas and demonstrates that this production system will continue only if a pastoral land right is created. The analysis of the role and the strategy of each actor gives tools to conduct a policy of consultation on shared use of resources and territorial integration of activities
Kassie, Daouda. "Segmentations urbaines et disparités de santé dans une ville moyenne africaine : du paludisme aux états nutritionnels à Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA100020.
Full textThe urbanization is a phenomenon which modifies the living conditions and the environment on all the continents. Since 2007, more half of the world population lives in urban areas. However, much of cities of the developing countries are growing without control, exposing the populations to many environmental risks which have complex medical consequences, rather badly known. It is particularly the case of the small and medium-sized cities of Africa.By developing a research program on the town of Bobo-Dioulasso, the second city of Burkina Faso, where the relations between urbanization and health were sparsely analyzed, particularly by the medical geographers, we aim to analyze the production of the inequalities of health taking into account urbanization process according to an original methodological approach. Several health indicators were used, among them malaria and nutritional states, both on adults from 35 to 59 years and on children from 6 to 59 months, resulting from districts which have been chosen to illustrate urban diversity in order to thus maximize the amplitude of the differences in health between the districts but also within the districts. Our work constitutes the bases of more elaborate analyses of the relations between the processes of urbanization and the inequalities of health in order to understand socio-territorial constructions of them. It allowed important methodological projections as regards sampling of urban space and it introduces a typology of the city showing that its segmentation is implied in the production of the inequalities of health
Kapgen, Diane. "Impacts of Agroecology-based Development Programs on Smallholder Farmers’ Livelihoods in Eastern Burkina Faso." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/283200.
Full textRésuméAujourd’hui, l’un des plus grands défis du monde est la situation précaire de dizaines de millions de petits agriculteurs. Fondée sur de nouveaux types de technologies traditionnelles et sur des ressources naturelles et sociales disponibles localement, l'agroécologie semble être une stratégie d’existence prometteuse, surtout pour les petits agriculteurs africains, dont beaucoup ne peuvent pas accéder à des techniques et à des intrants coûteux. Dans les environnements fragiles où des familles entières dépendent de l'agriculture à petite échelle, comme dans l'est du Burkina Faso, il est très important de comprendre si l'agroécologie peut réellement améliorer les moyens d’existence des ménages agricoles et dans quelles conditions. La présente thèse explore le processus de transition agroécologique dans un contexte de coopération au développement, afin de comprendre comment et pourquoi les adoptions et les adaptations d’innovations basées sur l’agroécologie ont un impact sur les moyens de subsistance des agriculteurs. Afin d’appréhender la complexité de l’agroécologie dans un contexte d’interventions de développement, l’étude est fondée sur un triple cadre conceptuel interdisciplinaire qui combine l'approche des moyens d'existence durables, l'approche agronomique de l’Agriculture Comparée et l’approche ECRIS (Enquête Collective Rapide d’Identification des Conflits et des Groupes Stratégiques) issue de l'anthropologie du développement. S'appuyant sur des recherches de terrain qualitatives approfondies dans la province de la Gnagna, incluant des entretiens semi-directifs avec quatre-vingt-dix agriculteurs et dix-huit acteurs-clés ainsi que de l’observation participante, la recherche montre l'écart entre le potentiel théorique de l'agroécologie et ses impacts réels sur les moyens de subsistance de diverses catégories d’agriculteurs.La thèse montre que les organisations de développement choisissent parmi les nombreuses interprétations de l'agroécologie, et ignorent souvent ses attributs de transdisciplinarité, de participation, de démarche ascendante et d’orientation vers l'action. Néanmoins, les résultats suggèrent que la promotion par l'ONG locale ARFA (Association pour la Recherche et la Formation en Agro-écologie) de techniques agricoles basées sur l'agroécologie a du sens dans le contexte régional de dégradation de l'environnement, et de moyens d’existence relativement faibles, de la plupart des agriculteurs :de manière générale, l'adoption de ces techniques a un impact positif sur les moyens d’existence des agriculteurs. Une analyse plus approfondie révèle toutefois comment les agriculteurs disposant des moyens d’existence les plus faibles – labour manuel, pas d’animaux, peu de force de travail, illettrés et vivant dans les ménages les plus démunis en termes d’habitation, de possession d’objets de consommation courante, de régime alimentaire en quantité et en qualité, ayant aussi un statut social bas et une faible influence – bénéficient le moins des programmes d’ARFA en fin de compte. Les agriculteurs un peu plus aisés constituent les membres principaux des groupements d’agriculteurs d’ARFA, qui servent de moyen pour diffuser les techniques agroécologiques promues. Ces techniques sont basées sur des connaissances traditionnelles d’agriculteurs d’autres régions ou pays, ce qui signifie que les agriculteurs « ciblés » par les programmes doivent acquérir de nouvelles connaissances, ainsi