Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Géographie structurale'
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Gagnon, Serge. "Le tourisme et la villégiature au Québec, une étude de géographie régionale structurale." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ57965.pdf.
Full textHubert, Jean-Paul. "Recherche sur les relations entre mobilités et discontinuités dans l'espace géographique." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010527.
Full textWhether he wants to describe the earth, find hin bearings on it, or plan his settlement, man must first identify different places within the spatial continum. Standing out against a discontinous scenery, a place acquires a position within an overall structure. What phenomenological process leads to the constitution of the geographical id3entity of a place, and how real can this identity be? This thesis examines the a priori possibility, in the kantian sense, of objective discontinuities that might, at the same time, be the theoretical instrument of geographical knowledge and the practival instrument of political action. We study the fundamental concepts of geography on several levels, for each discourse on the diversity of the earth presupposes a certain idea of what spatial discontinuities are (to be analysed in geometric terms), together with a particular conception of the man-nature relationship and of political action (which have to do with philosophy). We look at vidal's possibilism, location economics and structural geography. The latter distinguishes itself by choosing dynamic abstract forms as object of knowledge, and by avoiding some of the contradictions of the other approaches. It clarifies the notion of geographical space in relation to "catastrophe theory" and proposes an innovative view of political order founded on the structural stability of objective geographical forms. We examine the epistemoligical foundations of G. Ritchot's "urban form theory" by presenting a phenomenology that explains its transcendantal and moral a priori principles. We go on to propose a theory of the geographical scales that allows us to get out of the urban context and to endow the spatial representations used by other social sciences with geographical objectivity. .
Amri, Isma. "Etude pétrologique et structurale d'une dorsale océanique fossile, massif de Sumai͏̈l (ophiolite d'Oman) : implications pour les mécanismes d'accrétion océaniques." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30242.
Full textCostin, Gelu. "Pétrologie, géochimie et analyse structurale du complexe gabbro-eclogite de la zone Topolog-Cumpana (MTS Fagaras) : implications pour l'évolution métamorphique du socle des Carpates méridionales." Saint-Etienne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STET4012.
Full textThis thesis presents new data on the detailed mineralogy, geochemistry, thermobarometry and structural analysis of the eclogites and gabbros from the Cumpana-Topolog area (Fagaras Mts. , Southern Carpathians). The main contributions come out from the following conclusions of this thesis. . . [etc. ]
Déléris, Jacqueline. "Plutonisme bimodal en contexte décrochant panafricain : étude pétro-structurale du complexe de Toro (Nigeria)." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30212.
Full textFaivre, Sanja. "Landforms and tectonics of the Velebit mountain rance (Outer Dinarides, Croatia)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF20005.
Full textCompañ, Cadena Ada Bolivia. "Grade-datation par les Foraminifères planctoniques du Néogène de la région d'Achotal (Veracruz, Mexique) : utilisation cartographique et structurale." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30229.
Full textDjouadi, Mohamed-Toufik. "Granites fini-panafricains de type Taourirt (Hoggar, Algérie) : une étude structurale par l'anisotropie de la susceptibilité magnétique et modèles de mise en place." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30170.
Full textCharafeddine, Wafa. "La banlieue sud de Beyrouth : structure urbaine et économique." Paris 4, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA040353.
Full textThe civil war of 1975 in Lebanon and the formation of a demarcation line dividing the greater Beirut urban space have caused important urban changes and have set specific rules of development in each of the two parts of greater Beirut. In the southern suburb, the subject of the study, these urban changes and demographic redistributions appear through three characteristics problems: 1- lack of appropriate urban structures and the severe urban administration problems due to the absence of the local authorities and the arbitrary intervention of the government. 2- the illegal construction which has largely increased due to the war. 3- the establishment of a large number of informal activities. Thus, our study about the southern suburb shall handle both the urban and economical structures
Kotulas, Georgios. "Différenciation géographique et structure génétique des populations de Solea vulgaris." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20129.
Full textTsinga, Eric Jacob. "Structure et réseaux du commerce national et international du Gabon : une géographie économique et commerciale." Bordeaux 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR30015.
Full textGabonese trade, still fledgling between the XV th and the middle of the XIX th century, took off when the country got its independence, and was spurred on by the authorities which very early made of this activity a pivotal element in the development of Gabon. In this perspective, sales of lumbering and maning products (oil, uranium and manganèse) successively developped, which enable the country to prosper. As a result, extensive development programmes were achieved (such as railing, port and road infrastructures), the urban net- work expanded, and the trade of local products and imported manufactured goods extended the home market, which brought about undeniable economic and social repercussions. However, since 1986, the economic growth of Gabon has been jeopandized by an economic and financial crisis has foced the authorities, which the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, to contemplate a policy of structural adjustment, the devaluation of AFC and the new development strategy based on an economic diversification
Méaille, Robert. "Les Systèmes d'Information Géographique : structure, mise en oeuvre et utilisation dans différentes études." Phd thesis, Nice, 1988. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00957266.
