Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geography|Geomorphology|Environmental Sciences'

A two-part study was conducted on the evolution of the shoreline of the Charles River basin on a city-wide scale as well as in finer detail in Magazine Beach Park, along the Cambridge shore of the river. Both parts of the study utilized geographic information technology (GIT) to integrate and analyze data from modern and historical sources, including maps, digital elevation models (DEMs), and orthographic and oblique photography. The city-scale portion of the study produced estimates of the total area of new land made within the study area since Boston's founding in 1630, 14.3 km², of which 6.5 km² was added in the Back Bay area alone. Efforts were also made to quantify the total volume of new land added using the 2002 MassGIS DEM, but that estimate, 30 million m³, was based on somewhat speculative estimates of the original mudflat and salt marsh elevations and is a less robust estimate than those of the surface area.

The GIT was also used to display the integrated spatial data in both 2D (map or orthographic view) and 3D (oblique view) to facilitate visualization of historical landscape changes. This technology was also used to produce a 3D time series of landmaking by vertically extruding historical map-based polygon layers in proportion to the length of time between successive layers. This presented a unique opportunity to depict what would normally be shown as a 2D graph of area vs. time instead as a graphic that shows area and time but also shoreline shape at several points in history, thus providing a more full picture of how the basin evolved over time.

In addition, the study of Magazine Beach Park centered around a survey-scale 500 MHz ground-penetrating radar exploration of the entire park, which yielded some clues about the park's stratigraphy and recent anthropogenic changes, including the location and extent of the former beach that used to extend half the length of the park. However, the wide spacing of the GPR survey lines and high level of sediment disturbance and fill in some parts of the park limited the success of the survey.

South-central Kentucky has one of the world’s most intensively studied karstareas, with most work focusing on the Mammoth Cave System and related caves and aquifers. However, slightly higher in the stratigraphic section than Mammoth Cave, the Haney Limestone is a locally important but less well studied carbonate aquifer. This research provides the most comprehensive synthesis to date of the karst hydrogeology of the Haney Limestone of south-central Kentucky, focusing on the distribution and controls on cave and karst features developed within. In contrast to drainage systems within the major limestones below, joints are the most dominant control on passage development in the Haney Limestone within the study area and the orientation of these joints is consistent with that of regional joint sets. Bedding planes and the presence of insoluble rock at the base of the Haney also exert control on conduit development in the Haney Limestone. Most of the caves of the study area developed in the Haney Limestone are singleconduit caves that receive water through direct, allogenic sources. Cave entrances are frequently perennial spring resurgences and the presence of active streams suggests that the caves function within the contemporary landscape, acting as drains for localized recharge areas. The hydrology of the Haney Limestone plays an important, if localized, role in the regional hydrology of south-central Kentucky, integrated into the current system of surface and subsurface drainage of the regional karst landscape. Evidence supports the idea that caves of the Haney Limestone are, geologically, relatively recent phenomena. A majority of the cave passages in the study area are hydrologically active, the water resurging from the sampled springs is typically undersaturated with respect to limestone, and the caves in some case appear to be developed along potential stress release fractures associated with small, apparently young valleys. This suggests that caves in the Haney Limestone were not directly influenced by the incision of the Green River over vast periods, like Mammoth Cave, but that cave development is a largely contemporary process.

