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Haklay, Muki, Piotr Jankowski, and Zbigniew Zwoliński. "Selected Modern Methods and Tools for Public Participation in Urban Planning – A Review." Quaestiones Geographicae 37, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 127–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2018-0030.
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Abstract The paper presents a review of contributions to the scientific discussion on modern methods and tools for public participation in urban planning. This discussion took place in Obrzycko near Poznań, Poland. The meeting was designed to allow for an ample discussion on the themes of public participatory geographic information systems, participatory geographic information systems, volunteered geographic information, citizen science, Geoweb, geographical information and communication technology, Geo-Citizen participation, geo-questionnaire, geo-discussion, GeoParticipation, Geodesign, Big Data and urban planning. Participants in the discussion were scholars from Austria, Brazil, the Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the USA. A review of public participation in urban planning shows new developments in concepts and methods rooted in geography, landscape architecture, psychology, and sociology, accompanied by progress in geoinformation and communication technologies. The discussions emphasized that it is extremely important to state the conditions of symmetric cooperation between city authorities, urban planners and public participation representatives, social organizations, as well as residents.
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Bhatt, Vikram, and Leila Marie Farah. "Editorial." Open House International 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2009-b0001.
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The Millennium Development Goals and Agenda 21 objectives have generated international research initiatives in the emerging field of urban agriculture (UA); these efforts in productive growing and food production in the urban domain are gaining pre-eminence. UA was first coined in the 80s by agro-economists who recognized informal gardening practices in southern cities (Ba et all), but it no longer is uniquely associated to the South. UA includes a broad rage of activities: the cultivation of plants, medicinal and aromatic herbs, fruit trees, and the raising of animals, poultry and fish to support the household economy, the site's ecology, as well as social and cultural activities. Thus, UA cuts across multiple disciplines - such as development, urban geography, food security, city planning, landscape architecture, urban design, housing, farming and agronomy - all of which are touched upon by the academic and professional contributors in this special issue of Open House International.
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SCATENA, Donatella. "PERCEIVING THE VOID AND THE LIVING BEING TO BUILD NEW ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY URBAN SPACES." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 42, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2018.2024.
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The definition of perception concerns the awareness of a reality considered external to the subject. Even before architecture and landscape, other disciplines had already dealt with perception.In psychology, simultaneously with the discovery of the unconscious by Freud and Jung, the Gestalt theory was developed, with which we passed from an elementary conception of perception to its definition as the sum of interrelated actions organised between themselves, moving the perceptive act on a purely inner level.German psychologist Kurt Zadek Lewin has shown that social behaviours are an expression of an exchange between the personal places of life and the environment. This theory was essential to deal with the phenomena of open spaces.In the perception of the landscape, the fragmented and partial view gets overcame by the holistic concept of environment, which allows us to conceive the landscape as a whole.The observer’s topic and its perception concern the centrality of the landscape concept, as it is defined by the European Landscape Convention. For architects, the observational notion takes on crucial importance both in the relationship between nature and artificial, both in relation to the context of the urban landscape and of the city open spaces. The analysis of Gordon Cullen and Kevin Lynch appears to be significant. Their researches on the subjective representation of the environment have shown how it is possible to distinguish between an objective and physical reality of the territory and the architectural space, and the perception of the singular environmental reality and of the personal space.In the ‘50s the duality of object-observed-outer and perception-inner of the subject was examined by the writer Aldus Huxley in The Doors of Perception, in which he described an outer landscape that gets reflected and amplified in the inner landscape. The works of the great landscape painters are born exactly from this marriage between inner and outer.In 1988 the aesthetic madness of Huxley found a scientific basis in the person of Gilles Deleuze, who attempted, through a metaphor, to define the evolution of perception and of the modern experience in the metaphysics of the chaos.And it is here that Deleuze, and with him Leibniz, returns to that perceiving the outside world as a reflection of the inner world.Nowadays the holistic concept of perception and the multiplicity of the gaze are studied and proposed by the science of geography and by a new sense of the places.
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Grichting, Anna Katharina. "REVIEW OF ‘TERRAIN VAGUE: INTERSTICES AT THE EDGE OF THE PALE’ By Manuela Mariani and Patrick Barron (editors). London & New York, Routledge, 2014, 256 pages, ISBN 978-0415827683." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 8, no. 1 (March 3, 2014): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i1.362.
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The concept of terrain vague was first theorized by Ignasi de Sola-Morales in the mid 1990s as a contemporary space of project and design that includes the marginal wastelands and vacant lots that are located outside the city’s productive spaces – which Morales describes as oversights in the landscape that are mentally exterior in the physical interior of the city. Around the same time, the artist and architect collective Stalker defined Terrains Vagues in the plural as spaces of confrontation and contamination between the organic and the inorganic, between nature and artifice that constitute the built city’s negative, the interstitial and the marginal, spaces abandoned by economic forces, or in the process of transformation.This book Terrain Vague: Interstices at the Edge of the Pale – edited by the architect Manuela Mariani and the professor of English Patrick Barron - seeks to expand on Sola-Morales ideas and to present the terrain vague through a taxonomy of urban empty spaces presented by the authors in the introduction – derelict lands, brownfields, voids, loose spaces, heterotopias, dead zones, urban wilds, counter-sites. The book aims to collectively refine this notion as a central concept of urban planning and design, architecture, landscape architecture, film studies, cultural geography, literature, photography, and cultural studies, looking at possible positive alternatives to the negative images projected into them.
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Abouhassan, Marwa. "Historical Places and Identity of the Cities: Khuzam Palace Museum, Jeddah." Resourceedings 2, no. 2 (September 2, 2019): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.21625/resourceedings.v2i2.684.
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Place identity refers to a cluster of ideas about identity and place in the fields of geography, urban planning, urban design, landscape architecture, and environmental psychology. Place identity has become a significant issue in the last 25 years in urban planning and design. Place identity concerns the meaning and significance of places for their inhabitants and users, and how these meanings contribute to individuals' conceptualizations of self. Place identity also relates to the context of mogdernity, history, and the politics of representation (Proshansky et al., 1995).Jeddah went through dramatic changes in the last 70 years after demolishing the old city wall and oil booming, which affected the identity, traditions, and lifestyle (Shiber, 1967). In order to eliminate the lack of city identity and change the people's attachment to Jeddah's new urban development, this paper will take Khuzam Palace Museum as a case study to express the relationship between the past and present in the city. The paper will have an analytical review of urban memory, place identity, and place attachment elements. At the end, the paper will set some recommendations to consider using and respecting the community memories from the past that related physical elements and social interaction that have to express into new forms of place-making in the future development to increase the identity and the sense of belonging in Jeddah city.
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Galan, Juanjo, Felix Bourgeau, and Bas Pedroli. "A Multidimensional Model for the Vernacular: Linking Disciplines and Connecting the Vernacular Landscape to Sustainability Challenges." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 6, 2020): 6347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166347.
