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Journal articles on the topic 'GEOGRID REINFORCED BALLAST'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 September 2023

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Desbrousses, Romaric, Mohamed Meguid, and Sam Bhat. "On the effect of subgrade strength on the performance of geogrid-reinforced railway ballast." E3S Web of Conferences 569 (2024): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202456905004.

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This paper presents the results of a series of ballast box tests aimed at investigating the effectiveness of geogrid reinforcement in reducing track settlement in a 300mm-thick layer of railroad ballast supported by three different artificial subgrades. In each experiment, the ballast layer supports a model tie subjected to cyclic compressive loading applied at a frequency of 0.8Hz with stress extrema at the tie-ballast interface of 57kPa and 400kPa for a total of 40,000 cycles. The three artificial subgrades considered in this study have CBR readings of 25, 13, and 5. For each subgrade, four

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2

Jing, Guo Qing, Xi Haier Luo, and Zi Jie Wang. "Micro-Analysis Ballast-Geogrid Pull out Tests Interaction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 1716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.1716.

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The discrete element method was used to simulate geogrid-reinforced ballast by pull out tests. Ballast particle was made of irregular clumps where its size and shape were considered by bonded spheres. The response of the ballast reinforced with geogrid under loading agrees with pull out experimental results. The micro-interaction between ballast particle and geogrid analyzed by microscopic parameters, contact force chain, force-displacement of the pull out tests was presented. It was also proved that the shape of granular particles, geogrid size and friction played an important role in ballast

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3

Fu, Jianjun, Junfeng Li, Cheng Chen, and Rui Rui. "DEM-FDM Coupled Numerical Study on the Reinforcement of Biaxial and Triaxial Geogrid Using Pullout Test." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (2021): 9001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199001.

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The key to modeling the interlocking of geogrid-reinforced ballast is considering both the continuous deformation characteristics of the geogrid and the discontinuity of the ballast particles. For this purpose, pullout tests using biaxial and triaxial geogrids were simulated using the coupled discrete element method (DEM) and finite difference method (FDM). In this coupled model, two real-shaped geogrid models with square and triangular apertures were established using the solid element in FLAC3D. Meanwhile, simplified shaped clumps were used to represent the ballast using PFC3D. The calibrati

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4

SZ., FISCHER. "INVESTIGATION OF INNER SHEAR RESISTANCE OF GEOGRIDS BUILT UNDER GRANULAR PROTECTION LAYERS AND RAILWAY BALLAST." Science and Transport Progress, no. 5(59) (November 10, 2015): 97–106. https://doi.org/10.15802/stp2015/53169.

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<strong>Purpose.</strong> Using adequate granular materials and layer structures in the railway super- and substructure is able to stabilise railway track geometry. For this purpose special behaviour of above materials has to be determined, e.g. inner shear resistance. Inner shear resistance of granular media with and without geogrid reinforcement in different depths is not known yet. <strong>Methodology.</strong> The author developed a special laboratory method to measure and define inner shear resistance of granular materials, it is called «multi-level shear box test&raq

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5

Ji, Danyang, Zheng Ma, Junjie Zhou, Yajun Li, and Shuai Shao. "A Coupled Discrete-Finite Element Method for Shear Strength Analysis of Geogrid-Reinforced Railway Ballast." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (December 31, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3685709.

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This paper presents a coupled discrete-finite element method for the investigation of shear strength of geogrid-reinforced ballast by direct shear tests and pull-out tests. The discrete element method (DEM) and finite element method (FEM) are employed to simulate ballast and geogrid, respectively. Irregularly shaped ballast particles are modeled with clumps, and the nonlinear contact force model is used to calculate contact force between particles. Continuum geogrid is modeled by a two-node beam element with six degrees of freedom. A contact algorithm based on the static equilibrium is propose

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6

Li, Jing, Ya-Fei Jia, Chen-Xi Miao, and Ming-Xing Xie. "Discrete Element Analysis of the Load Transfer Mechanism of Geogrid-Ballast Interface under Pull-Out Load." Advances in Civil Engineering 2020 (October 10, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8892922.

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Geogrids have been extensively used in subgrade construction for stabilization purposes of unconfined ballast. Based on well-calibrated microparameters, a series of geogrid-reinforced ballast models with different geogrid sizes and particular structures were developed to reproduce the mechanical behavior of the geogrid under pull-out load in this paper. And the rationality of the DEM model is verified by comparing the evolution law pull-out force measured by laboratory tests and numerical simulations under comparable conditions. Moreover, the macro pull-out force and the internal force distrib

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7

Abrashitov, A., A. Sidrakov, and A. Zaitsev. "Construction and Current Maintenance of the Reinforced Ballast Layer of the Railway Track." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 2 (2022): 022045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/2/022045.

