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Journal articles on the topic 'Geología - Chile - Salar de Atacama'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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1

Reijs, Jurriaan, and Ken McClay. "Salar Grande pull-apart basin, Atacama Fault System, northern Chile." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 135, no. 1 (1998): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1998.135.01.09.

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2

Jordan, T. E., C. Mpodozis, N. Muñoz, N. Blanco, P. Pananont, and M. Gardeweg. "Cenozoic subsurface stratigraphy and structure of the Salar de Atacama Basin, northern Chile." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 23, no. 2-3 (February 2007): 122–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2006.09.024.

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3

Mather, Anne E., and Adrian Hartley. "Flow events on a hyper-arid alluvial fan: Quebrada Tambores, Salar de Atacama, northern Chile." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 251, no. 1 (2005): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.2005.251.01.02.

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4

Pastenes, Luis, Michel Sallaberry, Claudio Correa, Alberto Veloso, and Marco Méndez. "Phylogeography of Rhinella spinulosa (Anura: Bufonidae) in northern Chile." Amphibia-Reptilia 31, no. 1 (2010): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853810790457939.

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AbstractThe southern part of the Altiplano of the Andes Range is characterized by a complex hydrography, due to an intense geologic activity and the effects of the Pleistocene glaciations. This has produced a high degree of diversity at the species level in some aquatic taxa (e.g., fish and amphibians), which suggests that these same processes have produced divergence at the intraspecific level in co-distributed taxa. We investigated the genetic variation in populations of the anuran Rhinella spinulosa which represent its entire distribution in the extreme north of Chile (17°44′S-23°47′S). Haplotype networks of the mitochondrial control region recognized two main lineages, one of which is distributed from the northern boundary of Chile to the Salar de Alconcha and the other from the Salar de Carcote to the locality of Tilomonte. The northern lineage showed little phylogeographic structure; a few very frequent haplotypes are widely distributed. The southern lineage had greater structure, due principally to the high divergence of the populations from the eastern springs of the Salar de Atacama. Fu's Fs test and the mismatch distributions suggested that most of the populations of both lineages are in the process of demographic expansion. The spatial distribution of the genetic variability was correlated with the hydrography and the paleoclimatological data available for the region, which suggested that geographic expansions followed by periods of contraction of population ranges, together with sporadic floods may explain the observed phylogeographic patterns.

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5

Liu, Wenjuan, and Datu B. Agusdinata. "Dynamics of local impacts in low-carbon transition: Agent-based modeling of lithium mining-community-aquifer interactions in Salar de Atacama, Chile." Extractive Industries and Society 8, no. 3 (September 2021): 100927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2021.100927.

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6

Carmona, V., J. J. Pueyo, C. Taberner, G. Chong, and M. Thirlwall. "Solute inputs in the Salar de Atacama (N. Chile)." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 69-70 (June 2000): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0375-6742(00)00128-x.

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7

Babidge, Sally, and Paola Bolados. "Neoextractivism and Indigenous Water Ritual in Salar de Atacama, Chile." Latin American Perspectives 45, no. 5 (June 12, 2018): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x18782673.

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Latin American governments are neoextractivist: they promote exploitation of natural resources as central to economic development while acting to mitigate some of the excesses of extractive activity. In the space left open by the neoliberal state in the Salar de Atacama in northern Chile, the mining industry creates its own regulatory mechanisms and provides infrastructure and “improvement” projects to indigenous communities. While these projects gain a degree of consent to water extraction and the value of water for development, indigenous people also resist the neoextractivist project. The contradictions of extractivism-as-development are evident in everyday life and articulated in ritual and cultural practice. We take the example of a ritual and work event, the limpia de canales (canal cleaning), to narrate something of local responses to neoextractivist conditions. Los gobiernos latinoamericanos son neoextractivistas: promueven la explotación de los recursos naturales como elemento central del desarrollo económico y al mismo tiempo actúan para mitigar algunos de los excesos de la actividad extractiva. En el espacio abandonado por el estado neoliberal en el Salar de Atacama en el norte de Chile, la industria minera crea sus propios mecanismos regulatorios y proporciona infraestructura y proyectos de “mejora” a las comunidades indígenas. Si bien estos proyectos obtienen un grado de consentimiento para la extracción de agua y el valor del agua para el desarrollo, los pueblos indígenas también se resisten al proyecto neoextractivista. Las contradicciones del extractivismo como desarrollo son evidentes en la vida cotidiana y se articulan en la práctica ritual y cultural. Tomamos el ejemplo de un evento ritual y laboral, la limpia de canales, para narrar algo de las respuestas locales a las condiciones neoextractivistas.

