Relevant bibliographies by topics / Geology Africa

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Geology Africa'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Geology Africa"

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Lüning, Sebastian. "Geology of North Africa." Episodes 35, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/009.

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Smith, Alan M. "Environmental geology, South Africa, and the South African Geological Survey." Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 18, no. 1 (July 1991): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01704571.

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Lemenkova, Polina. "Geophysical Mapping of Ghana Using Advanced Cartographic Tool GMT." Kartografija i geoinformacije 20, no. 36 (February 15, 2022): 16–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32909/kg.20.36.2.

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Ghana is a country exceptionally rich in geologic mineral resources with contrasting topographic relief and varied geophysical setting. This paper evaluated the geological and geophysical setting of Ghana with a special focus on the impact of the geologic setting and topography on gravity. Specifically, it assessed how variations in geology, topography, landscapes and the environment control the geophysical parameters and how these vary among the major regions of the country – the Volta Basin, Northern Plains, Ashanti-Kwahu (Kumasi) and Coastal Plains in the Accra surroundings. Previous studies utilizing traditional Geographic Information System (GIS) approaches have documented the geologic evolution of Ghana evolved as a part of the West African Craton. As a contribution to the existing research, this paper presents a regional analysis of Ghana by integrated mapping of geology, geophysics and topography of the country. The technical approach of this research focuses on utilizing the console-based scripting cartographic toolset Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) integrated with QGIS for processing and mapping the datasets: General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), Earth Gravitational Model 2008 (EGM-2008), gravity grids. The theoretical background is based on the geologic research of West Africa supported by high-resolution data. The paper defines a conceptual cartographic framework for integrated geologic and geophysical visualization in a regional-scale mapping project on Ghana.
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D'Avignon, Robyn. "Shelf Projects: The Political Life of Exploration Geology in Senegal." Engaging Science, Technology, and Society 4 (March 1, 2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17351/ests2018.210.

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Since the early 2000s, southeastern Senegal has emerged as a premier gold exploration and mining frontier. At present, the Sabodala gold mine, owned by the Canadian company Teranga Gold, is the only operational gold mine and mill in Senegal. But two more open-pit gold operations are scheduled to open this year, and several other companies have announced discoveries of industrial-scale deposits. By documenting the shifting ownership and exploration of the Sabodala deposit, this article draws attention to how the protracted phase of mineral research shapes the political life of mining operations in Africa and elsewhere in the global South. Geological exploration in colonial and post-colonial Senegal, as in much of Africa, has relied heavily on the expertise of indigenous miners and smelters. Mining Sabodala has thus unearthed multi-vocal and contested histories of gold discovery. Historians of science have established that field assistants and experts in Africa have produced agronomic and medical knowledge typically credited to “the West.” By extending this argument to gold exploration, the article brings African history into dialogue with an emergent anthropology of subterranean knowledge production.
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Ganguly, Pekham. "Medical Geology Related to Different Trace Elements Deficiency and Toxicity Diseases." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 9 (September 30, 2023): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55616.

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Abstract: Medical geology is an emerging discipline that, broadly defined, examines the public health impacts of geologic materials and geologic processes. Medical Geology, the study of the impacts of geologic materials and processes on animal and human health, is a dynamic emerging discipline bringing together the geosciences, biomedical, and public health communities to solve a wide range of environmental health problems. Among the Medical Geology described in this review are examples of both deficiency and toxicity of trace element exposure. Goiter is a widespread and potentially serious health problem caused by deficiency of iodine. In many locations the deficiency is attributable to low concentrations of iodine in the bedrock. Similarly, deficiency of selenium in the soil has been cited as the principal cause of juvenile cardiomyopathy and muscular abnormalities. Overexposure to arsenic is one of the most widespread Medical Geology problems affecting more than one hundred million people in Bangladesh, India, China, Europe, Africa and North and South America. The arsenic exposure is primarily due to naturally high levels in groundwater but combustion of mineralized coal has also caused arsenic poisoning. Dental and skeletal fluorosis also impacts the health of millions of people around the world and, like arsenic, is due to naturally high concentrations in drinking water and, to a lesser extent, coal combustion. Other Medical Geology issues described include geophagia, the deliberate ingestion of soil, exposure to radon, and ingestion of high concentrations of organic compounds in drinking water. Geosciences and biomedical/public health researchers are teaming to help mitigate these health problems.
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Muhongo, S., and N. Opiyo-Akech. "Geology and mineral resources of east Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 29, no. 2 (August 1999): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(99)00097-4.

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Weakes, Michael. "Geology and mineral resources of West Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences (1983) 6, no. 2 (January 1987): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(87)90065-0.

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DE BEER, J. H. "Geology of Johannesburg, Republic of South Africa." Environmental & Engineering Geoscience xxiii, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 101–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gseegeosci.xxiii.2.101.

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Tarling, D. H. "Mesozoic and tertiary geology of Southern Africa." Earth-Science Reviews 23, no. 3 (May 1986): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(86)90020-6.

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Wright, J. B. "Mesozoic to Tertiary Geology of Southern Africa." Sedimentary Geology 49, no. 3-4 (October 1986): 296–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(86)90048-5.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Geology Africa"

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Booth, Peter William King. "Pan-African imprint on the early mid-proterozoic Richtersveld and Bushmanland sub-provinces near Eksteenfontein, Namaqualand, Republic of South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26232.