Full textLeblond, Nelly. "Habiter des espaces investis et des espaces gris : une géographie de la constellation agropolitique à l’œuvre au Nord du Mozambique." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MON30031.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the circulation and the materialization of the discourse promoting the intensification of agricultural production and private investments in Africa to achieve food security and Development. It is based on the study of the agropolitical constellation, i.e. the set of actors interacting around the issue of agricultural production, in northern Mozambique. This thesis explores the transformation of spaces targeted by investments and of grey spaces, neglected by the agricultural policy, Development, as well as investment projects. Theoretical concepts from Geography, Political Agronomy, and Science and Technology Studies, are arrayed to analyze the knowledge and power relations, the ignorance, the manipulations, and the mechanisms of violence interacting over multiple scales and across different spaces. This work relies on the assumption that the productive logic of food security and Development is accompanied with various strategies aiming at the government of populations, the conquest of territories or the capture of resources. This thesis explores the manner in which the representations of agriculture are articulated to serve multiple stakes, the manner they contribute to power and knowledge asymmetries, as well as the processes by which they reshape rural spaces. This thesis investigates the circulation of agricultural representations in the agricultural policy and in several Development and investment projects targeting the Nacala corridor. It documents the gap separating these representations from those of the Makhuwa societies inhabiting the corridor. It sheds light on the mechanisms enabling their coexistence and their materialization. The grounded analysis of grey spaces and spaces targeted by investments reveals the manner the interactions between the discourse on agriculture, its materialization, and the economic and political context of northern Mozambique generate mechanisms of structural violence and a politicization of inhabitants. This inductive research is based on qualitative research methods: observations, semi-structured interviews, immersions in Makhuwa societies, and analysis of grey literature. It is based on field work totaling one year in northern Mozambique
Guo, Dijiang. "Caractéristiques structurales de la zone de cisaillement de Wulong et de la minéralisation relative d'or dans le camp d'or de Wulong, Province du Sud-Est de Liaoning, Chine = [Structural characteristics of the Wulong shear zone and related gold mineralization in the Wulong Gold Camp, southeastern Liaoning Province, China]." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ65212.pdf.
Full textLemarchand, Nathalie. "Commerce et structure urbaine." Rouen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ROUEL156.
Full textThe evolution for retail locations between 1982 and 1990 is analysed in the urban area of Rouen and Elbeuf. The lack of available spatialized information leads to the improvement of an automated mailing system. This method allows the analysis at a large for the whole urban area. The study of retail trade is considered in the geographic perspective of the interference with the social structure of the city
Beaux, Jean-François. "Le complexe volcano-plutonique de la presqu'île de la société de géographie (Iles Kerguelen) : structure et pétrologie." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066198.
Full textKiani, Tayebeh. "Modeling for geospatial database : application to structural geology data : application to structural geology data." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066057.
Full textPetropoulou, Christy. "Etude comparée des changements périurbains : Structure urbaine et quartiers spontanés à Athènes et à Mexico." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR1GEO7.
Full textThis study is based on the general insight that big cities of the recently industrialized countries of Latin America and of the Mediterranean, like Mexico City and Athens, despite their singularities, present similar characteristics in their urban structure. This is due to their mode of development. Their landscapes, especially the "spontaneous origin settlements" ones reflect comparable development processes. The concept of urban "eco-landscape" ease the analysis of these two cities landscapes on multiple space and temporal scales. The ecological, historical and socio-economic approach highlights the producing system having given rise to these landscapes and the role of the social actors. Spatial analysis is carried out using remote sensing data, diverse statistical methods and Geographical Information Systems. Various types of urban eco-landscapes are distinguished and characterized, and then compared according to the ecological and socio-economic elements. A model of the urban structure and space organization of the studied cities is finally proposed
Omitogun, Ayotunde Allen. "Métamorphisme et structure de la zone mobile pan-africaine centrale du Nigéria ("Schist belt" d'Igarra)." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30275.
Full textGicquel, Antoine. "Le système urbain pavillonnaire français : essai d'analyse structurelle d'une organisation spatiale." Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR1504.
Full textRegnauld, Nicolas. "Généralisation du bâti : structure spatiale de type graphe et représentation cartographique." Aix-Marseille 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX11022.
Full textGaillard, Jeremy. "Représentation et échange de données tridimensionnelles géolocalisées de la ville." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2023/document.