Master of Arts
Department of Geography
Melinda Daniels
Large woody debris, (LWD), defined as pieces measuring ≥ 1 meter in length and ≥ 10 centimeters in diameter (Swanson and Lienkaemper, 1978; Marston, 1982) is an influential stream component. Once stable LWD obstructs streamflow and regulates key processes, causing increases in storage capacity, scouring, and variations to the bed, the extent contingent upon LWD’s average length of residence time within a system. Several North American studies have acknowledged the effects of interactions between wood, sediment, and flow regimes (Bilby, 1981; Keller, E.A., and Swanson, F.J., 1979; Montgomery et al., 1995; Wohl, E., 2008), linking the triad to geomorphic changes, the redistribution of bed materials, and ecological benefits. A consensual baseline reference for LWD’s function over time does not exist however, partly due to previous research being primarily conducted in the Northeast and Pacific Northwest regions where historic actions of humans, particularly riparian logging and stream clearing, have greatly impacted the condition of the watersheds. Researchers having long-overlooked the Great Plains and other regions not commonly associated with woody vegetation has increased the ambiguity regarding the transferability of LWD findings between regions. By shifting the focus to a non-forested region, the goal of this thesis is to measure the dynamics and influence of a prairie stream’s wood load on sediment storage and bed morphology. The Kings Creek network study area is located on the Konza Prairie Biological Station in northeastern Kansas, and drains one of few remaining unaltered North American watersheds. Results document the ongoing forest expansion into the surrounding pristine grassland, and provide a temporal context of the regions changing climate representative of atypical stream conditions caused by drought. In total, 406 individual pieces of wood were measured. The wood load was lower than most forest streams referenced (13.05 m[superscript]³/100 m), though higher than expected resulting from the absence of streamflow. LWD stored 108 m[superscript]³ of sediment within the channel, and the cumulative volume of LWD-formed pools was 169 m[superscript]³. Additionally, statistical analysis showed longitudinal bed variations to be strongly associated to LWD abundance, further indicating that LWD influences prairie stream processes similarly to those in a forest stream.

xviii, 105 p. : ill. (some col.)
Restoration of riparian ecosystems in semi-arid riparian ecosystems requires an understanding of geomorphic, hydrologic and biologic factors and how they relate to vegetation. Such an understanding allows prioritization of restoration projects and avoidance of activities that are either unnecessary or likely to fail. In this dissertation I examined a suite of factors controlling distribution of vegetation types in the Sprague Basin, OR, and used those factors to predict potential for natural recovery. Factors ranged from basin-wide (e.g. floodplain width and slope) to local (e.g. topography, hydrology and soil texture). Results of historical analysis and photographic mapping showed that basin-wide vegetation types have remained generally stable since the early 1940s and that wide floodplains have been without woody vegetation since the late 1800s. The most prevalent changes in floodplain vegetation due to land use included reduction of shrub cover in moderately wide floodplains and associated increases in herbaceous vegetation. Soil moisture conditions were studied using piezometers and nested clusters of soil moisture tension meters. The interrelations among soil texture, elevation and distance from the channel, and vegetation (herbaceous and woody) characteristics in the riparian zone were examined along 75 transects using a generalized additive model for non linear factors and Hurdle analysis for abundance data. On the Sprague mainstem, fine soils with high recession rates supported abundant shrubs, while on the Sycan (Sprague tributary) coarse soils with readily available moisture and greater subsurface water movements supported abundant shrubs. Habitats in the Sycan were well colonized with new shrub seedlings though long term persistence was unlikely. Results show that riparian shrubs are unlikely to influence stream shade or bank stability on the mainstem Sprague whether they germinate naturally or are planted through restoration efforts, as shrubs near the channel are unlikely to persist long term. In the Sycan, germination and persistence are more likely than on the Sprague, though risks of predation, trampling from grazers, and fluvial action will be constant threats to near-channel shrubs. Results emphasize the need to understand factors controlling vegetation prior to restoration in any basin or stream segment.
Committee in charge: Patricia F. McDowell， Chairperson； W. Andrew Marcus， Member； Patrick Bartlein， Member； Scott Bridgham， Outside Member

Wave-dominated and mixed tidal and wave energy barrier islands are assumed to have characteristic dune topographies that link to their macroscale form. However, there has been no systematic attempt to describe the linkage between barrier island macroscale form and dune topography. The goal of this thesis was to investigate how dune topographies correspond to a number of barrier island morphologies found along the southeastern U.S. Atlantic coast. Macroscale process-form variables were used to classify 77 islands into seven morphologic clusters. Islands from each cluster were selected and sites characteristic of the range of dune topographies within islands were characterized using three methods: the frequency distribution of elevations, directional spatial autocorrelation of elevation at different distance classes, and FRAGSTATS indices summarizing the patch structure of elevations. Variables derived from each of these methods peaked in their ability to discriminate among barrier island morphologies when the islands were aggregated into three groups. An ordination of those variables revealed a two or three-fold grouping of barrier island dune types that approximated the traditional wave dominated and mixed energy barrier island morphologic classification. These findings suggest that dune topographies converge upon two to three configurations even within the heterogeneity in macroscale island morphology.