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The present investigation examines the relationship between the Proterozoic Richtersveld and Bushmanland Subprovinces in the westernmost part of the Namaqua Province, near Eksteenfontein, Republic of South Africa. There is a controversy about this relationship because isotopic data contrast with field evidence. On a regional scale the Richtersveld Subprovince is separated from the Bushmanland Subprovince by the northward-dipping Groothoek Thrust. North of the thrust the Richtersveld Subprovince is comprised of low grade volcano/ plutonic rocks of the Vioolsdrif Terrane and medium grade volcano sedimentary sequences of the Pella Terrane. Medium grade rocks of the Steinkopf Terrane (Bushmanland Subprovince) lie immediately south of the thrust. Late Proterozoic strata of the Stinkfontein Formation (Gariep Group) overlie the Namaqua Province in the west; Cambrian Nama Group outliers occur east of the Stinkfontein Formation. Isotopic data show that lithologies of the Richtersveld Subprovince formed between 2000 - 1730 Ma, whereas those of the Bushmanland Subprovince are younger. It is not clear whether the Namaqua metamorphic imprint (at 1200 - 1100 Ma), which is manifest in terranes south of the Groothoek Thrust, extended as far as the Vioolsdrif Terrane in the north. Early Proterozoic structural and metamorphic imprints are inferred to have been obliterated during this event. The westernmost part of the Namaqua Province was overprinted for a distance of 100 km from the coast, during the Pan-African event at 700 Ma and 500 Ma. An area measuring nearly 500 km2 , traversing the western extremity of the boundary between the Richtersveld and Bushmanland Subprovinces was mapped on a scale of 1:36,000. Field mapping was carried out with the aid of aerial photographs, whereas laboratory techniques included map compilation, structural analysis, X-ray diffractometry, geochemical (XRF) and electron microprobe analyses. Supracrustal units of the Richtersveld Subprovince are composed of quartzo-feldspathic gneisses, schists, and minor meta-pelites. Supracrustals of the Bushmanland Subprovince are less diverse than those of the Richtersveld Subprovince and have a disconformable relationship with them. Most intrusive rock-types are thick granitic sheets, except the Early Proterozoic Vioolsdrif Granodiorite which forms part of a batholithic pluton in the north. The Sabieboomrante adamellite gneiss, Kouefontein granite gneiss and Dabbieputs granite gneiss could not be correlated with lithologies commonly occurring in the Richtersveld and Bushmanland Subprovinces. They have been given the new rock names. Mafic and ultramafic rocks of the Klipbok complex occur along the strike of the Groothoek Thrust. They form part of the Richtersveld Subprovince.
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Cawthra, Hayley Candice. "The marine geology of Mossel Bay, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8697.

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This thesis presents work undertaken to better understand the complex evolution of the terrestrial landscape now submerged by high sea levels offshore of Mossel Bay along the South Coast of South Africa. Three marine geophysical surveys and scuba diving were used to examine evidence of past sea-level fluctuations and interpret geological deposits on the seafloor. Additional geological mapping of coastal outcrops was carried out to link land and sea features and rock samples were dated using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL). Geophysical investigations include a regional seismic survey extending from Still Bay in the west to Buffels Bay in the east out to a maximum water depth of 110 m; a high-resolution investigation of the Mossel Bay shelf using multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar and sub-bottom profiling; and a shallow seismic pinger survey of Swartvlei, the most prominent coastal lake in the Wilderness Embayment. This study presents 9 discrete seismic sequences, and describes major offshore geomorphic features such as submerged sea cliffs, palaeo-coastal zones and fluvial systems. Oscillation in sea level between ca. 2.7 and 0.9 Ma likely resulted in the formation of the prominent -45 m terrace, which separates a relatively steep inner from a low-gradient mid shelf. Beach and dune deposits span from Marine Isotope Stage 15 (MIS 15) (582 ka) to Recent based on an age model that integrates OSL ages and the established eustatic sea-level record. The most prominent deposits date from the MIS 6 glacial to MIS 5 interglacial periods and include incised lowstand river channels and regressive aeolianites that extended at least 10 km inland from their associated palaeoshorelines. The MIS 5 deposits include transgressive beachrock, an extensive foreshore unit which prograded on the MIS 5e highstand, and regressive beach and dune deposits on the shelf associated with the subsequent fall in sea level. MIS 4 lowstand incised river channels were infilled with sediment truncated during rapid landward shoreface migration at the MIS 4 termination. Lowenergy, back-barrier MIS 4/3 sediments are preserved as a result of overstepping associated with meltwater pulses of the MIS 2 termination. The MIS 1 sediment wedge comprises reworked sediment and is best developed on the inner shelf. Holocene highstand sedimentation continues to prograde. Accommodation space for coastal deposits is controlled by antecedent drainage pathways and the gradient of the adjacent inner continental shelf. The geological deposits on the emergent shelf indicate a greatly expanded glacial coastal plain that potentially received more rain feeding low-gradient meandering rivers and wetland lakes. These extensive wetland environments provided a rich source of diverse food types which along with abundant marine resources on the shoreline made the Southern Coastal Plain an ideal habitat for our ancestors.
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Howarth, Geoffrey H. "Geology of the Kroonstad kimberlite cluster, South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005573.