Full textAdvances in 3D data acquisition techniques (laser scanning, photography, etc.) has led to a sharp increase in the quantity of available 3D geolocated data. More and more cities provide the scanned data on open access platforms. To ensure the intercompatibility of different data sources, standards have been developed for exchange protocols and file formats. Moreover, thanks to new web standards and the increase in processing power of personal devices, it is now possible to integrate rich content, such as 3D applications, directly in a web page. These two elements make it possible to share and exploit 3D city data into a web browser.The subject of my thesis, co-financed by the Oslandia company, is the 3D representation of city data on the Web. More precisely, the goal is to retrieve and visualize a great quantity of city data from one or several distant servers in a thin client. This data is heterogenous: it can be 3D representations of buildings (meshes) or terrain (height maps), but also semantic information such as pollution levels (volume data), the position of bike stations (points) and their availability, etc. During my thesis, I explored various ways of organising this data in generic structures in order to allow the progressive transmission of high volumes of 3D data. Taking into account the multiscale nature of the city is a key element in the design of these structures. Adapting the visualisation of the data to the user is another important objective of my thesis. Because of the high number of uses of 3D city models, the user’s needs vary greatly: some specific areas are of higher interest, data has to be represented in a certain way... I explore different methods to satisfy these needs, either by priroritising some data over others during the loading stage, or by generating personalised scenesbased on a set of preferences defined by the user
Njike, Kassala Jacques Duclos. "Contribution à l'étude géophysique de la Chaîne pyrénéenne : sismicité et structure lithosphérique." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30187.
Full textBehrens, Kristian. "Structure of trade and agglomeration : how impediments to trade shape the space-economy." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOE005.
Full textAubin, Alexandre. "The Schakalsberg seamount : physical volcanology, structure, alteration and mineralization." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2004. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textShatterian, Mohsen. "Mutations géographiques dans l'Iran central : l'exemple de Kashan et sa région (le rôle structurant des activités artisanales)." Cergy-Pontoise, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CERG0067.
Full textRivière, Taiana. "Diversité génétique, structure des populations et phylogéographie des champignons ectomycorhiziens tropicaux." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20067.
Full textRabouam, Corinne. "Variation géographique et structure des populations chez le Puffin cendré (Aves, Procellariiformes) : apports respectifs des marqueurs génétiques et phénotypiques." Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR4004.
Full textCartier, Valentine. "Chironomus salinarius (KIEFFER) et salinité : structure spatiale, traits d'histoire de vie et dynamique temporelle." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX30031.
Full textChironomus salinarius is a common species living in coastal lagoons, which are characterized by a strong variability of environmental factors, especially salinity. C. Salinarius is well-known because of its nuisances but the knowledge of its ecological preferences remains incomplete. The aim of this study is to highlight the role of salinity on spatial structure, life history traits and population dynamics of C. Salinarius. The first part focuses on the patchy distribution of C. Salinarius in a coastal lagoon, the Bolmon lagoon. This study highlights the existence of chironomid patches, linked to shallow area and high values of dissolved oxygen, in spite of very low density of larvae. We hypothesize that low density values were linked to the salinity. The second part is a laboratory study. Eleven salinities between 0 and 50 have been tested for both survival and time of development. A very low survival rate at intermediate salinity (10) suggests the existence of an alternation between two physiological strategies (osmoconformer or osmoregulator). Moreover too few adults emerge over 40. For others salinities, between 0 and 35, there was a high survival rate but the time of development increased with the salinity level. In the third part, the population dynamics of C. Salinarius is studied in the Bolmon lagoon with a multi-scale approach. A between years pattern is highlighted, with the increase of densities. Change of environmental factors can partly explain variations of C. Salinarius population. A synthesis of our results is presented in the conclusion, which emphasises the non-exclusive effect of salinity on C. Salinarius population structure
Sardinda, de Oliveira Neves Gwendoline. "Observer la structure sociale de la ville au travers de la télédétection et des systèmes d'information géographique : exemple : Séville (Espagne)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10211.
Full textTelmat, Hamid. "Crustal structure and gravity field anomalies in Eastern Canada." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Montréal : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi ; Université du Québec à Montréal, 1998. http://theses.uqac.ca.
Full textTjahjono, Boedi. "Etude géomorphologique du volcan Sunda-Tangkuban Parahu (Java-Indonésie) et évaluation des aléas volcaniques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF20012.