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After developing a systematic analysis of the vernacular phenomenon in different disciplines, this paper presents a flexible model to understand the multiple factors and the different degrees of vernacularity behind the many processes that lead to the generation of material culture. The conceptual model offers an open, polythetic and integrative approach to the vernacular by assuming that it operates in different dimensions (temporal, socio-political, sociological, locational, epistemological, procedural, economic and functional), and that the many attributes or characteristics included in those dimensions are all relevant but not strictly necessary. The model is intended to facilitate a more methodical and rigorous connection between the vernacular concept and contemporary discourses on sustainability, resilience, globalization, governance, and rural-urban development. In addition, and due to its transdisciplinary character, the model will enable the development of comparative studies within and between a wide range of fields (architecture, landscape studies, design, planning and geography). A prospective analysis of the use of the model in rural landscapes reveals its potential to mediate between the protective approach that has characterized official planning during the last decades and emergent approaches that advocate the reinterpretation of the vernacular as a new form to generate new collective identities and to reconnect people and place.
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Giovannelli, Anna. "Reuse of the existing." Joelho Revista de Cultura Arquitectonica, no. 9 (December 28, 2018): 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-8681_9_8.
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Design the contemporary city and architecture means, first of all, dealing with the existing, a huge amount of abandoned space, of uninhabited factories, of crumbling artefacts, of an entire territory which asks to be taken care of. After years of urban sprawl with soil consumption, it is necessary to rethink the way of planning in the existing contexts of the contemporary city and its environmental sustainability. The immediacy of new constructions is often preferred to the recycling of existing ones that work in the long term and return value to the places and their historical stratifications. This is why today the reuse of the existing represents the real emergency to face with a process of regeneration of cities and their territories, where the architectural project, with the contribution of other disciplines - such as archaeology and restoration, geography and landscape design - represents the only instrument able to offer an answer to the current problems of urban structures. Reuse is actually a necessity as well as an emergency; reuse is the ontological condition of architecture because every building has always recycled materials and spaces to reshape the new and we need to analyse past examples of reuse in order to create a methodology for the design reuse of existing structures. This paper aims to contribute to the definition of a teaching methodology of reuse through design and proposes an approach that interprets those characters of the different architectural forms of the existing modernist buildings.
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Lozanovska, Mirjana. "Migrant Housing in the City and the Village: from Melbourne to Zavoj." Open House International 34, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2009-b0005.
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This paper will discuss the kinds of communities that evolve through historical practices of migration. The migrant house is associated with a new architecture that had appeared in the cities of immigration of the new worlds (Melbourne, Toronto, Chicago). It is perceived as a stereotypical symbolisation of immigrants from Southern European origins that had arrived in the decades following the Second World War. The appearance of houses built by returning migrants in sites of origin suggests other trajectories, other modes of travel, and other forms of community. Central to the thesis of this paper is the testimony of two types of migrant houses. The study draws on theories of migration that address the site of departure, the site of arrival, and the question and conflict of return which is at the centre of the migrant's imaginary. This study will examine the migrant houses in the village of emigration (Zavoj in Macedonia), migrant houses built by returning emigrants. A study of the two houses of migration implicates a set of networks, forces, relations, circumscribing a large global geopolitical and cultural field that questions our understandings of diaspora, the binary structure of dwelling/travelling, and the fabric and fabrication of community. In addition, the paper will explore the notion of house as an imaginary landscape, a psychic geography narrated through migratory travels.
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Grietena, Aija. "Interaction of landscape space and indoors in architecture of the open-air concert hall “Mitava”." Landscape architecture and art 17 (March 14, 2021): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2020.17.07.
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In the search for balancing factors in the art of environmental design between architecture, landscape architecture, and interiors needed to improve interdisciplinary collaborative planning and enhance the psycho-emotional quality of the environment, the study of landscape space-indoor interaction through comparative analysis and inductive reference is continued. On the Latvian scale, the new, 21st-century technological capabilities in the design and production of wooden structures in the architecture of the open air concert hall “Mītava”, constructed in 2019 on Pasta Island. The importance of the structure on the Baltic scale is emphasized by the unique design, which resembles a shell washed on the bank of the Lielupe River, large (<60m) arched timber continuous roof structures and high acoustic characteristics. Original building structures have opened up new opportunities for interaction between landscape space and indoor space, creating a broad, spatial synthesis. The realization of an artistically stylistic concept in the open-air concert hall “Mītava”, which is subordinated to the existing landscape space and supplemented with appropriate greenery, is considered a valuable contribution to the urban environment. The specific case study analyzed in detail underlines the importance of successful interdisciplinary collaboration in the harmonious interaction between landscape space and indoor.
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Ferreira, Sanette, and Lukas Beuster. "Stellenbosch coffee society: Societal and locational preferences." Urbani izziv Supplement, no. 30 (February 17, 2019): 64–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2019-30-supplement-005.
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Stellenbosch is a university town boasting knowledge-intensive economic sectors with a variety of ‘new economy’ occupations and activities. The presence of a professional and creative class, as well as university students has changed the economy, the retail landscape and the social spaces of the town. This paper reports on an investigation of the geography of coffee shops (third places) in downtown Stellenbosch and describes the social and physical factors which influence customer preferences for certain coffee shops. A brief review of the literature on the evolution of coffee shop and café cultures, the functioning as third places and the siting of coffee shops in inner cities (or specific neighbourhoods) is presented. A mixed-methods research approach consisting of transect walks, a questionnaire survey and three in-depth-interviews with coffee shop owners (or managers) is explained. The study area in the historical precinct of the town is contextualised. The bigger picture of coffee consumption in Stellenbosch – social and locational preferences, place attachments of consumers and the relative location of coffee shops – is sketched. The findings of three in-depth case studies (selected speciality coffee shops) are discussed. The paper concludes by pointing out some implications for the planning of consumption spaces in secondary cities in developing world contexts.
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Panagopoulos, Thomas, Madalina Sbarcea, and Krzysztof Herman. "A biophilic mind-set for a restorative built environment." Landscape architecture and art 17 (March 14, 2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2020.17.08.
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The biophilic design promotes specific principles and patterns of nature-based solutions for health and well-being in the spaces we live and work. A growing body of literature advocates a more prominent role of nature in urban design and architecture, emphasizing the necessity of maintaining, enhancing, and restoring the beneficial experience of nature in the cities. Biophilia and nature-based solutions can improve the quality of built environment design and bring new opportunities to restore urban ecosystems and smart thinking for sustainable cities. The paper concludes that adopting biophilic principles in urban planning will lead to cities that can regenerate life and nurture end-users' health and well-being. Moreover, bring forward ways to transfer human nature ties' knowledge into restorative approaches to design the built environment.
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Deveikiene, Vaiva, Gintaras Stauskis, and Inga Urbonaitė Vadoklienė. "Cultural heritage sites in Vilnius: a critique of selected interventions in landscape architecture." Landscape architecture and art 16 (December 23, 2020): 53–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2020.16.05.