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The Cretaceous (133Ma) Kroonstad Group II Kimberlite Cluster is located approximately 200km south west of Johannesburg on the Kaapvaal Craton. The cluster is made up of six kimberlite pipes and numerous other intrusive dike/sill bodies. Three of the pipes are analysed in this study, which includes the: Voorspoed, Lace (Crown) and Besterskraal North pipes. These pipes were emplaced at surface into the Karoo Supergroup, which is comprised of older sedimentary rocks (300-185Ma) overlain by flood basalts (185Ma). At depth the pipes have intruded the Transvaal (2100-2600Ma) and Ventersdorp (2700Ma) Supergroups, which are comprised dominantly of carbonates and various volcanic units respectively. The pipes have typical morphology of South African pipes with circular to sub-circular plan views and steep 82o pipe margins. The Voorspoed pipe is 12ha in size and is characterised by the presence of a large block of Karoo basalt approximately 6ha in size at the current land surface. This large basalt block extends to a maximum of 300m below the current land surface. The main Lace pipe is 2ha is size with a smaller (<0.5ha) satellite pipe approximately 50m to the west. No information is available on the morphology of the Besterskraal North pipe as it is sub-economic and no mining has occurred. Samples from the Besterskraal North pipe were collected from the De Beers archives. The Kroonstad Cluster has been subjected to approximately 1750m of erosion post-emplacement, which has been calculated by the analysis of the crustal xenoliths with the pipe infill. The hypabyssal kimberlite from the three pipes shows a gradational evolution in magma compositions, indicated by the mineralogy and geochemistry. The Lace pipe is the least evolved and has characteristics more similar to Group I kimberlites. The Voorspoed and Besterskraal North kimberlite are intermediately and highly evolved respectively. The gradational evolution is marked by an increase in SiO2 and Na2O contents. Furthermore the occurrence of abundant primary diopside, aegirine, sanidine, K-richterite and leucite indicates evolution of the magma. The root zones of the pipes are characterised by globular segregationary transitional kimberlite, which is interpreted to be hypabyssal and not the result of pyroclastic welding/agglutination. The hypabyssal transitional kimberlite (HKt) is characterised by incipient globular segregationary textures only and the typical tuffisitic transitional kimberlite (TKt) end member (Hetman et al. 2004) is not observed. The HKt contact with the overlying volcaniclastic kimberlite (VK) infill is sharp and not gradational. The presence of HKt in the satellite blind pipe at Lace further indicates that the distinct kimberlite rock type must be forming sub-volcanically. The HKt is distinctly different at the Voorspoed and Lace pipes, which is likely a result of differing compositions of the late stage magmatic liquid. Microlitic clinopyroxene is only observed at the Lace HKt and is interpreted to form as a result of both crustal xenolith contamination and CO2 degassing. Furthermore the HKt is intimately associated with contact breccias in the sidewall. The root zones of the Kroonstad pipes are interpreted to form through the development of a sub-volcanic embryonic pipe. The volcaniclastic kimberlite (VK) infill of the Kroonstad pipes is not typical of South African tuffisitic Class 1 kimberlite pipes. The VK at Voorspoed is characterised by numerous horizontally layered massive volcaniclastic kimberlite (MVK) units, which are interpreted to have formed in a deep open vent through primary pyroclastic deposition. MVK is the dominant rock type infilling the Voorspoed pipe, however numerous other minor units occur. Normally graded units are interpreted to form through gravitational collapse of the tuff ring. MVK units rich in Karoo basalt and/or Karoo sandstone are interpreted to form through gravitational sidewall failure deep within an open vent. Magmaclasts are interpreted to form in the HKt during the development of an embryonic pipe and therefore the term autolith or nucleated autolith may be applied. Debate on the validity of the term nucleated autolith is beyond this study and therefore the term nucleated magmaclast is used to refer to spherical magmaclasts in the VK. The emplacement of the Kroonstad pipes is particularly complex and is not similar to typical Class 1 tuffisitic kimberlites. However the initial stage of pipe emplacement is similar to typical South African kimberlites and is interpreted to be through the development of an embryonic pipe as described by Clement (1982). The vent clearing eruption is interpreted to be from the bottom up through the exsolution of juvenile volatiles and the pipe shape is controlled by the depth of the eruption (+/-2km) (Skinner, 2008). The initial embryonic pipe development and explosive eruption is similar to other South African kimberlites, however the vent is cleared and left open, which is typical of Class 2 Prairies type and Class 3 Lac de Gras type pipes. The latter vent infilling processes are similar to Class 3 kimberlites from Lac de Gras and are dominated at the current level by primary pyroclastic deposition.
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Berhe, Seife Michael. "The geologic and tectonic evolution of the Pan-African/Mozambique Belt in East Africa." Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57038/.