Full textThe tangkuban parahu volcano (2084 m) is a nested strato-cone which developed in the caldera of the sunda volcano in west java (indonesia). It is situated 17 km north of bandung, a city with 2. 5 millions inhabitants in 1995. Sunda-tangkuban parahu is an andesitic volcano belonging to the medium and high alkaline series and is the sole active volcano in the quaternaire volcanic chain, the so-called sunda complex. The geomorphological evolution of this region is marked by the subsidence of the sunda complex, the debris avalanches along the axis of the sunda complex, the plinian/ignimbritic eruptions of sunda-tangkuban parahu, and the reactivation of the west part of the lembang fault. The first event (0. 51-0. 105 ma) formed the basin and the fault scarps of lembang in the south of the complex, but it folded and thrusted up the northern footslopes, forming the mountain, the basin and the broken fold scarps of tambakan. The second event (between 0. 51 and 0. 105 ma, but after the subsidence) left numerous horseshoe morphologies. The third event (about 105 and 50 ka) created the calderas in the summit and the ignimbritic plateaus around the volcano. By these major eruptions, the most part of this region was covered by ash deposits; they are now deeply weathered. The javanesse equatorial climate allows erosion to incise the deposits in the uplands, forming the deep superimposed valleys in the plateaus, and the aggradation in the lowlands, forming the alluvial plains. The fourth event (about 24 ka) uplifted the old fault scarps that were buried by ash and pumice deposits, forming a new one the so-called composite fault scarps. During the 2 last centuries phreatic eruption has predominated on tangkuban parahu. The hazard and the risk of a future eruption are supposedly from phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions, but the recurrence of plinian/ignimbritic eruptions is possible. The pyroclastic flows and surges are considered as the most direct hazard
Frankhauser, Pierre. "La fractalité des structures urbaines." Paris 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA010558.
Full textUrban patterns show often an irregular morphology. The fact that this phenomenon appears often despite of the intensions of planers and that it is not related to a particular historical situation, incites to suppose the existence of self-organisation process, promoting such an evolution. To get more insight in these aspects of urban growth, it has been investigated, whether there exists appropriated quantitative measures to characterize the irregular structures. The analysis of the build-up area of a certain number of agglomerations of the scale of metropolitan areas has shown, that the urban patterns follow an interior order principle, and that they may be characterized by fractal dimensions. Thus the spatial organization of agglomerations follows a hierarchization principle, which appears on the scale of metropolitan areas as a radial dilution of the build-up area, according to a pareto-distribution. The fact that urban patterns follow such an order principle allowed to give an interpretation, based on sociological theories, of the socio-economic interactions giving rise to such an irregular growth. For some of these interactions it has been shown by use of a simulation model that these effects give really rise to a fractal urban pattern. The fractal analysis has been used too, to investigate the spatial organization of transportation networks. For town quarters, this method describes the hierarchical organization of the street pattern, and for metropolitan areas the accessibility, assured by the network, is measured
Laurent, Véronique. "Description de la structure génétiques des populations de sardines européennes, Sardina pilchardus, dans un contexte d'évolution de l'espèce." Perpignan, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PERP0675.
Full textEuropean sardines is a pelagic species with an important economic interest. However, genetic structure, evolutionnary history and stock boundaries are not known. Few data are available and give contradictory informations. We studied genetic structure of populations of sardine in the whole and also in the Bay of Biscay. At least two stocks can be defined in the whole range, an atlantic european stock and a mediterranean one. Peripheral populations are genetically different and likely constitute other stocks but all boundaries are needed to be defined. We studied evolutionary history of populations of sardines and highlighted a recent expansion of the populations from the Pleistocene (100 000 years ago). We showed that the populations are under a phenomenon of population size reduction. We can not conclude if the reduction of the population size reflects the fishing impact or environmental conditions changes. In the Bay of Biscay, we showed the effective population size is high are related to estimate of abundance. We also estimated dispersal rate, equal to 103 km. Gen-1. This value is high comparing other aquatic species and likely reflects the pelagic life of sardines
Cabioch, Guy. "Récifs frangeants quaternaires de la Grande Terre de Nouvelle-Calédonie (acifique sud-ouest) : structure interne et influences de l'eustatisme et de la tectonique." Aix-Marseille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX11138.
Full textBach, Sarah. "Espace et structure dans les Métamorphoses d’Ovide." Thesis, Paris 4, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA040087.
Full textThe relationship between Ovid's Metamorphoses and the notion of space is analyzed in the three different directions of the concept (geometrical space), of the experience (practical space) and of representations (metaphorical space). The cosmogony, the first tale in the Metamorphoses, poses the question of the boundaries between the elements, while the birth of human beings poses that of their transgression. The text is constructed upon a tension within which space is the driving force. The Metamorphoses offer the reader a journey to Rome punctuated by indications of a progressive romanization. The chosen space of the text thus becomes the terrestrial space and its geography. But this is only an illusory kind of linearity. There is a strong sense of fear of a return to the initial chaos and the book is constructed around the programmatic expression of the «discors concordia» (1,433). The beings who inhabit the mundus take part in this tension. The cosmogony has laid the foundations for a spatial ontology. Spaces are thresholds where the identity of all beings is played out and questioned, in an ontology in movement that unites the transformations of space and nature
Riffaut, Léa. "Impact des pollutions pétrolières sur les oiseaux marins : origine géographique des individus victimes et conséquences démographiques sur les populations." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066079.