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8

Zúñiga, L. R., V. Campos, H. Pinochet, and B. Prado. "A limnological reconnaissance of Lake Tebenquiche, Salar de Atacama, Chile." Hydrobiologia 210, no. 1-2 (March 1991): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00014320.

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9

Pananont, P., C. Mpodozis, N. Blanco, T. E. Jordan, and L. D. Brown. "Cenozoic evolution of the northwestern Salar de Atacama Basin, northern Chile." Tectonics 23, no. 6 (December 2004): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2003tc001595.

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10

Prado, Bernardo, Ana del Moral, and Victoriano Campos. "Distribution and types of Heterotrophyc Halophilic Flora from Salar de Atacama, chile." Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry 38, no. 3-4 (September 1993): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02772249309357887.

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11

Liu, Wenjuan, and Datu B. Agusdinata. "Interdependencies of lithium mining and communities sustainability in Salar de Atacama, Chile." Journal of Cleaner Production 260 (July 2020): 120838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120838.

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12

Redón, Stella, Gonzalo Gajardo, Gergana Vasileva, Marta Sánchez, and Andy Green. "Explaining Variation in Abundance and Species Diversity of Avian Cestodes in Brine Shrimps in the Salar de Atacama and Other Chilean Wetlands." Water 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131742.

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Further biogeographical studies of parasites are vital to improve our understanding of biodiversity distribution and predict the impacts of global change. Hypersaline lakes are good laboratories to investigate the avian cestode abundance and species diversity given the abundance of hosts (waterbirds and Artemia) and their broad latitudinal distribution. We analysed cestode infection in brine shrimp Artemia franciscana in northern (Atacama) and central Chile and compared them to results from A. persimilis in southern Chile (Patagonia). Thus, we covered a broad latitudinal gradient from 23° to 53° S. Five cestode taxa including two species of the genus Flamingolepis, Gynandrotaenia stammeri, Eurycestus avoceti, and Fuhrmannolepis averini were recorded from A. franciscana in Atacama lagoons (prevalence = 4.1%). In contrast, no cestode infection was detected in central Chile, likely because they are temporary wetlands. Parasites of flamingos and shorebirds were associated with Atacama lagoons (arid and higher salinity), while Confluaria podicipina and Fimbriarioides sp. (parasites of grebes and ducks, respectively) were dominant in Patagonian lagoons (sub-antarctic and of lower salinity). These differences mirror changes in the relative abundance of the respective final hosts. The flamingo parasite Flamingolepis sp. 1 was the most prevalent and abundant cestode in Atacama, where it was recorded only in autumn. Seasonality and habitat effects (especially abundance and phenology of different bird species) appear to override any latitudinal trends in the prevalence, diversity, and distribution of cestodes. Cestode prevalence was higher in larger wetlands but was not related to the sex of either intermediate host. We recorded a greater taxonomic richness at the cestode family level in Atacama, but a greater dominance of a single family of avian hosts (the flamingos). Ours is the first spatio–temporal study of Artemia cestodes at local and regional scales in the southern hemisphere.

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13

Lizama, Catherine, Mercedes Monteoliva-Sánchez, Bernardo Prado, Alberto Ramos-Cormenzana, Jurgen Weckesser, and Victoriano Campos. "Taxonomic Study of Extreme Halophilic Archaea Isolated from the “Salar de Atacama”, Chile." Systematic and Applied Microbiology 24, no. 3 (January 2001): 464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1078/0723-2020-00053.

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14

Sánchez-García, Laura, Christoph Aeppli, Victor Parro, David Fernández-Remolar, Miriam García-Villadangos, Guillermo Chong-Diaz, Yolanda Blanco, and Daniel Carrizo. "Molecular biomarkers in the subsurface of the Salar Grande (Atacama, Chile) evaporitic deposits." Biogeochemistry 140, no. 1 (August 2018): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-018-0477-3.