que du matériel et des intrants. L'étude montre qu’ARFA utilise les groupements d'agriculteurs comme des organes de diffusion apparemment neutres, sans prendre en compte les hiérarchies sociales et les relations de pouvoir structurelles au sein des groupements. Pourtant, les structures de pouvoir internes aux groupements décident quels membres ont accès au meilleur apport de connaissances par le biais de la participation à des champs écoles paysans, ainsi qu’au matériel distribué via les groupements. Les avantages liés à l’appartenance à de nouvelles structures organisationnelles - notamment sous la forme de capacités d’organisation renforcées, de nouvelles compétences sociales et en matière de communication - sont plus équitablement répartis. Mais, le déséquilibre entre les agriculteurs un peu plus aisés et les moins nantis demeure.En adoptant une perspective plus globale, l’étude démontre une nouvelle dépendance des agriculteurs induite par les programmes de développement agroécologique. Cette dépendance peut être considérée comme allant à l’encontre de l’appel de l’agroécologie à l’autonomie des agriculteurs. En outre, le passage de l’agroécologie à une échelle supérieure est réduit. Les résultats indiquent les limites de l'idée de propager de l'agroécologie dans les pays en développement sans une transition simultanée vers un système alimentaire mondial différent.
Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales
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Nao, Oumarou. "Le masque à lame chez les Moosé, les Nuna et les Bwaba : le problème de sa diffusion : étude de son milieu social et de sa géographie stylistique." Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010616.
Full textThe blade mask is a wooden monoxyle object used in ritual ceremonies among a large number of people from western africa including moose, nuna and bwaba people from the present burkina faso. The study of the morphology of such a wood-carving, in addition to the analyse of its stylistic geography within the limits of the present work, clearly shows that the blade masks of the moose on one side and those of the nuna and of the bwaba on the other side do not have the same origin, because both types have been influenced at different times by groups coming from different horizons with a well-mastered style
Audouin, Sarah. "Systèmes d'innovation et territoires : un jeu d'interactions. Les exemples de l'anacarde et du jatropha dans le sud-ouest du Burkina Faso." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01054501.
Full textFromageot, Audrey. "Vallées maraîchères, économies vivières : étude géographique de l'essor du maraîchage marchand dans les campagnes du nord de la Côte d'Ivoire et de l'ouest du Burkina Faso." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010662.
Full textGrippa, Taïs. "Very‑high resolution earth observation data and open‑source solutions for mapping urban areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Implementation of an operational framework for production of geoinformation. Application on Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso) and Dakar (Senegal)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/284464.
Full textOption Géographie du Doctorat en Sciences
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Ouedraogo, Téwendé Laurent. "Résister, s'adapter ou disparaître? : les paysanneries face aux mutations agricoles et foncières : une analyse à partir des provinces du Ziro et de la Sissili au sud du Burkina Faso." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010684.
Full textThe Nuna county, the current provinces of Ziro and Sissili, is one of the dynamic agricultural pioneering fronts in Burkina Faso. In fact, since particularly the 70s marked by a harsh drought crisis experienced by the country, a major migratory movement engaged by Mossi and Fulani people from the northern regions of Burkina Faso, was triggered towards the lands of this southern region. This migration which has continued until today is an important fact impacting local soci-economical relationships, in a differenciation process. Peasantry that was relatively homogenous in terms of domestic agriculture is now engaged in a accelerated restructuring logic in terms of agro-sylvo-pastoral production. Agricultural and land management practices have been experiencing deep changes : agriculture is increasingly integrated in the national and international market, and one of the implications of this development is the commodification of land ; which is at the same time, a break with the customoray order in terms of local land management. The link with the market determines not only the types of agricultural speculations to produce, but it henceforth, positions farmers differently in the rural society of the Nuna county. This restrcuring-decomposition dynamic of peasantry is emphasized by the implementation of an agro-buniss or agricultural entrepreneurship policy by urban elites, equipped ; to that effect, with more material and financial resources than the local farmers. Local traditional relationships to productive resources, including land, have become capitalist type power relationship. In such an exacerbated competitive environment between different stakeholders and agricultural entrepreneurs of urban origin, the future development trajectorries of farmer categories are a complex issue to analyze and they have been testing public agricultural policies of Burkina Faso
Courtin, Fabrice. "Les dynamiques de peuplement induites par la crise ivoirienne dans l'espace ivoiro-burkinabè, au regard de la maladie du sommeil." Montpellier 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON30064.
