Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Géographie savante'
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Lefort, Isabelle. "Géographie savante - géographie scolaire (1870-1970) : éléments pour une histoire de la pensée géographique." Paris 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA010527.
Full textFor a hundred years, reglementary structures of geography didn't change much. Beeing instituted in secondary schools in 1870, after end because the defeat. Geography was not very modified in the programm, particurlaly from 1902, but, about the same time, scientific geography, which was nomenclatural and historical , became a scientific subject with the works of p. Vidal de la blache. Before p. Vidal scientific people such as e. Lavasseur or m. Dubois worked to establish a new scientific and a new geography at school. But vidalian geography became integrated into reglementary unsuited strucutres, which disrupted its consistency and its methodological bases. Scientific geography, which proceeds from particular object - regional monography- t0 general one, fit into educational process which is based on an opposite one. More over, the simplification, of the scientificgeography is such that geography at school became devoid if interest and completely tyopological. At first, geography at school needed scientific and reference subject ; after, it revealed in the same time the weaknesses of scienctif geography and diverted its meaning
Souris, Marc. "La construction d'un système d'information géographique : principes et algorithmes du système Savane." La Rochelle, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LAROS087.
Full textThis thesis present a work in computer sciences and software development. This purpose is to try to give an answer to the question : " How to build a full geographic information system following the principles of database management adapting it to geographical data ? ". We try to show with the full example of the Savane system how general theory of geographical data and algorithms in computational geometry may be use to build a GIS software. This work is part of a research program from the IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement). The thesis expose all the architecture, methods and algorithms of the system, trying to explain all the options of the system building, in the different areas : definition and utilization of geographical information ; principles of database management systems and extension to geographical data ; algorithms to use to the implementation of this principles in an information system ; construction of an operational system build from the theoretical principles and functional requirements for the use in projects in geography and research for the development
Simon, Dylan. "Les inscriptions savantes de Maximilien Sorre (1880-1962) entre conformation et singularisation dans le champ de la géographie." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01H099.
Full textMaximilien Sorre (1880-1962) promoted human ecology in geography. From his thesis, entitled Les Pyrénées méditerranéennes. Étude de géographie biologique (1913), to his 1943 essay Les fondements biologiques de la géographie humaine. Essai d’une écologie de l’homme, his work focuses on the relationships between human beings and the living environment. Thus he distinguishes himself from other geographers because of the diversity and originality of his preoccupations: lifestyles (“genres de vie”), illnesses, diet, urban climate, “artificial environments”, etc. In doing so, he is part of numerous learned networks – of biologists, doctors, sociologists and psychologists. His written works also differentiate themselves because they have a general and speculative dimension, while his contemporaries often favour a regional approach. Nevertheless, the scholar is fully involved in the places of knowledge of his time. He is a professor at the university of Lille between the wars, the author of some volumes for Géographie Universelle, he then holds a chair at the Sorbonne and directs Annales de Géographie in the 1940s, Maximilien Sorre ends his career as the head of Centre of Sociological Research. The brilliant, yet traditional nature of his path contrasts with the relative singularity of his interests. Therefore this biographical study attempts to grasp the tension or the coexistence between these different learned inscriptions, to reflect on the articulation, during his lifetime, between a principle of conformation – or reproduction – and a principle of wishing to stand out, thus enabling scientific innovation
Happi, Youta. "Arbres contre graminées : la lente invasion de la savane par la forêt au Centre-Cameroun." Paris 4, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA040022.
Full textYetela, Jean-Michel. "Contacts forêt savane dans la région de Brazzaville sur sols sableux bateke (Congo)." Bordeaux 3, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR30041.
Full textMoula, Micheline. "Modélisation des feux de biomasse en savane africaine et évaluation des émissions dans l'atmosphère de constituants en trace." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30041.