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International researchers intensively explore the tradition of criticism in landscape architecture theories and practices from different angles: socio-cultural inquiry, historic prospective and retrospective, heritage perception and cognition, modern public engagement. Over the past two years, Vilnius City has witnessed a breakthrough in the public debate on urban open space, and several landscape architecture projects related to the revitalization of the cultural landscape have provoked the active public debate. Three selected cases have multi-layered evolution in which previous solutions have been deliberately or naturally denied by subsequent ones. The aim of the paper is to analyse and summarise the state of collective memory and tendencies of stakeholder’s opinions that influence the creative process in landscape architecture projects. The paper analyses the opinions of three stakeholder’s groups about the projects going to be realised: the public, the planning and design professionals and the client, with own regard to the project. The feedback material from the published articles, critical comments, record of public discussion and some other public and institutional media resources are analysed. The ecological, aesthetic and social-economic aspects of the feedback material are represented through the preselected criteria and the detailed indicators. The main conclusion of the study is the notion that early and a wide-ranging discussion with the public during the process of landscape revitalisation can harvest the best public acceptance of landscape change. In the analysed case, it showed the absolute stakeholder’s preference for the multi-layered representation and interpretation of the authentic landscape material and its mental memories that promote the continuum of landscape development as a contemporary public interaction arena. The shorter was the lifespan of the place, the more outrageous debates took place with little consent in all aspects. In case of the longer timespan of the place, there were more consensuses between the stakeholders on the analysed aspects.
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Petrušonis, Vytautas. "Ability of Architects to See Autopoietic Environmental Features." Architecture and Urban Planning 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2021-0005.
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Abstract This article discusses the way of rating the competency of architects through their ability to recognize the autopoietic properties of architecture in developed urban projects. The following theoretical methods were used: abstraction, analogy, generalization and reasoning. Metalanguage of consideration (opposite to directive metalanguage) embedded in projects displays the fact, that a person is able to recognize such autopoietic features as connotations, memory traces, that are important for continuity of locus cultural identity.
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Freimane, Santa. "Visual Identity of Riga 21st Century Multi-Apartment Developments." Architecture and Urban Planning 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2021-0004.
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Abstract It is claimed that rapid changes, including globalization and urbanization, may lead to uniform urban environment. Therefore, it is crucial to address issues in terms of local architecture. This research particularly focuses on the visual identity of Riga 21st century residential developments. Theoretical studies and empirical research methods were used. According to the research results, the most typical characteristics are linear building blocks, symmetric arraignment of façade elements, polychrome façade colour approach and usage of white/grey/ black colour palette. However, considering variety of visual expressions as well as different architectural and spatial situations, there cannot be determined one exact visual identity.
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Batty, Michael. "The digital transformation of planning." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 4 (May 2021): 593–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211016122.
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Chernyshev, Denys, Yulia Ivashko, Dominika Kuśnierz-Krupa, and Andrii Dmytrenko. "Role of natural landscape in perception of Ukrainian sacral architecture monuments." Landscape architecture and art 17 (March 14, 2021): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2020.17.02.
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The article analyses the impact of natural environment on the creation of a Christian church design, as an example, reviews the Orthodox architecture of Ukraine – historical and contemporary one. From time immemorial, Orthodox churches were erected in the most picturesque places – on high hills, steep banks, near rivers and lakes – so that the temple was reflected in the water surface. A typical example is the historical silhouette of the steep right bank of Kyiv, formed by many churches, cathedrals and monasteries located along the edge of the hilly shore. If temples in the urban environment were constrained by the conditions of dense quarterly development (the principal cathedrals and monasteries were an exception), then the peculiarity of the remote suburban monasteries – the hermitages – was precisely the creation of nature and architecture picturesque combination. At the monasteries, parks, gardens and flower beds were created, artificial lakes were arranged. During the domination of the atheistic ideology, temple construction was in decline, most of the cathedrals, churches and monasteries were destroyed or redesigned under the socialist functions of clubs, museums of atheism, schools and storages. The contemporary course in the creation of new Orthodox churches is aimed at restoring the lost sequence in the church building. In this case, particular attention is paid to the natural environment: churches are built in park areas, in forest parks, on the banks of lakes, surrounded by flower beds. The relevance of the study is explained by the presence in Ukraine of a large number of Orthodox churches – both architectural monuments and newly built, which are traditionally surrounded by gardens, parks and flower gardens as symbols of their non-earthly purpose, the image of the Garden of Eden. Therefore, during the restoration and new construction of such objects, it is necessary to understand the features of the сhurch landscape design, which has been formed and improved over the centuries.
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Poškienė, Diana, and Dalia Dijokienė. "Compactness is Not Enough: Development and Trends of a Sustainable Urban Concept." Architecture and Urban Planning 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2021-0006.
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Abstract The changing concept of sustainable development is changing the practice of designing sustainable urban forms. The article presents a variety of concepts of a sustainable urban form and their ambiguous assessment – the model of a compact city, if applied in all cases, can cost the quality of one’s environment and the quality of life. New bottom-up trends are emerging in theory and in practice of the 21st century, which focus on the urban planning process which is more inclusive in terms of society. The article discusses examples of the creation of a sustainable urban narrative for the development of a relationship with the community.
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Dhanak, Manhar, Scott Parr, Evangelos I. Kaisar, Panagiota Goulianou, Hannah Russell, and Fanny Kristiansson. "Resilience assessment tool for port planning." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1126–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808321997824.
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US ports and container/intermodal terminals are critical links in the marine transportation system. Disruption at a port can have a crippling economic effect in the coastal zone as well as the rest of the nation. Port stakeholders have a vested interest in the long-term function and viability of ports, but no standardized measures for performance or resilience exist for ports. The goal of this research is to demonstrate the utility of a predictive port resilience assessment tool. The developed tool encompasses a microscopic traffic simulation model (VISSIM) based hybrid multimodal analyzes of port operations and provides a quantifiable assessment of resilience. The application of this tool is shown on six ports in the Southeast US. The waterside port simulation models were developed using vessel automatic identification system data and programed within a VISSIM simulation of landside operations. This hybrid modeling approach was used to visualize vessels and allow them to interact in both time and space with each other and landside infrastructure. Local and regional resilience was quantified through the analysis of time-dependent resilience plots and used as a performance measure in this study. The utility of the predictive port resilience assessment was demonstrated in response to Hurricane Matthew (2016). However, the novel procedure described herein can be applied to any port hazard. This research grows the understanding of the regional consequences of hurricane events and enhances the knowledge in the development of a stakeholder-focused tool to assess resilience.
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Batty, Michael. "Planning education in the digital age." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 2 (February 2021): 207–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808321994936.
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Balvočienė, Vaiva, and Kęstutis Zaleckis. "Cultural Urban Catalysts as Meaning of the City." Architecture and Urban Planning 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2021-0002.
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Abstract City is a network with clear organization and architecture. It also has permanent connections. Human senses, perception and cognition are the base points while understanding these connections. Hypothesis of this article proposes that concentration of creativity potential in strategically placed junctions (cultural nodes) would catalyse people flow between them naturally. Three main features of the cultural node are distinguished, and possible identification methodology is being proposed. This strategy leads to more extensive methodology research and appliance analysing city structure.