Cette thèse est consacrée aux grottes et aux dépôts souterrains du grand bassin karstique charentais de la Touvre, la deuxième source de France qui alimente Angoulême. Le premier objectif est de montrer que la série calcaire jurassique est affectée dans sa masse par le processus de fantômisation (altération isovolume) qui s'est produit pendant le Crétacé inférieur durant 45 millions d'années. Les preuves ont été apportées dans les carrières, les grottes et à partir des forages. La fantômisation de la roche explique la genèse des grottes labyrinthiques et permet d'expliquer que les grandes réserves aquifères sont contenues principalement dans la roche devenue poreuse (circulation très lente) et secondairement dans des conduits karstiques (circulation rapide). Cette conclusion est confirmée par l'analyse des courbes de tarissement de la résurgence qui suggère une mauvaise karstification. Le deuxième objectif est l'étude de deux grands remplissages détritiques situés dans les grottes de la Fuie et du Bois du Clos. L'étude géochimique, sédimentologique et minéralogique des dépôts a permis de caractériser les dynamiques hydro-sédimentaires et les conditions aléoenvironnementales, notamment entre les stades isotopiques marins 6 et 3, obtenus à partir des datations 14C et U/Th sur les stalagmites de la grotte du Bois du Clos. L'imagerie chimique par fluorescence X met en évidence des niveaux carbonatés, apportant une preuve supplémentaire de la spéléogenèse par fantômisation. Enfin l'étude comparée des séquences spéléologiques et archéologiques régionales rend compte du rôle des paramètres locaux et régionaux, mais aussi des facteurs globaux au niveau paléoclimatique.

Rivers are essential components of the earth surface. The world’s largest rivers have been studied much less than to smaller rivers. They are dominated by meandering channels – whether these are individual km-wide meander bends or ‘accessory’ meandering channels in an anabranching system. Large rivers, specifically ones with laterally migrating bends, can build a variety of floodplain elements that are represented by a complex surface topography, the dynamics and characteristics of which are not yet fully understood. This research brings a greater understanding to, and quantification of, the floodplain topography and geomorphology of large rivers. The project uses remote sensing imagery of the World’s largest rivers, LiDAR datasets of meandering scroll bar topography, and global coverage elevation data. Novel analytical methods are created, involving image manipulation and GIS processing, to quantify these landforms in a way that was not possible until recent technological and computational advancements. A new hierarchical classification schema of meandering floodplain deposits is presented and applied to quantify meandering deposits for two large rivers, the Amazon and the Ob. Both floodplains show similar downstream morphological changes to their floodplains despite their different sizes and locations. The new classification schema works well to describe meandering floodplain deposits. The geomorphology of scroll bars is investigated for the Mississippi River, revealing the heterogeneity of these deposits and that local meander bend conditions are important in determining scroll bar formation and preservation on the floodplain. The periodicity of scroll bars from a range of rivers is investigated and it is shown that scroll bars are intrinsically linked with the width of the adjacent river channel and respond to local planform changes. Floodplains of large rivers have complex overbank sedimentation processes that create spillage sedimentation phenomena. Spillage sedimentation was quantified down a 1700 km reach of the Amazon River and a 1400 km reach for the River Ob, revealing spatial discontinuities in spillage phenomena. Spillage dominance depends on diverse sediment loadings, hydrological sequencing, and morphological opportunity. Understanding spillage dynamics is important in quantifying overbank sedimentation rates and the spatial distribution of fine-grained deposits. The findings of this thesis highlight that despite the incredible complexity and heterogeneity of large river floodplains, order can be inferred via classification schemas and fundamental relationships identified. The thesis uses novel methods and conceptual models to bring a greater understanding and quantification to this complex floodplain geomorphology.