Full textTounsi, Ibtissem. "Utilisation des systèmes d'information géographiques pour l'estimation de la production primaire herbacée sahélienne : application au Gourma malien." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010626.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is an assessment of malian herbaceous primary production at a regional scale from 1986 to 1990. The assessment of primary production is derived from a statistical spatial model which correlates the linear relationships between herbaceous primary production and geographical, climatic and ecological data. The use of coarse resolution satellite noaa-avhrr data allows the spacialization of field data. The proposed method allows using geographic information system (g. I. S. ) In order to assess primary production. This method can be yearly reproduced. It is also efficient for space-time assessment of variations of primary production. In spite of encouraging quantitative results, there is a strong uncertainty about assessment of herbaceous production primary values. This feature can be partly explained throughout a lack of knowledge concerning physics of remote sensing measurements. Another source of errors is the lack of certain key parameters important of environment
Dolidon, Hélène. "L'espace des feux en Afrique de l'Ouest : l'analyse d'un phénomène d'interface nature-société." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN1434.
Full textYambene, Bomono Abol Kinan Henri. "Représentations et dynamiques foncières en zone de contact forêt-savane (pays yambassa) au Cameroun." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010607.
Full textLaboulais, Isabelle. "Lectures et pratiques de l'espace : l'itinéraire de Coquebert de Montbret (1775-1831), savant et grand commis d'Etat." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUEL272.
Full textConsul in Hamburg then in Dublin, Coquebert de Montbret came back to Paris in 1792, at this time he contributed to the works conducted by l'Agence des Poids et Mesures and was appointed editor of le Journal des Mines before he went back to his displomatic duties in 1800 when he was nominated commissioner of business dealings of the French Republic first in Amsterdam and then in London. He came back to France in 1806 to run the statistics department of the Ministère de l'Interieur. In 1810 he was appointed director of customs in Amsterdam and stopped all professional activity in 1814. He then focused on several works of different scholarly organisations such as Société Philomatique, Société Royale des Antiquaires de France, Société de Géographie and particularly Académie des Sciences where he was nominated in 1816. Analysing documents enabled us to highlight his care for intelligibility in space -always expressed in his whole carrer. Indeed, his departmental descriptions for le Journal des Mines systematically preceded by a geographic description reveal the will - indeed too analogical or systematic - to discern a unity. The thematic maps that he extracted from his work at the statistics department enabled him to precise his research and he tried to propose other limits than departments such as natural regions that then led to several journeys to france. The itinerary of this statesman highlights and materializes the switch from territory considered as the framework for research to space considered as the purpose of the research itself. His geography is not an epistemologic construction but keeps a practical aspect part of episteme, it is on the one hand an application in the field based on observance and on the other hand a building work, a limits definition work, in other words it is setting up a framework for observance
Schiavon, Martina. "Itinéraires de la précision : géodésiens, artilleurs, savants et fabricants d'instruments en France, 1870-1930 (environ)." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHESA141.
Full textOur study examines the intersections among geodesy, artillery, cartography, optics and precision mechanics between 1870 and 1930. These practices provide interesting views on the way one built a precision measurement and the means used to reach it. We firstly study two meridian arc measurements carried out by officers of the Service géographique de l'armée and the creation of the Laboratoire d'essais at the Conservatoire des arts et métiers. Then we study how this knowledge and these techniques of precision were assimilated during the First World War. We study cartographic work in its relations with artillery shooting, the ennemy's battery location by sound and the manufacture of optical instruments. Our study permit to reconsider the too arbitrary division which separates the scientific from the military world and the signification of "making science" in France at the begining of the 20th century
Filleron, Jean-Charles. "Essai de géographie systématique : les paysages du Nord-Ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130787.
Full textLa méthode d'analyse des milieux et des paysages est celle de l'« École d'Abidjan » dont Jean-Charles Filleron a été l'un des fondateurs. Trente mois ont été consacrés à la description de 826 relevés de la végétation, de la surface du sol et du sol sur le terrain et plus de 2500 photos aériennes ont été analysées du double point de vue de la forme et du milieu. Les traitements statistiques multivariés, ACP, AFC et classifications ont permis la réalisation d'une systématique des milieux et paysages aux différentes échelles scalaires.