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15

Kampf, Stephanie K., Scott W. Tyler, Cristián A. Ortiz, José F. Muñoz, and Paula L. Adkins. "Evaporation and land surface energy budget at the Salar de Atacama, Northern Chile." Journal of Hydrology 310, no. 1-4 (August 2005): 236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.01.005.

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16

Boucot, A. J., Heinrich Bahlburg, Christoph Breitkreuz, Peter E. Isaacson, Hans Niemeyer, and Felipe Urzua. "Devonian brachiopods from northern Chile." Journal of Paleontology 69, no. 2 (March 1995): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000034594.

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Fossiliferous marine Devonian has been known in Chile for less than a decade. The initial discovery from south of the Salar de Atacama region, in the Sierra de Almeida, northern Chile is described together with its brachiopods. The brachiopods indicate an age span of Emsian–Eifelian or Givetian, shallow-water conditions in the Benthic Assemblage 2 range, and a biogeographic boundary region between the cool climate Malvinokaffric Realm and warmer region extra-Malvinokaffric Realms, including the Eastern Americas Realm and the Rhenish-Bohemian Region of the Old World Realm. The recent discovery of a Malvinokaffric Realm trilobite far to the south in Chile, at Buill in the Andes of Chiloe, serves to underline our very preliminary knowledge of the Chilean Devonian, whereas the alleged Devonian brachiopods from the Chonos Archipelago far to the south are probably bivalves of uncertain age.

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17

Bobst, Andrew L., Tim K. Lowenstein, Teresa E. Jordan, Linda V. Godfrey, Teh-Lung Ku, and Shangde Luo. "A 106ka paleoclimate record from drill core of the Salar de Atacama, northern Chile." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 173, no. 1-2 (September 2001): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-0182(01)00308-x.

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18

Otálora, Fermín, Joaquín Criado-Reyes, Magi Baselga, Angels Canals, Cristobal Verdugo-Escamilla, and Juan Manuel García Ruiz. "Hydrochemical and Mineralogical Evolution through Evaporitic Processes in Salar de Llamara Brines (Atacama, Chile)." ACS Earth and Space Chemistry 4, no. 6 (May 20, 2020): 882–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsearthspacechem.0c00085.

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19

Ortiz, C., R. Aravena, E. Briones, F. Suárez, C. Tore, and J. F. Muñoz. "Sources of surface water for the Soncor ecosystem, Salar de Atacama basin, northern Chile." Hydrological Sciences Journal 59, no. 2 (February 2014): 336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.829231.

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20

Babidge, Sally, Fernanda Kalazich, Manuel Prieto, and Karina Yager. "'That's the problem with that lake; it changes sides': mapping extraction and ecological exhaustion in the Atacama." Journal of Political Ecology 26, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23169.

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<p>Multiple dynamics produce the ecological present. For the past 30 years or more, in the southern Atacama salt pan (Salar) in northern Chile, extractive industries have been accumulating minerals and water in exhaustive quantities, taking ever more than may be regenerated. However, the exhaustion of the Salar de Atacama involves a more complex set of symptoms than demonstrable environmental depletion. Fragmented scientific knowledge of the salt pan due to the privatization of water and under-regulation of mining provides a partial explanation for this complexity. In this article, we discuss these political conditions of environmental knowledge and, using a range of methodologies, we show that the scale of resource extraction threatens social and environmental harm and exhaustion may manifest in unexpected ways. We used remote sensing data to elaborate maps that reflect environmental change (1985-2017), relative to the intensification of extractive activity for copper and lithium salts in the area. Using these data, we undertook ethnographic and participatory mapping work to discuss with people from the Peine Indigenous community how they have experienced ecological change related to mineral and water extraction in the southern Salar. A review of the historical and archaeological material helps us to show the depth of Indigenous people's relationships to and knowledge of the salt pan and surrounds, and how social memory may be ecological. Combining the different results of our research, we argue that ecological exhaustion emerges from social, environmental and political conditions driven by both tangible and uncertain impacts of industrial extraction. Revealing these conditions of exhaustion raises key questions about the complexity of the effects of extraction.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Indigenous peoples; Salar de Atacama; participatory mapping; mining; water rights</p>

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21

Prado, B., A. Del Moral, E. Quesada, R. Ríos, M. Monteoliva-Sanchez, V. Campos, and A. Ramos-Cormenzana. "Numerical Taxonomy of Moderately Halophilic Gram-negative Rods Isolated from the Salar de Atacama, Chile." Systematic and Applied Microbiology 14, no. 3 (July 1991): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80381-4.

