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Journal articles on the topic 'Geological surveys Geology, Economic Natural resources'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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1

Tsukahara, Togo. "An Unpublished Manuscript Geologica Japonica by Von Siebold: Geology, Mineralogy, and Copper in the Context of Dutch Colonial Science and the Introduction of Western Geo-sciences to Japan." East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 40, no. 1 (June 25, 2014): 45–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669323-04001004.

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In this article, I will discuss one important aspect of historical encounters between Western colonial scientists and Japanese nature. In order to do so, I will shed new light on how geo-sciences became an object of scientific research of Japan, in the framework of Dutch colonial sciences. I will also show that Western interests in Japanese geo-sciences were primarily stimulated by economic motivations, and that, at the same time, it accompanied the process of the introduction of modern Western sciences into Japan. It is well-known that Philipp Franz von Siebold (1796-1866) studied Japanese natural history widely, and wrote two standard works, Flora Japonica and Fauna Japonica. This paper examines a newly found unpublished manuscript Geologica Japonica by von Siebold, which discusses Japanese geology and mineralogy, and reports on copper mining and smelting. Mineralogical and geological collections have also been discovered in museums at Leiden, the Netherlands. These collections are now identified as the research materials used in the preparation of this manuscript, and found to be the first systematic European geo-scientific collections from Japan. The collection of rocks and minerals from Japan has been proved as mostly collected and identified by Heinrich Burger (1806-1858), a pharmacist and assistant to von Siebold. Burger classified the collection using two nomenclature systems, those of A. G. Werner and R. Hauy. We further point out that the Dutch were interested in the useful natural resources of their trading partner, carrying out a survey of coal mines in Japan, and the trial of tea transplantation from Japan to Java. In my research on the newly found manuscripts and collections of geology and mineralogy, I clarify that von Siebold and Burger intensively investigated Japanese copper mining and smelting. They reported their visit to the Sumitomo copper refinery at Osaka, and Burger wrote an article on Japanese copper in the journal of the Batavian Society for Arts and Sciences. In conclusion, based on close study of newly examined manuscripts and detailed identification of geological collections, a network of interest in Japan’s geology and mineralogy by Dutch colonial scientist is illustrated, and its hybrid character is demonstrated against the background of Dutch- Japan cultural exchange.
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2

Milici, Robert, and C. Hobbs. "William Barton Rogers and the First Geological Survey of Virginia, 1835 - 1841." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.1.h913334r26963621.

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Virginia was the fifth state in the United States to establish a geological survey. Support for this bold venture to develop the state's mineral wealth came from the Geological Society of Pennsylvania, several prominent Virginia citizens, and county legislators. On March 6, 1835 the General Assembly passed an act to authorize a geological reconnaissance. Shortly thereafter William Barton Rogers was appointed to direct the survey, as well as being elected to the chair of natural philosophy at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. Within a nine-month period he prepared a report on limestones, sandstones, granites, slates, soapstones, coal, ores of iron, copper, gold, and other materials having economic potential. This report influenced the legislature to give financial support to the survey through April 1842. He prepared six annual reports and numerous papers and in 1853 left Charlottesville for Boston, Massachusetts, where he founded the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Rogers identified several rock units using stratigraphic names correlative with those in Pennsylvania and New York. His works were among the first to deal with igneous and metamorphic rocks in the state. He and his brother, Henry Darwin Rogers, made the first major structural synthesis of the Appalachian chain, recognizing inverted folds and reverse faults. Rogers' works were used as a basis of the development of Virginia geology and mineral resources beyond his demise in 1882. Emma Rogers, his wife, compiled his papers and reports, a vital legacy published in 1884. William and Henry were in constant contact with one another and many other geologists during their years of study in the Appalachian mountains. Indeed, they relied heavily upon Conrad and Hall of New York for detailed paleontologic and stratigraphic work, which they applied to their own areas in Virginia and Pennsylvania.
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3

Christmann, Patrice, Nikolaos Arvanitidis, Luis Martins, Gilles Recoché, and Slavko Solar. "Towards the Sustainable Use of Mineral Resources: A European Geological Surveys Perspective." Minerals & Energy - Raw Materials Report 22, no. 3-4 (December 2007): 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14041040701405662.

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4

Goldman, Michael. "A Survey of Typical Claims and Key Defenses Asserted in Recent Hydraulic Fracturing Litigation." Texas A&M Law Review 1, no. 2 (November 2013): 305–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v1.i2.2.

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Small energy companies using hydraulic fracturing, along with horizontal drilling, are unlocking vast oil and natural gas deposits trapped in shale all over the United States. Over the past few years, several key technical, economic, and energy policy developments have spurred increased use of hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas extraction over a wider diversity of geographic regions and geologic formations.2 However, with the expansion of hydraulic fracturing, there have been increasing concerns voiced by the public about potential impacts on drinking water resources, public health, and the environment.
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Hill, P. R., D. Lebel, M. Hitzman, M. Smelror, and H. Thorleifson. "About this title - The Changing Role of Geological Surveys." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 499, no. 1 (2020): NP. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp499.

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Senior managers and Heads of Geological Survey Organizations (GSOs) from around the world have contributed a collection of papers to provide a benchmark on how GSOs are responding to national and international needs in a rapidly changing world. GSOs continue to provide key scientific information about Earth systems, natural hazards and climate change. As countries adopt sustainable development principles and the public increasingly turns to social media to find information about resource and environmental issues, the generation and communication of Earth science knowledge become increasingly important. This volume provides a snapshot of how GSOs are adapting their activities to this changing world. The different national perspectives presented converge around several common themes related to resources, environment and big data. Climate change and the UN's Sustainable Development Goals provide an increased incentive for GSOs of the world to work in harmony, to generate knowledge of Earth systems and to provide solutions for sustainable management of the planet.
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6

Penha, Hélio Monteiro. "A geologia e os problemas ambientais." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 13 (December 1, 1990): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/1990_0_31-38.

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The present paper deals with environmental problems - from a geological point of view - which have been worsened considerably in recent times, due mainly to the exploitation of our natural resources. The classic concepts concerning the environmental problems are reviewed here. It must be emphasized that we must profit from the present experience in order to forecast the problems we can expect to have in the near future. Finally, this contribution enhances the role of the geological sciences in matters concerning the exploitation and the conservation of natural resources.
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7

Bodiuk, Adam. "Application of the principle of threeunity for the evaluation of ironore deposits." Problems of Innovation and Investment Development, no. 19 (April 2019): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.33813/2224-1213.19.2019.16.

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Subject of research – deposits of iron ore on the principle of threeunity asobjects of natural, needs, economic. The purpose of writing the article is thedevelopment of a resource-based approach to the study of problems, systems ofconcepts and indicators that allow to characterize the resource-cost aspects andevaluation of the results of the study of iron ore deposits in accordance with theirneeds in the process of exploration of mineral resources, conducting search andexploration research and work. Because we are substantiated by the need-resourceconcept of the EG, the system of indicators of iron ore stocks. The methodologyof the work – application of abstract-logical, system-structural and comparativeanalysis (to determine the system of concepts and indicators that allow characterizingresource-cost aspects and evaluating the results of the study of deposits of ironores); analysis (study of the right base for studying the geology of the interior);monographic analysis (with the application of a resource approach); generalization(formation of a system of monetary obligations to the state); interpretation(substantiated systems of concepts using the principle of threeunity and resourceand cost estimates for the study of mineral resources, minerals, conductingexploratory research and work on the needs and resources concept of economicgeology). Results of work-justified: resource approach to evaluation of exploreddeposits of iron ore; Consideration on the principle of fourunity quaternity ofgeological objects as: natural resources (quantity, quality, structure of ores);production and economic resources (costs, production facilities); informationalresources ie information display of geology of subsoil (for example, deposits inthe form of geological maps, geological reports); property resources (fiscal payments from the sale of deposits, iron ore, information about them). Conclusions -using the resource approach and the fourunity principle, iron ore deposits canbe estimated not by geological and economic indicators, but by a system ofquantitative and qualitative indicators, which reflect them as objects of natural,industrial-economic, informational, and fiscal.
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8

Nurpeissova, M., M. Zh Bitimbayev, К. В. Rysbekov, K. Derbisov, Т. Тurumbetov, and R. Shults. "GEODETIC SUBSTANTIATION OF THE SARYARKA COPPER ORE REGION." NEWS of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan 6, no. 444 (December 15, 2020): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-170x.147.

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. Information about copper deposits of Kazakhstan, development of which is carried out in the Saryarka region and its role in the development of the mining industry are considered in the article. Geological, structural and tectonic features of the deposits are presented. Research results on improvement methods of studying and geomechanical processes management in the development of mineral resources are presented. It is shown that the problem of geomechanical processes management can be solved on the basis of methodology for rock condition geomonitoring considered in this article, which provides comprehensive accounting and analysis of all natural and technogenic factors, as well as use of control tools developed by the authors. The article presents technical solutions to ensure operational safety during the development of Saryarka region field reserves, which occur in difficult mining and geological conditions. Ore bodies of the deposit have different sizes and are located at different depths, therefore, seismic surveys are carried out. The geodetic network of provisional seismic surveys at the field has been substantiated. It is proposed to conduct surveys using modern geodetic instruments, such as satellite technologies, electronic, digital geodetic instruments. The geodetic survey methods proposed by the authors provide information on the bowels of the earth with a high degree of accuracy.
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9

Volkova, Irina, Dmitry Gura, and Ilia Aksenov. "Abiogenic and Biogenic Petroleum Origin: A Common Theory for Geological Surveys." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2021): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw210008.

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Biogenic and abiogenic origins of petroleum are a pertinent problem today, which have been examined in this article including the current state of theories and experimental facts. The paper provides an overview of works on this subject over the past decade. As analysis of scientific research efforts, majority of scientists suggest that petroleum is organic in origin. The second theory also includes reliable facts and hypotheses about the existence of abiogenic hydrocarbons. This origin is associated with tectonic geological processes, in particular, orogenesis, rifting, excessive releases, erosion, sediment deposition, deep gas releases, etc. The results of experimental studies, the existing concepts presented in this review, show that despite disagreements between the proponents of both theories, common beliefs remain prevalent, namely, about the process of hydrocarbons formation both on Earth and other objects of the solar system. The analysis concludes that the consolidation of these theories is of high scientific interest and has great potential for confirmation of numerous hypotheses, facts from the scientific point of view and the search for alternative energy sources due to environmental and economic issues associated with the impoverishment of natural resources. This review study is valuable for generalising various scientific theories, which can be used for future research efforts and modelling new ideas about the origin of hydrocarbons.
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10

Wang, Jian Guo, Hai Jie Zhang, Cui Cui Liu, and Li Xia Lou. "The Significance of Shale Gas Development in China." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 767–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.767.

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China is facing a severe situation of energy resources. High oil dependency is seriously threatening our economy’s fast and stable development. The US has successfully achieved the commercial development of shale gas, which has decreased its oil dependency, and also contributed to its natural gas geology and petroleum engineering technology development. Both Chinese and U.S. geological experts predict that China has similar quantities of shale gas reserves as founded in the United States. This paper aims to clarify that producing shale gas resources has economic significance of energy security and environment protection, and scientific significance of promoting the further development of natural gas geology and petroleum engineering subjects.
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11

Bodіuk, Adam. "Ground of concepts of mountain economy and economic geology." Problems of Innovation and Investment Development, no. 20 (November 2019): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33813/2224-1213.20.2019.13.

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Subject of research: natural and cost information that displays over-resourceobjects and processes of over-use. The purpose of this article is to substantiate theconcepts that theoretically determine the geological, industrial and cost aspects ofsupra-use, mining, economic geology, mining economics; generalization,systematization of their possible objects; determination of the main researchmethods and the importance of super-resources in the further development of theeconomy, the domestic mineral resource base, taking into account the requirementsfor scientific research and production needs for sub-resources. The researchmethodology consists in applying a set of methods: historical (processes of formationof minerals and their deposits in the distant past), comparative, abstract-logicalanalysis (definition of the concepts of economic geology and mining economics),generalization (substantiation of conclusions and proposals), legal analysis ( studyof the legal framework for substantiating definitions of economic geology andmining economics). The results of the work - it is justified that the concept ofsubsoil use should be considered as a cross-cutting scientific and economic activity,which covers the study of historical processes of mineral formation, a modern studyof the geology of the subsoil, exploitation of deposits, mining, preparation ofextracted minerals for further transfer through the sphere of commodity-moneyor barter exchange, their movement in space and time into the sphere of processingor directly production or th of application. The concept of requirements unitesminerals, mineral deposits, the processes of their exploration and exploitation. Inthe narrower case, the required processes are considered as a complex of processesand individual works on the study of deposits, mining and mineral processing, thatis, directly with minerals. Accordingly, we propose a mining economy to beconsidered as a scientific industry in a wide and narrow interpretation. Extraspecificexploration and mining production, infrastructure processes (storage, movementof minerals, etc.) are widely studied; in the narrow-mining. Conclusions-on alegal basis, summarized as objects of research in the mining economy, as objectsof economic relations for economic theory, it is proposed to take mineral deposits,minerals, processes and processors of subsurface exploitation, labor of enterprisepersonnel, which is used for exploration and production of sub-resources, thenthere are natural objects, living and embodied labor of enterprises. Economicgeology studies information and determines the cost estimates of explorationresearch and work.
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12

Trofimov, V. T. "ABOUT MAJOR FUNDAMENTAL LOSSES OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AS A SCIENCE IN POST-REVOLUTIONARY RUSSIA (AFTER 1991)." Engineering Geology 13, no. 6 (December 21, 2018): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25296/1993-5056-2018-13-6-6-9.

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Five fundamental losses of engineering geology as a science in the Russian Federation are characterized. The first of them is the transformation of the Engineering-geological Center of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, established in 1988, into the Institute of Geoecology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1996. As a result, the phrase "engineering geology" has ceased to appear in the structure of organizations of the RAS. The second loss is the transformation of the journal “Engineering Geology”, created by Academician Ye.M. Sergeyev in the structure of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1979, in the journal “Geoecology”, the first issue of whichwas published in 1993. As a result, engineering geology has lost the main theoretical-methodological, methodical and factual periodical organ. After that, the title of the journal “Geoecology” is put in all the references in articles and books. In 2000, at the elections to the Russian Academy of Sciences, a geologist was chosen as a vacant member of the corresponding member in the specialty “engineering and environmental geology”, whose name is not known by scientific studies either in theory or in the methodology of engineering geology. As a result, now in the RAS there is neither an academician, nor a corresponding member in the specialty “engineering geology” (its third fundamental loss). As the fourth loss, the sad fate of the All-Russian Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology (VSEGINGEO), the main institute in the system of the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, is described, and the fifth is a similar situation with the Production and Research Institute for Engineering Surveys in Construction (PNIIIS) — previously a scientific and methodological center not only in matters of engineering and geological surveys, but also the entire system of engineering surveys in the country.
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13

Zervakou, A. D., and P. Tsombos. "GIS IN URBAN GEOLOGY: THE CASE STUDY OF NAFPLIO, ARGOLIS PREFECTURE, GREECE." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 43, no. 3 (January 24, 2017): 1559. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11330.

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The aggregation of population in big cities leads to the concentration of human activities, overconsumption of natural resources and urban growth without spatial planning and sustainable management. As a result, urban societies are exposed to various dangers and threats with economic, social, ecological, and environmental impacts on the urban surroundings. Problems associated with urban development are related to the existing geological conditions. Therefore, the provision of appropriate geological information about the urban environment is essential for every sustainable urban planning. The first systematic recording, codification and documentation of “Urban Geology” geothematic information in Greece was implemented by the Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration (I.G.M.E.) in the framework of the project called “Collection, codification and documentation of geothematic information for urban and suburban areas in Greece - pilot applications”. Through the implementation of this project, geological mapping, geotechnical, geochemical, geophysical research and measurements took place at four pilot cities of Greece. Nafplio, the capital city of Argolis prefecture, was one of them. During the project, all compiled data were stored and processed in specially designed geodatabases in GIS environment in order to produce multifunctional geothematic maps and other digital products (DEMs, 2D - 3D surfaces).
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ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΑΔΗΣ, Α. "Environmental geology: Branch of geosciences or a marketing term?" Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 3 (January 1, 2001): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17167.

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Environmental Geology is considered to have been coined for the environmental sensitive market. It originated in the United States in the late 1960's to attract students to save the closure of University Geology Departments. After almost thirty years there are still questions about its viability as a stand alone branch of geological sciences, since by definition it encompasses all the specialised branches of engineering geology, economic geology, structural geology, hydrogeology, geochemistry, geophysics, etc. The environmental geologist must, therefore, be a "super geologist", which is an impossibility by present day standards. University curricula in Environmental Geology still teach the basic geological subjects of geology degrees, since these serve as a strong foundation for courses in the environmental field. In the United States, students are required to take at least four elective courses in environmentally orientated earth science subjects during their first degree. Whereas in the United Kingdom a Master of Science course in environmental subjects is recommended as a follow-up to the first degree in Environmental Geology, again a misnomer for the degree in pure Geology. It is quite apparent that Universities jumped on the bandwagon of the environmental market, without serious thought into what they were embarking. They created a non-existent market orientated branch of geological sciences, Environmental Geology, and they subsequently realised that it is impossible to produce the "super student" and the "super geologist", for this is what is in fact demanded. It is strongly believed, that specialists in the different branches of geological sciences, because of their in depth study of the natural geological environment and its processes, have considerable knowledge and expertise to be applied in the solution of environmental problems. This must, therefore, be advertised by both Universities and State Geological Surveys, for advertising is a more powerful tool of getting the message across to the public and to policy-makers, rather than by making up new branches of science with no content.
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15

Ghisler, M. "Review of the Survey's activities in 1987." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 140 (December 31, 1988): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v140.8022.

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Over the past few years many functions of the Ministry for Greenland have been transferred to the Greenland Home Rule Administration. FolIowing the reorganisation of the government after the general election in September 1987 the Ministry for Greenland was abolished and its remaining functions transferred to other ministries. The Geological Survey of Greenland, together with the Greenland Mineral Resources Administration and the Greenland Environment Research Institute were transferred to the Danish Ministry of Energy. The Minister of Energy, Svend Erik Hovmand, visited GGU in October. The systematic geological investigation of Greenland and its mineral deposits and petroleum potential continl;led throughout 1987 - GGU's work comprised geologicaI mapping and reconnaissance surveys combined with more detailed studies in selected areas with emphasis on economic geology. The scientific and technical staff of 114 continues to be based in Copenhagen. A total of 92 participants were engaged in the field work in Greenland and carried out programmes in both East and West Greenland.
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Bai, Shixin, Zhijian Liu, and Jin Wang. "Research on the Dynamics of Geological Drilling Rig against Drill Pipe Impact." Shock and Vibration 2021 (January 29, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6679169.

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With the ever-increasing demand for resources, the task of geological surveys has increased rapidly, and automated geological drilling rigs that can improve the efficiency of geological surveys have become the mainstream research direction. Automated geological drilling rigs can improve construction efficiency, reduce labor intensity, and effectively reduce construction accidents. During the construction of geological survey operations, accidents such as drill breakage, stuck drill, and equipment damage, which are easily caused by drill pipe impact, occur from time to time. Therefore, drill pipe impact dynamics is currently a hot topic in academic research, but there are few studies that combine automated geological drilling rigs with drill pipe impact. This article starts with the research on the hydraulic system of the power head of the automatic drilling rig and studies the dynamics of the damage of the power head of the drilling rig caused by the impact of the drill pipe by means of hydraulic valve torque limit and closed-loop control of the speed. The oil valve group reduces the reverse torsional impact of the drill pipe on the hydraulic motor. At the same time, the requirements for the selection and pressure setting of the relief valve in the buffer filling oil valve group are proposed. The natural frequency of the relief valve is not less than 20 Hz, and the pressure is set to the working pressure 1.25 times. The effects of shock with or without the buffer filling oil valve group and the oil supply line on the power head motor were compared. The research results of this paper can provide theoretical reference and design basis for subsequent development of automated drilling rigs.
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Passmore, V., and R. Towner. "A History of Geological Exploration in the Canning Basin, Western Australia." Earth Sciences History 6, no. 2 (January 1, 1987): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.6.2.jm774585j6382583.