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Abstract The article presents the ideas for the construction and the current maintenance of the reinforced plastic geogrid top ballast composed of crushed solid rock. Meanwhile, the reinforced ballast material acquires new properties, which lead to the formation of a composite material with new properties. In the reinforced material, only micro-deformations occur under the dynamic load, which is intrinsic to solid rock. In this case, laboratory simulation of reinforced ballast with a cyclic load showed that multilayer stabilization with three geogrids reduces settelment by 67% and does not req

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8

Abrashitov, Alexander, and Andrei Sidrakov. "Laboratory study of ballast material reinforced by flat geogrid under the dynamic load." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926501006.

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Ballast material suffers from continuous degradation under cyclic load. This leads to rail track settlement and necessitates its constant maintenance. It is serious problem that costs Russia millions of dollars every year. Easily accessible plastic geogrid was proposed to reinforce ballast and to prevent its rapid degradation. However, the optimal parameters of geogrid (its mesh size, geometry and number of layers) remains an open question. In current work effects of number of geogrid layers and geogrid mesh size on ballast settlement are studied by laboratory dynamic load tests.

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9

Souza, Lucas Machado, Paulo César de Almeida Maia, and Maria Cecília Martins Gomes Rangel. "Long-term geomechanical behavior of geogrid-reinforced ballast in dynamic triaxial tests." Soils and Rocks 48, no. 2 (2025): e2025008924. https://doi.org/10.28927/sr.2025.008924.

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During operation, the ballast is subjected to a gradual breakage process that causes clogging of the substructure. Intervention periods on the ballast layer generate high costs that impact the long-term competitiveness of railways. In this context, this work aims to evaluate the geomechanical behavior of reinforced ballast, assessing the effect of reinforcement and stiffness provided by the addition of geogrids. Using 3D printing, the two reinforcement elements were manufactured with PETG and PLA polymers to represent the commercial geogrids Basetrac Grid PET40 and PET65, respectively. Long-te

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10

Li, Lihua, Yanan Fang, Bowen Cheng, Na Chen, Mi Tian, and Yiming Liu. "Characterisation of Geogrid and Waste Tyres as Reinforcement Materials in Railway Track Beds." Materials 14, no. 15 (2021): 4162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14154162.

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The engineering behaviour of ballast is an important factor to determine the stability and safety of railway tracks. This paper examines the stress–strain, shear strength, peak deflection stress and reinforcement strength ratio of different reinforcement materials and reinforcement locations in ballast track bed layers based on large scale static triaxial shear tests. The results show that geogrid and waste tyre reinforcement have a significant effect on the peak deviator stress of railway track bed layers and the stress–strain relationship is strain-hardened. The peak deviator stress and shea

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11

Zhao, Jian-bin, Jie Li, Xiao-hong Bai, Chen-xi Miao, and Jun Zhang. "Influence of Particle Orientation on the Performance of Geogrid Reinforced Ballast." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (December 27, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6758059.

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To explore the initial orientation effect of ballast assembly on the reinforcement performance of the geogrid reinforced ballast, particles with random orientation and five prescribed rotational orientations were developed through particle flow code (PFC3D). The evolution laws of the pullout force and the principal directions of the normal contact force were systematically compared and analyzed. Furthermore, the mechanical responses such as pullout force, distribution of axial force, displacement vectors, force chain, and mesoscopic fabric were discussed. According to the displacement vectors

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12

Fischer, Sz, and F. Horvát. "Investigation of the reinforcement and stabilisation effect of geogrid layers under railway ballast." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 3 (2011): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-011-0015-y.

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Investigation of the reinforcement and stabilisation effect of geogrid layers under railway ballastThis paper deals with the issue of the stabilization of railway track geometry. It details the published results in numerous international journals. Having analysed the cited publications the paper deals with a new research topic related to geogrid-reinforced railway ballast. A research team of the Department of Transport Infrastructure and Municipal Engineering at the Szechenyi Istvan University would like to continue working on this research topic.

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13

Hussaini, Syed Khaja Karimullah, Buddhima Indraratna, and Jayan S. Vinod. "Performance assessment of geogrid-reinforced railroad ballast during cyclic loading." Transportation Geotechnics 2 (March 2015): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2014.11.002.

