Academic literature on the topic 'Geología'
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Journal articles on the topic "Geología"
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Perez Latorre, Andrés V., José M. Nieto Caldera, and Baltasar Cabezudo. "Contribución al conocimiento de la vegetación de Andalucía. II. Los alcornocales." Acta Botanica Malacitana 18 (December 1, 1993): 223–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v18i.8995.
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Se han estudiado las comunidades caracterizadas por la presencia de Quercus suber en Andalucía así como los matorrales asociados a las mismas. Se describe la vegetación potencial (orden Quercetalia ilicis), las comunidades preforestales arbustivas (órdenes Pistacio-Rhamnetalia alaterni y Cytisetalia scopario- striati) y herbáceas (orden Origanetalia vulgaris), y los matorrales seriales (clases Cisto-Lavanduletea y Calluno-Ulicetea). Tras una breve introducción a la geología, bioclimatología y biogeografía del territorio, se describen las 34 asociaciones estudiadas acompañándose de tablas de inventarios aquellas que se proponen como nuevas: Myrto communis-Quercetum suberis halimietosum halimifolii y lavanduletosum luisieri, Tamo communis-Oleetum sylvestris quercetosum suberis, Asparago aphylli- Calicotometumvillosae genistetosum lintfoliae, Asparago albi-Rhamnetum oleoidis ericetosum scopariae, Bupleuro gibraltarici-Pistacietum lentisci adenocarpetosun telonensis, Phyllireo angustifoliae-Quercetum lusitanicae quercetosum rotundifoliae, Cytiso baetici-Arbutetum unedi bupleuretosumfruticosi, Calamintho baeticae-Gallietum scabri lamietosum flexuosi y digitaletosum bocquetii, Genisto hirsutae-Cistetum ladaniferi halimietosum viscosii, Ulici eriocladi-Cistetum ladaniferi ericetosum australis, Erico australis- Cistetum populifolii halimietosum viscosii, Cisto salvtfolii-Ulicetum australis, Genisto tridentis- Stauracanthetum boivinii quercetosum lusitanicae y ulicetosum baetici. Se describe el Junco rugosi- Ericetum andevalensis ulicetosum eriocladi. Se lectotipifica el San guisorbo hybridae-Quercetum suberis quercetosum canariensis y se neotipifica el Pyro bourgaeanae-Quercetum rotundtfoliae quercetosum suberis. Por último se enumeran las siete series de vegetación con alcornoques reconocidas en el territorio estudiado.
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Frost, Carol, and John Reed. "Dr. John C. Reed, Jr.: Pioneering Geologist, Mountaineer, and Author of Creation of the Teton Landscape." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 36 (January 1, 2013): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2013.3973.
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Few geologists today possess the mountaineering skills to study rocks exposed in the topographically challenging terrain of the Tetons. Even fewer can claim the accomplishment of making the first geologic map of an entire mountain range. One of these pioneering geologists is John C. Reed, Jr., who joined the U.S. Geological Survey in 1953, and who is now scientist emeritus at the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver (Figure 1). In addition to his field geology expertise, Dr. Reed also has a special talent for communicating complex geologic concepts to the public. The purpose of this project was to profile this pioneering mountaineer-geologist and accomplished writer, and to archive his maps, field notes, and photographs for use by future scientists and for the public, particularly park visitors.
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Erskine, Bradley G. "Geologic Investigations for Compliance with the CARB Asbestos ATCM." Environmental and Engineering Geoscience 26, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/eeg-2290.
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ABSTRACT The California Air Resources Board Airborne Toxic Control Measure for Construction, Grading, Quarrying, and Surface Mining Operations (ATCM) provides requirements for the evaluation for naturally occurring asbestos (NOA) on a construction site. There are two compliance triggers: (1) a determination that the site is located within a geographic ultramafic rock unit, defined as a geographic area designated as an ultramafic rock on referenced maps, and (2) the presence of NOA, serpentinite, or ultramafic rock. The California Geological Survey requires that NOA evaluations be conducted by a licensed professional geologist. However, under the ATCM, a professional geologist is required only when a property owner wishes to demonstrate that a geographic ultramafic rock unit is not actually represented by ultramafic rocks. The professional geologist who must advise whether the ATCM applies at a construction site is therefore placed in a precarious position. Does a limited desktop review of geologic maps meet any standard of practice? If the ATCM is triggered by the presence of asbestos, is the geologist negligent if no evaluation is recommended or conducted? Could geologic units be pre-screened for asbestos potential? Using case studies and geologic data in the city of San Francisco and East Bay, this presentation reviews these issues and provides a context for the geologist to conduct the appropriate level of investigation for compliance with the ATCM.
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Aalto, K. "Joseph Silas Diller (1850-1928): Pioneer of Southern Cascadian Geology, California and Oregon." Earth Sciences History 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.25.1.q2821w76671j6282.
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Joseph Silas Diller worked as a United States Geological Survey (USGS) geologist for some forty years, from 1883 to 1923. While his principal interest was in petrography, he was responsible for production of numerous geological maps, reconnaissance surveys and economic geologic studies. A majority of these were in Southern Cascadia, the complex region of southern Oregon and northern California that encompasses portions of the eastern Great Basin, Sierra Nevada, Cascade Volcanic, Great Valley, Klamath Mountains and Coast Ranges geologic provinces. Among his achievements were the production of six maps as part of the USGS Geologic Atlas Folio Series, in-depth reports on the evolution of Crater Lake and Lassen Peak, detailed descriptions of several mining districts, and the preparation of sets of hand specimens, thin sections and descriptions for colleges and universities. He was also a specialist on asbestos, coal, placer gold and chromic iron ore. He is perhaps best remembered for his studies of Crater Lake and analysis of Tertiary peneplanation and regional uplift.
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Benavides Guerrero, Carlos Esteban, Linda Elizabeth Caro Caro, and Jorge Eliecer Mariño Martínez. "Determinación del comportamiento hidráulico de los acuíferos del norte de la Orinoquia, Colombia." Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina 31, no. 1 (July 23, 2021): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18359/rcin.4680.
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La “sequía del Casanare” (2014-2015) prendió las alarmas sobre el desequilibrio en algunas zonas de la Orinoquia, debido al inadecuado uso del suelo, la tala indiscriminada y la ausencia de las entidades reguladoras. Como consecuencia, se presenta creciente estrés hídrico, cuyo resultado es la muerte masiva de animales, la pérdida de cultivos, etc. Por tanto, se hacen necesarios estudios adicionales para entender la dinámica hídrica en el norte del Casanare, las veredas de Caño Chiquito y Centro Gaitán, donde se presentaron los mayores estragos ambientales. Se investigaron los aspectos geológicos y geofísicos de la zona y se realizó la caracterización hidráulica, a partir de pruebas de bombeo, con las que se determinaron parámetros como la transmisividad, la capacidad específica, la conductividad hidráulica y el coeficiente de almacenamiento; con la finalidad de dar a conocer aproximaciones de las condiciones hidrogeológicas de la zona. La geología está determinada por el ambiente de depositación de abanico aluvial influenciado por corrientes fluviales en la sección media y depósitos eólicos en la zona más alejada del piedemonte, información corroborada por las secciones de tomografías. De acuerdo con las pruebas de bombeo, se estableció que se encuentran acuíferos de productividad que va de muy pobre a buena, de acuerdo con los valores de transmisividad, con permeabilidades que oscilan de muy bajas a bajas, en relación con los valores de conductividad hidráulica; además, según su capacidad específica, los acuíferos varían en su extensión y continuidad, cuando se trata de acuíferos locales (depósitos cuaternarios) a regionales (Formación Guayabo).