xii, 64 p. : ill. (some col.), maps
Salmon habitat restoration is ongoing at a Nature Conservancy preserve on the Middle Fork John Day River in the Columbia River Basin in north-central Oregon. The site has a long history of disturbance including dredge mining upstream, channelization, grazing, logging, fire, and floods. Using historic aerial photos, habitat unit surveys, and cross sectional profiles, this thesis shows how the channel morphology, particularly habitat unit diversity, has changed since 1939, just before placer mining began. Results show that the dominant influence on present day channel morphology is channelization from the 1930's. Other changes including dredge mining in the late 1930's to early 1940's, cessation of cattle grazing in 1991, and a fire followed by a flood in the winter of 1996-1997, had less impact because of the straightened, stabilized channel morphology.
Committee in charge: Patricia McDowell, Chairperson; W. Andrew Marcus, Member
10000-01-01

Cette thèse aborde l'aspect dual des lahars, en s'intéressant aux corridors qu'ils forment sur les pentes du volcan, et dans lesquels se pratiquent des extractions de sables et de blocs. La méthode combine terrain (mesures topographiques, échantillonnage, enquêtes, questionnaires), laboratoire (sédimentologie) et analyse d'images satellites. La thèse s'intéresse d'abord à l'étude des lahars en tant qu'aléas, à leur récurrence, aux événements principaux survenus pendant la mousson 2010-2011, et examine les rythmes et processus de formation de corridors de lahars. Ces impacts causent des dégâts, qui sont quantifiés et cartographiés. Une étude de la perception et la connaissance de l'aléa permettent de mieux situer les communes menacées. Enfin, après avoir étudié la formation des corridors, le matériel qui les compose est analysé : différents lithofaciès sont décrits, et une attention plus spéciale est portée sur les sables qui représentent une matière première prisée. La thèse explique le fonctionnement des extractions, et quantifie l'évolution de cette activité. Les conséquences de l'éruption de 2010 sont analysées pour mieux saisir le fonctionnement de cette activité, et pour tenter de comprendre le risque qui peut y exister pour les travailleurs. Cela ouvre sur une vision plus large des processus de vulnérabilité, de capacité et de résilience, et aboutit à une analyse systémique du risque dans lequel l'activité d'extraction tient une place importante. La thèse explore différents aspects des lahars, différents espaces dangereux (villages/sites d'extraction). L'analyse est réalisée à l'échelle du volcan, soutenue par des études de cas à échelle locale.

The British-Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS) is predicted to have deglaciated rapidly from ~ 18 ka, in response to rising sea level and temperature, similar forcings experienced by modern polar ice sheets. As the main conduits of ice mass loss, the reaction of ice streams to these forcings is thought to have been central in determining the mode and timing of this deglaciation. However, lack of understanding of ice stream influence on the glaciology and deglaciation of ice sheets limits confidence in ice sheet model predictions. NW Scotland is an area of the last BIIS predicted to have been dominated by ice stream onset conditions. This thesis presents results from a geomorphological and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) analysis study which resulted in the production of a composite ice-sheet thermal regime map and retreat chronology for the last BIIS in this region. Mapping and surface exposure dating suggest that the regional glaciology and landscape evolution was dominated by the presence of ice-stream onset zones during Greenland Stadial-2 (GS-2). Mountain top erratics were uplifted and transported to high elevation during GS-2, before 16.5 ka BP. By inference, mountain summits were covered by ice during maximal ice sheet conditions. The existence of sharp thermo-mechanical contrasts, developed in response to ice streaming, are proposed as the main controls on bedrock erosion and terrestrial sediment deposition. The interpretation of ‘trimlines’ in NW Scotland as englacial thermo-mechanical boundaries, is verified by the identification of ‘rip-offs’, a newly recognised geomorphic feature in the UK, and by quantitative demonstration of the increase in glacial erosion in the vicinity of these boundaries. Geomorphic and TCN data supports a conceptual model of thermal inversion following ice-stream cessation. The first description of ‘till tails’ in the UK provides insight into the glaciological organisation and thermal evolution of the BIIS. A dated (17.6 ka BP) terrestrial glacial limit on the north Sutherland coast indicates early ice retreat from the shelf and provides a minimum ii constraint on ice-stream cessation. This indicates rapid loss of ice extent and volume following shutdown of the Minch palaeo-ice stream. Major ice sheet reorganisation c. 15-16 ka BP is suggested by the correlation of some lateral margin ages with high elevation erratic deposition ages implying significant ice thinning and margin retreat prior to this time. Additionally, thinning of ~300 m is predicted for some areas prior to 14 ka BP.