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The Canning Basin in northern Western Australia is a large, relatively remote, mainly desert-covered Phanerozoic basin covering 595 000 sq km. Aborigines probably first entered the basin area 30-40 000 years ago, but the main European expeditions were not until the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Geological exploration in the basin has been largely devoted to the discovery and exploitation of natural resources, primarily oil. Earliest geological traverses were conducted by geologists of the Geological Survey of Western Australia (GSWA). The accidental discovery of traces of oil in a water well in 1919 in the northern part of the basin diverted exploration to assessment of sediments and structures for petroleum potential. The earliest phase of oil exploration was a pioneering phase, concentrating on surface mapping and surface delineated structures as drilling sites, that was dominated by the Freney Kimberley Oil Company. West Australia Petroleum Ltd became the most active oil exploration company in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, using geophysics as an exploration tool in petroleum search in the basin. The late 1970s and 1980s saw an influx of companies and the application of diverse scientific approaches to the oil search. Persistence was rewarded in 1981 and 1982 with the discovery of the Blina and Sundown fields, small commercial oil accumulations. Commonwealth Government involvement in exploration was initially in the form of financial aid to exploring companies or commissioning specialist consultants for special studies. In the 1940s and 1950s and again in the 1970s the Bureau of Mineral Resources carried out basin-wide regional geological mapping in conjunction with the GSWA; onshore and offshore geophysical surveys were conducted until the 1970s. Exploration has revealed exploitable resources in the basin besides oil - diamonds, lead-zinc, coal, salt, phosphate, uranium, and heavy minerals. Only lead-zinc has present economic viability.
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Reis, Márcia Aparecida Fernandes dos, Carlos Vitor de Alencar Carvalho, Janaína Veiga Carvalho, Maria Antonieta da Conceição Rodrigues, Marco André Malmann Medeiros, Hélio Heringer Villena, Fernanda Marini de Oliveira, and Viviane Rezende Dornelas. "Sistema multimídia educacional para o ensino de geociências: uma estratégia atual para a divulgação da paleontologia no ensino fundamental e médio." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 28, no. 1 (June 1, 2005): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2005_1_70-79.

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The knowledge and diffusion of palaeontology concepts is of extreme importance for a more complete understanding of biological, geological and environmental aspects. However, it is well-known that didactic resources are still necessary to their diffusion and to stimulate the interest of first degree students. In order to develop strategies allowing the transference of palaeontological knowledge in a more dynamic and attractive manner, an educational CD-ROM about the São José de Itaboraí Basin, in the Rio de Janeiro State, South-Eastern Brazil has been elaborated and is presented here. It is the first major project aimed at the diffusion of palaeontology, through the presentation of the main fossil-related Basins of Brazil, using computing resources applied to education. This multimedia system contains geological and palaeontological information about the São José de Itaboraí Basin, using texts, fossil pictures and their present representatives, maps, outline drawings, references, glossary, palaeoenvironmental reconstitutions and fixation exercises. This didactic resource shall provide college (future teachers) and first degree students and teachers with a dynamic resource to complete and improve their knowledge about geology and palaeontology. This CD-ROM is an important virtual tool for the diffusion of the scientific and cultural importance of the São José de Itaboraí Basin to pupils at local schools, stimulating the preservation of this important natural monument of the Rio de Janeiro State.
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Calvert, Andrew J., and Graham D. M. Andrews. "New geoscientific constraints on the hydrocarbon potential of the Nechako–Chilcotin plateau of central British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 4 (April 2014): v—ix. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0054.

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Infestation by the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, decimated the forests of central British Columbia from 1999 to 2012, severely impacting the forest industry of the Nechako–Chilcotin plateau. In response, all levels of government recognized the value in developing other areas of economic activity, such as hydrocarbon and mineral exploitation, to support local economies. Exploration for resources beneath the Nechako–Chilcotin plateau has historically been constrained by Tertiary volcanic sequences and Quaternary glacial deposits that obscure the underlying geology and limit geophysical imaging. Thus, a coordinated program comprising additional geological mapping, borehole data analysis, and modern geophysical surveys of the area was initiated in 2006, with the objective of better defining the subsurface geology, solving problems of imaging through the complex near-surface, and developing improved regional geological and tectonic models. An initial set of papers arising from this fieldwork, which focused on issues relevant to mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, was published in June 2011 in a Special Issue of the Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. This Introduction to the second “Mountain Pine Beetle” Special Issue summarizes a set of scientific papers that focus on topics more related to hydrocarbon exploration and the large-scale structure of the crust. The papers deal with the development, thickness, and present distribution of the most prospective Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, as well as characterizing the physical properties of the near-surface volcanic units.
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Ho, Man Nguyen Tri. "The petrography - mineral characteristics and the ability used as decorative stone of magmatic acid eruptive rock having flow structure in Binh Thuan province of Vietnam." Science and Technology Development Journal 20, K4 (July 31, 2017): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v20ik4.1113.

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Vietnam's natural resources are plentiful and variuos, researching, searching, evaluating the quality and reserves of minerals resources in order to meet the needs of socio-economic development is the responsibility of the geological industry. To initially investigate, evaluate and introduce to the market the construction of a new decorative material of high quality and value, and provide materials and samples for the training of geology students of Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, the author has used many methods: field working, measurement, photographing, taking and analyzing samples to research of petrography - mineral characteristics and preliminary evaluation of the ability to use decorative stone of the effusive magmatic acid rock in the South Middle region of Vietnam. After polishing samples, the author find that the high gloss (75-85%), beautifully curly color pattern, each sample has an unique beauty and aesthetics. Preliminary evaluation is samples can be used like decorative stones.
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21

Rowland, Stephen. "The Life and Geological Writings of the 'Father of Russian Science': Mikhail Lomonosov." Earth Sciences History 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 86–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.32.1.w41v482666805150.

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Eighteenth-century Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765) is a highly celebrated and symbolically important figure in Russian culture, but he is not well known outside of Russia. In this paper I review his biography, his contributions to geology, and the key influences on his geological writings. He spent his youth on the coast of the White Sea, near the Arctic Circle, working with his father, who was a fisherman and merchant. This experience helped him to become a keen observer of natural phenomena. At age nineteen he traveled to Moscow, falsely claimed that he was the son of a nobleman, and talked his way into the Slavo-Graeco-Latin Academy. He excelled as a student and was chosen to continue his studies at the university in St Petersburg. From there he was one of three Russian students chosen to spend several years studying in Germany, primarily to learn about mining and the extraction of metals from ore. Lomonosov's four-and-a-half years in Germany were critical to his development as a scholar and scientist, immersing him in contemporary European knowledge and epistemology. After Lomonosov returned to the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences and Arts in 1741, he worked his way up the academic ladder, eventually becoming professor of chemistry, but it was not a smooth and steady climb. At one point he was under house arrest for eight months for rowdy conduct and discourteous behavior. Lomonosov made significant contributions to many fields of science. He wrote several geological publications, the most significant of which is On the Strata of the Earth (1763), which became available in German only in 1961, and in English only in 2012. Lomonosov's work in geology was motivated by his desire to promote economic development in Russia through the extraction of mineral resources, together with a deep curiosity about natural history.
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Eakins, Barry W., Margot L. Bohan, Andrew A. Armstrong, Meredith Westington, Jennifer Jencks, Elliot Lim, Susan J. McLean, and Robin R. Warnken. "NOAA's Role in Defining the U.S. Extended Continental Shelf." Marine Technology Society Journal 49, no. 2 (March 1, 2015): 204–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.49.2.17.

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AbstractThe legal continental shelf is a maritime zone that typically goes out to 200 nautical miles from shore. It may, however, be extended beyond 200 nautical miles, based in part on the morphology of the continental margin. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea sets forth the requirements for how coastal countries can legally define such an extended continental shelf (ECS), within which they may manage the natural resources on and below the seabed. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), along with the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Department of State, is working to map, analyze, and define the seaward extent of the U.S. ECS. New advances in maritime technologies, such as improved multibeam echosounders, and associated visualization and analysis software aid in this effort by enabling project scientists to better understand seafloor geomorphology and interpret local and regional geologic processes. Marine geophysical data collected during this project are publicly available, benefiting the broader scientific community and public through timely data access and long-term preservation. To date, NOAA has led more than 30 high-resolution surveys and mapped more than 2 million square kilometers of sea floor in support of the U.S. ECS effort. New discoveries have been made during these surveys, and the data have contributed to better understanding of the morphology and geology of the U.S. continental margins.
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Siemon, Bernhard, Annika Steuer, Nico Deus, and Jörg Elbracht. "Comparison of manually and automatically derived fresh-saline groundwater boundaries from helicopter-borne EM data at the Jade Bay, Northern Germany." E3S Web of Conferences 54 (2018): 00032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185400032.

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The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) conducted many airborne geophysical surveys in Northern Germany during the last decades. The coastal regions of Lower Saxony were investigated by frequency-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetics (HEM) to reveal the bulk resistivity of the subsurface (sediments and pore fluids). The State Authority for Mining, Energy and Geology (LBEG) is preparing a statewide “saltwater map” for Lower Saxony with a focus on the coastal aquifers influenced by seawater intrusion. For this purpose, the HEM resistivities are used in combination with groundwater data and a geological model to derive the lower fresh-water boundary. As appropriate depth values are manually picked from vertical resistivity sections, this procedure is time consuming. Therefore, we tested an alternative, which automatically derives the fresh-saline groundwater boundary directly from the HEM resistivity models. The ambiguity between brackish/saline water and clayey sediments as source for low resistivities can somewhat be reduced by the application of gradients instead of threshold values for searching an appropriate boundary. We compare results of both methods using a dataset from a coastal region at the Jade Bay.
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Muld, Sergej, Anna Antipenko, Andrej Gavrilyuk, Sergej Fridrikhson, and Ivan Zhivanyuk. "Remote and geophysical methods in the study of the uniguely preserved early iron age landscape of the upper part of the Lake Donuzlav in Crimea." InterCarto. InterGIS 26, no. 4 (2020): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-4-26-213-227.

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The article discusses the results of remote and geophysical studies, as well as selective excavations in the upper reaches of one of the largest and deepest lakes of Crimea — Donuzlav, which separate Tarhankut from the rest of the peninsula. Due to the unique landscape features, this region had important economic and communicative significance in all historical periods, especially in the early Iron Age: nomadic paths from the steppes to winter pastures and natural shelters of the Tarkhankut Peninsula extended to the sea and Chersonessian trade and military routes resembled here. To study the cultural landscape of Lake Donuzlav and its branched ravines system, a comprehensive technique was developed combining the methods of cartography, remote sensing, GIS, geophysics, ground-based automobile-foot archaeological explorations and selective excavations. With the help of detailed historical maps, the main routes and crossings of the autochthonous population of the early Iron Age and ancient Greek colonists were revealed. The presence of natural shelters (deep ravines and balkas, capes and cliffs) and the richness of natural resources of Donuzlav (the abundance of fresh water, fertile soil, building materials (stone, clay, wood, reeds), food (fish, shellfish, wildfowl), led to dense population in the early Iron Age. The use of archival aerial photographs of 1943 and 1971, as well as satellite photographs of 1966 in combination with modern high-resolution satellite imagery revealed at least two dozen of settlements of the Early Iron Age along the shores and in the ravine system of the upper reaches of Lake Donuzlav. Terrestrial archaeological explorations were accompanied by geophysical surveys (magnetic, electromagnetic surveys) of the most promising objects. Using magnetic maps of the identified settlements, locations for archaeological spotting were determined. Excavations at the sites selected based on the results of remote and geophysical studies have revealed typical structural features of houses and outbuildings of the local population of the early Iron Age. These features were determined by the presence of local natural building materials: dense building limestone of the Sarmatian geological layer, clay and reeds growing in the lower reaches of the ravines that flow into Donuzlav Lake. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the unique natural-historical landscape of the upper reaches of Lake Donuzlav is the key to adaptation methods, survival strategies, and economic models of the Early Iron Age population in Northwest Taurica.
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Thouret, J. C., G. Enjolras, K. Martelli, O. Santoni, J. A. Luque, M. Nagata, A. Arguedas, and L. Macedo. "Combining criteria for delineating lahar- and flash-flood-prone hazard and risk zones for the city of Arequipa, Peru." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 13, no. 2 (February 14, 2013): 339–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-13-339-2013.

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Abstract. Arequipa, the second largest city in Peru, is exposed to many natural hazards, most notably earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, lahars (volcanic debris flows), and flash floods. Of these, lahars and flash floods, triggered by occasional torrential rainfall, pose the most frequently occurring hazards that can affect the city and its environs, in particular the areas containing low-income neighbourhoods. This paper presents and discusses criteria for delineating areas prone to flash flood and lahar hazards, which are localized along the usually dry (except for the rainy season) ravines and channels of the Río Chili and its tributaries that dissect the city. Our risk-evaluation study is based mostly on field surveys and mapping, but we also took into account quality and structural integrity of buildings, available socio-economic data, and information gained from interviews with risk-managers officials. In our evaluation of the vulnerability of various parts of the city, in addition to geological and physical parameters, we also took into account selected socio-economic parameters, such as the educational and poverty level of the population, unemployment figures, and population density. In addition, we utilized a criterion of the "isolation factor", based on distances to access emergency resources (hospitals, shelters or safety areas, and water) in each city block. By combining the hazard, vulnerability and exposure criteria, we produced detailed risk-zone maps at the city-block scale, covering the whole city of Arequipa and adjacent suburbs. Not surprisingly, these maps show that the areas at high risk coincide with blocks or districts with populations at low socio-economic levels. Inhabitants at greatest risk are the poor recent immigrants from rural areas who live in unauthorized settlements in the outskirts of the city in the upper parts of the valleys. Such settlements are highly exposed to natural hazards and have little access to vital resources. Our study provides good rationale for the risk zoning of the city, which in turn may be used as an educational tool for better understanding the potential effects of natural hazards and the exposure of the population residing in and around Arequipa. We hope that our work and the risk-zonation maps will provide the impetus and basis for risk-management authorities of the Municipality and the regional government of Arequipa to enforce existing regulations in building in hazardous zones and to adopt an effective long-term strategy to reduce risks from lahar, flash flood, and other natural hazards.
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O., Ademila, Akingboye A. S., and Ojamomi A. I. "Radiometric survey in geological mapping of basement complex area of parts of Southwestern Nigeria." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12619.

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Radiometric methods were used to investigate the radioactive properties of rocks in parts of southwestern Nigeria with a view to interpreting the geological structure and abundance of natural radioactive elements in the main type rocks. The airborne radiometric dataset of Ikole Sheet and ground radiometric data recorded from eight traverses in Akoko axis of the study area were processed. Results presented as maps and profiles displayed variations of high and low radioactive concentrations across the area. These maps showed moderate to very high concentrations and very low to low concentrations of the radioelements; uranium (4.5-13.0 ppm); (LLD-low limit of detection -3.0 ppm), Th (25.0-70.0 ppm); (8.5-16.0 ppm) and K (2.0-4.0 %); but the most often observed values are in the range 2.5-7.0 ppm, 22.0-30.0 ppm and 3.0-4.0% for U, Th, and K respectively. High concentrations imply that the rocks are crystalline, undeformed and are rich in feldspar and U-Th bearing minerals. While low radioactivity is attributed to varying geologic framework compositions; weathered materials or fluids formed as a result of intense metamorphism. The radiometric datasets proved valuable in delineating different rock types and serve as a complementary tool in identifying geochemical zoning of rocks in the area.ReferencesAjibade A.C. and Fitches W.R., 1988. The Nigerian Precambrian and the Pan-African Orogeny, Precambrian Geology of Nigeria, 45-53.Ajibade A.C., Woakes M. and Rahaman M.A., 1987.Proterozoic crustal development in Pan-African regime of Nigeria: In A. Croner (ed.) Proterozoic Lithospheric Evolution Geodynamics, 17, 259-231.Appleton J.D., Miles J.C.H., Green B.M.R, Larmour R., 2008. Pilot study of the application of Tellus airborne radiometric and soil geochemical data for radon mapping. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 99, 1687-1697.Arisekola T.M. and Ajenipa R.A., 2013. Geophysical data results preliminary application to uranium and thorium exploration. IAEA-CYTED-UNECE Workshop on UNFC-2009 at Santiago, Chile 9-12, July, 12.Bayowa O.G., Olorunfemi O.M., Akinluyi O.F. and Ademilua O.L., 2014.A Preliminary Approach to Groundwater Potential Appraisal of Ekiti State, Southwestern Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Technology (IJST), 4(3), 48-58.Bierwirth P.N., 1997. The use of airborne gamma-emission data for detecting soil properties.Proceedings of the Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition.Copenhagen, Denmark.Grasty R.L. and Multala J., 1991. A correlation technique for separating natural and man-made airborne gamma-ray spectra. In: Current Research, Part D, Geological Survey of Canada, 111-116.Grasty R.L., Minty B.R.S., 1995a. A guide to the technical specifications for airborne gamma ray surveys. Australian Geological Survey Organization, Record.Grasty R.L., Minty B.R.S., 1995b. The standardization of airborne gamma-ray surveys in Australia. Exploration Geophysics, 26, 276-283.IAEA, 1991. Airborne gamma ray spectrometer surveying, International Atomic Energy Agency, Technical Report Series, 323.IAEA, 2007.International Atomic Energy Agency. Safety Glossary, Terminology used in Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection-2007 Edition.Jones H.A. and Hockey, 1964.The Geology of part of’ Southwestern Nigeria.Geological Survey, Nigeria bulletin, 31.Kearey P., Brooks M. and Hill I., 2002. An Introduction to Geophysical Exploration.3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 262.Milsom J., 2003. Field Geophysics: The geological field guide series, John Milsom University College, London. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd. Third edition, 51-70.MontajTM Tutorial, 2004. Two - Dimensional frequency domain processing of potential field data.Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA), 2009. Geological map of Nigeria prepared by Nigeria Geological Survey Agency, 31, ShetimaMangono Crescent Utako District, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.Omosanya K.O., Ariyo S.O., Kaigama U., Mosuro G.O., and Laniyan T.A., 2015. An outcrop evidence for polycyclic orogenies in the basement complex of Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Geology, 7(3), 24-34.Oyawoye, M.O., 1972. The Basement Complex of Nigeria.In African Geology. T.F.J. Dessauvagie and A.J. Whiteman (Eds) Ibadan University Press, 67-99.Oyinloye A.O., 2011. Geology and Geotectonic Setting of the Basement Complex Rocks in Southwestern Nigeria: Implications on Provenance and Evolution. Earth and Environmental Sciences, 98-117. ISBN: 978-953-307-468-9.Rahaman M.A., 1981. Recent Advances in the Study of the Basement Complex of Nigeria.First Symposium on the Precambrian Geology of Nigeria, Summary.Rahaman M.A., Emofureta W.O. and Vachette M., 1983. The potassic-grades of the Igbeti area: Further evaluation of the polycyclic evolution of the Pan-African Belt in South-western Nigeria. Precambrian Resources, 22, 75-92.Woakes M., Rahaman M.A., Ajibade A.C., 1987. Some Metallogenetic Features of the Nigerian Basement. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 6(5), 655-664.
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Rudakov, Leonid M., Hennadii V. Hapich, Olga V. Orlinska, Dmytro S. Pikarenia, Volodymyr V. Kovalenko, Iryna V. Chushkina, and Viktoriia Y. Zaporozhchenko. "Problems of technical exploitation and ecological safety of hydrotechnical facilities of irrigation systems." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, no. 4 (December 27, 2020): 776–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112070.