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The presence of ophiolite complexes in NE and E Africa has been documented using Landsat, field and geochemical studies. This has led to the recognition of five ophiolite belts. These ophiolite belts represent sutures marking the position of island arcs and could be traced to Saudi Arabia on a pre-Red Sea drift reconstruction. Most of the ophiolites are dismembered, their mode of occurrence varies widely resulting in different structural relationships. The Yubdo complex in Western Ethiopia is formed of harzburgite which grades into dunites and pyroxenitic units, a cumulate sequence of ultramafic and gabbroic rocks and sheeted dykes. The Baragoi complex in Kenya is formed of tectonised ultramafics with dunite and chromite pods, a cumulate sequence of ultramatic and gabbroic units and a dyke unit. Trace element data of the Baragoi complex shows a transitional MORB to IAT affinity, and the presence of boninites suggest a supra- subduction setting, while data from the Adola- Moyale belt (S Ethiopia- NE Kenya) indicate an island-arc and MORB geochemistry, which developed in a back-arc setting. The chromites of Baragoi and Moyale have high Cr2O3 which follow an ophiolitic trend. Major and trace element data for granitoids from W Ethiopia, S Ethiopia- NE Kenya and central Kenya indicate three geochemically distinct granitoid groups: volcanic are granitoids, crustal melt granitoids and within-plate granitoids. Calc-alkaline rocks predominate in W Ethiopia, whereas the proportion of crustal melts appear to increase going further south in S Ethiopia/ NE Kenya and central Kenya. Diorites form about 10 percent of Precambrian outcrop in NE Sudan, while further south diorites are almost insignificant. Only in NE Sudan, W Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia do diorites feature prominently. However the lack of extensive cats-alkaline volcanic rocks, could simply reflect relatively narrow oceans and insufficient subduction of oceanic crust to produce large quantities of calc-alkaline melts, while the increase in the proportion of crustal melt granitoids in the southern part of the Mozambique belt indicates crustal thickening due to continent-continent collision. This study shows that the major lineaments identified in the Horn of Africa trend 010 ± 100, 055-065° and 145-165°. The 010 ± 10° and 145-165° trending lineaments form conjugate sets, while a later deformation episode reactivated 145-165° (NW-SE) trending lineaments and caused 055-0650 (NE-SW) lineaments. Two deformation mechanisms most likely controlled the growth of the major fault zones. Structural and metamorphic evidence suggests that crustal shortening was severe in S Sudan, Kenya and SE Ethiopia as compared to Saudi Arabia, NE Sudan and N and W Ethiopia due to oblique collision from the southeast causing stacking of crustal blocks along NW trending faults. Regional geologic, tectonic and geochemical studies suggest rifting c. 1200 Ma which subsequently led to the development of intraoceanic arcs and associated marginal basins in the north and narrow basins within the sialic basement gneisses further south in Kenya and Tanzania. This was followed by continent- continent collision which led to accretion of island arcs by mild collision from the northeast in Saudi Arabia and NE Sudan and severe crustal shortening In S Sudan, Kenya and SE Ethiopia as compared to Saudi Arabia, NE Sudan and N and W Ethiopia due to oblique collision from the southeast.
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Paul, Jonathan David. "Dynamic topography and drainage of Africa and Madagascar." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708248.

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Lenhoff, Louis. "The marine geology of Walker Bay, off Hermanus, SW Cape, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22397.

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Bibliography: pages 55-58.
The seafloor geology of Walker Bay on the southern Cape coastline is described by making use of geophysical information obtained over a period of 4 years, between 1986 and 1990. The data include side-scan sonar images, seismic profiles, seabed samples and observations by a Remotely Operated underwater Vehicle (ROV). Four sonograph facies were identified, based on their distinctly different reflectivity patterns. Using the seabed samples and R.O.V. observations, the physical characteristics of these facies are determined and presented in map format. Facies 1 consists of Bokkeveld Group rock outcrops with relatively high relief, occupying approximately 45 percent of the study area. Facies 2 represents similar outcrops but with low relief and partially covered by a thin veneer of unconsolidated sediment, including localized occurrences of loose cobbles and boulders. Facies 3 and 4 relate to sediment-covered areas displaying different bedform types. Facies 3 is dominated by well-defined patches of megarippled gravelly sand, whereas Facies 4 consists of small-scale rippled sand. The characteristics of the Facies 3 megarippled patches are discussed in detail and their relationships with the local wave pattern and nearby Facies 1 and 2 rock outcrops are investigated.
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Clarke, Lee Brian. "The geology of the Kruidfontein Volcanic Complex, Transvaal, S. Africa." Thesis, University of Leicester, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/27558.