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Swanson, Eric. "History of Field Observations on Volcanic Rocks of Western Mexico, Pre-Columbian to Recent." Earth Sciences History 30, no. 1 (December 1, 2011): 106–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.30.1.p68hl442l6w11036.
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By the time the first detailed reports on western Mexico's volcanic rocks had begun to appear in the 1970s, most of the earlier observations on these rocks and most knowledge of those who made these observations were all but forgotten. A review of previous field observations in this region shows, however, a long history of geologic discovery reflecting or even preceding developments elsewhere.Ethnological studies suggest that the Pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO) observed the characteristics of rock formations in their sierra homeland and understood something of the regional stratigraphic relationships. Late sixteenth and early seventeenth century explorers of the Spanish Colonial Period singled out volcanic rock known to them as piedra de malpaís for special recognition, and Padre Kino and his fellow explorers clearly recognized the volcanic origin of piedra de malpaís decades prior to similar observations in Europe. As the Spanish Colonial Period came to a close, Andrés Manuel del Río help organize a state-of-theart mining college in Mexico City where students were instructed in Werner's geognosy prior to their taking positions in Mexico's mining industry, most of it located in western Mexico's volcanic rocks.Although the first part of the tumultuous period between Mexico's revolutions of 1810 and 1910 saw few advances in geological knowledge, the reign of President Porfirio Díaz produced a geologic map of Mexico, the founding of the Instituto de Geología, and an ‘American invasion’ of geologists and mining engineers who locally gathered information on the nature of volcanic rocks of western Mexico. During the same period, Instituto geologist Ezequiel Ordóñez established the general stratigraphic sequence in the SMO, recognized the widespread occurrence of rhyolite there, and applied the petrographic microscope to the study of SMO volcanic rocks. The first identification of ignimbrites in the SMO came as a result of the World War II-era search for strategic minerals, and NASA's push to put a man on the Moon supported a series of student mapping projects producing the SMO's first geologic maps showing individual ignimbrite units and calderas.
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Orlov, Viktor, Evgeny Kiselev, Andrey Morozov, Evgeny Farrakhov, Aslambek Germakhanov, Alexander Chernykh, Evgeniya Sidorova, et al. "Youth geological movement as a factor of staff formation within the Russian geological industry." Domestic geology, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-7175-2021-10001.
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The paper reviews the background of the Russian youth movement. Succession of children’s and school education in geosciences for over 150 years is shown. For the past 55 years, the Russian geological olympiad of young geologists has been among the most significant events to improve geological education level in school, share experience and promote geological job. Features of organization, holding, judging and team participation in the Russian young geologist olympiads at the current stage are characterized. It's shown the important role played by Rosnedra, ROSGEO and teachers of numerous young geologist clubs in providing school students with ideas of geologist work features and basic geological knowledge for national economy development. Program features and results of the latest XII young geologist olympiad are presented. Information is provided on the most prominent young geologist schools from Perm, Chelyabinsk, Moscow, Krasnoyarsk and other cities
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Telecka, Małgorzata. "Geologia w sztuce Wyspy Wielkanocnej." Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Sklodowska, sectio B – Geographia, Geologia, Mineralogia et Petrographia 72, no. 2 (September 14, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/b.2017.72.2.73-96.
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<p>Geoturystyka jako dział turystyki stała się jedną z poważniejszych dziedzin turystyki. W ostatnich latach wydzielono wiele obszarów i stanowisk geoturystycznych w różnych częściach świata. Oprócz obszarów stricte geoturystycznych, turyści zainteresowani geologią biorą udział np. w wycieczkach geologicznych po miastach, gdzie poznają skały, z których wykonano budynki, mury, chodniki, pomniki nagrobne itp. Kolejnym krokiem w rozwoju turystyki geologicznej może być również geoturystyka związana ze sztuką danego miejsca i wykorzystywanymi do jej wytwarzania skałami i minerałami. Jednym z miejsc gdzie sztuka nierozerwalnie łączy się z lokalną geologią jest Wyspa Wielkanocna (Rapa Nui). Zarówno dobór materiałów do wykonania narzędzi, jak wykorzystanie konkretnych skał do tworzenia najbardziej charakterystycznych rzeźb na świecie wynikały z uwarunkowań geologicznych wyspy. Kilka podanych poniżej przykładów wpływu geologii Rapa Nui na jej sztukę pokazuje, że geologię wyspy można poznawać również poprzez jej kulturę materialną.</p>
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Hildén, Jukka. "Kivialan opettamisen haasteet aikuiskoulutuksessa." Aikuiskasvatus 35, no. 1 (February 15, 2015): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33336/aik.94122.
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Geologian lähialojen, biologian, maantieteen, kemian ja fysiikan, opetusoppi eli didaktiikka on meillä jo vanhaa perua. Entä miten on itse geologian laita? Sen opettamista ei Suomessa liene paljoa pohdittu – eihän geologia ole kouluainekaan.
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Nainggolan, Tumpal Benhard, and Subarsyah Subarsyah. "SUPPRESSING DIFFRACTION EFFECT USING KIRCHHOFF PRE-STACK TIME MIGRATION ON 2D SEISMIC MULTICHANNEL DATA AT FLORES SEA." BULLETIN OF THE MARINE GEOLOGY 29, no. 2 (February 15, 2016): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32693/bomg.29.2.2014.67.
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2D seismic multichannel survey has been carried out by Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia to interpret imaging and sub-surface geological information in the Flores Sea. Seismic data processing starts from pre-processing until migration stage. Migration is an important stage in the seismic processing, because at this stage the effects of diffraction and oblique reflectors caused by fault, salt domes, wedging, etc. will be repositioned to the actual points. One example of diffraction effects can be seen on the seismic section of a conventional stacking that have not migrated, i.e. resulting in an apparent bowtie reflector. Geologists find difficulties in interpreting geological information from diffracted seismic section, so it needs further processing to overcome the effects. By using Kirchhoff method and carried out during the Pre-Stack Time Migration (PSTM), this method turns out to produce migrated seismic section which is much better than conventional stacked one. This is due to the Kirchhoff method suppressed the identified diffraction effects, so that the geologist can interpret geological structure of the resulting migrated seismic section of the Flores Sea.
Keywords : 2D seismic multichannel, diffraction, Pre-Stack Time Migration (PSTM), Kirchhoff method.
A Survei seismik 2D multichannel dilaksanakan oleh Marine Geological Institute of Indonesia untuk mengetahui gambaran serta informasi geologi bawah permukaan Laut Flores. Pengolahan data seismik dimulai dari pre-processing sampai tahap migration. Tahap migration merupakan tahap terpenting dalam pengolahan data seismik, oleh karena pada tahap ini efek difraksi dan reflektor miring yang diakibatkan oleh sesar, kubah garam, pembajian, dan lain-lain akan dikembalikan pada keadaan sebenarnya. Salah satu contoh adanya efek difraksi bisa dilihat pada penampang stacking konvensional yaitu “bowtie†yang mengakibatkan terjadinya reflektor semu pada penampang seismik. Efek difraksi “bowtie†sangat menyulitkan para peneliti dalam memperoleh informasi geologi, sehingga perlu adanya proses lebih lanjut untuk mengatasi efek tersebut. Salah satu metode migrasi yang berkembang saat ini yaitu metode Kirchhoff dan dilakukan pada saat Pre-Stack Time Migration (PSTM), menunjukkan hasil penampang jauh lebih baik daripada penampang stacking konvensional. Hal ini terjadi karena pada metode Kirchhoff Pre-Stack Time Migration, efek difraksi tersebut ditekan lebih awal sehingga penampang yang dihasilkan mampu menggambarkan struktur geologi permukaan Laut Flores Sea. Kata kunci : seismik 2D multikanal, difraksi, Pre-Stack Time Migration (PSTM), metode Kirchhoff.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Geología"
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Soto, Riveros Angélica Isabel. "Modelo evolutivo para la sucesión sedimentaria depositada entre la Cuenca de Post Rift y la Cuenca de Antepaís de Magallanes." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/169781.