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14

Ngo, Ngoc Trung, Buddhima Indraratna, and Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn. "Modelling geogrid-reinforced railway ballast using the discrete element method." Transportation Geotechnics 8 (September 2016): 86–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2016.04.005.

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15

Indraratna, Buddhima, Ngoc Trung Ngo, and Cholachat Rujikiatkamjorn. "Behavior of geogrid-reinforced ballast under various levels of fouling." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 29, no. 3 (2011): 313–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2011.01.015.

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16

Sweta, Kumari, and Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. "Performance of the geogrid-reinforced railroad ballast in direct shear mode." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement 172, no. 4 (2019): 244–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.18.00107.

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17

Indraratna, Buddhima, Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini, and J. S. Vinod. "The lateral displacement response of geogrid-reinforced ballast under cyclic loading." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 39 (August 2013): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2013.07.007.

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18

Sweta, Kumari, and Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. "Behavior evaluation of geogrid-reinforced ballast-subballast interface under shear condition." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 47, no. 1 (2019): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2018.09.002.

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19

Sadeghi, Javad, Ali Reza Tolou Kian, Ali Khanmoradi, and Mohammad Chopani. "Behavior of sand-contaminated ballast reinforced with geogrid under cyclic loading." Construction and Building Materials 362 (January 2023): 129654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129654.

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20

Chen, Cheng, G. R. McDowell, and N. H. Thom. "Investigating geogrid-reinforced ballast: Experimental pull-out tests and discrete element modelling." Soils and Foundations 54, no. 1 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.12.001.

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21

Fattah, Mohammed Y., Mahmood R. Mahmood, and Mohammed F. Aswad. "Stress distribution from railway track over geogrid reinforced ballast underlain by clay." Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 18, no. 1 (2019): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11803-019-0491-z.

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22

Guadagnin Moravia, Marcus, Pascal Villard, and Delma De Mattos Vidal. "Geogrid pull-out modelling using DEM." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 13015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199213015.

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With the advancement of the use of synthetic reinforcements in geotechnics, a greater understanding of the mechanisms involved in soil-reinforcement interaction is the focus of major research centres on the subject. The topic of this study is the shearing behaviour at interfaces between granular materials and geogrids. The main objective is to provide a more fundamental understanding of some micromechanisms present in this type of interface, which in turn are important to optimize the design of such reinforcement. The numerical modelling of these reinforced structures must deal with the comple

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23

Schwerdt, Sven, Dominik Mirschel, Tobias Hildebrandt, Max Wilke, and Petra Schneider. "Substitute Building Materials in Geogrid-Reinforced Soil Structures." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (2021): 12519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212519.

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The feasibility of substitute building materials (SBMs) in engineering applications was investigated within the project. A geogrid-reinforced soil structure (GRSS) was built using SBM as the fill material as well as vegetated soil for facing and on top of the construction. Four different SBMs were used as fill material, namely blast furnace slag (BFS), electric furnace slag (EFS), track ballast (TB), and recycled concrete (RC). For the vegetated soil facing, a mixture of either recycled brick (RB) material or crushed lightweight concrete (LC) mixed with organic soil was used. The soil mechanic

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24

Li, Lihua, Bowen Cheng, Henglin Xiao, Wentao Li, and Shaoping Huang. "Dynamic mechanical performance of geogrid–waste tyre-reinforced railway ballast under cyclic loading." Construction and Building Materials 411 (January 2024): 134470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.134470.

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25

Miao, Chen-xi, Jun-jie Zheng, Rong-jun Zhang, and Lan Cui. "DEM modeling of pullout behavior of geogrid reinforced ballast: The effect of particle shape." Computers and Geotechnics 81 (January 2017): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.08.028.

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26

Chen, Cheng, G. R. McDowell, and N. H. Thom. "A study of geogrid-reinforced ballast using laboratory pull-out tests and discrete element modelling." Geomechanics and Geoengineering 8, no. 4 (2013): 244–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17486025.2013.805253.

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27

Chen, Cheng, G. R. McDowell, and N. H. Thom. "Discrete element modelling of cyclic loads of geogrid-reinforced ballast under confined and unconfined conditions." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 35 (December 2012): 76–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2012.07.004.

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28

Mishra, Debakanta, Yu Qian, Hasan Kazmee, and Erol Tutumluer. "Investigation of Geogrid-Reinforced Railroad Ballast Behavior Using Large-Scale Triaxial Testing and Discrete Element Modeling." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2462, no. 1 (2014): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2462-12.