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The Proterozoic Kruidfontein Volcanic Complex (KVC) is a collapsed carbonatitic caldera structure, preserved as a high-level feature within Transvaal Sequence sediments. An outer ring of hills contains silicate pyroclastic rocks composed of lithic and pumice fragments, crystals and recrystallized matrix. These rocks are the products of co-ignimbrite lithic breccias and partially welded ignimbrite flows. An inner caldera was filled with recrystallized carbonatitic bedded volcaniclastic rocks. Relic pyroclastic carbonate fragments, such as droplet and armoured lapilli, containing juvenile calcite laths, are present. Well preserved primary structure sequences indicate emplacement by pyroclastic flow, surge and air-fall. Together with some reworking and debris flow deposits. The volcanism spans from early eruption of phonolitic material, from ring vents associated with caldera collapse, to smaller volume carbonatitic eruptions, producing intracaldera deposits. The processes operating during emplacement of carbonatitic pyroclastic material are essentially the same as those of silicate tuffs. As well as numerous fragments of phonolitic pumice in the silicate tuffs, there are unusual banded fragments composed of alternating silicate and carbonate compositions which appear to have been originally magmas separated by liquid immiscibility. The fragments show replacement of Al by Fe, and have also been K-feldspathized. Sovite and alvikite carbonatite dykes show that variation between CaO, MgO and FeO is consistant with fractionation from sovite to Fe-rich alvikites. All the carbonatites are strongly enriched in REE. The alvikites are enriched in the incompatible elements La, Ce, Nd, Y, Th, compared with the sovites, but are depleted in Sr, P, Ti, because of early fractionation of Sr-rich calcite, apatite and Ti-Fe oxides. The alvikites also have more positive δ18O and less negative δl3C compositions compared with the sovites, with values trending away from "mantle" compositions. This interpretation is consistant with a carbonatite magma chamber beneath the KVC which fractionated to produce the carbonatites seen at the present day surface. The few, highly altered, KVC nephelinitic rocks have trace-element distributions suggesting that they are parental to the phonolites. Fractionation from nephelinites, to phonolites, to trachytes satisfactorilly accounts for the incompatible trace element distributions. Some of the rocks have suffered secondary alteration, but have retained their trace element signatures. Zr and Nd are residual, whilst crystal fractionation involving feldspar, magnetite, and apatite have depleted some rocks in P, REE, and Sr. The fractionation from phonolite to trachyte, which is the reverse of normally observed trends, is ascribed to increasingly high F contents in the fractionating KVC magma. Three types of fluorite mineralization are recognised at KVC: 1) Replacement and disseminated deposits, 2) Fluorite veins and fracture fillings, 3) Fluorite-rich carbonatite and related dykes. Only Type 1) deposits are of economic importance at Kruidfontein. Fluorite selectively replaces calcite rather than ankerite in the KVC rocks, with ankeritization preceeding and inhibiting fluorite mineralization. Shallow dipping ankeritic tuffs form the host rock for a large (Tilde with hyphen below 5xl06 tonnes) sub-economic horizontal stratiform fluorite orebody, emplaced after inward sag of the bedding.
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Scott, Mari. "Lead isotopes as a palaeodietary tracer in southwestern South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29428.

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This thesis evaluates the utility of lead (Pb) isotopes, in combination with strontium (Sr) isotopes, as a geochemical tracer for studying the palaeodiets and palaeo-landscape usage in southwestern South Africa. Isotopes of light elements, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and sulphur (S), are widely used as (palaeo) environmental tracers, but do not yield information on the geological substrates on which individuals have lived. Sr isotopes in bones and teeth are useful in distinguishing between areas of distinct bedrock geology, however, the efficiency of Sr is limited at near-coastal areas, which forms a major part of this study area. This is because Sr has a relatively high concentration and long residence time in seawater. In addition, coastal soils contain not only aerosol-derived marine Sr, but frequently also include fragments of shells and other marine carbonates, so their 87Sr/86Sr is like the ocean. This study analysed Pb and Sr concentrations and isotopic compositions of animals and plants derived from the various geological substrates of southwestern South Africa. In order to do this, a detailed Sr-Pb separation scheme was developed, involving the separation and pre-concentration of Sr and Pb from a single digested sample by means of ion-exchange chromatography. Elemental concentrations were measured with a Thermo X-series II quadrupole ICP-MS instrument. Sr concentrations ranged between 111 ppm and 1862 ppm, while Pb concentrations were lower, ranging between 0.012 ppm and 2.30 ppm. Isotopic ratios were determined by means of a Nu Instruments high resolution multi-collector inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-MC-ICP-MS). Samples were introduced into the system as solutions, producing an order of magnitude more precise results than laser ablation analysis on the same material. Sr isotopes are useful for distinguishing between individuals living in near-coastal environments and those living further inland, while Pb isotopes could differentiate between granites and shales/sandstones. Pb isotopes proved to be a valuable palaeodietary tracer and can be used in combination with Sr isotopes to extent our knowledge of palaeo-landscape usage at coastal-marine environments.
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Kleynhans, Ilse. "A critical appraisal of regional geotechnical mapping in South Africa." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08122005-111838.