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Memoria para optar al título de GeólogaLa sucesión sedimentaria que se deposita entre el Barremiano-Cenomaniano, en la cuenca de Magallanes, Chile, es respuesta de mecanismos depositacionales complejos, estudiados por numerosos autores en los afloramientos de la faja plegada. Sin embargo, el subsuelo de la zona oriental sólo se ha estudiado a través de la información de pozos. Estos depósitos se generan previos a la cuenca de antepaís de Magallanes y con posterioridad a la ruptura cortical que originó la cuenca marginal (Cuenca de Rocas Verdes) en una etapa de subsidencia termal, manifestada como una extensa transgresión marina diacrónica. Desde un punto de vista sedimentológico el estudio de las facies más distales, conformada por la Formación Lutitas con Ftanita y la Formación Margas, permite atribuir cuatro facies a la Formación Lutitas con Ftanitas: (1) wacka/fangolita biogénica, (2) fangolita con laminaciones de limolita, (3) laminación ondulítica de fangolita-limolita y (4) argilita. Mientras que la Formación Margas se puede agrupar de igual forma en cuatro facies, pero con mayor contenido de carbonatos: (1) fangolita, (2) mudstone bioturbado con intercalación de caliza, (3) wackestone con fragmentos de pelecípodos y (4) wackestone biogénico con laminaciones calcáreas. Las facies mencionadas de la Formación Lutitas con Ftanita, por el abundante contenido de material fino o matriz y baja madurez composicional permite atribuirla a un ambiente de baja energía dominado por procesos de decantación en una plataforma externa. Asimismo, la presencia de pirita y preservación de laminación delgada en las formaciones son evidencias de ambientes depositacionales anóxicos, condición adecuada para la preservación de la materia orgánica. Las facies presentes en la Formación Margas corresponderían en parte a facies depositadas en una plataforma más somera, constituyendo los últimos depósitos de la cuenca marginal. Ambas formaciones son asociadas a la sección distal de flujos turbidíticos de grano fino evidenciada por la abundancia de fragmentos fósiles. Además, la presencia de líticos volcánicos podría ser indicio de la existencia de actividad volcánica coetánea en el periodo de depositación. El análisis e interpretación de la información existente, aunque todavía escasa, permite definir los elementos necesarios para la caracterización de rocas y la definición de un proyecto de exploración petrolera, enfocado en la Formación Lutitas con Ftanitas, la cual tiene favorables condiciones para ser considerado un reservorio no convencional de hidrocarburos debido a la estimación de hidrocarburos a partir de perfiles eléctricos de pozos y datos geoquímicos. . Adicionalmente las mismas rocas de reservorio en el límite occidental de la plataforma tendría las condiciones geomecánicas adecuadas para ser estimuladas a partir de fracturamiento hidráulico.
ENAP-SIPETROL
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Muñoz, Soto Diego Alejandro. "Caracterización mineralógica y geometalúrgica de la mena oxidada de cobre, proyecto Vicky, II Región." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/159588.
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GeólogoEl proyecto Vicky corresponde a un depósito mineral de tipo exótico cuya mineralización está conformada por óxidos negros y, en menor medida, por minerales oxidados de cobre verdes como crisocola y arcillas con cobre, contenidos en la parte basal de gravas aluviales y en la roca subyacente. Este depósito se ubica en la Región de Antofagasta y su fuente, al menos en parte, corresponde al Pórfido Cuprífero Gaby. La exploración de este yacimiento fue desarrollada entre los años 2002-2006 por la Gerencia Corporativa de Exploraciones de CODELCO, mediante sucesivas campañas de sondajes que totalizan 67.283 m. Este trabajo se enmarca en el proyecto de Exploración Geológica de los Cuerpos Satélites de la División Gabriela Mistral de CODELCO CHILE, cuyo objetivo es mejorar el conocimiento geológico existente de acuerdo con los estándares actuales de CODELCO, para disponer de un soporte que permita evaluar en forma adecuada su real potencial de incorporación al Inventario de Recursos Divisional. De esta forma, para el depósito Vicky se planifica realizar el remapeo de los pozos históricos del proyecto, con el fin de validar la base de datos geológica histórica. Adicionalmente, durante este trabajo se obtienen muestras de los sondajes remapeados para caracterizar la mineralogía del depósito. A partir de esta información se relacionan, mediante un análisis estadístico, los datos metalúrgicos históricos del exótico con la base de datos geológica. El resultado del proceso de remapeo, además de permitir establecer una diferenciación preliminar de los óxidos negros en base a su forma de ocurrencia y respuesta a la lixiviación (ácido clorhídrico), logró validar la información geológica histórica. Dicha diferenciación no brinda información relevante ya que, con base en los resultados de mineralogía automatizada QEMSCAN en 5 muestras, no existiría una relación entre los grados de liberación de los silicatos de Cu-Mn y los tipos de óxidos negros diferenciados en muestras de mano, por lo cual no se trataría de diferentes fases de óxidos negros necesariamente, sino que se refiere a diferentes ocurrencias o, incluso, a distintas especies no diferenciables a la escala de mapeo. Si bien los análisis QEMSCAN dieron resultados relacionados al grado de liberación de dichos silicatos, debido a la granulometría de análisis, no permiten relacionar este parámetro con los porcentajes de solubilidad de Cu en un proceso de lixiviación. El análisis estadístico de los parámetros metalúrgicos permite llegar a 3 conclusiones principales. En primer lugar, al estudiar el contenido de manganeso en la base de datos metalúrgica (principalmente contenido en óxidos negros), se infiere que sus mayores niveles se encuentran en canalón Sur, mientras que los menores se observan en el canalón Norte-Este (concentrándose en las gravas). En segundo lugar, al analizar el contenido de Cu total, se observa que, al aumentar la intensidad de óxidos negros, éstos también aumentan, siendo similar el comportamiento del Cu en la roca y en las gravas. Finalmente, al estudiar la solubilidad de Cu, se aprecia una alta variabilidad al aumentar la intensidad de óxidos negros, mostrando las mayores diferencias en la zona rocosa. Además, si bien no se observa una relación directa entre el contenido de Mn y la solubilidad de Cu o el contenido de CuS, si se puede apreciar que existe una relación inversa entre el primero y los dos últimos en cada uno de los canalones.
Este trabajo ha sido financiado por Exploraciones Mineras S.A.
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Veas, Vera Marta Paulina Ester. "Mineralogía de rocas metamórficas de la serie occidental entre los 41°15´S y 41°25´S (Complejo metamórfico de Bahía Mansa): Implicancias geotermobarométricas." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/149074.