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Wachtel, Guy, Jan-Dirk Schmöcker, Yuval Hadas, Yuhan Gao, Oren E. Nahum, and Boaz Ben-Moshe. "Planning for tourist urban evacuation routes: A framework for improving the data collection and evacuation processes." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 5 (February 25, 2021): 1108–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808321994575.
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Tourism is one of the largest growing industries worldwide. As the number of tourists is rapidly increasing, so too are tourist safety concerns. The increasing frequency of natural disasters along with the growth of urban areas makes it even more complex to address the resilience of tourists during such events. This article proposes a framework for collecting information about tourist locations and flows within urban areas and how to use this information for more efficient and safe evacuation routing. We define population behavior models that can be obtained from gathering empirical data and categorize them into three groups. We review the different evacuation scenarios (divided into sudden and predictable scenarios) and the types of information needed in each case. Further, we discuss the complexity of monitoring and forecasting tourists’ movements in the long term and for short-term predictions including the available data sources for doing so. The data gathering and tourist behavior are explained with examples from Kyoto, Japan, a major tourist attraction and a location that is prone to disasters. Finally, technological solutions for better guidance during the evacuation process of the population are discussed, including low-tech ones and advanced options such as websites, apps and Bluetooth Low Energy sensors, where the last one is demonstrated by a navigation experiment in a 3D environment.
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Chashchina, Alexandra, Andra Ulme, and Anatoly Skopintsev. "Approaches to Modernizing the Architectural and Planning Structure of Maternity Institutions in the Context of a Pandemic and a New Social Distance." Architecture and Urban Planning 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 70–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2021-0007.
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Abstract The article discusses individual approaches to the formation of the architectural and spatial environment of maternity hospitals and perinatal centres contributing to social distancing. A ‘functional-spatial’ approach is proposed, in which the boundaries of spaces in the most active functional areas of the maternity hospital are changed: entrance area, reception of women in labour, area for relatives and visitors of the hospital, delivery of newborns, consultations in the polyclinic department of the maternity hospital. As a planning technique for distancing is proposed the formation of a system of space ‘soft borders’ using flexible, inclined, semi-cylindrical and ‘flowing’ translucent partitions. The second, ‘environmental approach’, is based on changing the scheme of communication and environmental situations in the internal environment of the maternity hospital due to the thoughtful arrangement of furniture and interior equipment, as well as due to light, colour and graphic navigation. Such a reorganization of the architectural and spatial structure of the maternity hospitals, based on the requirements of social distancing, preserves the value characteristics of the therapeutic environment.
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Nia, Hourakhsh Ahmad. "A Comprehensive Review on the Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on Public Urban Spaces." Architecture and Urban Planning 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2021-0008.
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Abstract COVID-19, evidently the world’s worst pandemic during the last two centuries, has predicated several challenges for urban designers, especially in their bid to find appropriate designing strategies. Even though there are umpteenth studies in the literature that have focused on the different aspects of COVID-19 related pandemics, very scant studies sought to find appropriate mitigating strategies in designing pandemic friendly urban spaces. Thus, through qualitative grounded theory as a main methodological approach, this study hypothesized that the COVID-19 induced pandemic has direct effects on the liveability of public spaces. Accordingly, by developing a comprehensive review of the literature on the environmental and socio-economic effects of the pandemic, this study proposed a comprehensive framework for understanding its side effects and a comprehensive mitigating strategy to deal with it in the short and long term of designing a healthy urban environment.
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Liu, Xiaoqian, Bo Huang, Rongrong Li, and Jionghua Wang. "Characterizing the complex influence of the urban built environment on the dynamic population distribution of Shenzhen, China, using geographically and temporally weighted regression." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 6 (June 13, 2021): 1445–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211017909.
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Big data can provide new insights for smart city planning. This study exploits mobile-phone locating-request (MPLR) data as a proxy for real-time intra-urban population distribution. It models the relationship between the dynamic population distribution and the urban built environment using geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR), which can account for spatial and temporal non-stationarity simultaneously. A case study is undertaken based on MPLR records in Shenzhen, China and points of interest-based urban environment data aggregated to grid zones. Compared with previous models, GTWR yields a better result. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal coefficients are analyzed and compared. The results suggest that the patterns of urban population distribution are more complex during weekends than during weekdays. The coefficients of the company density variable are significantly higher during weekdays than weekends, while the coefficients associated with residential buildings are lower during weekday afternoons. Hence, the urban built environment plays an important role in the dynamic distribution of the population at different times. The findings show that the GTWR model in combination with MPLR and points of interest-based urban environment data can assist urban planners in gaining a better understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the population distribution, thereby providing potential inputs to the rational allocation of public resources over space and time.
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Liu, Xintao, Wenzhong Shi, and Anshu Zhang. "Advances in urban informatics." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 3 (March 2021): 395–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808321998468.
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Ogawa, Yoshiki, Yoshihide Sekimoto, and Ryosuke Shibasaki. "Estimation of earthquake damage to urban environments using sparse modeling." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 5 (January 21, 2021): 1075–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808320986560.
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For the establishment of precise disaster prevention measures in response to the Nankai megathrust earthquakes predicted to occur in the future, it is necessary to conduct numerous earthquake simulations and evaluate the vulnerability of the urban environment quantitatively. This vulnerability is evaluated on the basis of factors such as the extent of damage from earthquakes, as well as the attributes of residents, urban infrastructure, and systems in the environment. In this study, we propose a sparse modeling (SpM)-based technique for the evaluation of potential damage to urban environments due to Nankai megathrust earthquakes in Japan. As explanatory variables, any variables related to urban environments in Kochi Prefecture are considered. The results show that, unlike the so-called “complex disaster” events, the number of critical variables that characterize damage states when external disaster forces data (e.g. estimated seismic motion and tsunami height) and urban environment data are available is low, regardless of the magnitude of damage. In other words, urban system variables selected for damage states may be extracted as variables indicating vulnerability to earthquake damage. In addition, we evaluated the characteristics of different cities by visualizing the SpM results on a radar chart. The proposed technique is useful for gaining a deeper understanding of the influence of urban environment variables on earthquake damages. Furthermore, it is expected that measures for improving urban system resilience will be explored based on the proposed technique.
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Vērpe, Baiba. "Large-Scale Buildings of the Resort Establishments of the Soviet Period and their Present State in Jūrmala City, Latvia." Architecture and Urban Planning 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2021-0003.
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Abstract The paper presents a summary of large-scale buildings of resort establishments of Soviet period in Jūrmala, by analysing their typology, physical parameters, scenarios of the development, architectural stylistic and the present state of physical condition and authentic substance. The research reveals that half of the large-scale resort buildings are already irreversibly lost and the rest of buildings are seriously endangered due to the tendency of extensive rebuilding.
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Pagsuyoin, Sheree A., and Joost R. Santos. "Modeling regional impacts and resilience to water service disruptions in urban economies." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1058–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808321998703.