Les gestionnaires de l'Etat français sont aujourd'hui exposés à plus d'un siècle de profondes modifications environnementales des cours d'eau : perturbations des conditions d'écoulement par "chenalisation" et incision du lit, aggravation des risques hydrologiques par végétalisation des corridors fluviaux et diminution des zones humides. La Loire fait partie des cours d'eau concernés par ces perturbations Le lit fluvial réagit par l'érosion de son fond (une incision qui atteint localement une valeur de 2 m entre 1995 et 2010), la migration latérale du talweg et la rétraction de la largeur du corridor fluvial. Depuis maintenant plus de 15 ans, la Loire fait l'objet de lourds travaux d'entretien des ouvrages (levées. épis et digues) et du lit fluvial. Ces interventions s'inscrivent dans le cadre du Plan Loire Grandeur Nature, elles visent la protection des riverains contre les risques d'inondation (ouverture des annexes d'écoulements), la préservation des richesses écologiques et l'enrayement de l'enfoncement de la ligne d'eau à l'étiage.Des travaux de recherche en géomorphologie fluviale sont réalisés parallèlement aux actions d'entretien effectués sous la houlette des services de l'Etat. Notre travail de thèse s'inscrit dans cette perspective de recherche. Les secteurs d'études ont été définis en concertation avec les gestionnaires du fleuve (DREAL Centre, DDT et Conservatoire du Patrimoine de la Région Centre). Trois sites ateliers ont été retenus le site de La Charité-sur-Loire. le site de Mesves et le site de Guilly. Cela afin de déterminer les modalités de l'évolution hydro-sédimentaire de la bande active, d'analyser les processus d'ajustement fluvial et mettre en lumière l'existence d'un dysfonctionnement, ses causes et ces conséquences. Les résultats obtenus montrent clairement l'impact du forçage anthropique et naturels sur l'évolution morpho-sédimentaire de la bande active. Les débits solide et liquide sont perturbés par différents aménagements fluviaux dont certains n'ont plus de fonction aujourd'hui ces ouvrages provoquent une rupture de la continuité sédimentaire. Cela se traduit par une poursuite de l'incision du chenal principal, un exhaussement des îles et des bras secondaires et une extension du couvert végétal. Les résultats de ce travail de recherche sont mis à la disposition des gestionnaires du fleuve pour optimiser les travaux de restauration réalisés au sein du lit mineur.

L'élaboration de la Directive Cadre sur l'Eau (DCE) en 2000 et de la Loi sur l'Eau et les Milieux Aquatiques (LEMA) en 2006 a mis en lumière l'importance de la quantification et de la caractérisation des transferts hydrosédimentaires dans les cours d'eau pour la gestion des milieux et des ressources naturelles. En effet, les conséquences associées à ces transferts peuvent être catastrophiques pour les écosystèmes continentaux et aquatiques, la biodiversité et même pour les populations (inondations, pollutions). A l'heure où l'on s'interroge sur les modalités de gestion des masses d'eau et des bassins versants, nous avons mené une étude centrée sur les cours d'eau " ordinaires " de l'ouest de la France, qui disposent généralement d'une énergie réduite (<15W/m²), et qui contrairement aux systèmes fluviaux plus dynamiques du sud du pays, restent peu étudiés jusqu'à présent. En effet, si des études se sont attachées à évaluer le degré d'érosion des sols à l'échelle de la parcelle, à analyser les dynamiques de ruissellement au sein des blocs culturaux ou à quantifier les volumes de sédiments exportés des bassins versants, les modalités de transferts des sédiments entre la parcelle agricole et l'exutoire du bassin restaient difficile à déterminer. C'est pourquoi, pour améliorer la connaissance de ces systèmes et aller au-delà d'une approche en boîte noire du fonctionnement du bassin versant, nous avons mis en place un réseau de mesures des flux de MES dans le bassin versant de la Seulles (430 km²), représentatif des hydrosystèmes bas-normands. Il a permis de suivre en continu durant plusieurs années les flux de MES dans différents contextes géologiques, géomorphologiques et paysagers, et de s'interroger sur le rôle des effets d'échelles sur les dynamiques spatiales et temporelles des transferts sédimentaires. De plus, la réalisation de bilans quantitatifs et qualitatifs a permis d'identifier l'origine des sédiments dans le bassin et de hiérarchiser les contributions de chaque source afin de proposer des budgets sédimentaires emboîtés. L'ensemble de ces études amène le bassin de la Seulles à devenir le premier observatoire des transferts sédimentaires régional.