Le champ d'application est le Nord-Ouest de la Côte d'Ivoire, vaste territoire de 49000 km2 dont l'essentiel est dévolu aux savanes plus ou moins boisées couvrant plateaux cuirassés et inselbergs. Sur ce territoire faiblement peuplé, l'auteur met en évidence le rôle des sociétés rurales... et de la nature du substrat rocheux... dans la diversité des milieux et des paysages et renouvelle le discours écologique sur les milieux tropicaux.
Moundossa, Antoine. "Forêts, savanes et déforestation : le Congo et la région du Pool." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CLF20039.
Full textWe have tried to understand the distribution of plants throughout Congo, especially in the southern area where Brazzaville, the capital city is located. Very important at the national scale, the pool region is the first supply source for Brazzaville. The area is partly occupied by savannas which are commonly against agriculture. Though the climate is good for forests, these savannas prevail but are riddled with shadowy forests and gallery forests. Two different assumptions care called upon to explain the origin of this phenomenon: natural origin: the Congolese savannas would have appeared thanks to the changes in the climate at the tropical areas which took place during the quaternary age. As a result, forests have disappeared because of drought. Anthropical origin: constant deforestation since the neolithic age. In order to discuss these different assumptions, our arguments are based upon maps relating the distribution of plants, population and climate. The aerial photos have revealed that cause of recent savannas is deforestation and fire
Kaszta, Zaneta. "Using remotely-sensed habitat data to model space use and disease transmission risk between wild and domestic herbivores in the African savanna." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/253820.
Full textDoctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Diouf, Abdoulaye. "Influence du régime des feux d'aménagement sur la structure ligneuse des savanes nord-soudaniennes dans le Parc du W, Sud Ouest Niger." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209610.
Full texténigmes de l'écologie des plantes. Les origines du difficile équilibre entre ces formes de vie
sur des dizaines de millions de kilomètres carrés à l'échelle mondiale sont en partie attribuées
aux perturbations fréquentes induites par les feux de végétation dont les effets varient dans
l'espace et dans le temps selon les conditions environnementales. Les résultats de recherche
dépendent de l’échelle et les conclusions tirées d’études locales sont rarement transposables à
d’autres échelles. La question du transfert d'échelle s’avère donc cruciale dans l'étude des
effets du feu, et nécessite une approche transdisciplinaire.
En raison de la variété des échelles couvertes, cette étude constitue une première dans la
confrontation de données sur l’historique des feux dérivé de l'imagerie satellitaire à des
données de terrain incluant des mesures détaillées sur la structure et la composition de
végétation, ainsi que des propriétés édaphiques et topographiques. Elle s’est focalisée sur la
composante ligneuse de par son caractère pérenne et son influence sur les processus
écologiques majeurs. Sur une zone de plus de 2000 km², le Parc National du W du Niger
(PNWN), où le feu est utilisé comme outil pour la gestion et la conservation des écosystèmes
semi-arides, une carte de l'historique des feux a été élaborée à partir d'images MODIS de 250
m de résolution spatiale et de résolution temporelle journalière couvrant une période de sept
années (2002-2009). Pour comprendre la variabilité, à la fois dans l'espace et le temps, de la
propagation du feu dans la végétation, nous avons étudié les caractéristiques de distribution
des feux en termes de régime du feu (i.e. période d'occurrence et fréquence) et de structure
spatiale (métriques paysagères). Les relations causales plausibles entre les régimes du feu, les
conditions édaphiques et topographiques à l'échelle régionale comme locale, et les
caractéristiques de la végétation ligneuse (composition et structure) ont été examinées à
travers des analyses multivariées et des modèles d'équations structurales. Nous avons aussi
examiné plus en détails les stratégies adaptatives mises en oeuvre par les ligneux, et les
interactions biologiques qui sous-tendent l'organisation spatiale des ligneux à travers une
approche des processus ponctuels.