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In this work, we analyzed and studied the Ukrainian typical hydrotechnical structures of the ameliorative complex on soil materials. On the examples of such objects in Dnipropetrovsk oblast, we carried out research and determined the technical condition of the transporting (main irrigation canals) and regulating (retention ponds) hydrotechnical structures (HTS). The main factors and the reasons for the negative engineering-geological processes occurring in those structures and affecting the ecological balance of adjacent territories were determined. The study revealed that the long period of exploitation and absence of corresponding technical care have led to significant losses of irrigation water from the canals and retention ponds. Due to the systemic absence and low use of monitoring researchers, we have proposed the use of prompt and low-cost methods and means of technical diagnostics. The article presents the possibility of using a complex of geophysical methods of natural impulse magnetic field of the Earth and vertical electrical sounding for the purposes of technical diagnostics. The possibility of recording plots and parameters of zones of seepage deformations in the body and at the base of the structures was visually determined and instrumentally proven. This allows identifying the amounts of technical and material resources, stages and order of implementation of repair-restoration works. It was determined that share of the damaged zones accounts for 20 to 35% of the total length of the hydrotechnical structures dependingon their type and parameters of the constructions. In such conditions, the estimated losses of water equal 17-22% of the total amount of the delivery. The surveys showed that further operation of HC poses an ecological threat because of significant worsening of quality of water resources. The article presents disturbing dynamics of change in the irrigated areas involving the danger of secondary salinization, sodification, alkalinization, and toxification as a result of watering. We indicated threatening changes in the structures of the areas irrigated with low-quality water, which, according to various indicators of danger, increased by 1.4 times regarding threat of secondary salinization and by 2 times regarding threat of sodification. We proposed and substantiated approaches to improving the general technical and technological level of functioning of ameliorative structures in the context of maintaining ecological balance and economic practicability of their further use, based on the principles of systemic optimization of complex technical-natural ecosystems.
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Guerrera, Francesco, Manuel Martín-Martín, Mario Tramontana, Bertin Nimon, and Kossi Essotina Kpémoua. "Shoreline Changes and Coastal Erosion: The Case Study of the Coast of Togo (Bight of Benin, West Africa Margin)." Geosciences 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences11020040.

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The coastal strip between the Volta River delta and the westernmost portion of Benin (West Africa Margin of Atlantic Basin) is highly populated (e.g., Lomé) due to migrations from inland areas. The coastal zone has proved to be very vulnerable because of the potential development of sometimes catastrophic events related to different and interacting causes, resulting in negative effects on natural ecosystems and socio-economic conditions. The main problem is the marked erosion of large coastal sectors with maximum retreat rates of the order of 5 m/year. The continuous loss of territory leads to a progressive impoverishment of activities and human resources and to the increase of geological risk factors. The coastal erosion is induced both by natural and anthropic causes and can be controlled only by means of prevention programs, detailed scientific studies and targeted technical interventions. The main erosional processes observed in the study area are triggered by the presence of the Lomé port and other human activities on the coastal strip, including the water extraction from the subsoil, which induces subsidence and the use of sediments as inert material. These elements, together with the reduction of the solid supply from Volta River (caused by the realization of the Akosombo dam) are among the main factors that control the medium and long-term evolution of the area. Also relative sea level changes, which take into account also tectonic and/or isostatic components, can contribute to the process. In order to have a real understanding of the coastal dynamics and evolution, it would be necessary to develop a scientific structure through the collaboration of all countries of the Bight of Benin affected by coastal erosion. The aim should be primarily to collect the interdisciplinary quantitative data necessary to develop a scientific knowledge background of the Bight of Benin coastal/ocean system. In conclusion, some proposals are presented to reduce the vulnerability of the coastal area as for example to plan surveys for the realization of appropriate coastal protection works, such as walls, revetments, groins, etc. A possible expansion of the port of Lomè is also considered. Proposals comprise the constitution of a Supranational Scientific Committee as a coordinating structure on erosion for both the study of phenomena and planning interventions.
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Phuc, La The, Hiroshi Tachihara, Tsutomu Honda, Luong Thi Tuat, Bui Van Thom, Nguyen Hoang, Yuriko Chikano, et al. "Geological values of lava caves in Krongno Volcano Geopark, Dak Nong, Vietnam." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 4 (September 18, 2018): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/4/13101.

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The paper presents the initial results of the study of volcanic cave system and its typical formations in Krongno Volcano Geopark (KVG), Dak Nong, Vietnam. The volcanic caves have been discovered since 2007, under UNESCO sponsored the scientific project, are seen as unique geological heritages. The collaborative surveys and studies between Vietnamese geologists and the members of the Non-Profit Organization, Vulcanospeleological Society of Japan have discovered and surveyed 45 caves, and detailed mapping 20 caves. Using a complex of adequate methods, especially Remote Sensing image interpretation method, Surveying and mapping lava cave method, K/Ar dating isotopic analytical method and Current methodology, the studies aim to affirm endogenous origin of the lava cave system, the formation mechanism, as well as the typical formations of the caves. Up to date, the lava caves and interior formation in lava caves in KVG have been examined and evaluated in term of geological nature and recognized as pillar geological heritages of the Geopark.References Allred K., AllredC., 1997. Development and morphology of Kazumura Cave, Hawaii. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 59(2), 67-80.Allred K., Allred C., 1997. Tubular lava stalactites and other related segregations. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 60(3), 131-140.Barnabás Korbély, 2014. Diverse volcanic features as dominant landscape elements and pillars of geotourism in the Bakony-Balaton Geopark, Hungary. Abstract Book Workshop “Geoparks in volcanic areas: sustainable development strategies”, October 29th to November 1st, 2014. Terceira and Graciosa Islands, Azores Global Geopark, 35-38.Bird Deanne K., et al., 2014. Southern Iceland: Volcanoes, Tourism and Volcanic Risk Reduction.In Volcanic Tourist Destinations. Springer, Editors: Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (Ed.). ISBN: 978-3-642-16190-2, 35-46. Cooper Malcolm J.M., 2014. Volcanic National Parks in Japan.In Volcanic Tourist Destinations. Springer, Editors: Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (Ed.). ISBN: 978-3-642-16190-2, 231-246.Dave Bunnell, 2014. The virtual lava cave Created: August 4, 2000.Last update: December 16, 2014. Reviewed by Kevin & Carlene Allred. Available at:<http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/virtual_tube/virtube.html). Date accessed: 02 May 2018.Gadányi P., 2010. Formation, types and morphology of basalt lava caves. PhD. thesises. University of Pécs Faculty of Natural Sciences Doctoral School of Earth Sciences, Hungary, 1-19.Gaki-Papanastassiou, Kalliopi, et al., 2014. Volcano Tourism in Greece: Two Case Studies of Volcanic Islands.In Volcanic Tourist Destinations. Springer, Editors: Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (Ed.). ISBN: 978-3-642-16190-2, 69-87.Honda T., Tachihara H., 2015. Vietnam Volcanic Cave Survey. e-NEWSLETTER, UIS Commission on Volcanic caves, 69, 11-12. Honda T., Tinsley J.C., 2016. Classification of lava tubes from Hydrodynamic models for active lava tube, filled lava tube and drained lava tube. 17th International Vulcanospeleology symposium in Hawaii, USA. Sponsored by the Commission on volcanic caves of the International Union of Speleology.Larson C.V., 1991. Nomenclatures of lava tube features. 6th International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology in Hawaii. Published by the National Speleological Society, 231-248.Laumanns M., 2013. Important Lava Tube Caves found in Dong Nai Province Southern Vietnam. e-NEWSLETTER, UIS Commission on Volcanic caves, 67, 13. Machado M., Lima E., 2014. Geotourism and sustainable development partnerships in the Azores Geopark. Abstract Book Workshop “Geoparks in volcanic areas: sustainable development strategies”, October 29th to November 1st. Terceira and Graciosa Islands, Azores Global Geopark, 45-48.Moreira Jasmine Cardozo, et al., 2014.Tourism and Volcanism in the Canary Islands, Spain. In Volcanic Tourist Destinations.Springer, Editors: Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (Ed.). ISBN: 978-3-642-16190-2, 47-55.Nelson S.A., 2017. Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruptions.EENS 1110. Physical Geology.Tulane University. New Orleans, USA.Nguyen Duc Thang (Ed.), 1989. Geology and Mineral Resources of Ben Khe - Dong Nai sheet at scale 1:200,000. General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam. Hanoi. Nunes, João Caros., 2014. The Azores Archipelago: Islands of Geodiversity.In Volcanic Tourist Destinations. Springer, Editors: Erfurt-Cooper, Patricia (Ed.). ISBN: 978-3-642-16190-2, 57-67.Nunes João Caros., 2014. Azores Geopark volcanoes and volcanic landforms. Valuating the Azorean geodiversity and geosites through the geotourism. Abstract Book Workshop “Geoparks in volcanic areas: sustainable development strategies”, October 29th to November 1st. Terceira and Graciosa Islands, Azores Global Geopark, 41-43.Ogawa T., 1993. On lava caves in Japan and vicinity.Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Vulcanospeleology, 56- 73.Patricia Erfurt-Cooper, 2014. Volcanic Geo-heritage.Sustainable Tourism Development in Volcanic Regions: Geoparks, National Parks and World Heritage Sites. Abstract Book Workshop “Geoparks in volcanic areas: sustainable development strategies”, October 29th to November 1st. Terceira and Graciosa Islands, Azores Global Geopark, 23-25.Peterson D.W., Holcomb R.T., Tilling R.I., Christiansen R.L., 1994. Development of lava tubes in the light of observations at Mauna Ulu, Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Bulletin of Volcanology, 56, 343-360.
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VEZZOLI, LUIGINA, and CLAUDIA PRINCIPE. "MONTE AMIATA VOLCANO (TUSCANY, ITALY) IN THE HISTORY OF VOLCANOLOGY, PART 1: ITS ROLE IN THE DEBATES ON EXTINCT VOLCANOES, SOURCES OF MAGMA, AND ERUPTIVE MECHANISMS (1733–1935)." Earth Sciences History 39, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 28–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-39.1.28.

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A review of the main contributions to the scientific literature between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries concerning the geology and volcanology of Monte Amiata volcano (Tuscany, central Italy) is presented. Monte Amiata, and the nearby volcano of Radicofani, are of great interest for the history of volcanology because they have the primacy of being the first to be recognized of volcanic origin in a region (Tuscany) which was not volcanically active, thirty years before Guettard's studies on the Auvergne region in France. Indeed, the Florentine botanist Pier Antonio Micheli identified as extinct volcanoes Radicofani in 1722 and Monte Amiata in 1733. Moreover, the merit of Micheli's work resides in interpreting Monte Amiata as an extinct volcano despite the absence of a conventional cone-shaped volcano morphology, and in his recognizing its rocks as lavas despite their marked differences to those produced by the known active volcanoes of its times, such as the iconic Vesuvius. During the eighteenth century and until the first half of the nineteenth century, Monte Amiata was a destination for scientific journeys by Tuscan and foreign scholars (e.g. Micheli, Baldassarri, Arduino, Fortis, Ferber, Dolomieu, Santi, Repetti, Hoffmann). In addition, its rocks were part of important collections throughout Europe visited by illustrious mineralogists. Furthermore, samples from Monte Amiata were used to illustrate the general discussions on the nature and origin of rocks such as basalt and granite. In the nineteenth century, Monte Amiata was included in the lists of known volcanoes recorded in the early treatises on volcanology made by Scrope, Daubeny, and Hoffmann, and its ‘trachyte’ was the subject of early essays on microscope petrography and chemical analysis of rocks, performed by vom Rath, Rosenbusch, Williams, Lacroix, and Washington. Between the end of the nineteenth century and the first quarter of the twentieth century, the volcano geologists of the Comitato Geologico Italiano, especially Verri, Lotti, and Sabatini, carried out field-surveys on Monte Amiata resulting in geological maps and volcano-stratigraphies. Moreover, modern petrographic (Novarese, Artini, Rodolico) and geographical (Dainelli and Olinto Marinelli) scientific studies were carried out on this volcano. Nevertheless, up to the middle part of the twentieth century, the major interest in Monte Amiata was related not to its volcanological aspects but to its natural resources: drinking waters, diatomaceous earths, earth pigments, and mercury ore-minerals.
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Chen, Qing, Margot G. Gerritsen, and Anthony R. Kovscek. "Effects of Reservoir Heterogeneities on the Steam-Assisted Gravity-Drainage Process." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 11, no. 05 (October 1, 2008): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/109873-pa.

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Summary The success of steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) has been demonstrated by both field and laboratory studies mostly on the basis of homogeneous reservoirs and reservoir models. A comprehensive understanding of the effects of reservoir heterogeneities on SAGD performance is required, however, for wider and more-successful implementation. This work presents a numerical investigation of the effects of reservoir heterogeneities on SAGD using a stochastic model of shale distribution. Two flow regions, the near-well region (NWR) and the above-well region (AWR), are identified to decouple the complex effects of reservoir heterogeneities on the SAGD process. Numerical simulations are conducted with various realizations of shale distribution to compare SAGD performance in terms of the effects of NWR and AWR. Hydraulic fracturing is proposed to enhance steam-chamber development for reservoirs with poor vertical communication, and the feasibility of hydraulic fracturing is discussed in terms of in-situ stress and well orientation. Fracturing both injectors and producers is found to improve steam distribution, oil production rate, and the oil-steam ratio. Introduction Vast quantities of heavy- and extraheavy-oil (bitumen) resources have been discovered worldwide. For example, an estimated original heavy oil in place of more than 1.8 trillion bbl is present in Venezuela, 1.7 trillion bbl in Alberta, Canada, and 20 to 25 billion bbl on the North Slope of Alaska (Burton et al. 2005). Because of the significant viscosity of these crudes at reservoir temperature, the technical and economic recovery of these resources presents a significant challenge. With recent advances in horizontal-well technology, steam-based in-situ recovery methods, aimed at thermal viscosity reduction, have emerged for the exploitation of these resources (Butler 2001). Of all the thermal methods, SAGD appears to be quite promising, especially for bitumen. In a typical SAGD process, two horizontal wells are placed close to the bottom of a formation, with one well a short vertical distance (4-10 m) away from the other. Steam is injected continuously into the upper well and rises in the formation, forming a steam chamber. Cold oil surrounding the steam chamber is heated, becomes mobile as its temperature increases, and flows together with condensate along the chamber boundaries toward the lower well that functions as a producer (Butler 1998). The SAGD technique enjoys many advantages over other thermal methods, especially the conventional steamflooding methods. SAGD overcomes the shortcomings of steam override by using only gravity as the driving mechanism, which leads to a stable displacement and a potentially high oil recovery. Moreover, the heated oil remains hot and movable as it flows toward the production well, whereas, in conventional steamflooding, the oil displaced from the steam chamber cools, and consequently the oil-phase viscosity increases, as the oil flows to the production well. In order to design an effective SAGD process, an understanding of the complex physics of SAGD and reliable predictions of its performance are essential. A vast literature on the SAGD concept has developed since it was first introduced by Butler and his colleagues in the late 1970s (Butler and Stephens 1981; Butler et al. 1981). Butler developed a gravity-drainage theory on the basis of several assumptions and derived a semianalytical numerical solution to predict the oil-drainage rate. He and his coworkers also reported experimental data obtained with a scaled visual model. Reis (1992) proposed modifications to Butler's gravity-drainage model by using an empirical dimensionless-temperature coefficient and the maximum velocity, and Akin (2005) also modified the model by incorporating asphaltene-content-dependent viscosity to match the experimental data in the literature better. Nasr et al. (2000) studied steam-liquid countercurrent and cocurrent flows for different permeabilities and initial gas saturations with a nonsteady-state, laboratory steam-front dynamic-tracking technique. Numerical simulation has been used widely to investigate the physical process and practical operation of SAGD. For example, Edmunds (1998) analyzed SAGD steam-trap control with 2D and 3D simulation models. He found that establishing a liquid-saturated leg above the producer was feasible by controlling the temperature of the produced fluid. The producer is shut in when the temperature of the produced fluid approaches the temperature of the injected fluid. These analytical and numerical studies, however, were generally performed for homogeneous, isotropic reservoirs. In reality, no reservoir is homogeneous because of natural geological features, such as shale, faults, and fractures. One example is the oil-sand deposit in Peace River, Alberta, Canada. It contains a good deal of marine shale and mudstone that form continuous and discontinuous shale barriers throughout the formation (Webb et al. 2005). The heterogeneity introduced by the shale barriers and other geological features plays an important role in the propagation of steam (Richardson et al. 1978). Therefore, without understanding the effects of reservoir heterogeneities, SAGD results for homogeneous systems cannot be applied directly to provide accurate, reliable predictions for field-type systems. During the past decades, several researchers have investigated the role of reservoir heterogeneities on steam-chamber development for a SAGD process. Joshi and Threlkeld (1985) studied reservoirs with shale barriers and experimentally compared the effects of various well-configuration schemes and vertical fractures. Yang and Butler (1992) conducted SAGD experiments with reservoirs of two different types: reservoirs with thin shale layers and reservoirs with horizontal layers of different permeabilities. These studies were subject to experimental limitations. Reservoir heterogeneities were simulated by including a limited number of impermeable barriers at designated locations. Given the complex geological nature of shale, it would be better instead to use a stochastic model based on geostatistical methods (Pooladi-Darvish and Mattar 2002) to represent the shale distribution. This study investigates the effects of reservoir heterogeneity on SAGD from a simulation perspective. We use a stochastic model of the shale and sand distribution and a fully featured thermal reservoir simulator. To interpret the complex effects of reservoir heterogeneity on the SAGD process, two flow regions are identified according to the characteristics of flows associated within the steam chamber. Numerical simulations are conducted with a number of equal-probability realizations in 2D and 3D to compare SAGD performance. The intent of these simulations is to instruct regarding the thermal gravity-drainage-process physics rather than to match the oil production of a particular reservoir. For reservoirs with poor vertical communication, hydraulic fracturing is proposed to enhance steam-chamber development, and the feasibility of hydraulic fracturing is discussed in terms of in-situ stresses and well orientations.
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Arfib, Bruno, Ghislain de Marsily, and Jacques Ganoulis. "Coastal karst springs in the Mediterranean basin : study of the mechanisms of saline pollution at the Almyros spring (Crete), observations and modelling." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173, no. 3 (May 1, 2002): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/173.3.245.