Full textThe armed conflict that broke out in Ivory Coast on september 19th 2002 resulted in major population displacements not only within Ivory Coast but also the neighbouring countries. These displacements have had a profound impact on the demography of West Africa with the disperal of about one million peole, with 550. 000 moving within Ivory Coast and further 450. 000 taking refuge in neighbouring countries. The largest recipient of refugees was Burkina Faso which received 360. 000 displaced people. Viewing the recent crisis against the wider historical paespective of migration between Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast over the last 100 years (1900-2007), the present study analysed the impact on demography, the environment and the health of both resident and refugee populations. Studies were undertaken in three study areas, each of ~200 km2. One site was located at Bonon, within the Ivorian forested zone, and the other two sites, Folonzo and Gbalara, were within the savannah zone of southern Burkina Faso. Our results have implications for the management of human migration between countries, especially with respect to issues relating to land tenure which lie at the heart of numerous conflicts in Africa, in general, and in Ivory Coast in particular. The results from studies performed in Bonon illustrated the numerous inter-communal tensions which, in turn, exacerbaate the risk of HAT developing. The results indicate key village-, national- and regional-scale factors which may contribute to the development HAT during periods of upheaval. Recommendations for identifying sites for medical intervention are made
Diabaté, Abdoulaye. "Le paludisme au Burkina Faso : étude de la transmission et répartition géographique de la résistance d'"Anopheles gambiae" SL aux pyréthrinoi͏̈des." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20026.
Full textLa, Rocque Stéphane de. "Identification des facteurs discriminants majeurs de la présence des glossines dans une zone agro-pastorale du Burkina Faso. Intérêt pour la prévision du risque trypanosomien." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20241.
Full textDiébré, Diadoma Jean-François Régis. "Élaboration d'un plan d'aménagement intégré de la forêt classée de Banbou (sud-ouest Burkina Faso) à l'aide d'un système d'information géographique (SIG)." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0019/MQ61736.pdf.
Full textKedowide, Mevo Guezo Conchita Ghislaine. "SIG et analyse multicritère pour l’aide à la décision en agriculture urbaine dans les pays en développement, cas de Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso." Paris 8, 2011. http://octaviana.fr/document/163805911#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Full text"Before 2030, the world population will increase by 3 billion individuals, among whom 95 % in developing countries, production of food will double, and that of waste and effluents will increase fourfold in cities. Three billion persons will lack infrastructure for sewage disposal. These patterns and their potential impact as well as the challenge its management, will beparticularly pronounced in regions in fast urbanizing regions amongst which sub‐Saharan Africa" (Mougeot et Moustier, 2004). This statement is vocal on the issue of integrating food security in urban environmental management in the cities of developing countries. One urban activity contributing to fighting poverty and promoting a clean environment is urban agriculture, in as much as it consists of “an industry that produces, processes, and markets food and fuel, largely in response to the daily demand of consumers within a town” (UNDP, 1998). It is a source of income for the underprivileged for whom jobs are created, and it participates in the purification of cities by using recycled waste as fertilizers and treated waste water. Nevertheless, in spite of its vital functions in developing countries, the urban agriculture suffers from a lack of recognition and carries little economic weight. This is justified by its call on scarce resources and the health and environmental risks associated with its practice. . . This situation is evidenced in the specific case of Burkina Faso, which is the subject of our study. So, the characterization made from the field data indicates that agriculture is marginalized in this administrative entity and it disturbs because it tries to settle where the city develops. It claims lands subject to high financial speculations by the authorities and water, a scarce resource in the Burkina‘s sahelian context. This explains its precarious and informal character and a long time, the lack of consideration in the projects of urban planning. The present study elucidates its profile and spatial distribution. It was interested at first in its spatiotemporal dynamics since 1996, which corresponds to the period when Agrarian and land reform (RAF, on 1999) was adopted in Burkina; secondly, it canvasses agricultural potential zones, where efforts of accompaniment should focus in order to help in the decision‐making by the territorial administrators of the Municipality of Ouagadougou. .