Full textAdiyaman, Özlem. "Relations entre volcanisme et tectonique en contextes de collision et de decrochement (Turquie) : approche par analyse structurale, géochimie, imagerie spatiale, modèles numériques de terrain et systèmes d'information géographique." Paris 6, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA066486.
Full textHashemi, Beni Leila. "Development of a 3D Kinetic Data Structure adapted for a 3D Spatial Dynamic Field Simulation." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26532/26532.pdf.
Full textGeographic information systems (GIS) are widely used for representation, management and analysis of spatial data in many disciplines including geosciences, agriculture, forestry, metrology and oceanography etc. In particular, geoscientists have increasingly used these tools for data integration and management purposes in many environmental applications ranging from water resources management to global warming study. Beyond these capabilities, geoscientists need to model and simulate 3D dynamic spatial fields and readily integrate those results with other relevant spatial information in order to have a better understating of the environment. However, GIS are very limited for modeling and simulation of spatial fields which are mostly three dimensional and dynamic. These limitations are mainly related to the existing GIS spatial data structures which are 2D and static and are not designed to address the 3D and dynamic aspects of continuous fields. Hence, the main objective of this research work is to improve the current GIS capabilities for modeling and simulation of 3D spatial dynamic fields by development of a 3D kinetic data structure. Based on our literature review, 3D dynamic Delaunay tetrahedralization (DT) and its dual, 3D Voronoi diagram (VD), have many interesting potentials for handling the 3D and dynamic nature of those kind of phenomena. However, because of the special configurations of datasets in geosciences applications, the DT of such data is often inadequate for numerical integration and simulation of dynamic field. For example, in a hydrogeological simulation, the data form highly irregular set of points aligned in vertical direction and very sparse horizontally which may result in very large, small or thin tessellation elements. The size and shape of tessellation elements have an important impact on the accuracy of the results of the simulation of a field as well as the related computational costs. Therefore, in the first step of the research work, we develop an adaptive refinement method based on 3D dynamic Delaunay data structure, and construct a 3D adaptive tessellation for the representation and simulation of a dynamic field. This tessellation is conformed to represent the complexity of fields, considering the discontinuities and the shape and size criteria. In order to deal with the dynamic behavior of 3D spatial fields in a moving framework within GIS, in the second step, we extend 3D dynamic VD to 3D kinetic VD in the sense of being capable of keeping update the 3D spatial tessellation during a dynamic simulation process. Then, we show how such a spatial data structure can support moving elements within the tessellation and their interactions. The proposed kinetic data structure provides an elegant way for the management of the connectivity changes between moving elements within the tessellation. In addition, the problems resulting from using a fixed time step, such as overshoots and undetected collisions, are addressed by providing very flexible mechanisms to detect and manage different changes (events) in the spatial tessellation by 3D DT. Finally, we study the potentials of the kinetic 3D spatial data structure for the simulation of a dynamic field in 3D space. For this purpose, we describe in detail different steps for the adaption of this data structure from its discretization for a 3D continuous field to its numerical integration based on an event driven method, and show how the tessellation moves and the topology, connectivity, and physical parameters of the tessellation cells are locally updated following any event in the tessellation. For the validation of the proposed spatial data structure itself and its potentials for the simulation of a dynamic field, three case studies are presented in the thesis. According to our observations during the simulation process, the data structure is maintained and the 3D spatial information is managed adequately. Furthermore, the results obtained from the experimentations are very satisfactory and are comparable with results obtained from other existing methods for the simulation of the same dynamic field. Finally, some of the limitations of the proposed approach related to the development of the 3D kinetic data structure itself and its adaptation for the representation and simulation of a 3D dynamic spatial field are discussed and some solutions are suggested for the improvement of the proposed approach.
Crochet, Pierre-André. "Structure génétique des populations chez le goéland leucophée, phylogéographie et phylogénèse chez les laridés." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20228.
Full textBamony, Pierre. "Structure apparente, structure invisible : l'ambivalence des pouvoirs chez les Lyéla du Burkina Faso." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CLF20011.
Full textJaniak, Alexandre. "Essais sur la mobilité géographique, sectorielle et intra-sectorielle en périodes de changement structurel : le rôle du capital humain, du capital social et de l'ouverture aux échanges." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210600.
Full textLe changement structurel est un processus nécessaire qui améliore considérablement les conditions de vie dans nos sociétés. Il peut découler par exemple de l'introduction de nouvelles avancées technologiques qui permettent d'augmenter à long terme la productivité agrégée dans nos économies. En retour, la hausse de la productivité a un impact sur notre consommation de tous les jours. Elle nous permet notamment de vivre dans un plus grand confort. Les individus peuvent alors s'épanouir dans leur ensemble. Il est évident que le changement structurel peut prendre d'autres formes que celle du changement technologique, mais il est souvent issu d'une transformation des forces qui influencent les marchés et en général aboutit à long terme à une amélioration du bien-être global.