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22

Quade, Jay, Jason A. Rech, Julio L. Betancourt, Claudio Latorre, Barbra Quade, Kate Aasen Rylander, and Timothy Fisher. "Paleowetlands and regional climate change in the central Atacama Desert, northern chile." Quaternary Research 69, no. 03 (May 2008): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.01.003.

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Widespread, organic-rich diatomaceous deposits are evidence for formerly wetter times along the margins of the central Atacama Desert, one of the driest places on Earth today. We mapped and dated these paleowetland deposits at three presently waterless locations near Salar de Punta Negra (24.5°S) on the western slope of the Andes. Elevated groundwater levels supported phreatic discharge into wetlands during two periods: 15,900 to ~ 13,800 and 12,700 to ~ 9700 cal yr BP. Dense concentrations of lithic artifacts testify to the presence of paleoindians around the wetlands late in the second wet phase (11,000?–9700 cal yr BP). Water tables dropped below the surface before 15,900 and since 8100 cal yr BP, and briefly between ~ 13,800 and 12,700 cal yr BP. This temporal pattern is repeated, with some slight differences, in rodent middens from the study area, in both paleowetland and rodent midden deposits north and south of the study area, and in lake level fluctuations on the adjacent Bolivian Altiplano. The regional synchroneity of these changes points to a strengthening of the South American Monsoon — which we term the "Central Andean Pluvial Event" — in two distinct intervals (15,900–13,800 and 12,700–9700 cal yr BP), probably induced by steepened SST gradients across the tropical Pacific (i.e., La Niña-like conditions).

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23

Lowenstein, T. K., M. C. Hein, A. L. Bobst, T. E. Jordan, T. L. Ku, and S. Luo. "An Assessment of Stratigraphic Completeness in Climate-Sensitive Closed-Basin Lake Sediments: Salar de Atacama, Chile." Journal of Sedimentary Research 73, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 91–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/061002730091.

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24

Boutt, David F., Scott A. Hynek, Lee Ann Munk, and Lilly G. Corenthal. "Rapid recharge of fresh water to the halite-hosted brine aquifer of Salar de Atacama, Chile." Hydrological Processes 30, no. 25 (October 24, 2016): 4720–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10994.

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25

Babidge, Sally. "Sustaining ignorance: the uncertainties of groundwater and its extraction in the Salar de Atacama, northern Chile." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 25, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9655.12965.

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26

Rivadeneyra, María-Angustias, Gabriel Delgado, Miguel Soriano, Alberto Ramos-Cormenzana, and Rafael Delgado. "Biomineralization of Carbonates by Marinococcus albus and Marinococcus halophilus Isolated from the Salar de Atacama (Chile)." Current Microbiology 39, no. 1 (July 1999): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00006827.

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27

Arias, Dayana, Luis A. Cisternas, and Mariella Rivas. "Biomineralization of calcium and magnesium crystals from seawater by halotolerant bacteria isolated from Atacama Salar (Chile)." Desalination 405 (March 2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2016.11.027.

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28

Molina Otárola, Raúl. "CONTROL TERRITORIAL INDÍGENA Y GESTIÓN TURÍSTICA DE ÁREAS SILVESTRES PROTEGIDAS: EXPERIENCIA ATACAMEÑA Y RAPA NUI, CHILE // INDIGENOUS TERRITORIAL CONTROL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT OF PROTECTED WILD AREAS: EXPERIENCE ATACAMEÑA AND RAPA NUI, CHILE." Polígonos. Revista de Geografía, no. 30 (December 27, 2018): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pol.v0i30.5695.