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GeólogaEl Complejo Metamórfico de Bahía Mansa, entre las latitudes 41º15 S y 41º25 S, corresponde a una intercalación de esquistos máficos y esquistos pelíticos, los que presentan asociaciones mineralógicas variables de anfíbol albita epidota -clinozoisita titanita - cuarzo - clorita y cuarzo - mica blanca - clorita - albita - biotita, respectivamente, las que se asocian a un metamorfismo en la facies esquistos verdes. Con el fin de caracterizar detalladamente la mineralogía de estas rocas y así aportar datos respecto a la historia geotermobarométrica del Complejo Metamórfico de Bahía Mansa entre las latitudes antes señaladas, se lleva a cabo un estudio petrográfico y de química mineral para una serie de muestras, tanto de esquistos máficos como pelíticos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que, en los esquistos máficos, los anfíboles presentes corresponden a actinolita y magnesihornblenda, mientras que la mayoría de los cristales de plagioclasa estudiados corresponden a albita (Xab>0.9), estas se encuentran muy alteradas a clinozoisita y epidota.; la clorita, por otra parte, presenta predominancia del componente clinocloro. En los esquistos pelíticos, la mica blanca se ubica cercana al campo de la muscovita, mientras que la clorita se concentra cercana al campo de la amesita; la plagioclasa corresponde principalmente a albita (XAb>0.9). Mediante la aplicación de geotermómetros de clorita y de anfíbol-plagioclasa y de geobarómetros de anfíbol y fengita, se obtienen datos de presión y temperatura para estas rocas. Los resultados indican que los esquistos máficos estudiados habrían alcanzado la facies anfibolita, con un peak asociado cercano a 590ºC y 7,5kbar, para luego retrogradar a la facies esquistos verdes; para los esquistos pelíticos, por otra parte, se tiene que estos habrían alcanzado la facies esquistos verdes, grado de biotita, para luego retrogradar al grado de clorita, con un peak asociado cercano a 365ºC y 6 kbar. Se concluye que los esquistos pelíticos estudiados representan niveles más someros del Complejo Metamórfico de Bahía Mansa, mientras que los esquistos máficos representan una componente más profunda.
Estudio financiado por Proyecto FONDECYT 1130227
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Marambio, Henríquez Carlos Alberto. "Estrés hidráulico crítico para la remoción de partículas en suelos bajo distintas coberturas forestales, en el predio Pantanillos, VII Región." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/151612.
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Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniero ForestalPredecir y modelar los procesos erosivos requiere conocer los valores del estrés hidráulico crítico para la remoción de partículas del suelo. Se diseñó un experimento para la determinación del estrés hidráulico crítico, en un renoval de Nothofagus glauca, una plantación de Pinus radiata realizada el año 1996 y otra realizada en 1986, y en una situación de quema de residuos post-cosecha de Pinus radiata. El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Centro Experimental Forestal Dr. Justo Pastor León, perteneciente a la Facultad de Ciencias Forestales de la Universidad de Chile. Para el desarrollo del experimento en terreno se diseñó un sistema de parcela de escurrimiento movible, sobre la cual se simuló la escorrentía superficial aplicando agua y se tomaron muestras de efluente a la salida de la parcela. Con la información obtenida en terreno se determinó el estrés crítico mediante observación directa del momento en que partículas de suelo eran arrastradas por el flujo. Adicionalmente, se obtuvieron valores de estrés crítico de corte hidráulico a través del método de regresión lineal y según la metodología de los modelos matemáticos WEPP (Water Erosion Prediction Project) y Mancilla (2004).
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Talamilla, Pérez Felipe Ignacio. "Caracterización geológica de los centros intrusivos paleocenos Mariana, Tiquina y Tamentica del Norte de Chile y su potencial de prospectividad para pórfidos cupríferos." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2019. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/170622.
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Vargas, Díaz Fernando. "Comparación de metodologías para la estimación geoestadística de recuperación metalúrgica de cobre." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/153037.
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Magíster en MineríaHoy en día existe una creciente necesidad de incorporar modelos geometalúrgicos como una parte integral del proceso minero debido a su impacto en la toma de decisiones en planificación minera, procesamiento mineral y evaluación económica. Este trabajo aplica una serie de metodologías para la estimación de recuperación metalúrgica de cobre, describiendo para cada una de ellas: las ideas que lo soportan, los supuestos que asume y los que obvia. Finalmente se cuantifica su desempeño, con el fin de dilucidar las fortalezas y debilidades de cada método, para tratar de concluir que metodología aplicada es la mejor para el caso de estudio. El trabajo se realiza con una base de datos de un pórfido de cobre molibdeno ubicado en Chile, que cuenta con datos de recuperación de cobre; variables continuas como: ley de cobre total y cobre soluble; y variables categóricas como: litología, alteración y zona mineral. Las metodologías empleadas para la estimación corresponden a kriging, a cosimulación, y a simulación en función de unidades geológicas, las cuales también son simuladas. Las problemáticas a enfrentar en este estudio guardan relación con el carácter no aditivo de la variable de interés, un fuerte muestreo heterotópico y a distintos soportes, además de tener una relación multivariable compleja con atributos geológicos como leyes, litología, alteración, etc. Para comparar el desempeño de las metodologías, se utiliza jackknife a un tercio de los datos disponibles de recuperación. De las metodologías empleadas en el estudio, la que mejor resultados obtiene corresponde a la simulación de la variable en función de unidades geológicas. Los resultados utilizando kriging y simulación de la variable en el domino completo muestran resultados equiparables. Las estimaciones indican un pobre desempeño en todas las metodologías al tratar de reproducir los valores más extremos de los datos, esto en parte a la baja cantidad de datos disponibles. Para tratar de palear el muestreo heterotópico se realizó cosimulación con ley de cobre, aprovechando la gran cantidad de datos de ésta, pero como era previsible, los resultados no arrojan mejora debido a la pobre correlación entre las variables. Se concluye que a pesar del mayor gasto computacional y trabajo, la estimación de recuperación de cobre mediante simulación por unidades geológicas es lo óptimo. Esto cuando se disponen de pocos datos y la variable tiene un fuerte control de tipo litológico, mineral o alteración, que conlleva a contactos duros entre ellos. También es importante destacar, que utilizando esta metodología el resultado supondría una estimación preliminar, o un precedente, debido a la alta variabilidad y escases de datos que presenta la recuperación de cobre en este caso de estudio.