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Abstract Variations in salinity and flow rate in the aerial, naturally salty spring of Almyros of Heraklion on Crete were monitored during two hydrological cycles. We describe the functioning of the coastal karstic system of the Almyros and show the influence of the duality of the flow in the karst (conduits and fractured matrix) on the quality of the water resource in the coastal area. A mechanism of saltwater intrusion into this highly heterogeneous system is proposed and validated with a hydraulic mathematical model, which describes the observations remarkably well. Introduction. – Fresh groundwater is a precious resource in many coastal regions, for drinking water supply, either to complement surface water resources, or when such resources are polluted or unavailable in the dry season. But coastal groundwater is fragile, and its exploitation must be made with care to prevent saltwater intrusion as a result of withdrawal, for any aquifer type, porous, fractured or karstic. In karstic zones, the problem is very complex because of the heterogeneous nature of the karst, which makes it difficult to use the concept of representative elementary volume developed for porous or densely fractured systems. The karstic conduits focus the major part of the flow in preferential paths, where the water velocity is high. In coastal systems, these conduits have also an effect on the distribution of the saline intrusion. As was shown e.g. by Moore et al. [1992] and Howard and Mullings [1996], both freshwater and salt-water flow along the fractures and conduits to reach the mixing zone, or the zone where these fluids are superposed in a dynamic equilibrium because of their differences in density ; but the dynamics of such a saltwater intrusion are generally unknown and not represented in models. Such coastal karstic systems are intensely studied at this moment in the Mediterranean region [Gilli, 1999], both as above sea-level or underwater springs, for potential use in areas where this resource would be of great value for economic development. This article discusses the freshwater-saltwater exchange mechanisms in the karstic aquifer of the Almyros of Heraklion aquifer (Crete) and explains the salinity variations observed in the spring. First, the general hydrogeology of the study site is described, then the functioning of the spring : a main conduit drains the freshwater over several kilometres and passes at depth through a zone where seawater is naturally present. The matrix-conduit exchanges are the result of pressure differences between the two media. These processes are represented in a mathematical model that confirms their relevance. General hydrogeology of the studied site. – The karstic coastal system of the Almyros of Heraklion (Crete) covers 300 km2 in the Ida massif whose borders are a main detachment fault, and the Sea of Crete in the north, the Psiloritis massif (highest summit at 2,456 m) in the south and west, and the collapsed basin of Heraklion filled in by mainly neo-geneous marl sediments in the east. The watershed basin consists of the two lower units of characteristic overthrust formations of Crete (fig. 1) : the Cretaceous Plattenkalk and the Cretaceous Tripolitza limestones. The two limestone formations are locally separated by interbedded flysch or phyllade units that form an impervious layer [Bonneau et al., 1977 ; Fassoulas, 1999] and may lead to different flow behaviour within the two karstic formations. Neo-tectonic activity has dissected these formations with large faults and fractures. The present-day climate in Crete is of Mediterranean mountain type, with heavy rain storms and snow on the summits in winter. Rainfall is unevenly distributed over the year, with 80 % of the annual total between October and March and a year-to-year average of 1,370 mm. The flow rate of the spring is high during the whole hydrologic cycle, with a minimum in summer on the order of 3 m3.s−1 and peak flow in winter reaching up to 40 m3.s −1. The water is brackish during low flow, up to a chloride content of 6 g.l−1, i.e. 23 % of seawater, but it is fresh during floods, when the flow rate exceeds 15 m3.s−1. During the 1999–2000 and 2000–2001 hydrologic cycles, the water was fresh during 14 and 31 days, respectively. The water temperature is high and varies very little during the year (see table I). In the areas of Kéri and Tilissos (fig. 1), immediately south of the spring, the city of Heraklion extracts water from the karstic system through a series of 15 wells with depth reaching 50 to 100 m below sea level. Initially, when the wells were drilled, the water was fresh, but nowadays the salinity rises progressively, but unequally from well to well (fig. 2). The relatively constant temperatures and salinities of the wells, during the hydrological cycle, contrast with the large salinity variations at the spring (fig. 2 and table I). They show that the karstic system is complex and comprises different compartments, where each aquifer unit reacts to its individual pressures (pumping, rainfall) according to its own hydrodynamic characteristics [Arfib et al., 2000]. The Almyros spring seems disconnected from the surrounding aquifer and behaves differently from that which feeds the wells (upper Tripolitza limestone). It is recharged by fresh water from the mountains, which descends to depths where it probably acquires its salinity. The spring would thus be the largest resource of the area, if it was possible to prevent its pollution by seawater. A general functioning sketch is proposed (fig. 3), which includes the different geological units of interest. Identification of the functioning of the Almyros spring through monitoring of physical and chemical parameters. – The functioning of the aquifer system of the Almyros spring was analysed by monitoring, over two hydrological cycles, the level of the spring, the discharge, the electric conductivity and the temperature recorded at a 30 min time interval. In the centre of the watershed basin, a meteorological station at an altitude of 800 m measures and records at a 30 min time interval the air temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, wind velocity and direction ; moreover, an automatic rain gauge is installed in the northern part of the basin at an altitude of 500 m. The winter floods follow the rhythm of the rainfall with strong flow-rate variations. In contrast, the summer and autumn are long periods of drought (fig. 7). The flow rate increases a few hours after each rainfall event ; the water salinity decreases in inverse proportion to the flow rate a few hours to a few days later. Observations showed that the water volume discharged at the Almyros spring between the beginning of the flow rate increase and the beginning of the salinity decrease is quite constant, around 770,000 m3 (fig. 4) for any value of the flow rate, of the salinity and also of the initial or final rainfall rates. To determine this constant volume was of the upmost importance when analyzing the functioning of the Almyros spring. The lag illustrates the differences between the pressure wave that moves almost instantaneously through the karst conduit and causes an immediate flow rate increase after rainfall and the movement of the water molecules (transfer of matter) that arrives with a time lag proportionate to the length of the travel distance. The variation of the salinity with the flow rate acts as a tracer and gives a direct indication of the distance between the outlet and the seawater entrance point into the conduit. In the case of the Almyros, the constant volume of expelled water indicates that sea-water intrusion occurs in a portion of the conduit situated several kilometres away from the spring (table II), probably inland, with no subsequent sideways exchange in the part of the gallery leading up to the spring. As the lag between the flow rate and the salinity recorded at the spring is constant, one can correct the salinity value by taking, at each time step, with a given flow rate, the salinity value measured after the expulsion of 770,000 m3 at the spring, which transforms the output of the system so as to put the pressure waves and the matter transfer in phase [Arfib, 2001]. After this correction, the saline flux at the spring, equal to the flow rate multiplied by the corrected salinity, indicates the amount of sea-water in the total flow. This flux varies in inverse proportion to the total flow rate in the high-flow period and the beginning of the low-flow period, thereby demonstrating that the salinity decrease in the spring is not simply a dilution effect (fig. 5). The relationship that exists between flow rate and corrected salinity provides the additional information needed to build the conceptual model of the functioning of the part of the Almyros of Heraklion aquifer that communicates with the spring. Freshwater from the Psiloritis mountains feeds the Almyros spring. It circulates through a main karst conduit that descends deep into the aquifer and crosses a zone naturally invaded by seawater several kilometers from the spring. The seawater enters the conduit and the resulting brackish water is then transported to the spring without any further change in salinity. The conduit-matrix and matrix-conduit exchanges are governed by the head differences in the two media. Mathematical modelling of seawater intrusion into a karst conduit Method. – The functioning pattern exposed above shows that such a system cannot be treated as an equivalent porous medium and highlights the influence of heterogeneous structures such as karst conduits on the quantity and quality of water resources. Our model is called SWIKAC (Salt Water Intrusion in Karst Conduits), written in Matlab®. It is a 1 D mixing-cell type model with an explicit finite-difference calculation. This numerical method has already been used to simulate flow and transport in porous [e.g. Bajracharya and Barry, 1994 ; Van Ommen, 1985] and karst media [e.g. Bauer et al., 1999 ; Liedl and Sauter, 1998 ; Tezcan, 1998]. It reduces the aquifer to a single circular conduit surrounded by a matrix equivalent to a homogeneous porous medium where pressure and salinity conditions are in relation with sea-water. The conduit is fed by freshwater at its upstream end and seawater penetrates through its walls over the length L (fig. 6) at a rate given by an equation based on the Dupuit-Forchheimer solution and the method of images. The model calculates, in each mesh of the conduit and at each time step, the head in conditions of turbulent flow with the Darcy-Weisbach equation. The head loss coefficient λ is calculated by Louis’ formula for turbulent flow of non-parallel liquid streams [Jeannin, 2001 ; Jeannin and Marechal, 1995]. The fitting of the model is intended to simulate the chloride concentration at the spring for a given matrix permeability (K), depth (P) and conduit diameter (D) while varying its length (L) and its relative roughness (kr). The spring flow rates are the measured ones ; at present, the model is not meant to predict the flow rate of the spring but only to explain its salinity variations. Results and discussion. – The simulations of chloride concentrations were made in the period from September 1999 to May 2001. The depth of the horizontal conduit where matrix-conduit exchanges occur was tested down to 800 m below sea level. The diameter of the conduit varied between 10 and 20 m, which is larger than that observed by divers close to the spring but plausible for the seawater intrusion zone. The average hydraulic conductivity of the equivalent continuous matrix was estimated at 10−4 m/s. A higher value (10−3 m/s) was tested and found to be possible since the fractured limestone in the intrusion zone may locally be more permeable but a smaller value (10−5 m/s) produces an unrealistic length (L) of the saline intrusion zone (over 15 km). For each combination of hydraulic conductivity, diameter and depth there is one set of L (length) and kr (relative roughness) calibration parameters. All combinations for a depth of 400 m or more produce practically equivalent results, close to the measured values. When the depth of the conduit is less than 400 m, the simulated salinity is always too high. Figure 7 shows results for a depth of 500 m, a diameter of 15 m and a hydraulic conductivity of 10−4 m/s. The length of the saltwater intrusion zone is then 1,320 m, 4,350 m away from the spring and the relative roughness coefficient is 1.1. All the simulations (table II) need a very high relative roughness coefficient which may be interpreted as an equivalent coefficient that takes into account the heavy head losses by friction and the variations of the conduit dimensions which, locally, cause great head losses. The model simulates very well the general shape of the salinity curve and the succession of high water levels in the Almyros spring but two periods are poorly described due to the simplicity of the model. They are (1) the period following strong freshwater floods, where the model does not account for the expulsion of freshwater outside the conduit and the return of this freshwater which dilutes the tail of the flood and (2) the end of the low-water period when the measured flux of chlorides falls unexpectedly (fig. 5), which might be explained by density stratification phenomena of freshwater-saltwater in the conduit (as observed in the karst gallery of Port-Miou near Cassis, France [Potié and Ricour, 1974]), an aspect that the model does not take into account. Conclusions. – The good results produced by the model confirm the proposed functioning pattern of the spring. The regulation of the saline intrusion occurs over a limited area at depth, through the action of the pressure differences between the fractured limestone continuous matrix with its natural saline intrusion and a karst conduit carrying water that is first fresh then brackish up to the Almyros spring. The depth of the horizontal conduit is more than 400 m. An attempt at raising the water level at the spring, with a concrete dam, made in 1987, which was also modelled, indicates that the real depth is around 500 m but the poor quality of these data requires new tests to be made before any firm conclusions on the exact depth of the conduit can be drawn. The Almyros spring is a particularly favorable for observing the exchanges in the conduit network for which it is the direct outlet but it is not representative of the surrounding area. To sustainably manage the water in this region, it is essential to change the present working of the wells in order to limit the irreversible saline intrusion into the terrain of the upper aquifers. It seems possible to exploit the spring directly if the level of its outlet is raised. This would reduce the salinity in the spring to almost zero in all seasons by increasing the head in the conduit. In its present state of calibration, the model calculates a height on the order of 15 m for obtaining freshwater at the spring throughout the year, but real tests with the existing dam are needed to quantify any flow-rate losses or functional changes when there is continual overpressure in the system. The cause of the development of this karstic conduit at such a great depth could be the lowering of the sea level during the Messinian [Clauzon et al., 1996], or recent tectonic movements.
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Jafar, A. S., I. S. El-Ageli, and H. H. Al-Attar. "Discussion and Comparison of Horizontal-Well Performance in Bouri Field." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 3, no. 06 (December 1, 2000): 567–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/68321-pa.

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Summary Seven horizontal wells were drilled in Bouri field, offshore Libya, and put on production between 1989 and 1992. This paper presents the experience gained in producing and monitoring these wells over the past few years. Comparison of well basic characteristics and performances with offset conventional wells indicates their higher productivity and general superior performance. Different monitoring activities conducted on these wells are discussed, including transient test analyses and production logs. Free gas production was found to be related to the combined phenomena of coning and fracture flow mechanism. These discussions show that, in most of the cases, production of water and gas is inevitable as long as economic oil rates are to be maintained. The targets set for these wells in terms of recovery increase and production troubles reduction were at least partially fulfilled. Introduction Bouri field is an elongated E-W-orientated anticline located in the Libyan offshore about 130 km NW of Tripoli. The field was discovered in the 1970s and started on production in 1988, from the eastern two sectors (3 and 4). The pay interval is the uppermost member of the Metlaoui formation from the Early Eocene age, at an average depth of 8,000 ft subsea level, with a lithology dominated by Nummulitic limestones. The reservoir comprises a thick oil ring of around 300 ft overlaid by an extended primary gas cap and underlain by water. The resultant drive mechanism is a combination of aquifer activity and gas-cap expansion. Different fault sets cut the structure with varied local intensity, affecting more dominantly the southern flank, where water advance is mostly appreciated. These faults and their associated network of fractures and microfractures affect the characteristics of the rocks and influence, to one degree or another, the productivity and the flow dynamics in the reservoir. Horizontal Wells Of the 55 wells drilled for field development, seven were drilled as horizontals (HWS). The other wells are conventionals (CWS), comprising slanted wells with up to 65°, and two verticals. The original objective was to efficiently drain the reservoir oil below the gas cap (Fig. 1). Optimizing the production rates while keeping low drawdowns should help to minimize the gas coning tendency. Geological Brief. The particular target of all horizontal drilling in the field was the stratigraphic layer of Metlaoui formation designated as U2. The layer forms the lowermost interval of the pay zone (Fig. 2) and is further divided into three subunits (from bottom to top), U2a, U2b, and U2c. The first subunit represents a zone of good petrophysical properties with an average thickness that exceeds 80 ft in the interested area. Besides having excellent lateral homogeneity, it also contains some 20% of the original oil in place (OOIP) in the developed area. It was the target of most of the HWS in Sector 4. The unit gradually diminishes toward the west, and disappears completely in the Sector 3 area. The intermediate subunit U2b is composed mainly of cemented Nummulitic limestone that forms a compact 20- to 30-ft well traceable layer extending all the way above U2a. It represents a presumed natural barrier to gas expansion, further promoting U2a as a favorable position for the HWS. The upper subunit U2c has a much wider areal extension than the lower two, covering the total developed area with an average thickness of 80 ft and with fairly good properties. It was the target of the two horizontal wells in Sector 3 and one in Sector 4. Relevant well information is found in Table 1. On the other hand, a thick zone of poor-porosity rocks that lies directly below layer U2 was envisaged to hamper the water advancement. The first five horizontals, all in Sector 4, were actually located below the gas cap. The other two were drilled in a part of the field with highly complicated structural setting owing to extensive faulting (Sector 3), thus hitting the pay zone at the edge of the gas cap, as seen in Fig. 1. Completion and Stimulation. The main objectives of completing and stimulating the HWS in the field were to remove the formation damage and to obtain the maximum contributing length along the completed interval. Early experience in the field had highlighted the necessity of acid treatment to start production, as the Nummulitic porosity was being badly damaged by drilling operations. Following the poor experience of the stimulation and the consequent flow profile in the first horizontal (B4-09H), several variations in completion design and stimulation techniques were attempted. Feedback from transient testing and production logging results helped to optimize the implemented specific acid volume as 1 bbl/ft. Spotting acid by coiled tubing with movement along the perforated interval was found very effective. The use of external inflatable casing packers (EICP) with selective stimulation of intervals1 was an extra aid. A summary of data is shown in Table 2, together with the resultant perforation efficiency (PE) defined as the ratio of the contributing to total completed interval. Acid treatments successfully stimulated the HWS to skin factors of -4 (Tables 3 and 4), recalling that the wells were not able to flow initially. Monitoring Activities. Routine Flow Testing and Production Allocation. Flow tests were run on the basis of one test per month with a two-phase separator. In this way, accurate production allocation is allowed by means of continuous updating of deliverability curves, in addition to close observation of any change in well performance caused by free gas or water flow. Produced water shows the tendency to form a strong emulsion with oil. Because of the method of sampling for water-cut determination, oil rate is usually underestimated. Production results in high-water-cut wells are considered less reliable. Static Pressure. Initial static pressure for each well was measured through stabilized buildups. The low frequency of static pressure records on horizontal wells is caused by the long shut-in times required for stabilization, with the corresponding loss of production. Nevertheless, some 26 pressure surveys were run on those wells in total. The magnitude and the trend of decline in pressure (Fig. 3) reflect the reservoir pressure behavior in the field.
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Jennings, J. W., and W. B. Ward. "Geostatistical Analysis of Permeability Data and Modeling of Fluid-Flow Effects in Carbonate Outcrops." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 3, no. 04 (August 1, 2000): 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/65370-pa.

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Summary Permeability data from Permian dolomitized shallow-water platform carbonate outcrops in west Texas and New Mexico exhibit two to five orders of magnitude variability, most of which occurs within distances of a few feet [1 to 2 m] within single rock-fabric units. A variety of longer-range features are also observed, including vertical interbed average-permeability contrasts, 140- to 180-ft [42- to 54-m] lateral periodicities, and up to 2,700-ft [810-m] lateral trends. The short-range heterogeneities can be modeled with K-Bessel semivariograms having asymptotic power-law behavior at the origin. The periodicities can be modeled with "hole-effect" J-Bessel semivariograms. Stochastic two-dimensional areal and vertical cross-section models explore the effects of these heterogeneities. Fluid-flow simulations demonstrate that some long-range features control overall flow behavior even when short-range variability composes most of the variance. The short-range heterogeneities produce local smearing of displacement fronts. Introduction For more than 10 years the Bureau of Economic Geology (BEG), The U. of Texas, Austin (UT), has been collecting petrophysical data from carbonate outcrops in west Texas and New Mexico to advance knowledge of the geological, petrophysical, geostatistical, and fluid-flow aspects of this important class of hydrocarbon reservoir rocks.1–6 Most of this work has been conducted in Permian dolomitized shallow-water platform carbonate systems of the San Andres, Grayburg, and Victorio Peak (a Clear Fork equivalent) formations. The subsurface equivalents of these outcrop successions contain a majority of the hydrocarbon resources in the Permian Basin of west Texas and New Mexico and more than 17 billion [&gt;2.7 billion?m3] of remaining mobile oil.7 Although particularly applicable to Permian Basin reservoirs, these outcrops provide insight into reservoir architecture and heterogeneity in highly cyclic shallow-water platform carbonate successions around the world. The prolific Permian Khuff carbonate reservoirs of the Middle East, for example, are close analogs. This paper is focused on two outcrops: a San Andres outcrop at Lawyer Canyon, Algerita Escarpment, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico, and a Victorio Peak outcrop, Apache Canyon, Sierra Diablo Mountains, Texas (Fig. 1). Outcrops of the San Andres formation in the Guadalupe Mountains form a 17-mile [27-km] continuous exposure along the Algerita Escarpment. Approximately parallel to depositional dip, this section displays a spectrum of cyclic, middle to outer platform carbonate facies successions. Studies of this shallow-water carbonate platform succession based on the application of modern sequence stratigraphic concepts have created a basis for modeling of San Andres reservoirs.4 The Lawyer Canyon area, the locale for most of the measurements described in this article, exposes the ramp-crest segment of the lower San Andres platform. Cycles in the ramp crest comprise basal mudstones and wackestones and capping grainstones and grain-dominated packstones.4 Lawyer Canyon is perhaps the most thoroughly sampled carbonate outcrop in the world, at least in terms of petrophysical measurements relevant to fluid-flow modeling. The earliest known sampling at this location was conducted by Shell Oil Co. in 1969-1971.8 Sampling by the BEG and UT at Lawyer Canyon began in 1988.9 The BEG data set has been augmented with measurements collected by Chevron Petroleum Technology Co.10 and previously unpublished data collected by Mobil Technology Co. in 1992-1993. The combined ramp-crest data set at Lawyer Canyon (there are additional outer ramp data at Lawyer Canyon that we do not discuss here11) includes approximately 5,000 mechanical field permeameter (MFP) measurements, 1,200 plug samples, 830 natural gamma-ray measurements, and a variety of descriptive parameters. In this article we examine four horizontal transects of MFP data designed to reveal patterns of permeability heterogeneity that cannot be observed in vertical wells (Fig. 2). We also consider in less detail six vertical MFP transects. The transects sample three different grainstone units, the highest permeability rock fabric at Lawyer Canyon.4 Each transect is fully contained within a single grainstone unit. Outcrops in Apache Canyon provide a 1.5-mile [2.4-km] continuous exposure of the Victorio Peak formation along an oblique-to-dip section immediately landward of the platform margin. Ongoing studies of the Victorio Peak succession reveal thin cycles packaged into thicker cycle sets and sequences. Petrophysical data for this study were obtained from 414 1-in.-diameter [2.54-cm] plug samples collected in 1997 from a horizontal transect in a single high-frequency cycle at the base of a high-frequency sequence. The transect was designed to investigate petrophysical heterogeneity in a transition from tidal-flat facies updip to subtidal grainstones and grain-dominated packstones downdip. General Observations The MFP data from the four horizontal Lawyer Canyon transects are displayed in Fig. 3. The 414 Apache Canyon samples were each cut into as many 1-in.-long [2.54-cm] pieces as possible, producing 689 plugs. The Apache Canyon permeability transect is shown in Fig. 4. The Apache Canyon porosity transect (not shown) has similar properties. Perhaps the most striking feature of these data is the high degree of variability. The Lawyer Canyon transects have at least two orders of magnitude variation within single grainstone units. One transect, H1, exhibits more than three orders of magnitude variation. The Apache Canyon transect, which spans a transition from subtidal to tidal-flat facies, has five orders of magnitude variability. The larger variability at Apache Canyon is related to the larger range of rock fabrics sampled, but it is also due to the different permeability measurement methods. The lower limit of MFP measurements at Lawyer Canyon is about 1 md [9.87E-04 µm2]; the lower limit of plug permeability data at Apache Canyon is 0.01 md [9.87E-06 µm2]. Table 1 summarizes the permeability data from these five transects. The Apache Canyon transect stands out from the others; it has a smaller geometric average and a larger variance than any of the Lawyer Canyon transects. The smaller mean permeability at Apache Canyon is consistent with the generally muddier rocks sampled in that transect. The Lawyer Canyon averages, especially in transect H2b, might be slightly overestimated because of the inability of the MFP to measure permeabilities less than 1 md [&lt;9.87E-04 µm2].
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Huong, Tran Thi, and Nguyen Hoang. "Petrology, geochemistry, and Sr, Nd isotopes of mantle xenolith in Nghia Dan alkaline basalt (West Nghe An): implications for lithospheric mantle characteristics beneath the region." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 207–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12614.