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El presente trabajo analiza el proceso llevado adelante por comunidades y pueblos indígenas de Chile para lograr la coadministración o la gestión autónoma de Parques y Reservas Nacionales que han tenido relevancia para el turismo. Para ello, se analiza el proceso de emergencia étnica, la demanda territorial y los derechos indígenas adquiridos en las últimas tres décadas. Enseguida se describen los procesos que llevaron a comunidades atacameñas a lograr la coadministración de la Reserva Nacional Los Flamencos en el Salar de Atacama, y al pueblo rapanui a lograr el traspaso del Parque Nacional Rapa Nui para su administración autónoma. Finalmente, se destacan las semejanzas y diferencias de estas dos experiencias de manejo de áreas silvestres protegidas y su relevancia para los procesos de autonomía y autodeterminación de los pueblos indígenas en Chile.

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29

Salazar-Ardiles, Camila, Tamara Caimanque, Alexandra Galetović, Claudia Vilo, Jorge E. Araya, Nataly Flores, and Benito Gómez-Silva. "Staphylococcus sciuri Strain LCHXa is a Free-Living Lithium-Tolerant Bacterium Isolated from Salar de Atacama, Chile." Microorganisms 8, no. 5 (May 5, 2020): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8050668.

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In addition to the industrial and biomedical applications of lithium, information on the tolerance of microorganisms to high Li concentrations in natural biological systems is limited. Strain LCHXa is a novel free-living Gram-positive, non-motile bacterium strain isolated from water samples taken at Laguna Chaxa, a non-industrial water body with the highest soluble Li content (33 mM LiCl) within the Salar de Atacama basin in northern Chile. Enrichment was conducted in Luria-Bertani (LB) medium supplemented with 1 M LiCl. Strain LCHXa was a Novobiocin-resistant and coagulase negative Staphylococcus. Phylogenetically, strain LCHXa belongs to the species Staphylococcus sciuri. Strain LCHXa grew optimally in LB medium at pH 6–8 and 37 °C, and it was able to sustain growth at molar Li concentrations at 2 M LiCl, with a decrease in the specific growth rate of 85%. Osmoregulation in strain LCHXa partially involves glycine betaine and glycerol as compatible solutes.

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30

Gajardo, Gonzalo M., and John A. Beardmore. "Electrophoretic evidence suggests that the Artemia found in the Salar de Atacama, Chile, is A. franciscana Kellogg." Hydrobiologia 257, no. 2 (April 1993): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00005947.

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31

Cubillos, Carolina F., Pablo Aguilar, Mario Grágeda, and Cristina Dorador. "Microbial Communities From the World's Largest Lithium Reserve, Salar de Atacama, Chile: Life at High LiCl Concentrations." Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 123, no. 12 (December 2018): 3668–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jg004621.

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32

Kampf, Stephanie K., and Scott W. Tyler. "Spatial characterization of land surface energy fluxes and uncertainty estimation at the Salar de Atacama, Northern Chile." Advances in Water Resources 29, no. 2 (February 2006): 336–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.02.017.

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33

Jerez, Bárbara, Ingrid Garcés, and Robinson Torres. "Lithium extractivism and water injustices in the Salar de Atacama, Chile: The colonial shadow of green electromobility." Political Geography 87 (May 2021): 102382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2021.102382.

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34

González, Alonso, Mario Grágeda, Adrián Quispe, Svetlana Ushak, Philippe Sistat, and Marc Cretin. "Application and Analysis of Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis for LiOH Production at High Electrolyte Concentrations: Current Scope and Challenges." Membranes 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2021): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11080575.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate obtaining LiOH directly from brines with high LiCl concentrations using bipolar membrane electrodialysis by the analysis of Li+ ion transport phenomena. For this purpose, Neosepta BP and Fumasep FBM bipolar membranes were characterized by linear sweep voltammetry, and the Li+ transport number in cation-exchange membranes was determined. In addition, a laboratory-scale reactor was designed, constructed, and tested to develop experimental LiOH production tests. The selected LiCl concentration range, based on productive process concentrations for Salar de Atacama (Chile), was between 14 and 34 wt%. Concentration and current density effects on LiOH production, current efficiency, and specific electricity consumption were evaluated. The highest current efficiency obtained was 0.77 at initial concentrations of LiOH 0.5 wt% and LiCl 14 wt%. On the other hand, a concentrated LiOH solution (between 3.34 wt% and 4.35 wt%, with a solution purity between 96.0% and 95.4%, respectively) was obtained. The results of this work show the feasibility of LiOH production from concentrated brines by means of bipolar membrane electrodialysis, bringing the implementation of this technology closer to LiOH production on a larger scale. Moreover, being an electrochemical process, this could be driven by Solar PV, taking advantage of the high solar radiation conditions in the Atacama Desert in Chile.