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Adeli, Sarcheshmeh Amir. "Geostatistical modeling and validation of geological loggins and geological interpretations." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/168147.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Doctor en Ingeniería de MinasLa naturaleza visual del logueo geológico conduce a una clasificación cualitativa o semi-cuantitativa de los atributos petrofísicos de los testigos de sondajes, que está sujeta a errores. Debido al tiempo y dinero que se debe invertir para el relogueo, desarrollar una metodología objetiva y rápida para identificar muestras mal logueadas es una herramienta interesante para ayudar a los científicos e ingenieros antes del modelamiento geológico y geo-metalúrgico que se utilizará en la evaluación de recursos minerales y reservas mineras y en planificación minera. Respecto al modelamiento geológico, debido a la falta de cuantificación de la incertidumbre en las interpretaciones geológicas, el desarrollo de una metodología objetiva y rápida para identificar bloques mal interpretados conduce a una herramienta interesante para validar los modelos geológicos. Las interpretaciones geológicas son un insumo esencial para la evaluación de los recursos minerales y para la planificación minera y, como tal, afectan todas las etapas posteriores del proceso de minería. En este contexto, esta tesis tiene como objetivo presentar metodologías geoestadísticas para validar el logueo geológico y las interpretaciones geológicas cuando variables cuantitativas están disponibles a partir de análisis geoquímicos o pruebas geo-metalúrgicas. Se pretende calcular, para cada testigo de sondaje o cada bloque del modelo interpretado, una medida de la consistencia entre la clase logueada o interpretada y las covariables cuantitativas. Dos modelos diferentes están diseñados para este propósito. Respecto a la validación del logueo geológico, se supone que estas covariables están subordinadas a los dominios geológicos definidos por las clases logueadas; la medida de coherencia luego se calcula utilizando como herramientas el modelo de coregionalización, el cokriging y la validación cruzada. Por el contrario, en lo que respecta a la validación de la interpretación geológica, se propone un modelo en el que los dominios geológicos se definen sobre la base de las covariables cuantitativas y se obtiene la medida de consistencia utilizando herramientas como transformación Gaussiana conjunta, modelo de coregionalización, simulación Gaussiana y clasificación por árboles de decisión. Las herramientas y los modelos propuestos se aplican a un depósito de hierro. Los resultados muestran la capacidad de los modelos propuestos para identificar los datos para los cuales la categoría logueada no concuerda con las variables cuantitativas, así como para identificar los bloques para los cuales la categoría interpretada no concuerda con las variables cuantitativas. Vale la pena mencionar que las aplicaciones no están implementadas como caja negra, sino que permiten al profesional incluir criterios adicionales (por ejemplo, criterios geográficos) para detectar muestras o bloques sospechosos.
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Fernández, Saavedra Gabriel Ignacio. "Evaluación de geoquímica-ambiental de sedimentos fluviales de hoja La Serena (1:250.000) por medio de análisis de datos composicionales." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/149143.
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GeólogoEn este trabajo se analiza, por medio de una metodología multivariable de análisis de datos composicionales (CoDA), la composición química de 58 elementos y compuestos de la fracción fina (<0.18 mm) de 640 muestras de sedimentos fluviales de la Hoja La Serena (1:250.000) en el contexto del Plan Nacional de Cartografía Geoquímica llevada a cabo por el Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Chile. Los datos composicionales (e.g. concentraciones químicas) se encuentran definidos en un espacio vectorial de características peculiares: el Simplex. Los datos alojados en este espacio presentan complicaciones a la hora de su procesamiento, tal como correlaciones espurias e incoherencias subcomposicionales, lo cual repercute en interpretaciones que pueden ser consideradas erróneas a partir de herramientas estadísticas tradicionales. Es por ello que resulta conveniente aplicar ciertas transformaciones con tal de trasladar los datos desde el Simplex hacia el espacio de los números Reales. La metodología CoDA empleada, en resumidas palabras, consiste en: (i) la transformación de los datos composicionales a coordenadas log-cocientes, (ii) el análisis estadístico tradicional de los datos transformados en el espacio de los Reales, y (iii) la interpretación de los resultados en las propias coordenadas transformadas y/o expresadas nuevamente en términos composicionales. En el presente estudio se ejecuta y evalúa la metodología de determinación de una línea base geoquímica por medio de una perspectiva CoDA propuesta por Buccianti y colaboradores (2015). En esta metodología se obtienen dos sub sets de datos, siendo uno correspondientes a composiciones (muestras) anómalas, y el otro a composiciones características de líneas base. De este último sub set de datos se obtiene un vector línea base que da cuenta de las composiciones representativas del área de estudio. Como resultado se obtiene que la línea base geoquímica muestra una marcada relación con procesos endógenos y exógenos conocidos para el área de estudio como lo son la litogénesis regional, mineralización económica, y alteración hipógena y supérgena; o bien dinámica geológica estructural y subsecuentes cambios hidrodinámicos de los cauces, meteorización y erosión; entre otros factores. Además las herramientas estadísticas empleadas, matrices de variación, correlación y biplots, permiten interpretar patrones geoquímicos no identificables por medio de metodologías tradicionales, como por ejemplo la relación existente entre Mg, Sc, Ga y fases silicatadas, diferencias de comportamiento entre el Co y Ni, enriquecimiento diferencial de MnO según litología, metales y metaloides como As, Pb, Zn, Cd ligados estrechamente a arcillas, comportamiento diferencial de elementos propios de fases minerales pesadas, entre otros patrones. Se identifican fuentes de variabilidad del sistema, como mineralización, principalmente del tipo Cu-Hg-Au, alteración hidrotermal, litología y acumulación de material orgánico. En suma, se estima que la metodología ejecutada es pertinente como herramienta en la determinación de una línea base geoquímica teniendo en consideración las particularidades de los datos composicionales.
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Castillo, Fuentes Emilia María José. "Acumulación de deformaciones en interfaces suelo estructura inducidas térmicamente." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/152349.
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Magíster en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Mención Ingeniería Estructural, Sísmica y Geotécnica.
ingeniera CivilNumerosas aplicaciones geotécnicas involucran la interacción del suelo con estructuras a través de intefaces. Este trabajo estudia el efecto de la variación de temperatura en la acumulación deformaciones en estas interfaces cuando están sometidas a una carga estática menor a la crítica, pero que pueden causar deslizamientos a lo largo de la interfaz. Esta tesis tiene como principal objetivo desarrollar una metodología experimental, numérica y analítica que permita evidenciar este fenómeno, y finalmente estudiar su desarrollo en un ejemplo práctico, como lo son los pilotes termo-activos. Este fenómeno, conocido como ratcheting (Alonso-Marroquín y Herrmann, 2004), se estudia en este trabajo mediante el desarrollo de un montaje experimental, donde un bloque de acrílico se ubica horizontalmente sobre suelo arenoso seco, y que, mientras es cargado estáticamente en dirección paralela a la interfaz, es sometido a ciclos de temperatura. Esta configuración permite confirmar que bajo ciertos estados de carga (cercanos a la condición crítica al deslizamiento en la interfaz), la amplitud, periodo y número de ciclos de temperatura desencadenan el fenómeno de acumulación de deformaciones. De manera adicional, y a modo de verificar los resultados experimentales, se elabora un modelo termo-mecánico de elementos finitos y un modelo analítico basado en el principio de transferencia de carga en pilotes y que incorpora deformaciones termo-elásticas. Los resultados de estas tres metodologías son consistentes, permitiendo evidenciar el fenómeno en estudio, además de la identificación de aquellos parámetros más relevantes en su desarrollo, como por ejemplo el coeficiente de expansión térmica, el Factor de Seguridad al deslizamiento y la amplitud y periodo de los ciclos de temperatura. Se muestra, además, la proporcionalidad que existe entre la tasa de acumulación de desplazamientos y estos parámetros. Por otro lado, los resultados de la aplicación a pilotes termo-activos en elementos finitos, muestran consistentemente que para estos sistemas, la temperatura efectivamente incide en su desempeño al largo plazo, principalmente en términos de su serviciabilidad. Efecto que se explica por la sucesión de contracciones y expansiones del material del que ha sido construido el pilote.
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Kock, Heck Martín Thomas. "Metodología para la generación de blancos de exploración: Caso de estudio en los Yacimientos Queen Elizabeth y Cerro Colorado, Región de Tarapacá, Chile." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2018. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/169875.
Full textBooks on the topic "Geología"
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Mayoral, José-Luis. Geología del ser. Madrid: Aula Literaria "Salvador Rueda", 1998.
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Bossi, Jorge. Geología del Uruguay. Montevideo, Uruguay: Universidad de la República, Departamento de Publicaciones, 1988.