Mais le changement structurel est aussi un processus douloureux. Il peut durer plusieurs décennies et, durant cette période, nous sommes beaucoup à devoir en supporter les coûts. Comme nous allons l'illustrer dans ce chapitre introductif, le changement structurel a pour conséquence une modification du rapport aux facteurs de production, ce qui alors mène à modifier l'ensemble des prix relatifs qui caractérisent une économie. En particulier, la modification des prix est due à une transformation des demandes relatives de facteurs. Ces derniers se révèlent alors inutiles à l'exécution de certaines tâches ou sont fortement demandés dans d'autres points de l'économie.
Souvent, le changement structurel entraîne alors un processus de réallocation. Des pans entiers de travailleurs doivent par conséquent se réallouer à d'autres tâches. Les lois du marché les incitent ainsi à devoir s'adapter à un nouveau contexte, mais elles le font pour un futur meilleur.
Cette thèse s'intéresse à cette problématique. Elle suppose que tout processus de changement structurel implique un mouvement de réallocation des facteurs de production, notamment des travailleurs puisqu'il s'agit d'une thèse en économie du travail, mais qu'un tel processus engendre souvent des coûts non négligeables. Elle se veut surtout positive, mais la nature des questions qu'elle pose mène naturellement à un débat normatif. Par exemple, elle cherche des réponses aux interrogations suivantes: comment s'ajuste une économie au changement structurel? Quelle est la nature des coûts associés au changement? Ces coûts peuvent-ils en excéder les gains? Le processus de réallocation en vaut-il vraiment la peine? Les gains issus d'un tel processus sont-ils distribués de manière égale?
La thèse est composée de quatre chapitres qui chacun considère l’impact d’un changement structurel particulier.
Le premier chapitre s’intéresse à l’impact de l’ouverture internationale aux échanges sur le niveau de l’emploi. Il s’appuie sur des travaux récents en économie internationale qui ont montré que la libéralisation du commerce mène à l’expansion des firmes les plus productives et à la destruction des entreprises dont la productivité est moins élevée. La raison de cette dichotomie est la présence d’un coût à l’entrée sur le marché des exports qui a été documentée par de nombreuses études. Certaines entreprises se développent suite à la libéralisation car elles ont accès à de nouveaux marchés et d’autres meurent car elles ne peuvent pas faire face aux entreprises les plus productives. Puisque le commerce crée à la fois des emplois et en détruit d’autres, ce chapitre a pour but de déterminer l’effet net de ce processus de réallocation sur le niveau agrégé de l’emploi.
Dans cette perspective, il présente un modèle avec firmes hétérogènes où pour exporter une entreprise doit payer un coût fixe, ce qui implique que seules les entreprises les plus productives peuvent entrer sur le marché international. Le modèle génère le processus de réallocation que l’ouverture au commerce international suppose. En effet, comme les entreprises les plus productives veulent exporter, elles vont donc embaucher plus de travailleurs, mais comme elles sont également capables de fixer des prix moins élevés et que les biens sont substituables, les entreprises les moins productives vont donc faire faillite. L’effet net sur l’emploi est négatif car les exportateurs ont à la marge moins d’incitants à embaucher des travailleurs du au comportement de concurrence monopolistique.
Le chapitre analyse également d’un point de vue empirique l’effet d’une ouverture au commerce au niveau sectoriel sur les flux d’emplois. Les résultats empiriques confirment ceux du modèle, c’est-à-dire qu’une hausse de l’ouverture au commerce génère plus de destructions que de créations d’emplois au niveau d’un secteur.
Le second chapitre considère un modèle similaire à celui du premier chapitre, mais se focalise plutôt sur l’effet du commerce en termes de bien-être. Il montre notamment que l’impact dépend en fait de la courbe de demande de travail agrégée. Si la courbe est croissante, l’effet est positif, alors qu’il est négatif si elle est décroissante.
Le troisième chapitre essaie de comprendre quels sont les déterminants de la mobilité géographique. Le but est notamment d’étudier le niveau du chômage en Europe. En effet, la littérature a souvent affirmé que la faible mobilité géographique du travail est un facteur de chômage lorsque les travailleurs sans emploi préfèrent rester dans leur région d’origine plutôt que d’aller prospecter dans les régions les plus dynamiques. Il semble donc rationnel pour ces individus de créer des liens sociaux locaux si ils anticipent qu’ils ne déménageront pas vers une autre région. De même, une fois le capital social local accumulé, les incitants à la mobilité sont réduits.