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Study of petrological and geochemical characteristics of mantle peridotite xenoliths in Pliocene alkaline basalt in Nghia Dan (West Nghe An) was carried out. Rock-forming clinopyroxenes, the major trace element containers, were separated from the xenoliths to analyze for major, trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. The data were interpreted for source geochemical characteristics and geodynamic processes of the lithospheric mantle beneath the region. The peridotite xenoliths being mostly spinel-lherzolites in composition, are residual entities having been produced following partial melting events of ultramafic rocks in the asthenosphere. They are depleted in trace element abundance and Sr-Nd isotopic composition. Some are even more depleted as compared to mid-ocean ridge mantle xenoliths. Modelled calculation based on trace element abundances and their corresponding solid/liquid distribution coefficients showed that the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths may be produced of melting degrees from 8 to 12%. Applying various methods for two-pyroxene temperature- pressure estimates, the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths show ranges of crystallization temperature and pressure, respectively, of 1010-1044°C and 13-14.2 kbar, roughly about 43km. A geotherm constructed for the mantle xenoliths showed a higher geothermal gradient as compared to that of in the western Highlands (Vietnam) and a conductive model, implying a thermal perturbation under the region. The calculated Sm-Nd model ages for the clinopyroxenes yielded 127 and 122 Ma. If the age is meaningful it suggests that there was a major geodynamic process occurred beneath Western Nghe An in the middle- Early Cretaceous that was large enough to cause perturbation in the evolutional trend of the Sm-Nd isotopic system.ReferencesAn A-R., Choi S.H., Yu Y-g., Lee D-C., 2017. Petrogenesis of Late Cenozoic basaltic rocks from southern Vietnam. Lithos, 272-273 (2017), 192-204.Anders E., Grevesse N., 1989. Abundances of the elements: meteorite and solar. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 197-214.Anderson D.L, 1994. The subcontinental mantle as the source of continental flood basalts; the case against the continental lithosphere mantle and plume hear reservoirs. Earth and Planetary Science Letter, 123, 269-280.Arai S., 1994. Characterization of spinel peridotites by olivine-spinel compositional relationships: review and interpretation. Chemical Geology, 113, 191-204.Ballhaus C., Berry R.G., Green D.H., 1991. 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Watzel, Ralph. "Challenges for geological surveys deriving from global megatrends: The Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources of Germany's perspective and answers." Geological Society, London, Special Publications, November 12, 2019, SP499–2019–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp499-2019-41.

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Jnawali, B. M., and K. Busch. "Environmental geological map of the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 22 (December 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v22i0.32346.

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The environmental geological map of the Kathmandu Valley at a scale of 1:50,000 was prepared during a Technical Co­Operation Project of the Department of Mines and Geology (DMG) of Nepal and the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Germany. This map is meant to draw attention to the natural environmental risks and hazards, as well as to recommend measures for the protection of important natural resources in the Kathmandu Valley. This thematic map is addressed mainly to governmental agencies and consultants, who can use the map as a database for planning purposes, especially for planning new settlement areas and various types of infrastructure. The map shows the locations of clay, sand, limestone, groundwater, and forest. These resources are very important for the economic development of the Kathmandu Valley. They need protection against the haphazard growth of settlement areas. In the case of mining, environmentally sound methods with monitoring and supervision is recommended. Areas to be considered for agricultural use (rain-fed or irrigation) are also delineated. The map also shows areas of geological hazards and related environmental problems from floods, landslides, and liquefaction of soils. Pollution caused by human activities, such as river pollution, and areas of uncontrolled landfills are also indicated. Pollution of the Bagmati River and its tributaries and the resulting degradation of water quality is a burning issue in the Kathmandu Valley. Rapid urbanisation and increasing volume of industrial and municipal wastes have drastically changed the sacred river into an open sewer. The map has already been used for the general assessment of the environmental geological risks in 27 new settlement areas in the Kathmandu region. This study realised that there is a conflict with other competing interests. e.g., the interests of the landowners. The promotion and implementation of environmentally sound recommendations is very complicated and politically sensitive. Nevertheless, these difficulties should not discourage the planners, because the promotion of environmentally sound aspects is for the long-term benefit of the whole population of the area.
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Невский, Л. Н., Н. И. Невская, and Х. О. Чотчаев. "GENETIC TYPES OF THE EXOGENOUS GEOLOGICAL PROCESSES, CHARACTERISTIC FOR THE MOUNTAIN TERRITORIES OF THE CENTRAL CAUCASUS AND THE STATE OF THE UNDERGROUND FRESH WATERS QUALITY." Геология и геофизика Юга России, no. 2 (June 27, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.23671/vnc.2016.2.20811.

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В работе обобщены результаты многолетних наблюдений за экзогенными геологическими процессами в ходе длительного периода геологоразведочных исследований различного назначения на всей территории осетинского сегмента Центрального блока Большого Кавказа. Перечислены основные типы экзогенных геологических процессов (ЭГП), характерные для высокогорных территорий Северного Кавказа. Дано определение системы государственного мониторинга состояния недр (ГМСН), как способа информационного обеспечения органов государственного управления недрами и других органов государственной власти текущими данными, необходимыми для принятия решений по рациональному и безопасному недропользованию и планированию геологоразведочных работ. Исследована зависимость ЭГП от сейсмической активности. Показаны примеры антропогенного провоцирования ЭГП при игнорировании требований инженерно-геологических изысканий для трассирования инженерных линий и мест выбора строительных площадок под инженерные сооружения на горных территориях. Показана зависимость ЭГП от высотной зональности и техногенного вмешательства в естественные ландшафтные условия местности. В работе использованы материалы специализированных наблюдений по Северной Осетии территориальным центром ГМСН Южного федерального округа, по подсистемам «Экзогенные геологические процессы» и «Подземные воды». Results of many years exogenous geological processes observations in the course of the continuance of geological survey studies of different designation in the entire territory of the large Caucasus central block Ossetic segment are generalized. Basic types of Exogenous Geological Processes (EGP) are enumerated, typical for the alpine territories of the North Caucasus. EGP dependence on the seismic activity is investigated. Definition of State Monitoring of the Depths State (SMDS) system is given as the information support method by current data of the state administration agency of mineral resources and other agencies, necessary for decision making by rational and safe subsoil use and geological survey works planning. The dependence of the EGP on seismic activity is investigated. The examples of anthropogenic provoking of EGP while ignoring the requirements of engineering and geological surveys for tracing service lines and selection areas for building sites of engineering structures in mountain areas are given. Examples of the EGP anthropogenic provocation are shown during ignoring of the geological engineering searches requirements for the tracing of engineering lines and places of the construction sites selection for civil constructions in the mountain territories. EGP dependence on the highaltitude zonality and the technogenic interference in the natural topographical locality conditions is shown. SMDS territorial center materials of the North Osetia specialized observations of Southern Federal region subsystems «Exogenous Geological Processes» and «Underground Waters» are used.
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Goryachkin, Yu N., A. P. Fedorov, V. V. Dolotov, and V. F. Udovik. "Natural Conditions and Anthropogenic Change of the Coastal Zone in the Area of Kacha Village." Ekologicheskaya bezopasnost' pribrezhnoy i shel'fovoy zon morya, no. 4 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.22449/2413-5577-2020-4-5-21.

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Development of not yet used parts of the coastal zone poses the task of developing appropriate management principles based on scientific ideas and forecast. The aim of the work is to characterize natural conditions, features of lithodynamics and anthropogenic impact on the coastal area adjacent to the village of Kacha (Sevastopol region); using this site as a case, to demonstrate the problems arising out of economic development; and to give recommendations for rational use of natural resources. The data of repeated geomorphological surveys, observations of the coastline dynamics at the controls, measurements of the beach profiles were analyzed using the results of tacheometric and photogrammetric surveys, satellite images, and other materials. Geological and geomorphological conditions and lithodynamics are considered in detail. In the area under study, a complex pattern of redistribution of sediment volumes is observed; it is characterized by a significant seasonal and interannual variability of alongshore sediment migrations. The average rate of the cliff edge retreat is 0.43 m/year in the northern part of the site, 0.04 m/year in the central part and 0.10 m/year in the southern part. At the same time, the central part of the cliff falls due to soil crumbling in the absence of landslides. According to satellite data, over a 2 km area centered at the Nemetskaya Clough, average displacement of the cliff edge was about 0.27 m/year in the period from 2004 to 2016. The most probable average annual value of sediment input due to destruction of cliffs is about 6,000 m 3 /year. Provided earlier in the literature, the values of the cliff retreat and sediment influx due to its destruction are not confirmed by the data of long-term observations and seem to the authors to be significantly overestimated. Specific cases of hazardous exogenous processes (landslides) and current anthropogenic impact on the coastal zone are considered. Specific recommendations are given for further economic development of the coastal zone.
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Dhansay, Taufeeq, Chiedza Musekiwa, Thakane Ntholi, Luc Chevallier, Doug Cole, and Maarten J. de Wit. "South Africa’s geothermal energy hotspots inferred from subsurface temperature and geology." South African Journal of Science 113, no. 11/12 (November 29, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2017/20170092.

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South Africa intends to mitigate its carbon emissions by developing renewable energy from solar, wind and hydro, and investigating alternative energy sources such as natural gas and nuclear. Low-enthalpy geothermal energy is becoming increasingly popular around the world, largely as a result of technological advances that have enabled energy to be harnessed from relatively low temperature sources. However, geothermal energy does not form part of South Africa’s future renewable energy scenario. This omission may be related to insufficient regional analysis of potentially viable geothermal zones across the country. We considered existing subsurface temperature and heat flow measurements and performed solute-based hydrochemical geothermometry to determine potentially anomalous geothermal gradients that could signify underlying low-enthalpy geothermal energy resources. We correlated these findings against hydro/geological and tectonic controls to find prospective target regions for investigating geothermal energy development. Our results show a significant link between tectonic features, including those on-craton, and the development of geothermal potential regions. In addition, potential regions in South Africa share similarities with other locations that have successfully harnessed low-enthalpy geothermal energy. South Africa may therefore have a realistic chance of developing geothermal energy, but will still need additional research and development, including new temperature measurements, and structural, hydrogeological and economic investigations.
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Smelror, Morten. "Geology for society in 2058: some down-to-earth perspectives." Geological Society, London, Special Publications, November 12, 2019, SP499–2019–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp499-2019-40.

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AbstractSocial development and rapid growth in the world's population has followed a remarkable technological development the past hundred years. Revolutions in agriculture and industry, medical innovations and new production technologies, have led to an increased standard of living for a larger part of the Earth's population. Megatrends for future developments are lining up and predictions for the next 40 years are numerous. Most ideas about our future societies imply new and innovative geo-scientific achievements. Towards 2058, we will have virtually surveyed and mapped every corner of the Earth. We will have detailed 3D images of the urbanized areas, and 4D models to assist to make reliable forecasts in a world of increased pressure on the natural resources and changing ecosystems. By 2058 the Green Stone Age is established, and we will use all elements in the periodic system and more rare minerals to support new materials and technological solutions. The major energy supplies will be CO2 free. The agriculture will be more efficient, distribution and consumption of food will be more rational, and we will harvest from more marine food chains than today. More than 70% of the people on Earth will live in megacities and urban areas. Our cities will become smarter and greener, cars and public transport will be self-driving and autonomous tools using artificial intelligence to automate functions previously performed by humans. Substantial resources will be used to repair damaged ecosystems, and most important, we will use materials and products that have fewer negative consequences for the environment. The 17 UN goals for sustainable development are guidelines into the future, and geological surveys should serve as key instruments in the transformation into smarter and more sustainable societies. We are already on our way providing critical minerals for low carbon energy solutions, marine knowledge for blue growth, plans for green and smarter cities, and advanced digitalization for public services, as shown by examples in this present paper.
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Odigi, Minapuye Isaac, and Prince Suka Momta. "Application of Radar Imagery to Tectonic, Structural and Geological Studies in Afikpo Basin, Southeastern Benue Trough, Nigeria." Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International, April 5, 2019, 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jgeesi/2019/v20i230104.

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Radar imagery was used to identify geological features and the production of geological maps of the Afikpo basin. The essence of this study was to delineate significant geological and geomorphological features that have not been imaged by the traditional ground field mapping. The application of Radar imagery technique will be relevant to the discovery of subsurface structures that will aid the accumulation or concentration of certain economic minerals or natural resources. It will enhance the identification of significant geological information such as lineaments, geologic structures, drainages, etc, that will serve as a guide to the actual ground field work investigation. Results from radar imageries revealed drainage pattern, major geomorphological units, mega lithostratigraphic units, lineaments and structures. The geology of Afikpo basin consist of Cretaceous, Tertiary and Quaternary rocks are recognizable; the highly deformed Cretaceous rocks are characterized by regional lineaments. Some of the rivers are aligned along the regional lineaments. The NW-SE and NE-SW lineaments truncate one another, suggesting different ages for the lineament groups. A few sinistral tensional movements occur in the eastern sector of the basin. The major folds in the Afikpo basin have NE-SW and NW-SE trends, and occur as anticlines and synclines. The basement structuring and basin framework suggest a tectonic setting in the southeastern Benue Trough resulting from the Early Cretaceous opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and interpolate movement in Africa. From the evidence currently available we may conclude that the post Santonian Afikpo basin falls within the transtenstional basin categories associated with transform faults. The regional tectonics interpreted from the radar imageries are likely hydrocarbon related structural features.
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Мамаев, С. А., Ж. Г. Ибаев, А. Ш. Гусейнова, А. С. Курбанисмаилова, and А. С. Мамаев. "GEOINFORMATIONAL DATABASES OF THE DATA OF HYDROGEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF ARTISIAN WELLS OF THE TERRY-KUM ARTISIAN BASIN." Геология и геофизика Юга России, no. 3 (September 10, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.23671/vnc.2018.3.16545.

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Современные геоинформационные (ГИС) технологии дают возможность хранить и обрабатывать разнообразную пространственно-распределенную информацию, накопленную человечеством в результате хозяйственной деятельности. Использование таких технологий позволяет отображать пространственную информацию в виде разнообразных электронных карт. Такая организация данных позволяет на высоком научно-методическом уровне решать широкий спектр научных и прикладных задач, связанных с рациональным использованием природных ресурсов и охраной окружающей среды. В данной статье рассмотрены вопросы разработки геоинформационной базы данных (БД) Терско-Кумского артезианского бассейна (ТКАБ), описана структура базы и приведены примеры ее использования для решения различных инженерно-геологических задач. Показано как на основе информации из базы данных разрабатывать специальные тематические карты, обладающие достаточной степенью детальности, необходимой при решении задач анализа и прогноза развития различных геологических процессов, возникающих в результате использования природных ресурсов в хозяйственной деятельности. Используя все имеющиеся сведения о гидрогеологическом объекте, в том числе хранящиеся в базах графических и семантических данных, в статье также описана методика создания математических моделей артезианских бассейнов (на примере ТКАБ). Приведены различные требования к системе моделей, детализированы цели и задачи моделирования, определены различные критерии оценки качества решения, сроки решения, финансовые, людские, материальные ресурсы и т.п. Modern geoinformation (GIS) technologies make it possible to store and process a variety of spatially-distributed data accumulated by mankind as a result of economic activity. Using such technologies can display the spatial information in form of various electronic cards. This kind of organization of data allows on a high scientific and methodological level to solve a wide range of scientific and applied problems related to natural resource management and environmental protection. This article describes how to develop geographic information database (DB) of the Terek-Kuma artesian basin (TKAB), provides the structure of the base, and suggests examples of its using when solving various geotechnical problems. It is shown how, based on the information from the database, to develop special thematic maps which have a sufficient degree of accuracy, required when solving problems of analysis and forecast of development of various geological processes, arising from the use of natural resources in the economic activity. Using all available data on a hydrogeological object, including those stored in the databases of graphic and semantic data, the article describes the method of creating mathematical models of artesian basins (on the TKAB example). Different requirements for system models are suggested, objectives and modeling tasks are detailed, and various criteria for quality assessment of solutions, decision deadlines, financial, human, material resources, etc. are defined.
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Dominey-Howes, Dale. "Tsunami Waves of Destruction: The Creation of the “New Australian Catastrophe”." M/C Journal 16, no. 1 (March 18, 2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/mcj.594.