xi, 38 p. : ill. (some col.), maps
Splash dams were in-stream structures that were used to facilitate log driving in the Oregon Coast Range (OCR) between 1880 and 1957. This study explores the potential legacy impacts of "splashing" on stream morphology in Camp Creek and the West Fork Millicoma in the Southern OCR. Field data on stream morphology, GIS analysis, and hydraulic modeling were used in a paired-reach and paired-basin approach to determine legacy impacts on stream widths, depths, cross-sectional shapes, wood accumulation and sediment size. The paired-reach approach did not demonstrate significant differences up- or downstream of past dam locations. The paired-basin approach indicates that "splashing" is associated with narrower streams and less fine sediment, although it is not clear whether this difference reflects legacy impacts of splash dams or other factors driving variations between basins. Splash dam releases significantly exceeded 100-yr flood magnitudes in headwater regions and were comparable to 100-yr flows in lower reaches.
Committee in charge: W. Andrew Marcus, Chairperson; Patricia McDowell, Member

Previous research in the Ouachita Mountains, Arkansas suggests that, on relatively thin soils overlying bedrock, individual trees locally thicken the regolith by root penetration into bedrock. However, that work was conducted mainly in areas of strongly dipping and contorted rock, where joints and bedding planes susceptible to root penetration are more common and accessible. This project extended this concept to the Cumberland Plateau, Kentucky, with flat, level-bedded sedimentary rocks. Spatial variability of soil thickness was quantified at three nested spatial scales, and statistical relationships with other potential influences of thickness were examined. In addition, soil depth beneath trees was compared to that of non-tree sites by measuring depth to bedrock of stumps and immediately adjacent sites. While soil thickness beneath stumps was greater in the Ouachita Mountains compared to the Kentucky sites, there were no statistically significant differences in the difference between stump and adjacent sites between the two regions. In both regions, however, soils beneath stumps are significantly deeper than adjacent soils. This suggests the local deepening effects of trees occur in flat-bedded as well as steeply dipping lithologies. Regression results at the Cumberland Plateau sites showed no statistically significant relationship between soil depth and geomorphic or stand-level ecological variables, consistent with a major role for individual tree effects. Nested analysis of variance between 10 ha stands, 1.0 ha plots, and 0.1 ha subplots indicates that about 67 percent of total depth variance occurs at, or below, the subplot level of organization. This highly localized variability is consistent with, and most plausibly explained by, individual tree effects. The effects of biomechanical weathering by trees are not limited to areas with strongly dipping and contorted bedrock. Variability of soil depth in the Cumberland Plateau is likely influenced by positive feedbacks from tree root growth, that these interactions occur over multiple generations of growth, and that the effects of trees are the dominant control of local soil thickness. Since lateral lithological variation was minimal, this study also provides evidence that the positive feedback from biomechanical weathering by trees leads to divergent development of soil thickness.