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Ureta, José Carlos Vega. Geología de Sanabria. [Valladolid: Junta de Castilla y León, 1994.
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Simposio sobre Enseñanza de la Geología (12th 2002 Girona, Spain). Geología de Girona: XII Simposio sobre Enseñanza de la Geología. Edited by Pallí Buxó Lluís, Roqué Pau Carles, and Brusi Belmonte David. [Girona]: Universitat de Girona, 2002.
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Carumati, Roberto. Geología: Diccionario enciclopédico español-inglés. Madrid: Grupo Editorial Jackson, 1989.
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Castro, Sergio Mora. La geología y sus procesos. Cartago, Costa Rica: Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica, 1990.
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Congreso Geológico Argentino (12th 1993 Mendoza, Argentina). Geología y recursos naturales de Mendoza. Edited by Ramos Víctor A, Instituto Argentino del Petróleo. Comisión de Exploración., Asociación Geológica de Mendoza, and Congreso de Exploración de Hidrocarburos (2nd : 1993 : Mendoza, Argentina). Buenos Aires: La Comisión, 1993.
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Méndez, V. Geología y metalogénesis del Orógeno Andino Central. Buenos Aires: Secretaría de Minería de la Nación, Dirección Nacional del Servicio Geológico, 1995.
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Laso, Adrián Ruiz. Geología biología de Marruecos en itinerarios didácticos. Madrid, España: Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura, 1986.
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M, David Davila. Geología del cuadrángulo de Cailloma, hoja 31-s. Lima, Peru: Instituto Geológico Minero y Metalúrgico, 1988.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Geología"
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Oldenburg, Curtis M. "Geologic Carbon Sequestration geologic/geological carbon sequestration : Sustainability and Environmental Risk." In Encyclopedia of Sustainability Science and Technology, 4119–33. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0851-3_200.
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Aust, Horst, and Gerhard Lange. "Geologie." In Handbuch zur Erkundung des Untergrundes von Deponien und Altlasten, 769–79. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55790-3_14.
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Schmidt, Jörg, Jürgen Wunderlich, and Olaf Böhme. "Geologie." In Handbuch zur Erkundung des Untergrundes von Deponien und Altlasten, 547–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55790-3_9.
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Heitfeld, Karl-Heinrich, Lutz Krapp, and Torsten Böcke. "Geologie." In Die Mechernicher Triasbucht, 48–84. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-88142-7_3.
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Westphal, Hildegard. "Geologie." In Heureka, 61–73. Heidelberg: Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8274-2657-4_4.
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Vogelsang, Dieter. "Geologie." In Grundwasser, 17–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60304-4_3.
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Luther, Emmanuel E., Seyed M. Shariatipour, Michael C. Dallaston, and Ran Holtzman. "Solute Driven Transient Convection in Layered Porous Media." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 3–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_1.
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AbstractCO2 geological sequestration has been proposed as a climate change mitigation strategy that can contribute towards meeting the Paris Agreement. A key process on which successful injection of CO2 into deep saline aquifer relies on is the dissolution of CO2 in brine. CO2 dissolution improves storage security and reduces risk of leakage by (i) removing the CO2 from a highly mobile fluid phase and (ii) triggering gravity-induced convective instability which accelerates the downward migration of dissolved CO2. Our understanding of CO2 density-driven convection in geologic media is limited. Studies on transient convective instability are mostly in homogeneous systems or in systems with heterogeneity in the form of random permeability distribution or dispersed impermeable barriers. However, layering which exist naturally in sedimentary geological formations has not received much research attention on transient convection. Therefore, we investigate the role of layering on the onset time of convective instability and on the flow pattern beyond the onset time during CO2 storage. We find that while layering has no significant effect on the onset time, it has an impact on the CO2 flux. Our findings suggest that detailed reservoir characterisation is required to forecast the ability of a formation to sequester CO2.
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Gupta, Ravi Prakash. "Geological Applications." In Remote Sensing Geology, 429–592. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05283-9_16.
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Ruggieri, Rosario. "Geological Framework." In Speleological and Speleogenetic Aspects of the Monti di Capo San Vito (Sicily), 23–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21720-8_4.
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Vackiner, Anna Alexandra. "Geological Setting." In Springer Theses, 7–12. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-36047-3_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Geología"
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Boonyasaknanon, Phathompat, Raymond Pols, Katja Schulze, and Robert Rundle. "Geologic Modelling Using Augmented Reality." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21300-ms.
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Abstract An augmented reality (AR) system is presented which enhances the real-time collaboration of domain experts involved in the geologic modeling of complex reservoirs. An evaluation of traditional techniques is compared with this new approach. The objective of geologic modeling is to describe the subsurface as accurately and in as much detail as possible given the available data. This is necessarily an iterative process since as new wells are drilled more data becomes available which either validates current assumptions or forces a re-evaluation of the model. As the speed of reservoir development increases there is a need for expeditious updates of the subsurface model as working with an outdated model can lead to costly mistakes. Common practice is for a geologist to maintain the geologic model while working closely with other domain experts who are frequently not co-located with the geologist. Time-critical analysis can be hampered by the fact that reservoirs, which are inherently 3D objects, are traditionally viewed with 2D screens. The system presented here allows the geologic model to be rendered as a hologram in multiple locations to allow domain experts to collaborate and analyze the reservoir in real-time. Collaboration on 3D models has not changed significantly in a generation. For co-located personnel the approach is to gather around a 2D screen. For remote personnel the approach has been sharing a model through a 2D screen along with video chat. These approaches are not optimal for many reasons. Over the years various attempts have been tried to enhance the collaboration experience and have all fallen short. In particular virtual reality (VR) has been seen as a solution to this problem. However, we have found that augmented reality (AR) is a much better solution for many subtle reasons which are explored in the paper. AR has already acquired an impressive track record in various industries. AR will have applications in nearly all industries. For various historical reasons, the uptake for AR is much faster in some industries than others. It is too early to tell whether the use of augmented reality in geological applications will be transformative, however the results of this initial work are promising.
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Delattre, Marc P. "GEOLOGIC MAPPING ACTIVITIES AT THE CALIFORNIA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY." In 112th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016cd-274321.
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Gadeikis, Saulius, Kastytis Dundulis, Aistė Daukšytė, and Sonata Gadeikytė. "The Cathedral of Vilnius: Problems and Features of Natural Conditions." In The 13th Baltic Sea Region Geotechnical Conference. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13bsgc.2016.001.
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The Cathedral of Vilnius is one of the main architectural monuments in Lithuania. This structure was built in unfavourable geological conditions. Due to this reason, the foundation of the building subsides; there occur wall deformations and cracks. Preservation of the building is today’s urgent problem. When evaluating the geologic environment from the perspective of engineering, construction works require deep analysis of the following key environment components and discuss them: relief, soils of geologic structure and their geotechnical properties, conditions of underground water occurrence and geological processes, and condition of the foundation. The article provides the brief history of construction and reconstruction of the Cathedral based on archival studies, the description of engineering geological conditions, and the archeologic and historic material of the evaluation of the foundation.
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Amorim, Ronan, Emilio Vital Brazil, Faramarz Samavati, and Mario Costa Sousa. "3D geological modeling using sketches and annotations from geologic maps." In the 4th Joint Symposium. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2630407.2630411.
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Lindemann, John W. "THE GEOLOGIC MAPS OF WILLIAM MACLURE (1763-1840) - AMERICAN GEOLOGIST." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-278444.