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35

Henriquez, Susana, Peter G. DeCelles, and Barbara Carrapa. "Cretaceous to Middle Cenozoic Exhumation History of the Cordillera de Domeyko and Salar de Atacama Basin, Northern Chile." Tectonics 38, no. 2 (February 2019): 395–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018tc005203.

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36

Dorador, Cristina, Patrick Fink, Martha Hengst, Gonzalo Icaza, Alvaro S. Villalobos, Drina Vejar, Daniela Meneses, et al. "Microbial community composition and trophic role along a marked salinity gradient in Laguna Puilar, Salar de Atacama, Chile." Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 111, no. 8 (May 9, 2018): 1361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10482-018-1091-z.

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37

Kurth, Daniel, Dario Elias, María Cecilia Rasuk, Manuel Contreras, and María Eugenia Farías. "Carbon fixation and rhodopsin systems in microbial mats from hypersaline lakes Brava and Tebenquiche, Salar de Atacama, Chile." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): e0246656. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246656.

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In this work, molecular diversity of two hypersaline microbial mats was compared by Whole Genome Shotgun (WGS) sequencing of environmental DNA from the mats. Brava and Tebenquiche are lakes in the Salar de Atacama, Chile, where microbial communities are growing in extreme conditions, including high salinity, high solar irradiance, and high levels of toxic metals and metaloids. Evaporation creates hypersaline conditions in these lakes and mineral precipitation is a characteristic geomicrobiological feature of these benthic ecosystems. The mat from Brava was more rich and diverse, with a higher number of different taxa and with species more evenly distributed. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the most abundant, including ~75% of total sequences. At the genus level, the most abundant sequences were affilitated to anoxygenic phototropic and cyanobacterial genera. In Tebenquiche mats, Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes covered ~70% of the sequences, and 13% of the sequences were affiliated to Salinibacter genus, thus addressing the lower diversity. Regardless of the differences at the taxonomic level, functionally the two mats were similar. Thus, similar roles could be fulfilled by different organisms. Carbon fixation through the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway was well represented in these datasets, and also in other mats from Andean lakes. In spite of presenting less taxonomic diversity, Tebenquiche mats showed increased abundance and variety of rhodopsin genes. Comparison with other metagenomes allowed identifying xantorhodopsins as hallmark genes not only from Brava and Tebenquiche mats, but also for other mats developing at high altitudes in similar environmental conditions.

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38

Figueroa Sánchez, Johans. "Transición ecológica y extractivismo de litio en Chile." A&P Continuidad 7, no. 12 (July 10, 2020): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/23626097v7i12.248.

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El presente artículo plantea analizar la transición ecológica global y sus implicancias en la escala local de la cuenca del salar de Atacama en Chile. Como punto de partida, se reflexiona en torno a la transición hacia la movilidad eléctrica que articula un proceso de extractivismo de litio que genera degradación ambiental, afectando la disponibilidad hídrica y las formas de relación con la naturaleza del pueblo indígena lickanantay. El artículo se divide en cuatro partes: en la primera, fundamentalmente de revisión documental en torno al nuevo modelo de desarrollo sustentable, analizamos cómo este se articula a un proceso extractivista en países de la periferia del desarrollo. En la segunda, examinamos datos estadísticos para comprender la importancia de Sudamérica como fuente de litio en los flujos económicos de escala global. En tercer lugar, profundizamos en el trabajo de terreno en cuanto a un análisis de discurso de la introducción de nuevos actores y la confrontación de estos a la perspectiva del pueblo lickanantay. Finalmente, proponemos un análisis desde la matriz teórica de la ecología política para indagar la gobernanza hídrica e identificar implicancias del proceso de degradación medioambiental constatadas a partir de los relatos de actores indígenas sobre el proceso de transformación.