Though some researchers have argued that the Big Barrens grasslands of Kentucky were the product of anthropogenic land clearing practices by Native Americans, heretofore, this hypothesis had not been tested archaeologically. More work was needed to refine chronologies of fire activity in the region, determine the extent to which humans played a role in the process, and integrate these findings with the paleoenvironmental and archaeological record. With these goals in mind, I conducted archaeological and geoarchaeological investigations at Crumps Sink in the Sinkhole Plain of Kentucky. The archaeological record and site formation history of Crumps Sink were compared with environmental and archaeological data from the Interior Low Plateaus and Southern Appalachian Mountains for an understanding of how the site fits into the larger story of human-environmental interactions in the Eastern Woodlands. Based on the data recovered, I argue that through land burning Archaic hunter-gatherers were active managers of ecosystems to a greater degree than previously acknowledged. Excavations at Crumps Sink revealed stratified archaeological deposits spanning the late Middle Archaic to Terminal Late Archaic periods. Radiocarbon dates and an analysis of projectile point typologies provided information on the chronological and cultural history of the site. Magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, plant available phosphorous, and soil micromorphological analyses were conducted to examine landform dynamics in response to environmental change and to trace the anthropogenic signature created by human activities at the site. Masses of lithic debitage, animal bone, and burned sediment nodules per ten-cm-level provide an indication of human occupation intensity and shifting activities over time. Radiocarbon dates were used to reconstruct rates of sediment accumulation in the sink. These varying datasets were considered together for a holistic understanding of localized environmental and anthropogenic impacts on the landform. Between 7200 and 5600 cal. BP, during the Middle Holocene Thermal Maximum and corresponding with the late Middle Archaic period, sediment accumulation was sustained with one identifiable episode of very weak soil development. Background magnetic and chemical signatures in the soils were greater than they were at pre-occupation levels, demonstrating that human activities left a lasting imprint in soils as early as the late Middle Archaic period. Between 5600 and 3900 cal. BP, periods of diminished sedimentation led to more pronounced episodes of soil formation. However, these soil horizons are interposed by pulses of enhanced sediment accumulation. These soil data may signal shifting environmental regimes during the Middle to Late Holocene transition. Between 5600 and 3900 cal. BP scattered plant ash, elevated masses of burned sediment nodules, and pestle fragments in Late Archaic deposits suggest that hunter-gatherers were intensively processing nut mast, potentially in association with early forest clearance and silviculture. Botanical assemblages from a coincident archaeological sequence at the Carlston Annis site in the nearby middle Green River region has demonstrated woodland disturbance and potential silviculture in central Kentucky during this time. During the Late Archaic and Terminal Late Archaic periods (3900-3000 cal. BP), substantial plant ash deposition occurred in a stratum that accumulated relatively quickly. Very low burned sediment nodule masses in this deposit indicate that combustion features were not common in the immediate vicinity and that elevated frequencies of plant ash were the result of burning on a broader expanse of the surrounding landform. Chronologically, the zone with enhanced plant ash deposition is coeval with previously demonstrated occurrences of increased forest fires, grassland expansion, and a shift to early horticultural economies throughout the region. Soil development occurred after 3000 cal. BP, and this episode of landform stability may have lasted for over two millennia until being capped by sediment accumulation from historic agriculture. The late Middle Archaic through Terminal Late Archaic data from Crumps Sink demonstrate that hunter-gatherer activities left lasting signatures in soils in Kentucky. The data from the Late Archaic to Terminal Late Archaic periods (ca. 5600-3000 cal. BP) may indicate intentional land burning by hunter-gatherers to create anthropogenic environments, first for silviculture and then for early plant domestication. This forces a rethinking of labor and subsistence systems within hunter-gatherer societies. Thus, if hunter-gatherers were utilizing long-term forest management methods, they were employing a delayed-return economic system relying on labor investment and negotiated understandings about land tenure. Further characterization of the origin of fire management activities will help us to elucidate the nature of incipient indigenous plant domestication in the Eastern Woodlands.