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Introduction The aim of this paper is to examine whether recent catastrophic tsunamis have driven a cultural shift in the awareness of Australians to the danger associated with this natural hazard and whether the media have contributed to the emergence of “tsunami” as a new Australian catastrophe. Prior to the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami disaster (2004 IOT), tsunamis as a type of hazard capable of generating widespread catastrophe were not well known by the general public and had barely registered within the wider scientific community. As a university based lecturer who specialises in natural disasters, I always started my public talks or student lectures with an attempt at a detailed description of what a tsunami is. With little high quality visual and media imagery to use, this was not easy. The Australian geologist Ted Bryant was right when he named his 2001 book Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard. That changed on 26 December 2004 when the third largest earthquake ever recorded occurred northwest of Sumatra, Indonesia, triggering the most catastrophic tsunami ever experienced. The 2004 IOT claimed at least 220,000 lives—probably more—injured tens of thousands, destroyed widespread coastal infrastructure and left millions homeless. Beyond the catastrophic impacts, this tsunami was conspicuous because, for the first time, such a devastating tsunami was widely captured on video and other forms of moving and still imagery. This occurred for two reasons. Firstly, the tsunami took place during daylight hours in good weather conditions—factors conducive to capturing high quality visual images. Secondly, many people—both local residents and westerners who were on beachside holidays and at the coast at multiple locations impacted by the tsunami—were able to capture images of the tsunami on their cameras, videos, and smart phones. The extensive media coverage—including horrifying television, video, and still imagery that raced around the globe in the hours and days after the tsunami, filling our television screens, homes, and lives regardless of where we lived—had a dramatic effect. This single event drove a quantum shift in the wider cultural awareness of this type of catastrophe and acted as a catalyst for improved individual and societal understanding of the nature and effects of disaster landscapes. Since this event, there have been several notable tsunamis, including the March 2011 Japan catastrophe. Once again, this event occurred during daylight hours and was widely captured by multiple forms of media. These events have resulted in a cascade of media coverage across television, radio, movie, and documentary channels, in the print media, online, and in the popular press and on social media—very little of which was available prior to 2004. Much of this has been documentary and informative in style, but there have also been numerous television dramas and movies. For example, an episode of the popular American television series CSI Miami entitled Crime Wave (Season 3, Episode 7) featured a tsunami, triggered by a volcanic eruption in the Atlantic and impacting Miami, as the backdrop to a standard crime-filled episode ("CSI," IMDb; Wikipedia). In 2010, Warner Bros Studios released the supernatural drama fantasy film Hereafter directed by Clint Eastwood. In the movie, a television journalist survives a near-death experience during the 2004 IOT in what might be the most dramatic, and probably accurate, cinematic portrayal of a tsunami ("Hereafter," IMDb; Wikipedia). Thus, these creative and entertaining forms of media, influenced by the catastrophic nature of tsunamis, are impetuses for creativity that also contribute to a transformation of cultural knowledge of catastrophe. The transformative potential of creative media, together with national and intergovernmental disaster risk reduction activity such as community education, awareness campaigns, community evacuation planning and drills, may be indirectly inferred from rapid and positive community behavioural responses. By this I mean many people in coastal communities who experience strong earthquakes are starting a process of self-evacuation, even if regional tsunami warning centres have not issued an alert or warning. For example, when people in coastal locations in Samoa felt a large earthquake on 29 September 2009, many self-evacuated to higher ground or sought information and instruction from relevant authorities because they expected a tsunami to occur. When interviewed, survivors stated that the memory of television and media coverage of the 2004 IOT acted as a catalyst for their affirmative behavioural response (Dominey-Howes and Thaman 1). Thus, individual and community cultural understandings of the nature and effects of tsunami catastrophes are incredibly important for shaping resilience and reducing vulnerability. However, this cultural shift is not playing out evenly.Are Australia and Its People at Risk from Tsunamis?Prior to the 2004 IOT, there was little discussion about, research in to, or awareness about tsunamis and Australia. Ted Bryant from the University of Wollongong had controversially proposed that Australia had been affected by tsunamis much bigger than the 2004 IOT six to eight times during the last 10,000 years and that it was only a matter of when, not if, such an event repeated itself (Bryant, "Second Edition"). Whilst his claims had received some media attention, his ideas did not achieve widespread scientific, cultural, or community acceptance. Not-with-standing this, Australia has been affected by more than 60 small tsunamis since European colonisation (Dominey-Howes 239). Indeed, the 2004 IOT and 2006 Java tsunami caused significant flooding of parts of the Northern Territory and Western Australia (Prendergast and Brown 69). However, the affected areas were sparsely populated and experienced very little in the way of damage or loss. Thus they did not cross any sort of critical threshold of “catastrophe” and failed to achieve meaningful community consciousness—they were not agents of cultural transformation.Regardless of the risk faced by Australia’s coastline, Australians travel to, and holiday in, places that experience tsunamis. In fact, 26 Australians were killed during the 2004 IOT (DFAT) and five were killed by the September 2009 South Pacific tsunami (Caldwell et al. 26). What Role Do the Media Play in Preparing for and Responding to Catastrophe?Regardless of the type of hazard/disaster/catastrophe, the key functions the media play include (but are not limited to): pre-event community education, awareness raising, and planning and preparations; during-event preparation and action, including status updates, evacuation warnings and notices, and recommendations for affirmative behaviours; and post-event responses and recovery actions to follow, including where to gain aid and support. Further, the media also play a role in providing a forum for debate and post-event analysis and reflection, as a mechanism to hold decision makers to account. From time to time, the media also provide a platform for examining who, if anyone, might be to blame for losses sustained during catastrophes and can act as a powerful conduit for driving socio-cultural, behavioural, and policy change. Many of these functions are elegantly described and a series of best practices outlined by The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency in a tsunami specific publication freely available online (CDEMA 1). What Has Been the Media Coverage in Australia about Tsunamis and Their Effects on Australians?A manifest contents analysis of media material covering tsunamis over the last decade using the framework of Cox et al. reveals that coverage falls into distinctive and repetitive forms or themes. After tsunamis, I have collected articles (more than 130 to date) published in key Australian national broadsheets (e.g., The Australian and Sydney Morning Herald) and tabloid (e.g., The Telegraph) newspapers and have watched on television and monitored on social media, such as YouTube and Facebook, the types of coverage given to tsunamis either affecting Australia, or Australians domestically and overseas. In all cases, I continued to monitor and collect these stories and accounts for a fixed period of four weeks after each event, commencing on the day of the tsunami. The themes raised in the coverage include: the nature of the event. For example, where, when, why did it occur, how big was it, and what were the effects; what emergency response and recovery actions are being undertaken by the emergency services and how these are being provided; exploration of how the event was made worse or better by poor/good planning and prior knowledge, action or inaction, confusion and misunderstanding; the attribution of blame and responsibility; the good news story—often the discovery and rescue of an “iconic victim/survivor”—usually a child days to weeks later; and follow-up reporting weeks to months later and on anniversaries. This coverage generally focuses on how things are improving and is often juxtaposed with the ongoing suffering of victims. I select the word “victims” purposefully for the media frequently prefer this over the more affirmative “survivor.”The media seldom carry reports of “behind the scenes” disaster preparatory work such as community education programs, the development and installation of warning and monitoring systems, and ongoing training and policy work by response agencies and governments since such stories tend to be less glamorous in terms of the disaster gore factor and less newsworthy (Cox et al. 469; Miles and Morse 365; Ploughman 308).With regard to Australians specifically, the manifest contents analysis reveals that coverage can be described as follows. First, it focuses on those Australians killed and injured. Such coverage provides elements of a biography of the victims, telling their stories, personalising these individuals so we build empathy for their suffering and the suffering of their families. The Australian victims are not unknown strangers—they are named and pictures of their smiling faces are printed or broadcast. Second, the media describe and catalogue the loss and ongoing suffering of the victims (survivors). Third, the media use phrases to describe Australians such as “innocent victims in the wrong place at the wrong time.” This narrative establishes the sense that these “innocents” have been somehow wronged and transgressed and that suffering should not be experienced by them. The fourth theme addresses the difficulties Australians have in accessing Consular support and in acquiring replacement passports in order to return home. It usually goes on to describe how they have difficulty in gaining access to accommodation, clothing, food, and water and any necessary medicines and the challenges associated with booking travel home and the complexities of communicating with family and friends. The last theme focuses on how Australians were often (usually?) not given relevant safety information by “responsible people” or “those in the know” in the place where they were at the time of the tsunami. This establishes a sense that Australians were left out and not considered by the relevant authorities. This narrative pays little attention to the wide scale impact upon and suffering of resident local populations who lack the capacity to escape the landscape of catastrophe.How Does Australian Media Coverage of (Tsunami) Catastrophe Compare with Elsewhere?A review of the available literature suggests media coverage of catastrophes involving domestic citizens is similar globally. For example, Olofsson (557) in an analysis of newspaper articles in Sweden about the 2004 IOT showed that the tsunami was framed as a Swedish disaster heavily focused on Sweden, Swedish victims, and Thailand, and that there was a division between “us” (Swedes) and “them” (others or non-Swedes). Olofsson (557) described two types of “us” and “them.” At the international level Sweden, i.e. “us,” was glorified and contrasted with “inferior” countries such as Thailand, “them.” Olofsson (557) concluded that mediated frames of catastrophe are influenced by stereotypes and nationalistic values.Such nationalistic approaches preface one type of suffering in catastrophe over others and delegitimises the experiences of some survivors. Thus, catastrophes are not evenly experienced. Importantly, Olofsson although not explicitly using the term, explains that the underlying reason for this construction of “them” and “us” is a form of imperialism and colonialism. Sharp refers to “historically rooted power hierarchies between countries and regions of the world” (304)—this is especially so of western news media reporting on catastrophes within and affecting “other” (non-western) countries. Sharp goes much further in relation to western representations and imaginations of the “war on terror” (arguably a global catastrophe) by explicitly noting the near universal western-centric dominance of this representation and the construction of the “west” as good and all “non-west” as not (299). Like it or not, the western media, including elements of the mainstream Australian media, adhere to this imperialistic representation. Studies of tsunami and other catastrophes drawing upon different types of media (still images, video, film, camera, and social media such as Facebook, Twitter, and the like) and from different national settings have explored the multiple functions of media. These functions include: providing information, questioning the authorities, and offering a chance for transformative learning. Further, they alleviate pain and suffering, providing new virtual communities of shared experience and hearing that facilitate resilience and recovery from catastrophe. Lastly, they contribute to a cultural transformation of catastrophe—both positive and negative (Hjorth and Kyoung-hwa "The Mourning"; "Good Grief"; McCargo and Hyon-Suk 236; Brown and Minty 9; Lau et al. 675; Morgan and de Goyet 33; Piotrowski and Armstrong 341; Sood et al. 27).Has Extensive Media Coverage Resulted in an Improved Awareness of the Catastrophic Potential of Tsunami for Australians?In playing devil’s advocate, my simple response is NO! This because I have been interviewing Australians about their perceptions and knowledge of tsunamis as a catastrophe, after events have occurred. These events have triggered alerts and warnings by the Australian Tsunami Warning System (ATWS) for selected coastal regions of Australia. Consequently, I have visited coastal suburbs and interviewed people about tsunamis generally and those events specifically. Formal interviews (surveys) and informal conversations have revolved around what people perceived about the hazard, the likely consequences, what they knew about the warning, where they got their information from, how they behaved and why, and so forth. I have undertaken this work after the 2007 Solomon Islands, 2009 New Zealand, 2009 South Pacific, the February 2010 Chile, and March 2011 Japan tsunamis. I have now spoken to more than 800 people. Detailed research results will be presented elsewhere, but of relevance here, I have discovered that, to begin with, Australians have a reasonable and shared cultural knowledge of the potential catastrophic effects that tsunamis can have. They use terms such as “devastating; death; damage; loss; frightening; economic impact; societal loss; horrific; overwhelming and catastrophic.” Secondly, when I ask Australians about their sources of information about tsunamis, they describe the television (80%); Internet (85%); radio (25%); newspaper (35%); and social media including YouTube (65%). This tells me that the media are critical to underpinning knowledge of catastrophe and are a powerful transformative medium for the acquisition of knowledge. Thirdly, when asked about where people get information about live warning messages and alerts, Australians stated the “television (95%); Internet (70%); family and friends (65%).” Fourthly and significantly, when individuals were asked what they thought being caught in a tsunami would be like, responses included “fun (50%); awesome (75%); like in a movie (40%).” Fifthly, when people were asked about what they would do (i.e., their “stated behaviour”) during a real tsunami arriving at the coast, responses included “go down to the beach to swim/surf the tsunami (40%); go to the sea to watch (85%); video the tsunami and sell to the news media people (40%).”An independent and powerful representation of the disjunct between Australians’ knowledge of the catastrophic potential of tsunamis and their “negative” behavioral response can be found in viewing live television news coverage broadcast from Sydney beaches on the morning of Sunday 28 February 2010. The Chilean tsunami had taken more than 14 hours to travel from Chile to the eastern seaboard of Australia and the ATWS had issued an accurate warning and had correctly forecast the arrival time of the tsunami (approximately 08.30 am). The television and radio media had dutifully broadcast the warning issued by the State Emergency Services. The message was simple: “Stay out of the water, evacuate the beaches and move to higher ground.” As the tsunami arrived, those news broadcasts showed volunteer State Emergency Service personnel and Surf Life Saving Australia lifeguards “begging” with literally hundreds (probably thousands up and down the eastern seaboard of Australia) of members of the public to stop swimming in the incoming tsunami and to evacuate the beaches. On that occasion, Australians were lucky and the tsunami was inconsequential. What do these responses mean? Clearly Australians recognise and can describe the consequences of a tsunami. However, they are not associating the catastrophic nature of tsunami with their own lives or experience. They are avoiding or disallowing the reality; they normalise and dramaticise the event. Thus in Australia, to date, a cultural transformation about the catastrophic nature of tsunami has not occurred for reasons that are not entirely clear but are the subject of ongoing study.The Emergence of Tsunami as a “New Australian Catastrophe”?As a natural disaster expert with nearly two decades experience, in my mind tsunami has emerged as a “new Australian catastrophe.” I believe this has occurred for a number of reasons. Firstly, the 2004 IOT was devastating and did impact northwestern Australia, raising the flag on this hitherto, unknown threat. Australia is now known to be vulnerable to the tsunami catastrophe. The media have played a critical role here. Secondly, in the 2004 IOT and other tsunamis since, Australians have died and their deaths have been widely reported in the Australian media. Thirdly, the emergence of various forms of social media has facilitated an explosion in information and material that can be consumed, digested, reimagined, and normalised by Australians hungry for the gore of catastrophe—it feeds our desire for catastrophic death and destruction. Fourthly, catastrophe has been creatively imagined and retold for a story-hungry viewing public. Whether through regular television shows easily consumed from a comfy chair at home, or whilst eating popcorn at a cinema, tsunami catastrophe is being fed to us in a way that reaffirms its naturalness. Juxtaposed against this idea though is that, despite all the graphic imagery of tsunami catastrophe, especially images of dead children in other countries, Australian media do not and culturally cannot, display images of dead Australian children. Such images are widely considered too gruesome but are well known to drive changes in cultural behaviour because of the iconic significance of the child within our society. As such, a cultural shift has not yet occurred and so the potential of catastrophe remains waiting to strike. Fifthly and significantly, given the fact that large numbers of Australians have not died during recent tsunamis means that again, the catastrophic potential of tsunamis is not yet realised and has not resulted in cultural changes to more affirmative behaviour. Lastly, Australians are probably more aware of “regular or common” catastrophes such as floods and bush fires that are normal to the Australian climate system and which are endlessly experienced individually and culturally and covered by the media in all forms. The Australian summer of 2012–13 has again been dominated by floods and fires. If this idea is accepted, the media construct a uniquely Australian imaginary of catastrophe and cultural discourse of disaster. The familiarity with these common climate catastrophes makes us “culturally blind” to the catastrophe that is tsunami.The consequences of a major tsunami affecting Australia some point in the future are likely to be of a scale not yet comprehensible. References Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). "ABC Net Splash." 20 Mar. 2013 ‹http://splash.abc.net.au/media?id=31077›. Brown, Philip, and Jessica Minty. “Media Coverage and Charitable Giving after the 2004 Tsunami.” Southern Economic Journal 75 (2008): 9–25. Bryant, Edward. Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard. First Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001. ———. Tsunami: The Underrated Hazard. Second Edition, Sydney: Springer-Praxis, 2008. Caldwell, Anna, Natalie Gregg, Fiona Hudson, Patrick Lion, Janelle Miles, Bart Sinclair, and John Wright. “Samoa Tsunami Claims Five Aussies as Death Toll Rises.” The Courier Mail 1 Oct. 2009. 20 Mar. 2013 ‹http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/samoa-tsunami-claims-five-aussies-as-death-toll-rises/story-e6freon6-1225781357413›. CDEMA. "The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency. Tsunami SMART Media Web Site." 18 Dec. 2012. 20 Mar. 2013 ‹http://weready.org/tsunami/index.php?Itemid=40&id=40&option=com_content&view=article›. Cox, Robin, Bonita Long, and Megan Jones. “Sequestering of Suffering – Critical Discourse Analysis of Natural Disaster Media Coverage.” Journal of Health Psychology 13 (2008): 469–80. “CSI: Miami (Season 3, Episode 7).” International Movie Database (IMDb). ‹http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0534784/›. 9 Jan. 2013. "CSI: Miami (Season 3)." Wikipedia. ‹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI:_Miami_(season_3)#Episodes›. 21 Mar. 2013. DFAT. "Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Annual Report 2004–2005." 8 Jan. 2013 ‹http://www.dfat.gov.au/dept/annual_reports/04_05/downloads/2_Outcome2.pdf›. Dominey-Howes, Dale. “Geological and Historical Records of Australian Tsunami.” Marine Geology 239 (2007): 99–123. Dominey-Howes, Dale, and Randy Thaman. “UNESCO-IOC International Tsunami Survey Team Samoa Interim Report of Field Survey 14–21 October 2009.” No. 2. Australian Tsunami Research Centre. University of New South Wales, Sydney. "Hereafter." International Movie Database (IMDb). ‹http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1212419/›. 9 Jan. 2013."Hereafter." Wikipedia. ‹http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereafter (film)›. 21 Mar. 2013. Hjorth, Larissa, and Yonnie Kyoung-hwa. “The Mourning After: A Case Study of Social Media in the 3.11 Earthquake Disaster in Japan.” Television and News Media 12 (2011): 552–59. ———, and Yonnie Kyoung-hwa. “Good Grief: The Role of Mobile Social Media in the 3.11 Earthquake Disaster in Japan.” Digital Creativity 22 (2011): 187–99. Lau, Joseph, Mason Lau, and Jean Kim. “Impacts of Media Coverage on the Community Stress Level in Hong Kong after the Tsunami on 26 December 2004.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 60 (2006): 675–82. McCargo, Duncan, and Lee Hyon-Suk. “Japan’s Political Tsunami: What’s Media Got to Do with It?” International Journal of Press-Politics 15 (2010): 236–45. Miles, Brian, and Stephanie Morse. “The Role of News Media in Natural Disaster Risk and Recovery.” Ecological Economics 63 (2007): 365–73. Morgan, Olive, and Charles de Goyet. “Dispelling Disaster Myths about Dead Bodies and Disease: The Role of Scientific Evidence and the Media.” Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica-Pan American Journal of Public Health 18 (2005): 33–6. Olofsson, Anna. “The Indian Ocean Tsunami in Swedish Newspapers: Nationalism after Catastrophe.” Disaster Prevention and Management 20 (2011): 557–69. Piotrowski, Chris, and Terry Armstrong. “Mass Media Preferences in Disaster: A Study of Hurricane Danny.” Social Behavior and Personality 26 (1998): 341–45. Ploughman, Penelope. “The American Print News Media Construction of Five Natural Disasters.” Disasters 19 (1995): 308–26. Prendergast, Amy, and Nick Brown. “Far Field Impact and Coastal Sedimentation Associated with the 2006 Java Tsunami in West Australia: Post-Tsunami Survey at Steep Point, West Australia.” Natural Hazards 60 (2012): 69–79. Sharp, Joanne. “A Subaltern Critical Geopolitics of The War on Terror: Postcolonial Security in Tanzania.” Geoforum 42 (2011): 297–305. Sood, Rahul, Stockdale, Geoffrey, and Everett Rogers. “How the News Media Operate in Natural Disasters.” Journal of Communication 37 (1987): 27–41.