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Jorquera Silva, Natalia Soledad, Sophia Cornibert Valle, and Yanko Díaz. "Estado actual y transformaciones de la arquitectura de la vivienda tradicional Likan-antai. Los casos de Ayquina, Caspana y Toconce, Chile." Estudios Atacameños 67 (July 28, 2021): e3747. http://dx.doi.org/10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0016.

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El presente artículo dará a conocer el estado actual, en términos arquitectónicos y constructivos, de la vivienda tradicional Likan-antai de diez poblados entorno al Salar de Atacama y el río Loa, en la región de Antofagasta, Chile, para luego detenerse en las principales transformaciones de la arquitectura, tomando como casos de estudios específicos Ayquina, Caspana y Toconce. Con ello se dará cuenta del tránsito que han experimentado la arquitectura y las prácticas constructivas ancestrales, desde el uso exclusivo de materiales naturales disponibles en el entorno inmediato -en especial la piedra-, al empleo paulatino de elementos industrializados, lo que ha llevado a una diversificación de la arquitectura de la vivienda vernácula andina, subsistiendo sin embargo, patrones arraigados a la forma de habitar Likan-antai.

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Davis-Belmar, Carol S., Eric Pinto, Cecilia Demergasso, and George Rautenbach. "Proteo and Actinobacteria Diversity at a Sulfide, Salt and Acid-Rich Lake in the North of Chile." Advanced Materials Research 825 (October 2013): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.825.37.

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The Salar de Gorbea, located at the hyperarid Atacama region of the north of Chile, is an unusual extreme environment. Its unique characteristics of high acidity and salt concentration as well as the presence of sulfide and hydrothermal alterations, makes it an unprecedented source of novel microbial communities with potential biotechnological prospects. Several lakes covering a wide range of chloride concentrations were sampled, characterized and enriched under acidic and high salt conditions. Site samples were characterized by the presence of novel Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria strains with closest relatives of the generaLeifsonia,Francisella,Novosphingobium,Mycobacterium,DunalielaandRickettsia. Several enrichments on diverse conditions and substrates (pyrite, elemental sulfur, ferrous iron and different organic compounds) were tested although few enrichments provided considerable and reproducible growth. Successful enrichments showed the presence and growth of novel strains of the generaAcidisomaandAlkalibacter, genera that have been identified as part of communities that prosper in acid mine drainage systems. The later enrichments were grown under mixotrophic conditions and gradually exposed to increasing concentrations of chloride.

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Kunasz, Ihor A. "Lithium - the Metal of the Future?" MRS Proceedings 1492 (2013): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.55.

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ABSTRACTThe second half of the twentieth century saw a dramatic shift in lithium chemicals production from traditional pegmatite sources to brines. Today, the bulk of lithium carbonate, which serves as the raw material for various downstream lithium chemicals, including lithium metal for the lithium batteries, is produced from the brines of the Salar de Atacama, Chile, the Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina and Clayton Valley Nevada, U.S.A. There is minor production in Tibet and the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Australian spodumene concentrates are converted to lithium carbonate in the PRC.The resurgence in the potential development of electric cars has resulted in the increased exploration for and identification of potential new lithium brine operations and the reassessment of some pegmatite deposits.A number of predictions for a potentially large electric car market scenario have raised questions on the availability of sufficient lithium resources. However, since the original 1976 report on global lithium resources by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering, newly identified deposits have almost quadrupled the total potentially available lithium resources. Based on the best predictions, the lithium supply is more than adequate to meet the demand for electric cars well into the 21st century.

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Stivaletta, Nunzia, Roberto Barbieri, Federica Cevenini, and Purificación López-García. "Physicochemical Conditions and Microbial Diversity Associated with the Evaporite Deposits in the Laguna de la Piedra (Salar de Atacama, Chile)." Geomicrobiology Journal 28, no. 1 (January 18, 2011): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01490451003653102.