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D'Angelo, John James, Pradeepkumar Ashok, and Eric van Oort. "Improved Geosteering Information and Data Transfer using an Automated Computational Framework." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204122-ms.
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Abstract Geosteering presently requires physical or virtual interaction between the geologist and the directional driller to arrive at steering decisions. This interaction often results in the loss of valuable information because all context and data may not be shared between them. A framework that is able to automatically integrate the data and information which the geologist and directional driller independently possess can result in improved decision making, and is the topic of this paper. The geosteering framework described herein combines estimation and optimization methods to solve geosteering problems with minimal human intervention. Bayesian estimation procedures are used to approximate the distance from geological features, and a wellbore propagation model is used to estimate system responses of the drilling assembly. The geological estimates and directional drilling model are then jointly used to formulate geosteering decision-making as a stochastic optimization problem. Finally, this optimization problem can be solved to aid decision making. This is done without the need for humans to interact, which significantly reduces potential information loss. This procedure is illustrated for two synthetic case studies.
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Hasenmueller, Nancy R., Walter A. Hasenmueller, Gary J. Motz, and Michael S. Daniels. "LINKING THE INDIANA GEOLOGIC NAMES INFORMATION SYSTEM TO COMPLEMENTARY GEOLOGICAL DATABASES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-277940.
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Kleber, Emily J., Steve D. Bowman, Jessica J. Castleton, Richard E. Giraud, Ben Erickson, Tyler R. Knudsen, Adam I. Hiscock, et al. "THE UTAH GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - ACTIVE PARTNERSHIPS AND OPPORTUNITIES IN GEOLOGIC HAZARDS." In 72nd Annual GSA Rocky Mountain Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020rm-346480.
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Gale, Marjorie H., Jonathan J. Kim, George E. Springston, and Colin Dowey. "GEOLOGIC MAPPING, HAZARDS AND WATER: VERMONT GEOLOGICAL SURVEY'S IMPACT ON PUBLIC ISSUES." In 53rd Annual GSA Northeastern Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018ne-310619.
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Hatcher, Robert D. "DETAILED GEOLOGIC MAPS, MOST QUANTITATIVE DATA IN GEOLOGICAL SCIENCE: AN ENDANGERED SPECIES?" In 67th Annual Southeastern GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018se-312564.
Full textReports on the topic "Geología"
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Fuller, H. K. Geologic map indexes and GEOINDEX, U.S. Geological Survey's indexes to geologic maps - a history and status report. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/193898.
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Henderson, Tim, Mincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Chihuahuan Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285306.
Full textAbstract:
A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile for this unit. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be recorded such that other researchers may evaluate it in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN, methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources was established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Chihuahuan Desert Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS...
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Northern Colorado Plateau Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285337.
Full textAbstract:
A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be available for other researchers to evaluate in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources was established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Northern Colorado Plateau Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS...
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Henderson, Tim, Vincent Santucci, Tim Connors, and Justin Tweet. National Park Service geologic type section inventory: Klamath Inventory & Monitoring Network. National Park Service, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286915.
Full textAbstract:
A fundamental responsibility of the National Park Service (NPS) is to ensure that park resources are preserved, protected, and managed in consideration of the resources themselves and for the benefit and enjoyment by the public. Through the inventory, monitoring, and study of park resources, we gain a greater understanding of the scope, significance, distribution, and management issues associated with these resources and their use. This baseline of natural resource information is available to inform park managers, scientists, stakeholders, and the public about the conditions of these resources and the factors or activities which may threaten or influence their stability. There are several different categories of geologic or stratigraphic units (supergroup, group, formation, member, bed) which represent a hierarchical system of classification. The mapping of stratigraphic units involves the evaluation of lithologies, bedding properties, thickness, geographic distribution, and other factors. If a new mappable geologic unit is identified, it may be described and named through a rigorously defined process that is standardized and codified by the professional geologic community (North American Commission on Stratigraphic Nomenclature 2005). In most instances when a new geologic unit such as a formation is described and named in the scientific literature, a specific and well-exposed section of the unit is designated as the type section or type locality (see Definitions). The type section is an important reference section for a named geologic unit which presents a relatively complete and representative profile. The type or reference section is important both historically and scientifically, and should be protected and conserved for researchers to study and evaluate in the future. Therefore, this inventory of geologic type sections in NPS areas is an important effort in documenting these locations in order that NPS staff recognize and protect these areas for future studies. The documentation of all geologic type sections throughout the 423 units of the NPS is an ambitious undertaking. The strategy for this project is to select a subset of parks to begin research for the occurrence of geologic type sections within particular parks. The focus adopted for completing the baseline inventories throughout the NPS was centered on the 32 inventory and monitoring networks (I&M) established during the late 1990s. The I&M networks are clusters of parks within a defined geographic area based on the ecoregions of North America (Fenneman 1946; Bailey 1976; Omernik 1987). These networks share similar physical resources (geology, hydrology, climate), biological resources (flora, fauna), and ecological characteristics. Specialists familiar with the resources and ecological parameters of the network, and associated parks, work with park staff to support network level activities (inventory, monitoring, research, data management). Adopting a network-based approach to inventories worked well when the NPS undertook paleontological resource inventories for the 32 I&M networks. The network approach is also being applied to the inventory for the geologic type sections in the NPS. The planning team from the NPS Geologic Resources Division who proposed and designed this inventory selected the Greater Yellowstone Inventory and Monitoring Network (GRYN) as the pilot network for initiating this project. Through the research undertaken to identify the geologic type sections within the parks of the GRYN methodologies for data mining and reporting on these resources were established. Methodologies and reporting adopted for the GRYN have been used in the development of this type section inventory for the Klamath Inventory & Monitoring Network. The goal of this project is to consolidate information pertaining to geologic type sections which occur within NPS-administered areas, in order that this information is available throughout the NPS to inform park managers...
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Tweet, Justin S., Vincent L. Santucci, Kenneth Convery, Jonathan Hoffman, and Laura Kirn. Channel Islands National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2278664.
Full textAbstract:
Channel Island National Park (CHIS), incorporating five islands off the coast of southern California (Anacapa Island, San Miguel Island, Santa Barbara Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island), has an outstanding paleontological record. The park has significant fossils dating from the Late Cretaceous to the Holocene, representing organisms of the sea, the land, and the air. Highlights include: the famous pygmy mammoths that inhabited the conjoined northern islands during the late Pleistocene; the best fossil avifauna of any National Park Service (NPS) unit; intertwined paleontological and cultural records extending into the latest Pleistocene, including Arlington Man, the oldest well-dated human known from North America; calichified “fossil forests”; records of Miocene desmostylians and sirenians, unusual sea mammals; abundant Pleistocene mollusks illustrating changes in sea level and ocean temperature; one of the most thoroughly studied records of microfossils in the NPS; and type specimens for 23 fossil taxa. Paleontological research on the islands of CHIS began in the second half of the 19th century. The first discovery of a mammoth specimen was reported in 1873. Research can be divided into four periods: 1) the few early reports from the 19th century; 2) a sustained burst of activity in the 1920s and 1930s; 3) a second burst from the 1950s into the 1970s; and 4) the modern period of activity, symbolically opened with the 1994 discovery of a nearly complete pygmy mammoth skeleton on Santa Rosa Island. The work associated with this paleontological resource inventory may be considered the beginning of a fifth period. Fossils were specifically mentioned in the 1938 proclamation establishing what was then Channel Islands National Monument, making CHIS one of 18 NPS areas for which paleontological resources are referenced in the enabling legislation. Each of the five islands of CHIS has distinct paleontological and geological records, each has some kind of fossil resources, and almost all of the sedimentary formations on the islands are fossiliferous within CHIS. Anacapa Island and Santa Barbara Island, the two smallest islands, are primarily composed of Miocene volcanic rocks interfingered with small quantities of sedimentary rock and covered with a veneer of Quaternary sediments. Santa Barbara stands apart from Anacapa because it was never part of Santarosae, the landmass that existed at times in the Pleistocene when sea level was low enough that the four northern islands were connected. San Miguel Island, Santa Cruz Island, and Santa Rosa Island have more complex geologic histories. Of these three islands, San Miguel Island has relatively simple geologic structure and few formations. Santa Cruz Island has the most varied geology of the islands, as well as the longest rock record exposed at the surface, beginning with Jurassic metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks. The Channel Islands have been uplifted and faulted in a complex 20-million-year-long geologic episode tied to the collision of the North American and Pacific Places, the initiation of the San Andreas fault system, and the 90° clockwise rotation of the Transverse Ranges, of which the northern Channel Islands are the westernmost part. Widespread volcanic activity from about 19 to 14 million years ago is evidenced by the igneous rocks found on each island.