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Chavdarov, Anatoliy V. "Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 Journal > Special Issue > Special Issue No. – 10, June, 2020 > Page 5 “Quantative Methods in Modern Science” organized by Academic Paper Ltd, Russia MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF THE GENUS GAGEA SALISB., GROWING IN THE EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION Authors: Zhamal T. Igissinova,Almash A. Kitapbayeva,Anargul S. Sharipkhanova,Alexander L. Vorobyev,Svetlana F. Kolosova,Zhanat K. Idrisheva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00041 Abstract: Due to ecological preferences among species of the genus GageaSalisb, many plants are qualified as rare and/or endangered. Therefore, the problem of rational use of natural resources, in particular protection of early spring plant species is very important. However, literary sources analysis only reveals data on the biology of species of this genus. The present research,conducted in the spring of 2017-2019, focuses on anatomical and morphological features of two Altai species: Gagealutea and Gagea minima; these features were studied, clarified and confirmed by drawings and photographs. The anatomical structure of the stem and leaf blade was studied in detail. The obtained research results will prove useful for studies of medicinal raw materials and honey plants. The aforementioned species are similar in morphological features, yet G. minima issmaller in size, and its shoots appear earlier than those of other species Keywords: Flora,gageas,Altai species,vegetative organs., Refference: I. Atlas of areas and resources of medicinal plants of Kazakhstan.Almaty, 2008. II. Baitenov M.S. Flora of Kazakhstan.Almaty: Ġylym, 2001. III. DanilevichV. G. ThegenusGageaSalisb. of WesternTienShan. PhD Thesis, St. Petersburg,1996. IV. EgeubaevaR.A., GemedzhievaN.G. The current state of stocks of medicinal plants in some mountain ecosystems of Kazakhstan.Proceedings of the international scientific conference ‘”Results and prospects for the development of botanical science in Kazakhstan’, 2002. V. Kotukhov Yu.A. New species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae) from Southern Altai. Bot. Journal.1989;74(11). VI. KotukhovYu.A. ListofvascularplantsofKazakhstanAltai. Botan. Researches ofSiberiaandKazakhstan.2005;11. VII. KotukhovYu. The current state of populations of rare and endangered plants in Eastern Kazakhstan. Almaty: AST, 2009. VIII. Kotukhov Yu.A., DanilovaA.N., AnufrievaO.A. Synopsisoftheonions (AlliumL.) oftheKazakhstanAltai, Sauro-ManrakandtheZaisandepression. BotanicalstudiesofSiberiaandKazakhstan. 2011;17: 3-33. IX. Kotukhov, Yu.A., Baytulin, I.O. Rareandendangered, endemicandrelictelementsofthefloraofKazakhstanAltai. MaterialsoftheIntern. scientific-practical. conf. ‘Sustainablemanagementofprotectedareas’.Almaty: Ridder, 2010. X. Krasnoborov I.M. et al. The determinant of plants of the Republic of Altai. Novosibirsk: SB RAS, 2012. XI. Levichev I.G. On the species status of Gagea Rubicunda. Botanical Journal.1997;6:71-76. XII. Levichev I.G. A new species of the genus Gagea (Liliaceae). Botanical Journal. 2000;7: 186-189. XIII. Levichev I.G., Jangb Chang-gee, Seung Hwan Ohc, Lazkovd G.A.A new species of genus GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) from Kyrgyz Republic (Western Tian Shan, Chatkal Range, Sary-Chelek Nature Reserve). Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity.2019; 12: 341-343. XIV. Peterson A., Levichev I.G., Peterson J. Systematics of Gagea and Lloydia (Liliaceae) and infrageneric classification of Gagea based on molecular and morphological data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.2008; 46. XV. Peruzzi L., Peterson A., Tison J.-M., Peterson J. Phylogenetic relationships of GageaSalisb.(Liliaceae) in Italy, inferred from molecular and morphological data matrices. Plant Systematics and Evolution; 2008: 276. XVI. Rib R.D. Honey plants of Kazakhstan. Advertising Digest, 2013. XVII. Scherbakova L.I., Shirshikova N.A. Flora of medicinal plants in the vicinity of Ust-Kamenogorsk. Collection of materials of the scientific-practical conference ‘Unity of Education, Science and Innovation’. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2011. XVIII. syganovA.P. PrimrosesofEastKazakhstan. Ust-Kamenogorsk: EKSU, 2001. XIX. Tsyganov A.P. Flora and vegetation of the South Altai Tarbagatay. Berlin: LAP LAMBERT,2014. XX. Utyasheva, T.R., Berezovikov, N.N., Zinchenko, Yu.K. ProceedingsoftheMarkakolskStateNatureReserve. Ust-Kamenogorsk, 2009. XXI. Xinqi C, Turland NJ. Gagea. Flora of China.2000;24: 117-121. XXII. Zarrei M., Zarre S., Wilkin P., Rix E.M. Systematic revision of the genus GageaSalisb. (Liliaceae) in Iran.BotJourn Linn Soc.2007;154. XXIII. Zarrei M., Wilkin P., Ingroille M.J., Chase M.W. A revised infrageneric classification for GageaSalisb. (Tulipeae; Liliaceae): insights from DNA sequence and morphological data.Phytotaxa.2011:5. View | Download INFLUENCE OF SUCCESSION CROPPING ON ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF NO-TILL CROP ROTATIONS Authors: Victor K. Dridiger,Roman S. Stukalov,Rasul G. Gadzhiumarov,Anastasiya A. Voropaeva,Viktoriay A. Kolomytseva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00042 Abstract: This study was aimed at examining the influence of succession cropping on the economic efficiency of no-till field crop rotations on the black earth in the zone of unstable moistening of the Stavropol krai. A long-term stationary experiment was conducted to examine for the purpose nine field crop rotation patterns different in the number of fields (four to six), set of crops, and their succession in crop rotation. The respective shares of legumes, oilseeds, and cereals in the cropping pattern were 17 to 33, 17 to 40, and 50 to 67 %. It has been established that in case of no-till field crop cultivation the economic efficiency of plant production depends on the set of crops and their succession in rotation. The most economically efficient type of crop rotation is the soya-winter wheat-peas-winter wheat-sunflower-corn six-field rotation with two fields of legumes: in this rotation 1 ha of crop rotation area yields 3 850 grain units per ha at a grain unit prime cost of 5.46 roubles; the plant production output return and profitability were 20,888 roubles per ha and 113 %, respectively. The high production profitabilities provided by the soya-winter wheat-sunflower four-field and the soya-winter-wheat-sunflower-corn-winter wheat five-field crop rotation are 108.7 and 106.2 %, respectively. The inclusion of winter wheat in crop rotation for two years in a row reduces the second winter wheat crop yield by 80 to 100 %, which means a certain reduction in the grain unit harvesting rate to 3.48-3.57 thousands per ha of rotation area and cuts the production profitability down to 84.4-92.3 %. This is why, no-till cropping should not include winter wheat for a second time Keywords: No-till technology,crop rotation,predecessor,yield,return,profitability, Refference: I Badakhova G. Kh. and Knutas A. V., Stavropol Krai: Modern Climate Conditions [Stavropol’skiykray: sovremennyyeklimaticheskiyeusloviya]. Stavropol: SUE Krai Communication Networks, 2007. II Cherkasov G. N. and Akimenko A. S. Scientific Basis of Modernization of Crop Rotations and Formation of Their Systems according to the Specializations of Farms in the Central Chernozem Region [Osnovy moderniz atsiisevooborotoviformirovaniyaikh sistem v sootvetstvii so spetsi-alizatsiyeykhozyaystvTsentral’nogoChernozem’ya]. Zemledelie. 2017; 4: 3-5. III Decree 330 of July 6, 2017 the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia “On Approving Coefficients of Converting to Agricultural Crops to Grain Units [Ob utverzhdeniikoeffitsiyentovperevoda v zernovyyee dinitsysel’s kokhozyaystvennykhkul’tur]. IV Dridiger V. K., About Methods of Research of No-Till Technology [O metodikeissledovaniytekhnologii No-till]//Achievements of Science and Technology of AIC (Dostizheniyanaukiitekhniki APK). 2016; 30 (4): 30-32. V Dridiger V. K. and Gadzhiumarov R. G. Growth, Development, and Productivity of Soya Beans Cultivated On No-Till Technology in the Zone of Unstable Moistening of Stavropol Region [Rost, razvitiyeiproduktivnost’ soiprivozdelyvaniipotekhnologii No-till v zone ne-ustoychivog ouvlazhneniyaStavropol’skogokraya]//Oil Crops RTBVNIIMK (Maslichnyyekul’turyNTBVNIIMK). 2018; 3 (175): 52–57. VI Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Eroshenko F. V., Stukalov R. S., Gadzhiumarov, R. G., Effekt of No-till Technology on erosion resistance, the population of earthworms and humus content in soil (Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till naprotivoerozionnuyuustoychivost’, populyatsiyudozhdevykhcherveyisoderzhaniyegumusa v pochve)//Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2018; 9 (2): 766-770. VII Karabutov A. P., Solovichenko V. D., Nikitin V. V. et al., Reproduction of Soil Fertility, Productivity and Energy Efficiency of Crop Rotations [Vosproizvodstvoplodorodiyapochv, produktivnost’ ienergeticheskayaeffektivnost’ sevooborotov]. Zemledelie. 2019; 2: 3-7. VIII Kulintsev V. V., Dridiger V. K., Godunova E. I., Kovtun V. I., Zhukova M. P., Effekt of No-till Technology on The Available Moisture Content and Soil Density in The Crop Rotation [Vliyaniyetekhnologii No-till nasoderzhaniyedostupnoyvlagiiplotnost’ pochvy v sevoob-orote]// Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences. 2017; 8 (6): 795-99. IX Kulintsev V. V., Godunova E. I., Zhelnakova L. I. et al., Next-Gen Agriculture System for Stavropol Krai: Monograph [SistemazemledeliyanovogopokoleniyaStavropol’skogokraya: Monogtafiya]. Stavropol: AGRUS Publishers, Stavropol State Agrarian University, 2013. X Lessiter Frank, 29 reasons why many growers are harvesting higher no-till yields in their fields than some university scientists find in research plots//No-till Farmer. 2015; 44 (2): 8. XI Rodionova O. A. Reproduction and Exchange-Distributive Relations in Farming Entities [Vosproizvodstvoiobmenno-raspredelitel’nyyeotnosheniya v sel’skokhozyaystvennykhorganizatsiyakh]//Economy, Labour, and Control in Agriculture (Ekonomika, trud, upravleniye v sel’skomkhozyaystve). 2010; 1 (2): 24-27. XII Sandu I. S., Svobodin V. A., Nechaev V. I., Kosolapova M. V., and Fedorenko V. F., Agricultural Production Efficiency: Recommended Practices [Effektivnost’ sel’skokhozyaystvennogoproizvodstva (metodicheskiyerekomendatsii)]. Moscow: Rosinforagrotech, 2013. XIII Sotchenko V. S. Modern Corn Cultivation Technologies [Sovremennayatekhnologiyavozdelyvaniya]. Moscow: Rosagrokhim, 2009. View | Download DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF AUTONOMOUS PORTABLE SEISMOMETER DESIGNED FOR USE AT ULTRALOW TEMPERATURES IN ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT Authors: Mikhail A. Abaturov,Yuriy V. Sirotinskiy, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00043 Abstract: This paper is concerned with solving one of the issues of the general problem of designing geophysical equipment for the natural climatic environment of the Arctic. The relevance of the topic has to do with an increased global interest in this region. The paper is aimed at considering the basic principles of developing and the procedure of testing seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. In this paper the indicated issue is considered through the example of a seismic module designed for petroleum and gas exploration by passive seismoacoustic methods. The seismic module is a direct-burial portable unit of around 5 kg in weight, designed to continuously measure and record microseismic triaxial orthogonal (ZNE) noise in a range from 0.1 to 45 Hz during several days in autonomous mode. The functional chart of designing the seismic module was considered, and concrete conclusions were made for choosing the necessary components to meet the ultralow-temperature operational requirements. The conclusions made served for developing appropriate seismic module. In this case, the components and tools used included a SAFT MP 176065 xc low-temperature lithium cell, industrial-spec electronic component parts, a Zhaofeng Geophysical ZF-4.5 Chinese primary electrodynamic seismic sensor, housing seal parts made of frost-resistant silicone materials, and finely dispersed silica gel used as water-retaining sorbent to avoid condensation in the housing. The paper also describes a procedure of low-temperature collation tests at the lab using a New Brunswick Scientific freezing plant. The test results proved the operability of the developed equipment at ultralow temperatures down to -55°C. In addition, tests were conducted at low microseismic noises in the actual Arctic environment. The possibility to detect signals in a range from 1 to 10 Hz at the level close to the NLNM limit (the Peterson model) has been confirmed, which allows monitoring and exploring petroleum and gas deposits by passive methods. As revealed by this study, the suggested approaches are efficient in developing high-precision mobile seismic instruments for use at ultralow climatic temperatures. The solution of the considered instrumentation and methodical issues is of great practical significance as a constituent of the generic problem of Arctic exploration. Keywords: Seismic instrumentation,microseismic monitoring,Peterson model,geological exploration,temperature ratings,cooling test, Refference: I. AD797: Ultralow Distortion, Ultralow Noise Op Amp, Analog Devices, Inc., Data Sheet (Rev. K). Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD797.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). II. Agafonov, V. M., Egorov, I. V., and Shabalina, A. S. Operating Principles and Technical Characteristics of a Small-Sized Molecular–Electronic Seismic Sensor with Negative Feedback [Printsipyraboty I tekhnicheskiyekharakteristikimalogabaritnogomolekulyarno-elektronnogoseysmodatchika s otritsatel’noyobratnoysvyaz’yu]. SeysmicheskiyePribory (Seismic Instruments). 2014; 50 (1): 1–8. DOI: 10.3103/S0747923914010022. III. Antonovskaya, G., Konechnaya, Ya.,Kremenetskaya, E., Asming, V., Kvaema, T., Schweitzer, J., Ringdal, F. Enhanced Earthquake Monitoring in the European Arctic. Polar Science. 2015; 1 (9): 158-167. 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Chao Xu, Junbo Wang, Deyong Chen, Jian Chen, Bowen Liu, Wenjie Qi, XichenZheng, Hua Wei, Guoqing Zhang. The Electrochemical Seismometer Based on a Novel Designed.Sensing Electrode for Undersea Exploration. 20th International Conference on Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems &Eurosensors XXXIII (TRANSDUCERS &EUROSENSORS XXXIII). IEEE, 2019. DOI: 10.1109/TRANSDUCERS.2019.8808450. VIII. Chebotareva, I. Ya. New algorithms of emission tomography for passive seismic monitoring of a producing hydrocarbon deposit: Part I. Algorithms of processing and numerical simulation [Novyye algoritmyemissionnoyto mografiidlyapassivnogoseysmicheskogomonitoringarazrabatyvayemykhmestorozhdeniyuglevodorodov. Chast’ I: Algoritmyobrabotki I chislennoyemodelirovaniye]. FizikaZemli. 2010; 46(3):187-98. DOI: 10.1134/S106935131003002X IX. Danilov, A. V. and Konechnaya, Ya. V. Analytical comparison of seismic instruments for stationary surveys in the Arctic [Sravnitel’nyyanalizseysmicheskoyapparaturydlyastatsionarnykhnablyudeniy v Arktike]. DSYS. URL: https://dsys.ru/upload/id254_docPDF_FranzJosefLand.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). X. Dew point temperature calculator. Maple Tech. International LLC. URL: https://www.calculator.net/dew-point-calculator.html?airtemperature=20&airtemperatureunit=celsius&humidity=0.34&dewpoint=&dewpointunit=celsius&x=51&y=14(Date of access September 2, 2019). XI. Frolov, A. S. Matching of wave fields recorded by different geophysical receivers [Soglasovaniyevolnovykhpoley, poluchennykh s primeneniyemrazlichnoyregistriruyushcheyapparatury]. Abstracts IX International scientific and technical conference competition of young specialists “Geophysics-2013”. Saint-Petersburg: Gubkin University, 2013. URL: https://www.gubkin.ru/faculty/geology_and_geophysics/chairs_and_departments/exploration_geophysics_and_computers_systems/files/2013_SPb_Frolov.pdf. (Date of access September 2, 2019). XII. Gibbons, S. J., Asming, V., Fedorov, A., Fyen, J., Kero, J., Kozlovskaya, E., Kværna, T., Liszka, L., Näsholm, S.P., Raita, T., Roth, M., Tiira, T., Vinogradov, Yu. The European Arctic: A laboratory for seismoacoustic studies. Seism. Res. Letters. 2015; 86 (3): 917–928. XIII. GOST 8.395-80. State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Reference conditions of measurements while calibrating. General requirements [Gosudarstvennayasistemaobespecheniyaedinstvaizmereniy. Normal’nyyeusloviyaizmereniypripoverke. Obshchiyetrebovaniya]. Moscow: Standartinform, 2008. URL: http://gostrf.com/normadata/1/4294821/4294821960.pdf (Date of access September 2, 2019). XIV. Guralp 6TD. Operators’ Guide. Document Number: MAN-T60-0002, Issue J: April, 2017. Guralp Systems Limited. 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F., Chirkin, I. A., Rizanov, E. G., LeRoy, S. D., Koligaev, S. O. Long-term monitoring of microseismic emissions: Earth tides, fracture distribution, and fluid content. SEG, APPG Interpretation. 2016: 4 (2): T191–T204. XIX. Laverov, N. P., Bogoyavlenskiy, V. I., Bogoyavlenskiy, I. V. Fundamental Aspects of Rational Management of the Petroleum and Gas Resources of the Arctic and the Russian Continental Shelf: Strategy, Prospects, and Problems [Fundamental’nyyeaspektyratsional’nogoosvoyeniyaresursovneftiigazaArktiki I shel’faRossii: strategiya, perspektivyi problem].Arktika: ekologiya I ekonomika [Arctic: Ecology and Economy]. 2016; 2 (22): 4-13. XX. Lee, P. Low Noise Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimal Noise Performance, Analog Devices, Inc., AN-940 Application Note. Analog Devices, Inc. URL: https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/application-notes/AN-940.pdf(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXI. Markatis, N., Polychronopoulou, K., Tselentis, Ak. Passive seismic tomography: A passive concept actively evolving. First Break. 2012; 30 (7): 83-90. XXII. Matveev, I. V. and Matveeva, N. V. Portable seismic recorder “SEISAR-5” with very low energy consumption for autonomous work in harsh climatic conditions [Portativnyyseysmicheskiyregistrator «Seysar-5» s ochen’ nizkimenergopotrebleniyemdlyaavtonomnoyraboty v slozhnykhklimatic heskikhusloviyakh]. Nauka I tekhnologicheskierazrabotki (Science and Technological Developments). 2017; 96 (3): 33-40. [Special Issue “Applied Geophysics: New Developments and Results. Part 1. Seismology and Seismic Exploration]. DOI: 10.21455/std2017.3-3. XXIII. Mishra, R. The Temperature Ratings of Electronic Parts.Electronics Cooling magazine. URL: http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2004/02/the-temperature-ratings-of-electronic-parts(Date of access September 2, 2019). XXIV. Moore, Sue E.; Stabeno, Phyllis J.; Van Pelt, Thomas I. The Synthesis of Arctic Research (SOAR) project. 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View | Download COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH FOOT PATHOLOGY WHO UNDERWENT WEIL OPEN OSTEOTOMY BY CLASSICAL METHOD AND WITHOUT STEOSYNTHESIS Authors: Yuriy V. Lartsev,Dmitrii A. Rasputin,Sergey D. Zuev-Ratnikov,Pavel V.Ryzhov,Dmitry S. Kudashev,Anton A. Bogdanov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00044 Abstract: The article considers the problem of surgical correction of the second metatarsal bone length. The article analyzes the results of treatment of patients with excess length of the second metatarsal bones that underwent osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis. The results of treatment of patients who underwent metatarsal shortening due to classical Weil-osteotomy with and without osteosynthesis were analyzed. The first group consisted of 34 patients. They underwent classical Weil osteotomy. The second group included 44 patients in whomosteotomy of the second metatarsal bone were not by the screw. When studying the results of the treatment in the immediate postoperative period, weeks 6, 12, slightly better results were observed in patients of the first group, while one year after surgical treatment the results in both groups were comparable. One year after surgical treatment, there were 2.9% (1 patient) of unsatisfactory results in the first group and 4.5% (2 patients) in the second group. Considering the comparability of the results of treatment in remote postoperative period, the choice of concrete method remains with the operating surgeon. Keywords: Flat feet,hallux valgus,corrective osteotomy,metatarsal bones, Refference: I. A novel modification of the Stainsby procedure: surgical technique and clinical outcome [Text] / E. Concannon, R. MacNiocaill, R. Flavin [et al.] // Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Dec., Vol. 20(4). – P. 262–267. II. Accurate determination of relative metatarsal protrusion with a small intermetatarsal angle: a novel simplified method [Text] / L. Osher, M.M. Blazer, S. Buck [et al.] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2014. – Sep.-Oct., Vol. 53(5). – P. 548–556. III. Argerakis, N.G. The radiographic effects of the scarf bunionectomy on rearfoot alignment [Text] / N.G. Argerakis, L.Jr. Weil, L.S. Sr. Weil // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Apr., Vol. 8(2). – P. 89–94. IV. Bauer, T. Percutaneous forefoot surgery [Text] / T. Bauer // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2014. – Feb., Vol. 100(1 Suppl.). – P. S191–S204. V. Biomechanical Evaluation of Custom Foot Orthoses for Hallux Valgus Deformity [Text] // J. Foot Ankle Surg. – 2015. – Sep.