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Farias, Maria Eugenia, Maria Cecilia Rasuk, Kimberley L. Gallagher, Manuel Contreras, Daniel Kurth, Ana Beatriz Fernandez, Daniel Poiré, Fernando Novoa, and Pieter T. Visscher. "Prokaryotic diversity and biogeochemical characteristics of benthic microbial ecosystems at La Brava, a hypersaline lake at Salar de Atacama, Chile." PLOS ONE 12, no. 11 (November 15, 2017): e0186867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186867.

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Villagrán, Carolina, Victoria Castro, Gilberto Sánchez, Marcela Romo, Claudio Latorre, and Luis Felipe Hinojosa. "La tradición surandina del desierto: etnobotánica del área del Salar de Atacama (Provincia de El Loa, Región de Antofagasta, Chile)." Estudios Atacameños. Arqueología y antropología surandinas., no. 16 (1998): 8–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22199/s07181043.1998.0016.00002.

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BOSCHETTI, T., G. CORTECCI, M. BARBIERI, and M. MUSSI. "New and past geochemical data on fresh to brine waters of the Salar de Atacama and Andean Altiplano, northern Chile." Geofluids 7, no. 1 (February 2007): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2006.00159.x.

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Horta Tricallotis, Helena, Javier Echeverría, Isaac Peña-Villalobos, Alethia Quirgas, Alejandra Vidal, Wilfredo Faundes, and Aryel Pacheco. "Práctica religiosa, especialización artesanal y estatus: hacia la comprensión del rol social del consumo de alucinógenos en el salar de Atacama, norte de Chile (500-1500 d. C.)." Estudios Atacameños 67 (March 30, 2021): e3906. http://dx.doi.org/10.22199/issn.0718-1043-2021-0002.

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Este trabajo entrega parte de los resultados de una investigación multidisciplinaria centrada en el estudio contextual de los ajuares funerarios de seis cementerios prehispánicos de los oasis de San Pedro de Atacama, Región de Antofagasta, Chile. El objetivo central fue profundizar en los aspectos sociales y rituales del sistema religioso prehispánico en Atacama (500-1500 d. C.), tomando como base las evidencias arqueológicas de la parafernalia alucinógena para dilucidar la identidad de los individuos que la poseían, y verificar la hipótesis acerca de su condición de integrantes de la elite atacameña. Bases de datos con la información transcrita desde las Notas de Le Paige para dichos cementerios sirvieron como instrumento básico para el análisis estadístico de las diversas categorías artefactuales; ello permitió establecer correlaciones entre los diferentes componentes de las ofrendas mortuorias, comparando aquellos que incluían elementos del equipo sicotrópico con los que carecían de ellos. De esta forma, surgieron diferencias en el manejo de determinados bienes que integran el círculo de objetos "materializadores” de la elite atacameña. Lo anterior plantea la existencia de diferentes especializaciones artesanales entre ayllus y diferencias de estatus al interior de esta sociedad, así como el control de los circuitos de intercambio interregional por parte de dicha elite.

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Bolados García, Paola, and Sally Babidge. "RITUALIDAD Y EXTRACTIVISMO: LA LIMPIA DE CANALES Y LAS DISPUTAS POR EL AGUA EN EL SALAR DE ATACAMA-NORTE DE CHILE." Estudios atacameños, ahead (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-10432016005000026.

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Picotti, Vincenzo. "Paleohydrology of the Salar de Atacama (Chile) in the last 70 ky from river terraces and halite cave morphology and deposits." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 380–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.1180.

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Marazuela, M. A., E. Vázquez-Suñé, E. Custodio, T. Palma, A. García-Gil, and C. Ayora. "3D mapping, hydrodynamics and modelling of the freshwater-brine mixing zone in salt flats similar to the Salar de Atacama (Chile)." Journal of Hydrology 561 (June 2018): 223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.04.010.

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Soto Rodríguez, Catalina. "DISTRIBUCIÓN Y SIGNIFICADO DE LOS RESTOS MALACOLÓGICOS EN LA FASE TILOCALAR (3130-2380 AP), QUEBRADA TULAN (SALAR DE ATACAMA, NORTE DE CHILE)." Estudios atacameños, no. 51 (December 2015): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-10432015000200005.

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