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Water is a critical natural resource that sustains the productivity of many economic sectors, whether directly or indirectly. Climate change alongside rapid growth and development are a threat to water sustainability and regional productivity. In this paper, we develop an extension to the economic input-output model to assess the impact of water supply disruptions to regional economies. The model utilizes the inoperability variable, which measures the extent to which an infrastructure system or economic sector is unable to deliver its intended output. While the inoperability concept has been utilized in previous applications, this paper offers extensions that capture the time-varying nature of inoperability as the sectors recover from a disruptive event, such as drought. The model extension is capable of inserting inoperability adjustments within the drought timeline to capture time-varying likelihoods and severities, as well as the dependencies of various economic sectors on water. The model was applied to case studies of severe drought in two regions: (1) the state of Massachusetts (MA) and (2) the US National Capital Region (NCR). These regions were selected to contrast drought resilience between a mixed urban–rural region (MA) and a highly urban region (NCR). These regions also have comparable overall gross domestic products despite significant differences in the distribution and share of the economic sectors comprising each region. The results of the case studies indicate that in both regions, the utility and real estate sectors suffer the largest economic loss; nonetheless, results also identify region-specific sectors that incur significant losses. For the NCR, three sectors in the top 10 ranking of highest economic losses are government-related, whereas in the MA, four sectors in the top 10 are manufacturing sectors. Furthermore, the accommodation sector has also been included in the NCR case intuitively because of the high concentration of museums and famous landmarks. In contrast, the Wholesale Trade sector was among the sectors with the highest economic losses in the MA case study because of its large geographic size conducive for warehouses used as nodes for large-scale supply chain networks. Future modeling extensions could potentially include analysis of water demand and supply management strategies that can enhance regional resilience against droughts. Other regional case studies can also be pursued in future efforts to analyze various categories of drought severity beyond the case studies featured in this paper.
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Li, Heng, and Hui Xie. "Noise exposure of the residential areas close to urban expressways in a high-rise mountainous city." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 1414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211015249.
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Urban expressways can generate excessive noise in the surrounding urban areas, and it tends to be more complex in mountainous cities, due to the undulating terrain, dense population and compact urban structures. This article aims to investigate the objective acoustic environment and road traffic noise exposure, including the noisy evaluation, annoyance and effect of roadside apartments in residential areas close to urban expressways in the high-density, high-rise, mountainous city of Chongqing. Three housing estates were selected for a series of field measurements, questionnaire surveys and noise mapping. There was a significant negative correlation between night-time noise levels and the distances to the urban expressway ( p < 0.01). Moreover, the differences between the daytime and night-time noise levels were generally insignificant (0.7 to 3.6 dBA) at the roadside locations. Differences in reaction to noise exposure in a variety of both person-related and housing condition variables were found, especially between roadside and non-roadside locations or residents. In addition, 75.0% of roadside residents identified the traffic noise as ‘very’ or ‘extremely’ annoying, and 66.7% of them regarded the acoustic environment as the priority environmental factor that needs to be improved. Difference in the ‘bedroom-window orientation’ had a significant effect on subjective noise evaluation. Rectangular-shaped apartments along the roadside obtain better noise reduction capacities than tower-blocks through the simulation. The acoustic performance of road cuttings, as an appropriately designed earth embankment, is improved along with deeper vertical alignment, and slope angles of 30° and 75° should be avoided.
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Causevic, Amar, Matthew LoCastro, Dharish David, Sujeetha Selvakkumaran, and Åsa Gren. "Financing resilience efforts to confront future urban and sea-level rise flooding: Are coastal megacities in Association of Southeast Asian Nations doing enough?" Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 5 (February 24, 2021): 989–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808321994437.
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Continued greenhouse gas emissions will lead to a rise in temperatures, accompanied by rising sea levels threatening low-lying coastal cities. This vulnerability is especially acute in developing countries’ cities. This study reviews whether Bangkok, Manila, and Jakarta, less prepared emerging urban centers of developing countries, are investing in adaptation projects for resilience against sea-level rise and urban flooding. Sea-level rise and urban flooding resilience projects were identified in the selected cities through secondary research methods, data on multilateral climate funds, and other aggregated funding databases such as Aid Atlas, Cities Adaptation Action, and City Risk Index. Our findings show that even though these cities do have some adaptation projects to address coastal flooding and rising sea-level threats, the funding has been disparate and dispersed due to a lack of continuous, sizeable, and diverse financing options and does not come close to the requirement, given the risks, of covering potential disaster-related losses. Our findings further highlight the need to expand financing beyond multilateral funds and bilateral funding agreements and to include financial mechanisms that incentivize potential stakeholders to invest in projects that ordinarily are considered nonrevenue generating.
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Santos, Johan Rose, Nur Diana Safitri, Maya Safira, Varun Varghese, and Makoto Chikaraishi. "Road network vulnerability and city-level characteristics: A nationwide comparative analysis of Japanese cities." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 5 (March 16, 2021): 1091–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808321999318.
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Climate change is making our cities more vulnerable, increasing the needs for further policy actions to make them more resilient. In particular, the transport network is critical in the first phase of disaster response. This study presents the epirical findings of a large scale, nationwide analysis of the road network vulnerability in 69 Japanese cities. We (1) identify the level of network efficiency using topological elements in its undisturbed normal state; (2) evaluate the level of network robustness under different random and targeted attack scenarios; and (3) analyze the relationship of the identified network efficiency and robustness indicators with city-level characteristics. The main findings include: (1) cities with a higher population and a higher infrastructure investment tend to be more robust under random attacks; (2) larger cities tend to be less robust to targeted attacks, presumably due to their high agglomeration of urban functions; (3) car dependency tends to make cities more vulnerable toward random attacks and less vulnerable toward targeted attacks as it indicates a weaker concentration in urban functions; and (4) a high modal share for trains tends to make cities less vulnerable toward random events as it indicates a high agglomeration of urban functions. These findings will help policymakers to prioritize their budget allocations to improve nationwide disaster resilience.
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Maquiling, Karl Sam M., Safira De La Sala, and Paul Rabé. "Urban resilience in the aftermath of tropical storm Washi in the Philippines: The role of autonomous household responses." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 5 (March 10, 2021): 1025–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808321998693.
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Existing knowledge regarding the role of household adaptation in pursuing urban resilience, especially in developing countries, is limited. Upon this rationale, the study provides in-depth empirical evidence on how resilience is framed, pursued, and realized from the perspective of low-income households in the Philippines. The study adopted a mixed-methods strategy to expound on the dynamics that affect resilience-building measures at the household level. The quantitative tools were chosen to provide empirical evidence on how residents in selected areas understand resilience and the actions undertaken to realize desired outcomes. The findings were further examined through analysis of data gathered from key informant interviews, relevant local policies, and regulations. Key findings show that autonomous household responses are intended, albeit intuitively, as resilience-building measures from the need to address risks immediately. These measures are undertaken independently and can provide direct benefits to the household. However, they may become counterproductive when analyzed from the point of view of collective resilience. The key to addressing this is institutional interventions that allow flexible modes of resilience that could enable households to pursue better resilience-building measures. Autonomous household responses, transitioning to a more collective level approach, challenge the distribution of decision-making processes and could result in framing appropriate urban resilience policies, strategies, and measures.