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Belcher, Richard William. "Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Swartland region and aspects of orogenic lode-gold mineralisation in the Pan-African Saldania Belt, Western Cape, South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49789.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Swartland region in the western Cape, South Africa, covers approximately 5000 km2 and forms part of the Pan-African Saldania Belt that represents the southernmost extremity of the Pan-African orogenic belts in southern Africa. Regional mapping of the Swartland area shows that lithologies can be classified using predominantly structural and to a lesser extent lithological criteria. This led to the proposal of a new classification, were rocks of the previous classification of the Malmesbury Group are divided into two new groups, namely the Swartland and Malmesbury groups. The Swartland group can be divided into the Berg River and Moorreesburg formations, a series of quartz-chlorite-muscovite-feldspar schists, quartz schists, graphitic schists and limestones; and the Bridgetown formation, a series of metavolcanic rocks with WPB-MORB affinities that possibly represent seafloor. Deposition of the sediments is suggested to have occurred concurrently with deformation in an accretionary prism/fore-arc and was initiated with the opening of the lapetus Ocean at ca. 600 Ma. This early deformation event, Dt (ca. 575 Ma), only affected the Swartland group and exhibits pervasive bedding transposition, thrusting and imbrication of units creating a tectonostratigraphic sequence. Where identified, kinematic indicators and fold vergence indicate a top-to-the-west transport direction during the early, low-angle Di deformation. The Malmesbury group overlies the Swartland group, being locally separated by an unconformity. The Malmesbury group is a succession of conglomerates, grits and shales (Piketberg Formation), grading into greywackes, shales, siltstones, sandstones and minor limestones of the Tygerberg and Porterville formations. Sedimentation probably commenced after ca. 575 Ma and lasted until shortly after 560 Ma. Both the Swartland and Malmesbury groups were then deformed by the deformation event, D2 (ca. 552-545 Ma), and were intruded by the 552 to 510 Ma Cape Granite Suite. The Franschhoek Formation, formally part of the Malmesbury Group is now classified, along with the inferred ca. 535-510 Ma Magrug and Populierbos Formations of the previous Klipheuwel Group. The redefined Klipheuwel group documents a change in depositional environment from the continental slope/ocean trench, marine and flyschoid deposits of the Malmesbury group to continental, fluvial half-graben and graben deposits. Exhumation, extensive erosion and the formation of a peneplain, was followed by the deposition of the Table Mountain Sandstone Group around 550-510 Ma. The Spitskop gold prospect, located 10 km south of Piketberg, represents the first identified occurrence of mesothermal gold mineralisation in the Saldania Belt. Metamorphic devolatilisation of the Swartland group during Di led to the scavenging and transportation of gold along shallow-dipping shear zones that are contained within the early, sub-horizontal So/Si tectonic fabric. Pervasive fluid movement in the Spitskop area led to elevated gold values compared to background values throughout the lithologies at Spitskop. The lack of any economic-grade gold mineralisation is probably related to the absence of suitably orientated structures, such as high-angle faults, that are commonly believed to represent the prerequisite for large fluid throughputs that could result in economic-grade gold deposits. The mineralisation at Spitskop, however, provides a genetic model for further exploration of gold in the Swartland group.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Swartland streek in die Wes-Kaap, Suid-Afrika, beslaan ongeveer 5000 km2 en vorm deel van die Pan-Afrikaanse Saldania-gordel wat die mees suidelike deel van die Pan-Afrikaanse orogene gordels in suidelike Afrika verteenwoordig. Regionale kartering van die Swartland streek dui aan dat die gesteentes geklassifiseer kan word deur oorwegend strukturele, en tot 'n mindere mate litologiese kriteria te gebruik. Gevolglik word ‘n nuwe klassifikasie voorgestel, waar gesteentes volgens die vorige klassifikasie van die Malmesbury groep verdeel word in twee groepe, naamlik die Swartland en Malmesbury groepe. Die Swartland groep kan verdeel word in die Bergrivier en Moorreesburg formasies, ‘n reeks kwarts-chloriet-muskoviet-veldspaat skis, kwarts skis, grafitiese skis en kalksteen; en die Bridgetown formasie, ‘n reeks metavulkaniese gesteentes met WPB-MORB affiniteite wat moontlik oseaanvloer verteenwoordig. Daar word voorgestel dat afsetting van die sedimente gelyktydig plaasgevind het saam met vervorming in ‘n akkresionere prisma/voorboog, geinisieer deur die opening van die lapetus Oseaan (ca. 600 Ma). Hierdie vroee vervorming, Di (ca. 575 Ma), het slegs die Swartland groep geaffekteer en vertoon deurdringende verplasing van gelaagdheid, oorskuiwing en imbrikasie van eenhede en het ‘n tektonostratigrafiese opeenvolging gevorm. Waar identifiseer, dui kinematiese aanwysers en plooi kanteling op ‘n bokant-na-wes beweging gedurende die vroee, lae hoek Di vervorming. Die Malmesbury groep oordek die Swartland groep, plaaslik geskei deur ‘n diskordansie. The Malmesbury groep bestaan uit ‘n opeenvolging konglomeraat, grintsteen en skalie (Piketberg formasie), wat gradeer in grouwak, skalie, sliksteen, sandsteen en ondergeskikte kalksteen van die Tygerberg en Porterville formasies. Sedimentasie het waarskynlik begin na ca. 575 Ma en het voortgeduur tot kort na 560 Ma. Beide die Swartland en Malmesbury groepe is hierna vervorm deur D2, (ca. 552-545 Ma) en daaropvolgend ingedring deur die 552 tot 510 Ma Kaap Graniet Suite. Die Franschhoek Formasie, voorheen deel van die Malmesbury Groep, word nou geklassifiseer tesame met die afgeleide ca. 535-510 Ma Magrug en Populierbos formasies as deel van die voorheen geklassifiseerde Klipheuwel groep. Die hergedefinieerde Klipheuwel groep dui op 'n verandering in afsettingsomgewing vanaf die kontinentale glooiing/oseaantrog, mariene en flyschoiede afsettings van die Malmesbury groep na kontinentale, fluviale half-graben en graben afsettings. Herblootstelling, omvattende erosie en die vorming van ‘n skiervlakte is gevolg deur die afsetting van die Tafelberg Sandsteen Groep random 520-510 Ma. Die Spitskop goudvoorkoms, 10 km suid van Piketberg, verteenwoordig die eerste identifiseerde voorkoms van mesotermale goudmineralisasie in die Saldania Gordel. Metamorfe ontvlugtiging van die Swartland groep gedurende Dt het aanleiding gegee tot die roofuitruiling en vervoer van goud langs laaghellende skuifskeursones in die vroee, subhorisontale S0/Si tektoniese maaksel. Deurdringende vloeistofbeweging in die Spitskop omgewing het aanleiding gegee tot verhoogde goudwaardes in vergelyking met agtergrond waardes dwarsdeur die litologiee by Spitskop. Die gebrek aan ekonomiese graad goud mineralisasie is waarskynlik verwant aan die afwesigheid van geskikte georienteerde strukture, soos hoe hoek verskuiwings, wat oor die algemeen beskou word as ‘n voorvereiste vir die toevoer van groot hoeveelhede vloeistof wat kon aanleiding gegee het tot ekonomiese graad goudafsettings. Die mineralisasie by Spitskop verskaf egter 'n model vir verdere goud eksplorasie in die Swartland groep.
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Books on the topic "Geology Africa"