Le troisième chapitre illustre donc un modèle caractérisé par diverses complémentarités qui mènent à des équilibres multiples (un équilibre avec beaucoup de capital social local, peu de mobilité et un chômage élevé et un autre avec des caractéristiques opposées). Le modèle montre également que le capital social local est systématiquement négatif pour la mobilité et peut être négatif pour l’emploi, mais d’autres types de capital social peuvent en fait faire augmenter le niveau de l’emploi.
Dans ce troisième chapitre, une illustration empirique qui se base sur plusieurs mesures montre que le capital social est un facteur dominant d’immobilité. C’est aussi un facteur de chômage lorsque le capital social est clairement local, alors que d’autres types de capital social s’avèrent avoir un effet positif sur le taux d’emploi. Cette partie empirique illustre également la causalité inverse où des individus qui vivent dans une région qui ne correspond pas à leur région de naissance accumulent moins de capital social local, ce qui donne de la crédibilité à une théorie d’équilibres multiples.
Finalement, en observant que les individus dans le Sud de l’Europe semblent accumuler plus de capital social local, alors que dans le Nord de l’Europe on tend à investir dans des types plus généraux de capital social, nous suggérons qu’une partie du problème de chômage en Europe peut mieux se comprendre grâce au concept de capital social local.
Enfin, le quatrième chapitre s’intéresse à l’effet de la croissance économique sur la qualité des emplois. En particulier, il analyse le fait qu’un individu puisse avoir un emploi qui corresponde ou non à ses qualifications, ce qui, dans le contexte de ce chapitre, détermine s’il s’agit de bons ou mauvais emplois.
Ce chapitre se base sur deux mécanismes qui ont été largement abordés par la littérature. Le premier est le concept de « destruction créatrice » qui dit que la croissance détruit de nouveaux emplois car elle les rend obsolètes. Le second est le processus de « capitalisation » qui nous dit que la croissance va créer de nombreux emplois car les entreprises anticipent des profits plus élevés dans le futur.
Alors que des études récentes, suggèrent que la destruction créatrice ne permet pas d’expliquer le lien entre croissance et chômage, ce chapitre montre qu’un tel concept permet de mieux comprendre la relation entre croissance et qualité des emplois.
Avec des données issues du panel européen, nous illustrons que la corrélation entre croissance et qualité des emplois est positive. Nous présentons une série de trois modèles qui diffèrent de la manière suivante :(i) le fait de pouvoir chercher un emploi ou non alors qu’on en a déjà un, (ii) le fait pour une entreprise de pouvoir acquérir des équipements modernes. Les résultats suggèrent que pour expliquer l’effet de la croissance sur la qualité des emplois, la meilleure stratégie est une combinaison entre les effets dits de destruction créatrice et de capitalisation. Alors que le premier effet influence le taux de destruction des mauvais emplois, le second a un impact sur la mobilité du travail des mauvais vers les bons emplois.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Rohfritsch, Audrey. "Approches phylogénique et phylogéographique du genre Turbinaria (Phaeophyceae) : contribution à l'étude de la structure génétique des populations de Turbinaria ornata en Polynésie française." Polynésie française, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POLF0004.
Full textIn the 1980s, the Indo-Pacific brown alga Turbinaria ornata underwent a population explosion in the high islands of the Society archipelago (French Polynesia). Population biology parameters has been explored and seems to be controlled by environment. The phylogenetic analysis has confirmed the different studied taxa as true species. Phylogenies were constructed at a larger geographical scale with four other Turbinaria species and have shown very small divergences at very large scales testifying the large dispersal capabilities that underscore the potentially invasive nature of the species. Genetic markers were used to estimate gene flow through French Polynesia. All these markers were monomorphic at the Polynesian scale; except one Anonymous locus with two alleles. A significant correlation between allele frequency and hydrodynamism was revealed. Results might even allow us to hypothesise that the Rangiroa populations are not of purely Tahitian origin
Perrette, Yves. "Etude de la structure interne des stalagmites : contribution à la connaissance géographique des évolutions environnementales du Vercors (France) : développement et application d'une approche multiparamètre des archives stalagmitiques." Chambéry, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CHAML008.
Full textDarnis, Gérald. "Structure de la communauté de zooplancton du plateau du MacKenzie (mer de Beaufort)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24258/24258.pdf.
Full textThe objective of my study was to describe the biogeography of the zooplankton in the southeastern Beaufort Sea in the fall 2002 by means of multivariate and indicator species analysis. A neritic community characterized by herbivory and the dominant taxon Pseudocalanus spp., occurred on the Mackenzie shelf and in Franklin Bay. Two oceanic communities, in which omnivore and carnivore feeding modes dominated, were located in the Amundsen Gulf Polynya and over the continental slope respectively. The polynya assemblage displayed the highest biomass with the dominant species Calanus hyperboreus, Metridia longa, Oithona similis, and Oncaea borealis as indicator species. This repartition of zooplankton assemblages was influenced mostly by the topography and the ice cover dynamic during the season of high biological production. Hence, it is predicted that a reduction in ice cover, as anticipated in the present context of global warming, will alter the distribution patterns of zooplankton, a key element of the marine ecosystem in the Arctic.