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Song, Xin-Yi, Ya Gao, Yubo Peng, Sen Huang, Chao Liu, and Zhong-Ren Peng. "A machine learning approach to modelling the spatial variations in the daily fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) of Shanghai, China." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 48, no. 3 (January 11, 2021): 467–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808320975031.
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It is challenging to forecast high-resolution spatial-temporal patterns of intra-urban air pollution and identify impacting factors at the regional scale. Studies have attempted to capture features of air pollutants such as fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) using land use regression models, but this method overlooks the multi-collinearity of factors, non-linear correlations between factors and air pollutants, and it fails to perform well when processing daily data. However, machine learning is a feasible approach for establishing persuasive intra-urban air pollution daily variation models. In this article, random forest is utilised to establish intra-urban PM2.5 and NO2 spatial-temporal variation models and is compared to the traditional land use regression method. Taking the city of Shanghai, China as the case area, 36 station-measured daily records in two and a half years of PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations were collected. And over 80 different predictors associated with meteorological and geographical conditions, transportation, community population density, land use and points of interest are used to construct the land use regression and random forest models. Results from the two methods are compared and impacting factors identified. Explained variance ( R2) is used to quantify and compare model performance. The final land use regression model explains 49.3% and 42.2% of the spatial variation in ambient PM2.5 and NO2, respectively, whereas the random forest model explains 78.1% and 60.5% of the variance. Regression mappings for unsampled sites on a grid pattern of 1 km × 1 km are also implemented. The random forest model is shown to perform much better than the land use regression model. In general, the findings suggest that the random forest approach offers a robust improvement in predicting performance compared to the land use regression model in estimating daily spatial variations in ambient PM2.5 and NO2.
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Teng, Tangwei, and Congyi Qu. "Urban Landscape Design Based on Sustainable Development Innovation." Open House International 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2018-b0014.
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In urban development, the difference of construction time series and the diversity of the aesthetic standard all lead to the fragmentation of the urban landscape and the lack of effective integration. The research on urban landscape design based on sustainable development innovation was put forward in this paper. The background of the development of urban landscape design was expounded firstly, and the development status of urban landscape design under the concept of sustainable development innovation was introduced; then the urban landscape design method under the concept of sustainable development was put forward, and the urban landscape planning and design of a city was taken as an example and divided into three functional areas; in addition, the stereoscopic traffic planning, the landscape corridor design and the landscape design planning of water system were proposed. This study is of certain guiding significance for the actual urban landscape planning design.
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Wei, Hua. "Aesthetic Consciousness of Literati Painting and its Application in Urban Planning." Open House International 44, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 92–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2019-b0024.
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In order to find a way to combine traditional culture with modern living needs, taking “Chinese painting” as the breakthrough point, through the study of the development process and artistic characteristics of Chinese painting, four aspects of classical philosophy, natural landscape image, brush and ink composition artistic conception, and abstract aesthetic conception contained in Chinese painting are summed up. The results of the study provide enlightenment for contemporary residential landscape design, and summarize the methods of creating Chinese paintings in residential landscape design. Thus, a residential landscape model with the characteristics of “Chinese painting” is found out.
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Ye, Xinyue, Shaohua Wang, Zhipeng Lu, Yang Song, and Siyu Yu. "Towards an AI-driven framework for multi-scale urban flood resilience planning and design." Computational Urban Science 1, no. 1 (July 5, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43762-021-00011-0.
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AbstractClimate vulnerability is higher in coastal regions. Communities can largely reduce their hazard vulnerabilities and increase their social resilience through design and planning, which could put cities on a trajectory for long-term stability. However, the silos within the design and planning communities and the gap between research and practice have made it difficult to achieve the goal for a flood resilient environment. Therefore, this paper suggests an AI (Artificial Intelligence)-driven platform to facilitate the flood resilience design and planning. This platform, with the active engagement of local residents, experts, policy makers, and practitioners, will break the aforementioned silos and close the knowledge gaps, which ultimately increases public awareness, improves collaboration effectiveness, and achieves the best design and planning outcomes. We suggest a holistic and integrated approach, bringing multiple disciplines (architectural design, landscape architecture, urban planning, geography, and computer science), and examining the pressing resilient issues at the macro, meso, and micro scales.
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Levine, Daphna, Shai Sussman, and Meirav Aharon-Gutman. "Spatial-temporal patterns of self-organization: A dynamic 4D model for redeveloping the post-zoning city." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, August 31, 2021, 239980832110413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211041369.
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Time is the main axis for understanding the functional, economic, and social aspects of self-organized redevelopment. When such processes are intensive and are conducted contemporaneously by large numbers of urban agents on different spatial and temporal scales and as a result of different motivations, urban planning is fragmented into multiple simultaneous and unexpected projects. The post-zoning era in urban planning stemmed from a recognition of this kind of complexity of urban dynamics and the need for a flexible planning system. Web-based geographic information systems (GIS) and planning support systems (PSS) are employed widely as digital tools to support planning practices. Still, the solutions tend to be isolated implementations that do not achieve sophisticated management of the complex temporal-spatial urban dynamics of self-organization. To this end, the article presents a useful set of multidimensional (2D, 3D, and 4D) planning tools that can be implemented by municipal planning departments to improve planning practices with relative ease. This toolbox facilitates the real-time updating of changes to individual buildings and allows all parties to see where delays are occurring, where they are impacting one another, and where environments of accelerated development are evolving in nearby urban plots. Identifying redevelopment clusters enables the formulation of an urban time-based planning policy. Using a spatial-temporal toolbox for planning, we argue, can facilitate recognition of the potential of self-organization as the leading form of contemporary urban planning.
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Lin, Yanliu, and Kasper Benneker. "Assessing collaborative planning and the added value of planning support apps in The Netherlands." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, April 22, 2021, 239980832110092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211009239.
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Although a growing body of literature has examined a variety of planning support systems, few studies have been conducted to understand emerging planning support apps for mobile participation and its impact on collaborative planning. This research develops a conceptual framework for assessing different phases of collaborative planning processes and the added value of planning support apps in stakeholder interaction and management. The case studies include four Dutch regeneration projects, which are ongoing pilot projects of the new Environment and Planning Act and supported by a variety of planning support apps. The data for each case study were collected from multiple sources, including policy documents, interviews with stakeholders and online information. The results show that the apps support to engage many participants, provide real-time communication and facilitate effective interactions between the stakeholder managers and local residents. However, their performance is largely dependent on the user-friendliness of the system. Besides, a good consensus building process in the planning phase has a positive effect on stakeholder management and the performance of the apps in the execution phase.
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Ahn, Sungin, and Richard Arnott. "Market power and urban housing development." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, August 19, 2021, 239980832110376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211037687.
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This paper investigates the relationship between market power and urban housing development in a two-period, partial equilibrium model of a durable rental housing market with a fixed stock of homogeneous land, a convex housing construction technology, and no externalities. We contrast the planning solution and the monopoly solution. Since we employ social surplus analysis, the competitive equilibrium coincides with the planning solution. Thus, we contrast the competitive equilibrium and the monopoly solution. On a priori grounds, one expects less housing to be produced under monopoly than under competition. The monopolist can produce less housing by constructing housing at lower density, holding land off the market, or developing his land later. We show that the monopolist: (i) will never hold land off the market for both periods, (ii) may develop either a higher or lower proportion of her land in the first period than under competition, and (iii) in both periods will construct at lower density than under competition.