1

Petters, Sunday W., ed. Regional Geology of Africa. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0020577.

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Craig, Hampton, ed. Geology of East Africa. Berlin: Borntraeger, 1997.

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Varet, Jacques. Geology of Afar (East Africa). Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60865-5.

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Geological Society of South Africa and Council for Geoscience (South Africa), eds. The geology of South Africa. Pretoria: Council for Geoscience, 2006.

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Hamimi, Zakaria, Moulley Charaf Chabou, Ezzoura Errami, Abdel-Rahman Fowler, Nuri Fello, Amara Masrouhi, and Rémi Leprêtre, eds. The Geology of North Africa. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48299-1.

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S, MacGregor D., Moody Richard 1939-, and Clark-Lowes D. D, eds. Petroleum geology of North Africa. London: Geological Society, 1998.

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H, Holland C., ed. Lower Palaeozoic of north-western and west-central Africa. Chichester [West Sussex]: Wiley, 1985.

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Trompette, Roland. Geology of western Gondwana (2000-500 Ma): Pan-African-Brasiliano aggregation of South America and Africa. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1994.

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The formation and evolution of Africa: A synopsis of 3.8 Ga of earth history. London: Geological Society, 2011.

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Johnson, M. R. A revised Precambrian time scale for South Africa. Pretoria: Dept. of Mineral and Energy Affairs, Geological Survey, Republic of South Africa, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Geology Africa"

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Mountjoy, Alan B., and Clifford Embleton. "Geology and Structure." In Africa, 24–33. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032685700-3.

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Mountjoy, Alan B., and David Hilling. "Geology, structure and landforms." In Africa, 9–22. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032638287-3.

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Mountjoy, Alan B., and Clifford Embleton. "Geology, Relief and Drainage." In Africa, 160–67. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032685700-19.

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Mountjoy, Alan B., and Clifford Embleton. "Geology, Relief and Drainage." In Africa, 266–74. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781032685700-29.

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Davies, T. C. "Medical Geology in Africa." In Medical Geology, 199–219. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3430-4_8.

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Cawthorn, R. Grant. "The Bushveld Complex, South Africa." In Springer Geology, 517–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9652-1_12.

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Fello, Nuri M., Amr S. Deaf, and Mahmoud Leila. "Petroleum Geology of North Africa." In Regional Geology Reviews, 265–303. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48299-1_10.

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Smith, Albertus J. B. "The Iron Formations of Southern Africa." In Regional Geology Reviews, 469–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68920-3_17.

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Hamimi, Zakaria, Abdel-Rahman Fowler, Mabrouk Sami, and Wael Hagag. "The Arabian-Nubian Shield in Northeast Africa." In Regional Geology Reviews, 109–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48299-1_5.

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Baratoux, David, and Luigi Folco. "Impact Structures and Meteorites in North Africa." In Regional Geology Reviews, 591–630. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48299-1_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Geology Africa"

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Finkelman, Robert B., Olle Selinus, and Hassina Mouri. "MEDICAL GEOLOGY IN AFRICA: AN EXAMPLE OF A SUCCESSFUL MEDICAL GEOLOGY EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVE." In 52nd Annual GSA South-Central Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018sc-309806.

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Mira, A., W. Meshref, Amr M. Radwan, A. Mostafa, A. Rayan, M. Hassanin, and A. Saad. "Structural, Stratigraphic Geology and Pressure Compartmentalization of Feradus Field Based on 3-D Seismic Data and Subsurface Geology." In SPE North Africa Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/175873-ms.

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Leite, J., T. W. Schirmer, and B. R. Laws. "Lower Congo Basin, Deepwater Exploration Province, Offshore West Africa." In EAGE Conference on Geology and Petroleum Geology of the Mediterranean and Circum-Mediterranean Basins. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201406024.

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Paillou, Ph, S. Lopez, Y. Lasne, A. Rosenqvist, and T. Farr. "Mapping subsurface geology in Arid Africa using L-band SAR." In 2007 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2007.4423396.

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Granath, James, Rolf Rango, Pete Emmet, Colin Ford, Robert Lambert, and Michael Kasli. "New Viewpoint on the Geology and Hydrocarbon Prospectivity of the Seychelles Plateau." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2556681-ms.