In the southern Appalachians, the dominant soil order, Ultisols, is highly susceptible to erosion. If left unmanaged these soils can develop into gully systems resulting in land degradation. This study examines gully development through sidewall mass-wasting events at a high temporal resolution using 30 minute time-lapse photography. Prior research at this site found significant mass wasting events occurring between weekly monitoring periods. By shortening the interval of observation to 30-minutes, a more accurate understanding of the frequency and intensity of these mass-wasting events, and their relation to meteorological factors, can be determined. Photographs of a gully (approximately 1.5 m deep by 3 m wide at the top) were captured every 30 minutes from 11/29/17 - 2/18/2018 with a WingScape outdoor time-lapse camera mounted on a plastic stake 3.16 m from the gully facing northwest and upstream into the gully channel. A total of n=1648 images were coded using presence/absence indices for six observed geomorphic processes: creep on NE facing sidewall, creep on SW facing sidewall, slump on NE facing sidewall, slump on SW facing sidewall, channel aggradation, and channel development. Precipitation and temperature data were collected every 5 minutes using a Davis Vantage Pro 2 weather station located 240 m from the gully, and were aggregated to various time intervals. Precipitation received in previous 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 hours were calculated for each image. Two binary temperature variables were generated with values of “1” if temperature dropped below 0 °C (32 °F) during the prior 30 minutes or 24 hours, respectively, and “0” otherwise. Logistic regression models (forward conditional method) for the six geomorphic index variables were generated using the precipitation and temperature data. For creep on the NE facing sidewall, the significant independent variables are 3 hour and 72 hour prior rain, and freeze conditions in the previous 0.5 and 24 hours. On the SW facing sidewall, rain and temperature variables were also important for creep; rain in the previous 12 and 24 hours, and freeze conditions within the previous 24 hours were retained in the model. For slumping on both the NE and SW facing sidewall, recent and prolonged rain were important. Specifically, 1, 6, 12, and 24 hour rainfall were retained in both models, with the addition of 3 hour rainfall in the NE facing sidewall slump model. No temperature variables were retained. For channel aggradation (deposition of material in the channel), rain in the prior 12 and 72 hours, and freezing in the prior 24 hours were important, suggesting that freeze-thaw processes loosen the soil, and subsequent rain events carry material into the channel. When rain stops, the material is then deposited in the channel. Interestingly, no viable model could be developed for channel development (erosion) using these parameters. These results will be useful to quantify meteorological controls on gully erosion at short temporal scales.

abstract: Human endeavors move 7x more volume of earth than the world’s rivers accelerating the removal of Earth’s soil surface. Measuring anthropogenic acceleration of soil erosion requires knowledge of natural rates through the study of 10Be, but same-watershed comparisons between anthropogenically-accelerated and natural erosion rates do not exist for urbanizing watersheds. Here I show that urban sprawl from 1989 to 2013 accelerated soil erosion between 1.3x and 15x above natural rates for different urbanizing watersheds in the metropolitan Phoenix region, Sonoran Desert, USA, and that statistical modeling a century of urban sprawl indicates an acceleration of only 2.7x for the Phoenix region. Based on studies of urbanization’s erosive effects, and studies comparing other land-use changes to natural erosion rates, we expected a greater degree of urban acceleration. Given that continued urban expansion will add a new city of a million every five days until 2050, given the potential importance of urban soils for absorbing anthropogenically-released carbon, and given the role of urban-sourced pollution, quantifying urbanization’s acceleration of natural erosion in other urban settings could reveal important regional patterns. For example, a comparison of urban watersheds to nearby non-urban watersheds suggests that the Phoenix case study is on the low-end of the urban acceleration factor. This new insight into the urban acceleration of soil erosion in metropolitan Phoenix can help reduce the acute risk of flooding for many rapidly urbanizing desert cities around the globe. To reduce this risk, properly engineered Flood Control Structures must account for sediment accumulation as well as flood waters. While the Phoenix area used regional data from non-urban, non-desert watersheds to generate sediment yield rates, this research presents a new analysis of empirical data for the Phoenix metropolitan region, where two regression models provide estimates of a more realistic sediment accumulation for arid regions and also urbanization of a desert cities. The new model can be used to predict the realistic sediment accumulation for helping provide data where few data exists in parts of arid Africa, southwest Asia, and India.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2019