Les résultats montrent que l'activité du feu dans le PNWN se caractérise par une hétérogénéité
spatio-temporelle induite principalement par les conditions édapho-topographiques via la
structure de la végétation ligneuse. Les feux précoces de gestion créent des pare-feux
efficaces, limitant une large extension des feux de saison tardifs. Cependant, ces feux tardifs
pourraient ne pas être aussi destructifs comme qu’on le suppose généralement. En effet,
l'adaptation des espèces aux différents régimes defeu correspond à des stratégies de croissance
contrastées. Dans le cas des feux tardifs, les surfaces terrières et hauteurs moyennes les plus
fortes sont rencontrées, permettant aux arbres de résister au feu. Quant aux zones non
affectées par les feux l'analyse "patron-processus" désigne clairement la facilitation entre
ligneux comme un processus fondamental de l'organisation spatiale périodique du couvert, une
structure émergente qui empêche le passage du feu. Bien qu’ils ne se substituent pas aux
études expérimentales, ces résultats basés sur une expérimentation naturelle à large échelle
apportent des informations nouvelles précieuses tant au niveau fondamental que pour la mise
en place d'une gestion raisonnée du PNWN.
The tree-grass equilibrium in tropical savanna is recognized as one of plant ecology's main
conundrums. The origins of the difficult balance between these life forms over tens of millions
of square kilometers worldwide are in part attributed to the frequent disturbances caused by
vegetation fires effects of which vary in space and time depending on local environmental
factors. Research results are scale-dependent and findings from local studies are rarely
transposable to higher levels of ecosystem organization. The question of scaling (scale
transfer) is therefore crucial in the study of fire effects, and requires a multidisciplinary
approach.
Because of the variety of scales covered, this study is a premiere in the confrontation of
satellite-imagery derived fire history data with detailed field data including measurements of
vegetation parameters (structure and composition), as well as soil and topographic properties.
The study focuses on the woody component, because of its perennial character and its
influence on major ecological processes. On an area of more than 2000 km², the W National
Park of Niger (WNPN) where fire is used as a tool for the management and conservation of
semi-arid ecosystems, a fire history map was elaborated from MODIS images with a 250 m
spatial resolution and a daily temporal resolution over a period of seven years (2002-2009). To
understand the variability, both in space and time, of fire propagation in vegetation, we studied
the fire distribution characteristics in terms of fire regime (i.e. timing and frequency) and
spatial structure (landscape metrics). Plausible causal relationships at regional and local scales
between fire regimes, edaphic and topographic conditions, and the woody vegetation
(composition and structure) characteristics were examined through multivariate analyses and
structural equations models. We also examined in detail the woody species adaptive strategies
as well biological interactions, which underlie their spatial organization, using point statistics.
Results show that the WNPN fire's activity is characterized by spatial and temporal
heterogeneity induced mainly by edaphic and topographic conditions via the structure of the
ligneous component. Prescribed early season fires create effective firewalls, limiting wide late
season fires. However, these late fires might not be as destructive as is commonly assumed.
Indeed, species adaptation to different fire regimes corresponds to contrasting growth
strategies. In the case of late fires, increased basal areas and mean tree heights were
encountered, enabling trees to resist fire and escape flames. As for the unburned areas, the
"pattern-process" analysis clearly indicates that facilitation between shrubs is a fundamental
process determining the woody cover periodic spatial organization, an emergent structure that
prevents fire spread.
Although they do not replace experimental studies, these results based on a large-scale natural
experiment provide valuable new information both on a fundamental level and for setting up
the rational management of the WNPN.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Malounguidi, Mathurin. "Étude diachronique d'occupation du sol par photo-interprétation : interface urbain/rural, zone péri-urbaine de Brazzaville (R.P. Congo)." Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30251.
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