Robert, Audrey. "Modélisation de l'effet de la topographie sur la dynamique et la structure de peuplements forestiers hétérogènes." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10199.
Full textGhirardi, Ludovic. "Rhodapolis, structure linéaire fluvio-urbaine de la vallée du Rhône comme forme intelligible de ville diffuse." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEN059.
Full textThis PhD thesis deals with urban morphogenesis of the Rhône Valley, stretching 300 km rectilinearly from Lyon to the Mediterranean sea. It defends the « designed hypothesis » Rhodapolis which intends to enhance the living capability of urban sprawl along the Rhône River. Five formal concepts (Dynamic Blue Mesh, Interactive Network Frame, Rhodanian Linear Archipelago, European Urbanized Rivers, Web-Place City) are being detailed in this work as well as a prototype laboratory in-situ (LGV-Lab).The preliminary flipbook, made of a series of documentary photographs has the intention to reveal the singularity of a geographic object that we miss to watch spontaneously. From this fluvial site, the flipbook is built out of a critical outlook which has established some of the issues raised. The production of a specific epistemo-iconographic atlas through Q-GIS software has proven the cognitive value of observable cartographic results, which prospective urban morphotypes are the most representative. The river, highly extraordinary place to re-envision, consolidating urbanity and third-landscape, is the tangible reality of a genius loci that needs to interfere a standard urban soil-less thinking. Based on anthropologic, architectural and geographic works, we are questioning the notion of linearity shaping the environment. Desurbanism, organic architecture, Regional Planning : all those notions imply a tight relationship between the concepts of territory and architecture ; somehow opposite, the interaction of those scales give us tools to have a different thinking around urban design in the XXI century.With its hybrid structure, Rhodapolis is a kind of urban concept that is inspired by the two main urban models of metropolisation and suburbanization : selecting and extrapolating a few of their respective characteristics. At the junction of a critical self reflective paper and a generalist essay, the conclusion offers an introspection of Rhodapolis, a specimen of the 4th type city shaped by the river ; its hybridity, organicity and europeanity side would be its main characteristics. In the end, this thesis defended by an architect, tries to put forward what could define architecturology : starting from experimental work, a refocus on architectural research is initiated by asserting – through the transcaling principle- notions of shape, of design and of spatial conception, as the basis of the architectural field
Bouzid, Lamine Wafa. "Structure génétique de Ligula intestinalis (Cestode : Diphyllobothriidea), parasite des poissons d'eau douce." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/296/.
Full textParasite species with global distribution and complex life cycle offer a rare opportunity to study mechanisms of speciation and evolution. Ligula intestinalis (L. ) (Cestoda, Diphyllobothriidea) has a widespread distribution and a life cycle with several hosts Available records indicate that the host spectra used by this species is not uniform across the investigated populations and show differences in the pathology between sympatric cyprinid species. Furthermore, complication of L. Intestinalis picture stems from the indication that this species may be paraphyletic with the species Ligula colymbi and Digramma interrupta. The aim of this study was to understand the origin of eco-biological differences and phylogenetic discrepancies and to test the hypothesis of the existence of several strains/species. . For this purpose, phylogeny and genetic structure have been analyzed for Ligula plerocercoids native to different host species and geographic regions at a global scale. Data based on genomic sequences and hypervariable markers show different evolutionary patterns: At a local scale, a flat genetic structure was found and is most likely due to bird migration preventing the creation of different genetic strains/species. In contrast, at a global scale, genetically distant and well separated clusters are present, indicating a conspicuous correspondence between genetics and geography. Beside geography, obvious host-specific-based structures are found. Ligula specimens identified as L. Colymbi are partitioned in separate clades of L. Intestinalis thus questions the reliability of species identification primarily based on definitive host species when morphological characters are inconclusive. Samples of Digramma show a clear differentiation from the analysed Ligula specimens. However, their monophyletic clade appears within Ligula specimens indicating that D. Interrupta may well represent a valid species of the genus Ligula rather than of Digramma
Moravie, Marie-Agnès. "Un modèle arbre dépendant des distances pour l'étude des relations entre la dynamique et la structure spatiale d'une forêt dense sempervirente." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO10084.
Full textBoisteau, Benjamin. "Rôle de la structure du paysage dans la distribution spatiale et la régulation des colonies de reproduction du Héron cendré (Ardea cinerea) et modélisation de son expansion future." Rennes 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006REN1S037.
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