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Li, Jianwei, Guo'ao Li, Jingang Li, and Aoran Liu. "Integrating conformance and performance for the evaluation of urban planning implementation from a goal-oriented perspective." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, June 29, 2021, 239980832110255. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211025535.
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Urban planning implementation evaluation (UPIE) is an important tool for the supervision and inspection of the outcomes, processes and effectiveness of planning implementation. Conformance-based evaluation refers to the exploration of the degree of coincidence between actual situations and planning contents. Decision-centred performance evaluation focuses on exploring the role and purpose of plans in the implementation process. Although consensus has been reached on conformance and decision-centred performance evaluation, goal-oriented performance evaluation needs further development. Therefore, the integrated theoretical framework of UPIE, which emphasizes social effectiveness, has been constructed with goal-oriented performance in mind. It is suggested that performance-based evaluation that focuses on social effectiveness reveals the gap between actual situations and planning goals and can be established by the degree of realization of planning goals. Meanwhile, it has put forward a service-capabilities-based evaluation methodology which relies on the spatial matching between service supply and user group demands. Taking the Urban Master Plan of Xi’an (2008–2020) as an example, the results of UPIE show that this blueprint needs further revisions and adjustments. Through a goal-oriented methodology, the integrated theoretical framework can attract more attention to social effectiveness.
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Goodspeed, Robert, Ruoshui Liu, Dimitrios Gounaridis, Camilla Lizundia, and Joshua Newell. "A regional spatial planning model for multifunctional green infrastructure." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, July 25, 2021, 239980832110336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211033610.
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There is a growing interest in planning for green infrastructure, as well as a growing recognition of the multifunctional nature of green infrastructure, since it provides many social and environmental benefits to cities and regions. However, there is a lack of appropriate methods for prioritizing the locations for green infrastructure interventions. In response, this article proposes a spatial multi-criteria analysis for green infrastructure. We demonstrate the method at the regional scale for Southeast Michigan, as well as through two embedded case studies within this region. We show how the method can be adapted for rural parks and conservation planning, as well as for urban green infrastructure planning within the City of Detroit. Although lacking the analytical structure needed for some planning questions, and limited by data and access to appropriate technical skills, we argue the spatial planning approach strikes an appropriate balance between technical rigor and transparency required for collaborative planning practice. The described GIS-based analysis technique can be used as part of a planning process to identify locations for green infrastructure expansion or improvement in a way that acknowledges and balances their social and environmental benefits.
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Yoffe, Hatzav, Pnina Plaut, and Yasha J. Grobman. "Towards sustainability evaluation of urban landscapes using big data: a case study of Israel’s architecture, engineering and construction industry." Landscape Research, August 31, 2021, 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2021.1970123.
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Wandl, Alexander, and Birgit Hausleitner. "Investigating functional mix in Europe's dispersed urban areas." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, February 10, 2021, 239980832098784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808320987849.
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A large proportion of European inhabitants live in dispersed urban settlements, much of which is labelled as sprawl, defined by monofunctional, low-density areas. However, there is increasing evidence that this may be an overly simplistic way of describing territories-in-between (TiB). This paper defines and maps functional mix in six dispersed urban areas across Europe, applying a method that goes beyond existing land-use-based mixed-use indicators but considers functional mixing on the parcel level. The paper uses data on the location of economic activities and the residential population. It concludes that, in eight cases from four European countries, mixed-use is widespread and that more than 65% of inhabited areas are mixed. Moreover, the paper relates functional mixing to specific settlement characteristics: permeability, grain size, centrality and accessibility, and connectivity. This demonstrates that functional mixing is not the result of local urban morphology or planning instruments, but of the multi-scalar qualities of a location. Therefore, there is a requirement to coordinate planning and design through different scales if mixed-use areas are to be seen as one strategy for achieving greater sustainability in the spatial development of dispersed areas.
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Kaplan, Nir, David Burg, and Itzhak Omer. "Multiscale accessibility and urban performance." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, June 23, 2021, 239980832110246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211024648.
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Accessibility is fundamentally thought to be related to functional, economic, and social performances of cities and geographical systems and, therefore, constitutes an essential aspect for spatial planning. Previous studies focused on cities or metropolitan scales, often disregarding their position within regional and national systems, which can greatly affect their performance. Although accessibility at various spatial scales has been examined, the studies focused on accessibility patterns at different scales, with no reference to the level of accessibility of cities over local, regional, and national scales simultaneously, i.e. multiscale accessibility. This study aims to elucidate the multiscale accessibility level of individual cities and examine its relationship to urban performance in the urban system of Israel. Spatial accessibility was analyzed using the space syntax methodology for the entire national road network across multiple geographic scales—from the local to the national scale. Based on three distinct spatial accessibility systems identified, a unique multiscale accessibility profile was created for individual cities in Israel. Subsequently, each city’s multiscale accessibility profiles were examined against urban performance indicators determined from urban scaling theory. We found that the superiority of cities characterized by high accessibility level plays a role not only for a specific scale but also over scales and spatial systems. Moreover, most urban performance indicators related to the multiscale accessibility profiles of cities, while some multiscale accessibility profiles can be related to over- or under-performance of cities. The findings suggest that pervasive accessibility across spatial scales is inherently connected to urban performance and may indicate on the implementation and interpretation of accessibility. These findings may assist in various aspects of spatial planning at various scales.
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Acolin, Arthur, and Annette M. Kim. "Algorithmic justice and groundtruthing the remote mapping of informal settlements: The example of Ho Chi Minh City’s periphery." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, March 12, 2021, 239980832199870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808321998708.
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The significant advances made in interpreting satellite imagery to monitor urban expansion and informal settlements has made important contributions to urban studies and planning. This paper focuses on the under-examined dimensions of how improvements to classifications of urban areas are not only a technical challenge but lie at the society/technology nexus. We examine why three different research groups produced different urban land use classifications of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from remote sensing images. We trace how a confluence of factors including how the technology intersects with field conditions, researcher assumptions and discretionary choices, and institutional norms and agendas shaped the differences in their results. The different spatial facts they produced raises the issue of adapting algorithms for not only technical accuracy but appropriate social use. In the case of detecting informal settlements, our study finds that groundtruthing through fieldwork or collaborative partnerships is needed to not systematically overlook vulnerable populations and misinform urban planning decisions.
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Tian, Ye, and Xiaobai Yao. "Urban form, traffic volume, and air quality: A spatiotemporal stratified approach." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, March 3, 2021, 239980832199582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808321995822.