Somé, Yélézouomin. "Modélisation de la distribution spatiale de formes moléculaire M et S d'Anopheles gambiae au Burkina Faso avec les SIG et l'analyse spatiale." Thesis, Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE1108/document.
Full textThe anti-vectorial fight is an important constituent for vectorial borne diseases control. The knowledge of the vectors populations as well as their specific composition and spatiotemporal distribution is fundamental for the conception of the strategies of fight against this type of disease.This thesis modeled the spatial distribution of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae s.s., major vectors of malaria in Burkina Faso. The modeling was made from the analysis of a series of observations concerning both the vectors and the environment.It proceeds of a combination of concepts and methods of biogeography with techniques and tools of spatial analysis, data analysis and the geographical information systems.We retain of this research work that the abundance of the molecular form S of Anopheles gambiae s.s., decreases as we move from wet regions of the south and the southwest to those the driest of the north and the northeast. The NDVI, the ETP, and the sunshine are the most determining factors of its spatial distribution.In contrast, the abundance of the molecular form M of Anopheles gambiae s.s. increases from the wet regions of the South and the southwest to those drier of the north and the northeast. The temperatures, the pressure, the sunshine and the NDVI are the most determining factors of this spatial distribution.Of these results, were diverted two models which we use to elaborate the Maps of distribution of the molecular forms M and S of Anopheles gambiae s.s.This thesis highlights also the role of the geographical approach in the reflection on health issues and its methodology could be tested on the other sites and for the other vectors of diseases. This methodology could be improved by multi-scale analysis and of temporal variability modeling
Bellón, de la Cruz Beatriz. "Une approche multiscalaire par télédétection pour la cartographie et la caractérisation des systèmes agricoles à l’échelle régionale." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0002.
Full text: In a context of regional land-use planning, agricultural systems’ mapping - crop types and cropping practices – allows monitoring of what is being produced, where and how, and therefore represents a key element for regional assessment of the agricultural production and its environmental impact. The production of information on agricultural systems generally requires a lot of data and expertise. This information is thus very heterogeneous in quantity and quality in space and time, the availability and updates being extremely variable between countries and regions. Remote sensing, through its ability to retrieve synoptic spatial information on the state and dynamics of vegetation from satellite images, represents a valuable tool for agricultural monitoring. However, the conversion of images into regional-scale map products remains a field of research for many applications. This thesis presents original methodological developments in a semi-automatic multiscale approach based on the processing and analysis of optical satellite imagery for the mapping and characterization of agricultural systems at regional scale. The approach is composed of two main methods: (i) regional stratification into landscape units and classification of these units to produce a map of agricultural land-use systems; (ii) field-level segmentation and unsupervised classification of the segments by a “landscape-clustering” method to produce a cropping systems’ map. The methods were developed on a region of intensive agriculture, the Brazilian state of Tocantins, where the cultivated area, as well as the main agricultural land-use systems and cropping systems were successfully mapped from an annual NDVI-MODIS time series and a mosaic of Landsat images. The reproducibility of the approach was then assessed in Burkina Faso, where landscapes are shaped by the smallholder agriculture. Only the cultivated area could be mapped with satisfactory results, highlighting the limitations of these methods and the current offer in satellite imagery given the challenging specificities of this type of agriculture for remote sensing. The resulting maps were assessed with ground-truth data and agricultural statistics, and compared to other existing maps. The results of this thesis show the potential of the new method of regional stratification into landscape units which, based on NDVI time series and combined to the unsupervised “landscape-clustering” classification method, contributes to significantly improve discrimination of crop types and agricultural practices, and allows representing the agricultural systems at different levels of spatial organization. The originality of the developed methods lies mainly in the simplicity of their implementation. They are almost exclusively based on satellite data and require little “expert” intervention and external data, which gives them a high reproducibility potential. Thereupon, this thesis contributes, with these novel methods, to the development of generic tools to support large-scale monitoring of agriculture and to provide decision-support products for reasoned land-use planning
Augustin, Jérôme. "Étude des minéralisations aurifères du district de Mana, Burkina Faso. Évolution hydrothermale d’un système aurifère et contraintes tectono-métamorphiques." Thèse, 2017. http://constellation.uqac.ca/4477/1/Augustin_uqac_0862D_10409.pdf.
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