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29

Esmaeili, Morteza, Jabbar Ali Zakeri, and Mohammad Babaei. "Laboratory and field investigation of the effect of geogrid-reinforced ballast on railway track lateral resistance." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 45, no. 2 (2017): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.11.003.

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30

Sweta, Kumari, and Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. "Effect of shearing rate on the behavior of geogrid-reinforced railroad ballast under direct shear conditions." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 46, no. 3 (2018): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2017.12.001.

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31

Qian, Yu, Debakanta Mishra, Erol Tutumluer, and Hasan A. Kazmee. "Characterization of geogrid reinforced ballast behavior at different levels of degradation through triaxial shear strength test and discrete element modeling." Geotextiles and Geomembranes 43, no. 5 (2015): 393–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geotexmem.2015.04.012.

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32

Petriaev, Andrei, and Anastasia Konon. "Tests of geosynthetics-reinforced ballast stressed state under heavy trains." MATEC Web of Conferences 265 (2019): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201926501004.

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Nowadays requirements for strength and stability of railway subgrade are increased. It occurs due to raising of train speed and axle load. Some sections of subgrade that were previously considered stable do not satisfy safety requirements. In this regard, superstructure reinforcing solutions need to be developed. This paper highlights ballast and subgrade reinforcement applications of geogrids in railway infrastructure. In recent years, geosynthetics are widely used for this purpose. The paper describes recent studies, which helped to identify geosynthetics reinforcement influence on ballast l

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33

Siddiqui, A. R., B. Indraratna, T. Ngo, and C. Rujikiatkamjorn. "Laboratory assessment of rubber grids reinforced ballast under impact testing." Géotechnique Letters 13, no. 2 (2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgele.22.00145.

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This paper presents a study on the use of rubber grids fabricated from end-of-life conveyor belts (i.e., discarded from the mining industry) to improve the performance of ballast tracks. The square apertures of these recycled rubber sheets were cast using a waterjet cutting process. A series of large-scale impact tests were performed on ballast specimens stabilised with three different grids of varied effective area ratios (KA.eff) to evaluate their effectiveness in mitigating the applied impact forces, in relation to both displacement and breakage of the ballast aggregates. Smart Ballast part

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34

Nanthakumar, S., M. Muttharam, Somansh Goyal, and Ashish Mishra. "Study on The Performance of Railway Ballasted Track Reinforced With Geogrid." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 11, no. 23 (2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i23/114374.

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35

Sweta, Kumari, and Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. "Role of particle breakage on damping, resiliency and service life of geogrid-reinforced ballasted tracks." Transportation Geotechnics 37 (November 2022): 100828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trgeo.2022.100828.

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36

Ngo, Trung, and Maheer Hasan. "Finite Element Modelling of Geogrids Reinforced Ballasted Tracks." Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, February 29, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40515-024-00381-y.

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AbstractThis paper presents results obtained from three-dimension finite element modelling (FEM) to study the effects of geogrids on the deformation responses of ballasted tracks. In this study, a series of numerical simulations are carried out on track sections with and without the inclusion of geogrids. Sensitivity analysis was carried on parameters affecting the performance of geogrid, including the axial stiffness, interface property and the location of geogrid placement in the track substructure. The tracks are subjected to moving train loading under 150 kN wheel load travelling at a give

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37

Hussaini, Syed Khaja Karimullah, and Kumari Sweta. "Investigation of deformation and degradation response of geogrid-reinforced ballast based on model track tests." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit, July 22, 2020, 095440972094468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409720944687.

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A series of large-scale cyclic tests was conducted using process simulation test ( PST) apparatus to capture the influence of loading frequency ( f) on the deformation and degradation behavior of ballast with and without geogrids. Fresh granite ballast and subballast having mean particle diameter ( D50) of 42 mm and 3.5 mm, respectively and five geogrids of different aperture shapes and sizes were used in this study. The tests were conducted at f ranging from 10 to 40 Hz and up to 250,000 load cycles. The test results from the laboratory investigations confirmed that the deformation and degrad

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38

Fattah, Mohammed Y., Mahmood R. Mahmood, and Mohammed F. Aswad. "Experimental and numerical settlement analysis of railway track over geogrid reinforced ballast." Railway Sciences, May 7, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rs-11-2023-0042.