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Understanding the interplay between urban form, traffic volume, and air quality is significant for urban planning and environmental sustainability. However, limited progress has been made in bringing effective urban planning strategies to help control traffic demand and resulting air pollutants. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the interrelation between urban form, traffic volume, and air quality with a spatiotemporal stratified method. The method extracts and preprocesses traffic volume data in spatial (polluted and unpolluted zones) and temporal (periods in holidays and workdays) dimensions. Three decision tree models (random forest, random tree, M5 model tree) and two comparison models (multiple linear regression, artificial neural network) are used to examine the relationships. The final results show that the spatiotemporal stratification approach effectively reveals the interrelations, and the random forest model outperforms the other models. Specifically, highly aggregated roads and industrial areas are more associated with traffic volume in polluted zones. The dominance of waterway and vegetation shows a strong association with traffic volume in unpolluted zones. The degree of association also varies significantly between workdays and holidays. Our spatiotemporal stratified approach reveals heterogeneous relationships between urban form, traffic volume, and air quality and provides insightful references on sustainable urban development.
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Tran, Martino, and Christina Draeger. "A data-driven complex network approach for planning sustainable and inclusive urban mobility hubs and services." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, January 25, 2021, 239980832098709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808320987093.
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New mobility services that facilitate multimodal options are important for strategic urban transport systems planning. Part of this strategy is municipal investment in urban mobility hubs to increase access to mobility services. We present a new evaluation framework and algorthim to locate and assess the sustainability and equity impacts of hubs in cities. Scenarios are used to evaluate hub investment strategies in different cities that prioritize (1) current mode split, (2) high transit capacity, and (3) multimodal services. From an equity perspective, high transit capacity and multimodal hub strategies include more low-income areas than current mode split, which covers middle-income areas most. Travel times to access the nearest hub in Portland by low-income households is ∼20–40 min compared to high-income households requiring ∼25–30 min. Seattle and Vancouver perform better requiring ∼15–20 min for low-income compared to ∼25–35 min for high-income households. Multimodal hubs are the most efficient requiring ∼15–20 minutes to reach compared to ∼15–30 minutes for high capacity and current mode split scenarios. From a sustainability perspective, ∼10%–50% of the population cannot reach a hub within 30 minutes by public transit compared to <10% by car, and travel time to reach the nearest hub in all three cities by car is <20 min compared to ∼20–40 min by public transit. Between all cities, low-income households representing ∼2%–15% of the total population have no access to a hub by public transit within 30 min compared to high-income households representing ∼1%–3% of the total population. Only in Portland are there low-income households not able to reach a hub by car, and in each city, all high-income households can reach at least one hub by car within 30 min. Our results show how municipalities can strategically invest in public transit and multimodal options to increase the frequency, quality, and overall mobility for low- and medium-income households and improve access to essential amenities for more vulnerable citizens. Municipalities can use our hub evaluation framework to explore alternative transport investment scenarios and spatially locate urban hubs to meet future travel demand, increase adoption of multimodal services, and improve equitable access for all citizens.
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Champlin, Carissa J., Johannes Flacke, and Geert PMR Dewulf. "A game co-design method to elicit knowledge for the contextualization of spatial models." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, August 27, 2021, 239980832110413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211041372.
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A frequent criticism of knowledge-based planning tools is the apparent mismatch between information frameworks used in their spatial models and the information needs of planning actors. Increasingly, these actors are contributing their context-specific knowledge during the development of such tools. Transferring this knowledge from actors to the model remains a challenge. This study establishes a set of design requirements for knowledge elicitation in small group settings and introduces game co-design as a method allowing planning actors and planning support experts to meet halfway between the technology and user domains in the so-called third space. We present an initial case where in three nominal group sessions, actors encountered and critiqued parameterized assumptions of their planning issues in a tangible game environment. Findings indicate that the method can elicit different types of knowledge (divergence) about a spatial system in operationalized terms (formalization). We discuss the potential of tangible game co-design as a modeling as learning exercise and its complementarity to dedicated digital technologies for more holistic planning support.
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Li, Guanghao, Nan He, and Changhong Zhan. "Evaluation of tree shade effectiveness and its renewal strategy in typical historic districts: A case study in Harbin, China." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, August 16, 2021, 239980832110296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211029653.
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China’s rapid and extraordinary urbanisation has resulted in a dichotomy between the urban form of historic districts and that of new urban areas. Unlike the new planning of new urban areas, the optimisation of the thermal environment in historic districts is achieved through an important means of regulating the shading effectiveness of trees in street canyons, without destruction of current buildings in existing districts. In this paper, the sky view factor, an index for evaluating the shading capacity of street canyons, is used to calculate the shading efficiency of trees and reveal their influence mechanism by using a convolutional neural network (SegNet) to segment the Baidu street view images. The results show that: (1) tree shading in Harbin’s historic districts has a significant impact on the thermal environment of street canyons, with an average shade effectiveness of 56.3%; (2) based on geospatial autocorrelation analysis and a typological reconstruction of street canyons, the study reveals that tree shading has significant spatial aggregation characteristics in historic districts and proposes guidelines for the planning and design of different types of street canyon trees. The study provides important data and strategic support for optimising the thermal environment of urban historic districts in Northeast China.
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Lim, Jaebin, and Myounggu Kang. "The relationship between site planning and electricity consumption: An empirical analysis of multi-unit residential complexes in Seoul, Korea." Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, August 30, 2021, 239980832110398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23998083211039855.
Full textAbstract:
To cope with the exacerbating housing problem due to urban population increase and rapid urbanization, the number of multi-unit residential complexes (MURCs) is sharply rising. MURCs account for approximately 30% or more of housing stocks in the New York and Los Angeles metropolitan areas; and much higher in developing world, for example, 58% in Seoul, Korea. Likewise, the share of electricity consumption of MURCs in cities is increasing. Most existing literature analyzed the electricity consumption at household or house level and neglected the electricity consumption in publicly shared spaces and utilities such as outdoor lighting, parking system, elevators (vertical transportation), playgrounds, site water and sewage, management offices, security offices, and so forth. Unlike single houses, MURCs with hundreds or thousands of houses tend to be planned and built all at once, under one site plan. Therefore, urban design or site planning can crucially affect the aggregated electricity consumption at neighborhood level with different land use patterns and spatial configurations, which change light, shade, wind, heat island, reflection for individual houses and public domain. Site plan attributes can also affect residents’ choice of indoor and outdoor activities. A few simulation studies tried to examine the effect of urban design at neighborhood level, but empirical analysis can be hardly found mainly due to data limitation. This study aims to empirically investigate the effect of urban design on aggregated electricity consumption at a neighborhood level. We collected the aggregated electricity consumption data of 1122 MURCs in Seoul during the first half of 2016 and adopted the panel analysis. This study confirmed that more building coverage roads and pavements increase the aggregated electricity consumption; more green open space reduces it. Interestingly, mid-rise and mid-open plan would be the optimum design because of the effect of the number of floors. As the number of floors increases, electricity consumption for vertical transportation increases faster and offsets the benefit of high-rise and high-open plan. The study is significant, because, unlike previous studies, it empirically analyzed the collective consumption of electricity at a neighborhood level, considering the site plan features. Furthermore, this study provides evidence-based implications for sustainable urban design, especially for MURCs.