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de Caritat, Patrice, Brent McInnes, and Stephen Rowins. Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.031.
Full textAbstract:
Heavy minerals (HMs) are minerals with a specific gravity greater than 2.9 g/cm3. They are commonly highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and therefore persist in sediments as lasting indicators of the (former) presence of the rocks they formed in. The presence/absence of certain HMs, their associations with other HMs, their concentration levels, and the geochemical patterns they form in maps or 3D models can be indicative of geological processes that contributed to their formation. Furthermore trace element and isotopic analyses of HMs have been used to vector to mineralisation or constrain timing of geological processes. The positive role of HMs in mineral exploration is well established in other countries, but comparatively little understood in Australia. Here we present the results of a pilot project that was designed to establish, test and assess a workflow to produce a HM map (or atlas of maps) and dataset for Australia. This would represent a critical step in the ability to detect anomalous HM patterns as it would establish the background HM characteristics (i.e., unrelated to mineralisation). Further the extremely rich dataset produced would be a valuable input into any future machine learning/big data-based prospectivity analysis. The pilot project consisted in selecting ten sites from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and separating and analysing the HM contents from the 75-430 µm grain-size fraction of the top (0-10 cm depth) sediment samples. A workflow was established and tested based on the density separation of the HM-rich phase by combining a shake table and the use of dense liquids. The automated mineralogy quantification was performed on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) that identified and mapped thousands of grains in a matter of minutes for each sample. The results indicated that: (1) the NGSA samples are appropriate for HM analysis; (2) over 40 HMs were effectively identified and quantified using TIMA automated quantitative mineralogy; (3) the resultant HMs’ mineralogy is consistent with the samples’ bulk geochemistry and regional geological setting; and (4) the HM makeup of the NGSA samples varied across the country, as shown by the mineral mounts and preliminary maps. Based on these observations, HM mapping of the continent using NGSA samples will likely result in coherent and interpretable geological patterns relating to bedrock lithology, metamorphic grade, degree of alteration and mineralisation. It could assist in geological investigations especially where outcrop is minimal, challenging to correctly attribute due to extensive weathering, or simply difficult to access. It is believed that a continental-scale HM atlas for Australia could assist in derisking mineral exploration and lead to investment, e.g., via tenement uptake, exploration, discovery and ultimately exploitation. As some HMs are hosts for technology critical elements such as rare earth elements, their systematic and internally consistent quantification and mapping could lead to resource discovery essential for a more sustainable, lower-carbon economy.
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Karlstrom, Karl, Laura Crossey, Allyson Matthis, and Carl Bowman. Telling time at Grand Canyon National Park: 2020 update. National Park Service, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285173.
Full textAbstract:
Grand Canyon National Park is all about time and timescales. Time is the currency of our daily life, of history, and of biological evolution. Grand Canyon’s beauty has inspired explorers, artists, and poets. Behind it all, Grand Canyon’s geology and sense of timelessness are among its most prominent and important resources. Grand Canyon has an exceptionally complete and well-exposed rock record of Earth’s history. It is an ideal place to gain a sense of geologic (or deep) time. A visit to the South or North rims, a hike into the canyon of any length, or a trip through the 277-mile (446-km) length of Grand Canyon are awe-inspiring experiences for many reasons, and they often motivate us to look deeper to understand how our human timescales of hundreds and thousands of years overlap with Earth’s many timescales reaching back millions and billions of years. This report summarizes how geologists tell time at Grand Canyon, and the resultant “best” numeric ages for the canyon’s strata based on recent scientific research. By best, we mean the most accurate and precise ages available, given the dating techniques used, geologic constraints, the availability of datable material, and the fossil record of Grand Canyon rock units. This paper updates a previously-published compilation of best numeric ages (Mathis and Bowman 2005a; 2005b; 2007) to incorporate recent revisions in the canyon’s stratigraphic nomenclature and additional numeric age determinations published in the scientific literature. From bottom to top, Grand Canyon’s rocks can be ordered into three “sets” (or primary packages), each with an overarching story. The Vishnu Basement Rocks were once tens of miles deep as North America’s crust formed via collisions of volcanic island chains with the pre-existing continent between 1,840 and 1,375 million years ago. The Grand Canyon Supergroup contains evidence for early single-celled life and represents basins that record the assembly and breakup of an early supercontinent between 729 and 1,255 million years ago. The Layered Paleozoic Rocks encode stories, layer by layer, of dramatic geologic changes and the evolution of animal life during the Paleozoic Era (period of ancient life) between 270 and 530 million years ago. In addition to characterizing the ages and geology of the three sets of rocks, we provide numeric ages for all the groups and formations within each set. Nine tables list the best ages along with information on each unit’s tectonic or depositional environment, and specific information explaining why revisions were made to previously published numeric ages. Photographs, line drawings, and diagrams of the different rock formations are included, as well as an extensive glossary of geologic terms to help define important scientific concepts. The three sets of rocks are separated by rock contacts called unconformities formed during long periods of erosion. This report unravels the Great Unconformity, named by John Wesley Powell 150 years ago, and shows that it is made up of several distinct erosion surfaces. The Great Nonconformity is between the Vishnu Basement Rocks and the Grand Canyon Supergroup. The Great Angular Unconformity is between the Grand Canyon Supergroup and the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. Powell’s term, the Great Unconformity, is used for contacts where the Vishnu Basement Rocks are directly overlain by the Layered Paleozoic Rocks. The time missing at these and other unconformities within the sets is also summarized in this paper—a topic that can be as interesting as the time recorded. Our goal is to provide a single up-to-date reference that summarizes the main facets of when the rocks exposed in the canyon’s walls were formed and their geologic history. This authoritative and readable summary of the age of Grand Canyon rocks will hopefully be helpful to National Park Service staff including resource managers and park interpreters at many levels of geologic understandings...
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Norris, D. K. Geological setting. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/208889.
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Schetselaar, E., and G. Bellefleur. Geological background. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/296305.
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Wyatt, W. C., M. D. Hendricks, J. E. Athey, and P. G. Ekberg. Lessons From converting Alaska digital geologic maps to the USGS Geologic Map Schema (GeMS) (presentation): U.S. Geological Survey Digital Mapping Techniques Workshop Series DMT2020 (A Virtual Event), June 8-10, 2020. Alaska Division of Geological & Geophysical Surveys, June 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14509/30543.
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