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ABSTRACT We have reprocessed, re-imaged, and interpreted 10000+ km of legacy 2D seismic data in the Seychelles, particularly in the western part of the Plateau. Seychelles data have been difficult to image, particularly for the Mesozoic section: volcanics are a major attenuator of low frequency signal, and a hard water bottom contributes to signal problems. Enhanced low frequency techniques were applied to improve the signal fidelity in the 4 to 20 Hz range, and to remove spectral notches of shallow geologic origin. These efforts have allowed a reasonable view of the structure of the Plateau to a depth equivalent to about 3.5 sec TWT, and permit a comparison of areas atop the Plateau to the south coast where the three 1980's Amoco wells were drilled. It is clear that the main Plateau area of the Seychelles (excluding the outlying territories) is comprised of several separate basins, each with similar Karoo, Cretaceous, and Cenozoic sections that relate to the East African and West Indian conjugate margins, but the basins each have nuanced tectono-stratigraphic histories. The previously recognized Correira Basin in the SE and the East and West South Coast Basins face the African conjugate margin; other unimaged ones complete the periphery of the Plateau. The interior of the Plateau is dominated by the Silhouette Basin to the west of the main islands and the Mahé Basin to the east. The co astal basins have harsh tectono-thermal histories comparable to other continental margins around the world; they are typically characterized by stretching, subsidence and breakaway from their respective conjugate margins. In contrast the interior basins are comparable to ‘failed’ rift systems such as the North Sea or the Gulf of Suez. The South Coastal Basins, for example, tend to be more extended which complicated interpretation of the Amoco wells, but they have significant upside, as exemplified by the Beau Vallon structure. The interior basins, on the other hand, have typically simpler structure: the Silhouette Basin contains a system of NW-trending linked normal faults that could easily harbor North Sea-sized hydrocarbon traps with a variety of rift-related reservoir possibilities. Bright, reflective, hard volcanic horizons are less common than usually presumed, but most of the basins may contain considerable pyroclastic material in parts of the section. All of the basins appear to be predominantly oil prone, with considerable upside prospectivity.
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Mitschler, J., M. Retailleau, A. Afonso Monteiro, P. Plasterie, M. Guo, and O. Guillou. "Understanding Complex Near Surface Geology of Tilenga Field with a Shallow Hazard Seismic Cube." In EAGE Sub-Saharan Africa Energy Forum. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2024633002.

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Doucouré, C. M., and M. J. de Wit. "Normalization of the Gravity Anomaly Pattern of Africa reveals Deep Geology." In 6th SAGA Biennial Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.221.025.

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Paludan, J., N. Kerrouche, H. Toufik, and S. Belahmeur. "The State of Stress in North Africa - A Conceptual Model Based on Borehole Image Data from Algerian Oil Wells." In Second EAGE Borehole Geology Workshop. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201702381.

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Witte, Jan, Daniel Trümpy, Jürgen Meßner, and Hans Georg Babies. "Petroleum Potential of Rift Basins in Northern Somalia – A Fresh Look." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2573746-ms.

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ABSTRACT Several wells have encountered good oil shows in the rift basins of northern Somalia, however, without finding commercial hydrocarbons to date. It is widely accepted that these basins have a similar tectonic evolution and a comparable sedimentary fill as the highly productive rift basins in Yemen from which they have been separated by the opening of the Gulf of Aden (fully established in Mid Oligocene). We present new regional tectonic maps, new basement outcrop maps, a new structural transect and new play maps, specifically for the Odewayne, Nogal, Daroor and Socotra Basins. Digital terrain data, satellite images, surface geology maps (varying scales), oil seep/slick maps, potential data (gravity), well data from ~50 wells and data from scientific publications were compiled into a regional GIS-database, so that different data categories could be spatially analyzed. To set the tectonic framework, the outlines of the basins under investigation were re-mapped, paying particular attention to crystalline basement outcrops. A set of play maps was established. We recognize at least three source rocks, five reservoirs and at least three regional seals to be present in the area (not all continuously present). Numerous oil seeps are documented, particularly in the Nogal and Odewayne Basins, indicative of ongoing migration or re-migration. Data from exploration wells seem to further support the presence of active petroleum systems, especially in the central Nogal, western Nogal and central Daroor Basins. Our GIS-based data integration confirms that significant hydrocarbon potential remains in the established rift basins, such as the Nogal and Daroor Basins. Additionally, there are a number of less known satellite basins (on and offshore) which can be mapped out and that remain completely undrilled. All of these basins have to be considered frontier basins, due to their poorly understood geology, remoteness, marketing issues and missing oil infrastructure, making the economic risks significant. However, we believe that through acquisition of new seismic data, geochemical analysis, basin modelling and, ultimately, exploration drilling these risks can be mitigated to a point where the economic risks become acceptable. We encourage explorers to conduct regional basin analysis, data integration, a GIS-based approach and modern structural geology concepts to tackle key issues, such as trap architecture, structural timing, migration pathways and breaching risks.
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Bertotti, G., N. Boniface, J. H. P. de Bresser, S. Manya, H. Nkotagu, and F. van Ruitenbeek. "The First Master Program in Petroleum Geology at the University of Dar es Salaam: Lessons and Challenges." In First EAGE Eastern Africa Petroleum Geoscience Forum. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201414441.

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Reports on the topic "Geology Africa"

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Geology and total petroleum systems of the West-Central Coastal province (7203), West Africa. US Geological Survey, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b2207b.

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Geology and total petroleum systems of the Gulf of Guinea province of West Africa. US Geological Survey, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/b2207c.

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