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PurposeThe main objective of the present research is to investigate the benefits of using geogrid reinforcement in minimizing the rate of deterioration of ballasted rail track geometry resting on soft clay and to explore the effect of load amplitude, load frequency, presence of geogrid layer in ballast layer and ballast layer thickness on the behavior of track system. These variables are studied both experimentally and numerically. This paper examines the effect of geogrid reinforced ballast laying on a layer of clayey soil as a subgrade layer, where a half full scale railway tests are conduct

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39

Alam, Md Naquib, and Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. "Characteristics of Geogrid-Reinforced Rubber-Coated Ballast under Cyclic Loading Conditions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, February 27, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/03611981241230311.

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Rubber-coated ballast (RCB) is a newly invented ballast made up of natural aggregates coated with recycled crumb rubber with the help of polyurethane binder. The deformation, degradation, resilience, damping, and acceleration time response for unreinforced (UR) and geogrid-reinforced (GR) RCB-natural ballast mix were explored under cyclic loading conditions. The results from the cyclic loading tests indicated that the deformation of RCB samples was higher than that of natural ballast owing to the softening properties of crumb rubber. It was also seen that the deformation of the RCB-natural bal

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40

Chan, Chee-Ming. "RELATING THE BREAKAGE INDEX AND SETTLEMENT OF GEOGRID-REINFORCED BALLAST." International Journal of Geomate, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21660/2016.19.150801.

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41

Alam, Md Naquib, and Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. "Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Rubber-Coated Ballast and Natural Ballast Mix under Direct Shear Conditions." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 35, no. 9 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-15461.

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42

Alam, Md Naquib, and Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. "Closure to “Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Rubber-Coated Ballast and Natural Ballast Mix under Direct Shear Conditions”." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 37, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-19382.

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43

Diyaljee, Vishnu. "Discussion of “Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Rubber-Coated Ballast and Natural Ballast Mix under Direct Shear Conditions”." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 37, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-18187.

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44

Cherif Taiba, Abdellah, Youcef Mahmoudi, and Mostefa Belkhatir. "Discussion of “Performance of Geogrid-Reinforced Rubber-Coated Ballast and Natural Ballast Mix under Direct Shear Conditions”." Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 37, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1061/jmcee7.mteng-17586.

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45

Desbrousses, Romaric Léo Esteban, Mohamed A. Meguid, and Sam Bhat. "Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Subgrade Strength and Geogrid Location on the Cyclic Response of Geogrid-Reinforced Ballast." International Journal of Geosynthetics and Ground Engineering 9, no. 6 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40891-023-00486-3.

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46

Hussain, Md, and Syed Khaja Karimullah Hussaini. "Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Shear Behavior of Geogrid-Reinforced Ballast Mixed with Tire Chips." Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology 12, no. 5 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40515-025-00597-6.

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47

Alireza, Hajiani Boushehrian, Hataf Nader, and Ghahramani Arsalan. "Numerical Study of Cyclic Behavior of Shallow Foundations on Sand Reinforced with Geogrid and Grid-Anchor." International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences 2.0, no. 10 (2009). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1328944.

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When the foundations of structures under cyclic loading with amplitudes less than their permissible load, the concern exists often for the amount of uniform and non-uniform settlement of such structures. Storage tank foundations with numerous filling and discharging and railways ballast course under repeating transportation loads are examples of such conditions. This paper deals with the effects of using the new generation of reinforcements, Grid-Anchor, for the purpose of reducing the permanent settlement of these foundations under the influence of different proportions of the ultimate load.

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48

Desbrousses, Romaric Léo Esteban, Mohamed A. Meguid, and Sam Bhat. "Discrete Element Study on the Effects of Geogrid Characteristics on the Mechanical Response of Reinforced Ballast Under Cyclic Loading." Transportation Infrastructure Geotechnology, May 17, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40515-024-00413-7.

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49

Ferro, Edgar, Louis Le Pen, Antonis Zervos, and William Powrie. "Fibre-reinforcement of railway ballast to reduce track settlement." Géotechnique, September 30, 2022, 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.21.00421.

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Most of the world's railways run on ballasted track. However, ballast accumulates differential settlement with trafficking, hence the correct track level must be restored periodically, typically by tamping which is costly. To reduce the cost of maintenance, several interventions have been proposed with the objective of increasing the interval between tamps by reducing the rate of differential settlement. These include broader ballast gradings, geogrids and under sleeper pads. A possible alternative is the addition of unbound random fibres to the ballast. Fibres formed from polymer materials, r

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