-Oct., Vol.54(5). – P. 852–855. VI. Chopra, S. Characterization of gait in female patients with moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity [Text] / S. Chopra, K. Moerenhout, X. Crevoisier // Clin. Biomech. (Bristol, Avon). – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 30(6). – P. 629–635. VII. Computer assisted planning and custom-made surgical guide for malunited pronation deformity after first metatarsophalangeal joint arthrodesis in rheumatoid arthritis: a case report [Text] / M. Hirao, S. Ikemoto, H. Tsuboi [et al.] // Comput. Aided Surg. – 2014. – Vol. 19(1-3). – P. 13–19. VIII. Correlation between static radiographic measurements and intersegmental angular measurements during gait using a multisegment foot model [Text] / D.Y. Lee, S.G. Seo, E.J. Kim [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Jan., Vol.36(1). – P. 1–10. IX. Correlative study between length of first metatarsal and transfer metatarsalgia after osteotomy of first metatarsal [Text]: [Article in Chinese] / F.Q. Zhang, B.Y. Pei, S.T. Wei [et al.] // Zhonghua Yi XueZaZhi. – 2013. – Nov. 19, Vol. 93(43). – P. 3441–3444. X. Dave, M.H. Forefoot Deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comparison of Shod and Unshod Populations [Text] / M.H. Dave, L.W. Mason, K. Hariharan // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 8(5). – P. 378–383. XI. Does arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint correct the intermetatarsal M1M2 angle? Analysis of a continuous series of 208 arthrodeses fixed with plates [Text] / F. Dalat, F. Cottalorda, M.H. Fessy [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6). – P. 709–714. XII. Dynamic plantar pressure distribution after percutaneous hallux valgus correction using the Reverdin-Isham osteotomy [Text]: [Article in Spanish] / G. Rodríguez-Reyes, E. López-Gavito, A.I. Pérez-Sanpablo [et al.] // Rev. Invest. Clin. – 2014. – Jul., Vol. 66, Suppl. 1. – P. S79-S84. XIII. Efficacy of Bilateral Simultaneous Hallux Valgus Correction Compared to Unilateral [Text] / A.V. Boychenko, L.N. Solomin, S.G. Parfeyev [et al.] // Foot Ankle Int. – 2015. – Nov., Vol. 36(11). – P. 1339–1343. XIV. Endolog technique for correction of hallux valgus: a prospective study of 30 patients with 4-year follow-up [Text] / C. Biz, M. Corradin, I. Petretta [et al.] // J. OrthopSurg Res. – 2015. – Jul. 2, № 10. – P. 102. XV. First metatarsal proximal opening wedge osteotomy for correction of hallux valgus deformity: comparison of straight versus oblique osteotomy [Text] / S.H. Han, E.H. Park, J. Jo [et al.] // Yonsei Med. J. – 2015. – May, Vol. 56(3). – P. 744–752. XVI. Long-term outcome of joint-preserving surgery by combination metatarsal osteotomies for shortening for forefoot deformity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [Text] / H. Niki, T. Hirano, Y. Akiyama [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – Sep., Vol. 25(5). – P. 683–638. XVII. Maceira, E. Transfer metatarsalgia post hallux valgus surgery [Text] / E. Maceira, M. Monteagudo // Foot Ankle Clin. – 2014. – Jun., Vol. 19(2). – P.285–307. XVIII. Nielson, D.L. Absorbable fixation in forefoot surgery: a viable alternative to metallic hardware [Text] / D.L. Nielson, N.J. Young, C.M. Zelen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2013. – Jul., Vol. 30(3). – P. 283–293 XIX. Patient’s satisfaction after outpatient forefoot surgery: Study of 619 cases [Text] / A. Mouton, V. Le Strat, D. Medevielle [et al.] // Orthop. Traumatol. Surg. Res. – 2015. – Oct., Vol. 101(6 Suppl.). – P. S217–S220. XX. Preference of surgical procedure for the forefoot deformity in the rheumatoid arthritis patients–A prospective, randomized, internal controlled study [Text] / M. Tada, T. Koike, T. Okano [et al.] // Mod. Rheumatol. – 2015. – May., Vol. 25(3). – P.362–366. XXI. Redfern, D. Percutaneous Surgery of the Forefoot [Text] / D. Redfern, J. Vernois, B.P. Legré // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2015. – Jul., Vol. 32(3). – P. 291–332. XXII. Singh, D. Bullous pemphigoid after bilateral forefoot surgery [Text] / D. Singh, A. Swann // Foot Ankle Spec. – 2015. – Feb., Vol. 8(1). – P. 68–72. XXIII. Treatment of moderate hallux valgus by percutaneous, extra-articular reverse-L Chevron (PERC) osteotomy [Text] / J. Lucas y Hernandez, P. Golanó, S. Roshan-Zamir [et al.] // Bone Joint J. – 2016. – Mar., Vol. 98-B(3). – P. 365–373. XXIV. Weil, L.Jr. Scarf osteotomy for correction of hallux abducto valgus deformity [Text] / L.Jr. Weil, M. Bowen // Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg. – 2014. – Apr., Vol.31(2). – P. 233–246. View | Download QUANTITATIVE ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE IN HEALTHYDOGS Authors: Roman A. Tcygansky,Irina I. Nekrasova,Angelina N. Shulunova,Alexander I.Sidelnikov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00045 Abstract: Purpose.To determine the quantitative echogenicity indicators (and their ratio) of the layers of stomach and small intestine wall in healthy dogs. Methods. A prospective 3-year study of 86 healthy dogs (aged 1-7 yrs) of different breeds and of both sexes. Echo homogeneity and echogenicity of the stomach and intestines wall were determined by the method of Silina, T.L., et al. (2010) in absolute values ​​of average brightness levels of ultrasound image pixels using the 8-bit scale with 256 shades of gray. Results. Quantitative echogenicity indicators of the stomach and the small intestine wall in dogs were determined. Based on the numerical values ​​characterizing echogenicity distribution in each layer of a separate structure of the digestive system, the coefficient of gastric echogenicity is determined as 1:2.4:1.1 (mucosa/submucosa/muscle layers, respectively), the coefficient of duodenum and jejunum echogenicity is determined as 1:3.5:2 and that of ileum is 1:1.8:1. Clinical significance. The echogenicity coefficient of the wall of the digestive system allows an objective assessment of the stomach and intestines wall and can serve as the basis for a quantitative assessment of echogenicity changes for various pathologies of the digestive system Keywords: Ultrasound (US),echogenicity,echogenicity coefficient,digestive system,dogs,stomach,intestines, Refference: I. Agut, A. Ultrasound examination of the small intestine in small animals // Veterinary focus. 2009.Vol. 19. No. 1. P. 20-29. II. Bull. 4.RF patent 2398513, IPC51A61B8 / 00 A61B8 / 14 (2006.01) A method for determining the homoechogeneity and the degree of echogenicity of an ultrasound image / T. Silina, S. S. Golubkov. – No. 2008149311/14; declared 12/16/2008; publ. 09/10/2010 III. Choi, M., Seo, M., Jung, J., Lee, K., Yoon, J., Chang, D., Park, RD. Evaluation of canine gastric motility with ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2002. Vol. 64. – № 1. – P. 17-21. IV. Delaney, F., O’Brien, R.T., Waller, K.Ultrasound evaluation of small bowel thickness compared to weight in normal dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2003 Vol. 44, № 5. Р 577-580. V. Diana, A., Specchi, S., Toaldo, M.B., Chiocchetti, R., Laghi, A., Cipone, M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography of the small bowel in healthy cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2011. – Vol. 52, № 5. – Р. 555-559. VI. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Errors in abdominal ultrasonography in dogs and cats // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2012. Vol. 53. – № 9. – P. 514-519. VII. Garcia, D.A.A., Froes, T.R. Importance of fasting in preparing dogs for abdominal ultrasound examination of specific organs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2014. Vol. 55. – № 12. – P. 630-634. VIII. Gaschen, L., Granger, L.A., Oubre, O., Shannon, D., Kearney, M., Gaschen, F. The effects of food intake and its fat composition on intestinal echogenicity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 546-550 IX. Gaschen, L., Kircher, P., Stussi, A., Allenspach, K., Gaschen, F., Doherr, M., Grone, A. Comparison of ultrasonographic findings with clinical activity index (CIBDAI) and diagnosis in dogs with chronic enteropathies // Veterinary radiology and ultrasound. – 2008. – Vol. 49. – № 1. – Р. 56-64. X. Gil, E.M.U. Garcia, D.A.A. Froes, T.R. In utero development of the fetal intestine: Sonographic evaluation and correlation with gestational age and fetal maturity in dogs // Theriogenology. 2015. Vol. 84, №5. Р. 681-686. XI. Gladwin, N.E. Penninck, D.G., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the thickness of the wall layers in the intestinal tract of dogs // American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2014. Vol. 75, №4. Р. 349-353. XII. Gory, G., Rault, D.N., Gatel, L, Dally, C., Belli, P., Couturier, L., Cauvin, E. Ultrasonographic characteristics of the abdominal esophagus and cardia in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2014. Vol. 55, № 5. P. 552-560. XIII. Günther, C.S. Lautenschläger, I.E., Scholz, V.B. Assessment of the inter- and intraobserver variability for sonographical measurement of intestinal wall thickness in dogs without gastrointestinal diseases | [Inter-und Intraobserver-Variabilitätbei der sonographischenBestimmung der Darmwanddicke von HundenohnegastrointestinaleErkrankungen] // Tierarztliche Praxis Ausgabe K: Kleintiere – Heimtiere. 2014. Vol. 42 №2. Р. 71-78. XIV. Hanazono, K., Fukumoto, S., Hirayama, K., Takashima, K., Yamane, Y., Natsuhori, M., Kadosawa, T., Uchide, T. Predicting Metastatic Potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in dog by ultrasonography // J. of Veterinary Medical Science. – 2012. Vol. 74. – № 11. – P. 1477-1482. XV. Heng, H.G., Lim, Ch.K., Miller, M.A., Broman, M.M.Prevalence and significance of an ultrasonographic colonic muscularishyperechoic band paralleling the serosal layer in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2015. Vol. 56 № 6. P. 666-669. XVI. Ivančić, M., Mai, W. Qualitative and quantitative comparison of renal vs. hepatic ultrasonographic intensity in healthy dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2008. Vol. 49. № 4. Р. 368-373. XVII. Lamb, C.R., Mantis, P. Ultrasonographic features of intestinal intussusception in 10 dogs // J. of Small Animal Practice. – 2008. Vol. 39. – № 9. – P. 437-441. XVIII. Le Roux, A. B., Granger, L.A., Wakamatsu, N, Kearney, M.T., Gaschen, L.Ex vivo correlation of ultrasonographic small intestinal wall layering with histology in dogs // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound.2016. Vol. 57. № 5. P. 534-545. XIX. Nielsen, T. High-frequency ultrasound of Peyer’s patches in the small intestine of young cats / T. Nielsen [et al.] // Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. – 2015. – Vol. 18, № 4. – Р. 303-309. XX. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In Nyland T.G., Mattoon J.S. (eds): Small Animal Diagnostic Ultrasound. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. 2002, 2nd ed. Р. 207-230. XXI. PenninckD.G. Gastrointestinal tract. In: PenninckD.G.,d´Anjou M.A. Atlas of Small Animal Ultrasonography. Blackwell Publishing, Iowa. 2008. Р. 281-318. XXII. Penninck, D.G., Nyland, T.G., Kerr, L.Y., Fisher, P.E. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases in small animals // Veterinary Radiology. 1990. Vol. 31. №3. P. 134-141. XXIII. Penninck, D.G.,Webster, C.R.L.,Keating, J.H. The sonographic appearance of intestinal mucosal fibrosis in cats // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2010. – Vol. 51, № 4. – Р. 458-461. XXIV. Pollard, R.E.,Johnson, E.G., Pesavento, P.A., Baker, T.W., Cannon, A.B., Kass, P.H., Marks, S.L. Effects of corn oil administered orally on conspicuity of ultrasonographic small intestinal lesions in dogs with lymphangiectasia // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2013. Vol. 54. № 4. P. 390-397. XXV. Rault, D.N., Besso, J.G., Boulouha, L., Begon, D., Ruel, Y. Significance of a common extended mucosal interface observed in transverse small intestine sonograms // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2004. Vol. 45. №2. Р. 177-179. XXVI. Sutherland-Smith, J., Penninck, D.G., Keating, J.H., Webster, C.R.L. Ultrasonographic intestinal hyperechoic mucosal striations in dogs are associated with lacteal dilation // Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. – 2007. Vol. 48. – № 1. – P. 51-57. View | Download EVALUATION OF ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN MEDICAL STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SEASONAL DYNAMICS Authors: Larisa A. Merdenova,Elena A. Takoeva,Marina I. Nartikoeva,Victoria A. Belyayeva,Fatima S. Datieva,Larisa R. Datieva, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00046 Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the functional reserves of the body to quantify individual health; adaptation, psychophysiological characteristics of the health quality of medical students in different seasons of the year. When studying the temporal organization of physiological functions, the rhythm parameters of physiological functions were determined, followed by processing the results using the Cosinor Analysis program, which reveals rhythms with an unknown period for unequal observations, evaluates 5 parameters of sinusoidal rhythms (mesor, amplitude, acrophase, period, reliability). The essence of desynchronization is the mismatch of circadian rhythms among themselves or destruction of the rhythms architectonics (instability of acrophases or their disappearance). Desynchronization with respect to the rhythmic structure of the body is of a disregulatory nature, most pronounced in pathological desynchronization. High neurotism, increased anxiety reinforces the tendency to internal desynchronization, which increases with stress. During examination stress, students experience a decrease in the stability of the temporary organization of the biosystem and the tension of adaptive mechanisms develops, which affects attention, mental performance and the quality of adaptation to the educational process. Time is shortened and the amplitude of the “initial minute” decreases, personal and situational anxiety develops, and the level of psychophysiological adaptation decreases. The results of the work are priority because they can be used in assessing quality and level of health. Keywords: Desynchronosis,biorhythms,psycho-emotional stress,mesor,acrophase,amplitude,individual minute, Refference: I. Arendt, J., Middleton, B. Human seasonal and circadian studies in Antarctica (Halley, 75_S) – General and Comparative Endocrinology. 2017: 250-259. (http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.05.010). II. BalandinYu.P. A brief methodological guide on the use of the agro-industrial complex “Health Sources” / Yu.P. Balandin, V.S. Generalov, V.F. Shishlov. Ryazan, 2007. III. Buslovskaya L.K. Adaptation reactions in students at exam stress/ L.K. Buslovskaya, Yu.P. Ryzhkova. Scientific bulletin of Belgorod State University. Series: Natural Sciences. 2011;17(21):46-52. IV. Chutko L. S. Sindromjemocionalnogovygoranija – Klinicheskie I psihologicheskieaspekty./ L.S Chutko. Moscow: MEDpress-inform, 2013. V. Eroshina K., Paul Wilkinson, Martin Mackey. The role of environmental and social factors in the occurrence of diseases of the respiratory tract in children of primary school age in Moscow. Medicine. 2013:57-71. VI. Fagrell B. “Microcirculation of the Skin”. The physiology and pharmacology of the microcirculation. 2013:423. VII. Gurova O.A. Change in blood microcirculation in students throughout the day. New research. 2013; 2 (35):66-71. VIII. Khetagurova L.G. – Stress/Ed. L.G. Khetagurov. Vladikavkaz: Project-Press Publishing House, 2010. IX. Khetagurova L.G., Urumova L.T. et al. Stress (chronomedical aspects). International Journal of Experimental Education 2010; 12: 30-31. X. Khetagurova L.G., Salbiev K.D., Belyaev S.D., Datieva F.S., Kataeva M.R., Tagaeva I.R. Chronopathology (experimental and clinical aspects/ Ed. L.G. Khetagurov, K.D. Salbiev, S.D.Belyaev, F.S. Datiev, M.R. Kataev, I.R. Tagaev. Moscow: Science, 2004. XI. KlassinaS.Ya. Self-regulatory reactions in the microvasculature of the nail bed of fingers in person with psycho-emotional stress. Bulletin of new medical technologies, 2013; 2 (XX):408-412. XII. Kovtun O.P., Anufrieva E.V., Polushina L.G. Gender-age characteristics of the component composition of the body in overweight and obese schoolchildren. Medical Science and Education of the Urals. 2019; 3:139-145. XIII. Kuchieva M.B., Chaplygina E.V., Vartanova O.T., Aksenova O.A., Evtushenko A.V., Nor-Arevyan K.A., Elizarova E.S., Efremova E.N. A comparative analysis of the constitutional features of various generations of healthy young men and women in the Rostov Region. Modern problems of science and education. 2017; 5:50-59. XIV. Mathias Adamsson1, ThorbjörnLaike, Takeshi Morita – Annual variation in daily light expo-sure and circadian change of melatonin and cortisol consent rations at a northern latitude with large seasonal differences in photoperiod length – Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 2017; 36: 6 – 15. XV. Merdenova L.A., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A. Features of the study of biological rhythms in children. The results of fundamental and applied research in the field of natural and technical sciences. Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Conference. Belgorod, 2017, pp. 119-123. XVI. Ogarysheva N.V. The dynamics of mental performance as a criterion for adapting to the teaching load. Bulletin of the Samara Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. 2014;16:5 (1): S.636-638. XVII. Pekmezovi T. Gene-environment interaction: A genetic-epidemiological approach. Journal of Medical Biochemistry. 2010;29:131-134. XVIII. Rapoport S.I., Chibisov S.M. Chronobiology and chronomedicine: history and prospects/Ed. S.M. Chibisov, S.I. Rapoport ,, M.L. Blagonravova. Chronobiology and Chronomedicine: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN) Press. Moscow, 2018. XIX. Roustit M., Cracowski J.L. “Non-invasive assessment of skin microvascular function in humans: an insight into methods” – Microcirculation 2012; 19 (1): 47-64. XX. Rud V.O., FisunYu.O. – References of the circadian desinchronosis in students. Ukrainian Bulletin of Psychoneurology. 2010; 18(2) (63): 74-77. XXI. Takoeva Z. A., Medoeva N. O., Berezova D. T., Merdenova L. A. et al. Long-term analysis of the results of chronomonitoring of the health of the population of North Ossetia; Vladikavkaz Medical and Biological Bulletin. 2011; 12(12,19): 32-38. XXII. Urumova L.T., Tagaeva I.R., Takoeva E.A., Datieva L.R. – The study of some health indicators of medical students in different periods of the year. Health and education in the XXI century. 2016; 18(4): 94-97. XXIII. Westman J. – Complex diseases. In: Medical genetics for the modern clinician. USA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006. XXIV. Yadrischenskaya T.V. Circadian biorhythms of students and their importance in educational activities. Problems of higher education. Pacific State University Press. 2016; 2:176-178. View | Download TRIADIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Authors: Stanislav A.Kudzh,Victor Ya. Tsvetkov, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00047 Abstract: The present study of comparison methods based on the triadic model introduces the following concepts: the relation of comparability and the relation of comparison, and object comparison and attributive comparison. The difference between active and passive qualitative comparison is shown, two triadic models of passive and active comparison and models for comparing two and three objects are described. Triadic comparison models are proposed as an alternative to dyadic comparison models. Comparison allows finding the common and the different; this approach is proposed for the analysis of the nomothetic and ideographic method of obtaining knowledge. The nomothetic method identifies and evaluates the general, while the ideographic method searches for unique in parameters and in combinations of parameters. Triadic comparison is used in systems and methods of argumentation, as well as in the analysis of consistency/inconsistency. Keywords: Comparative analysis,dyad,triad,triadic model,comparability relation,object comparison,attributive comparison,nomothetic method,ideographic method, Refference: I. AltafS., Aslam.M.Paired comparison analysis of the van Baarenmodel using Bayesian approach with noninformativeprior.Pakistan Journal of Statistics and Operation Research 8(2) (2012) 259{270. II. AmooreJ. E., VenstromD Correlations between stereochemical assessments and organoleptic analysis of odorous compounds. Olfaction and Taste (2016) 3{17. III. BarnesJ., KlingerR. Embedding projection for targeted cross-lingual sentiment: model comparisons and a real-world study. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 691{742. doi.org/10.1613/jair.1.11561 IV. Castro-SchiloL., FerrerE.Comparison of nomothetic versus idiographic-oriented methods for making predictions about distal outcomes from time series data. Multivariate Behavioral Research 48(2) (2013) 175{207. V. De BonaG.et al. Classifying inconsistency measures using graphs. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 937{987. VI. FideliR. La comparazione. Milano: Angeli, 1998. VII. GordonT. F., PrakkenH., WaltonD. The Carneades model of argument and burden of proof. Artificial Intelligence 10(15) (2007) 875{896. VIII. GrenzS.J. The social god and the relational self: A Triad theology of the imago Dei. Westminster: John Knox Press, 2001. IX. HermansH.J. M.On the integration of nomothetic and idiographic research methods in the study of personal meaning.Journal of Personality 56(4) (1988) 785{812. X. JamiesonK. G., NowakR. Active ranking using pairwise comparisons.Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems (2011) 2240{2248. XI. JongsmaC.Poythress’s triad logic: a review essay. Pro Rege 42(4) (2014) 6{15. XII. KärkkäinenV.M. Trinity and Religious Pluralism: The Doctrine of the Trinity in Christian Theology of Religions. London: Routledge, 2017. XIII. KudzhS. A., TsvetkovV.Ya. Triadic systems. Russian Technology Magazine 7(6) (2019) 74{882. XIV. NelsonK.E.Some observations from the perspective of the rare event cognitive comparison theory of language acquisition.Children’s Language 6 (1987) 289{331. XV. NiskanenA., WallnerJ., JärvisaloM.Synthesizing argumentation frameworks from examples. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 66 (2019) 503{554. XVI. PührerJ.Realizability of three-valued semantics for abstract dialectical frameworks.Artificial Intelligence 278 (2020) 103{198. XVII. SwansonG.Frameworks for comparative research: structural anthropology and the theory of action. In: Vallier, Ivan (Ed.). Comparative methods in sociology: essays on trends and applications.Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971 141{202. XVIII. TsvetkovV.Ya.Worldview model as the result of education.World Applied Sciences Journal 31(2) (2014) 211{215. XIX. TsvetkovV. Ya. Logical analysis and variable scales. Slavic Forum 4(22) (2018) 103{109. XX. Wang S. et al. Transit traffic analysis zone delineating method based on Thiessen polygon. Sustainability 6(4) (2014) 1821{1832. View | Download DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING WEAR-RESISTANT CERAMIC COATING FOR ICE CYLINDER." JOURNAL OF MECHANICS OF CONTINUA AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES spl10, no. 1 (June 28, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.26782/jmcms.spl.10/2020.06.00048.

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