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1

Frassi, Chiara, Alessia Amorfini, Antonio Bartelletti, and Giuseppe Ottria. "Popularizing Structural Geology: Exemplary Structural Geosites from the Apuan Alps UNESCO Global Geopark (Northern Apennines, Italy)." Land 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2022): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081282.

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Popularizing endogenic geological processes that act deep on the Earth during geologic time producing orogenic belts requires a great effort. Consequently, geosites dealing with structural geology are surveyed with a lower frequency. Geological structures, however, may strongly control and model the territory and/or trigger the exogenous processes responsible for a specific landform/landscape. We describe here three geosites in the Apuan Alps UNESCO Global Geopark (Tuscany, Italy) to highlight their geoheritage values. We used the classical methods applied in structural geology to conceive and design three new interpretative panels of structural geosites using simple language and graphic schemes that facilitate the understanding of geological structures. The three selected structures were produced by different deformation regimes and at different structural depths. The first geosite is the boundary between the metamorphic and non-metamorphic rocks and represents the boundary of the Apuan Alps tectonic window. The second geosite is the spectacular Mt. Forato natural arch and the third represents a beautiful example of folds. Each panel is characterized by QR codes that allow the reader to access a short geological glossary, the Apuan Alps Geopark website, and a short evaluation survey on the quality of the interpretative panel.
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2

Doglioni, Carlo. "Alps in the Apennines?" Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana, Vol. 25 (April 16, 2013): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/rol.2013.05.

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3

Malusà, Marco G., and Eduardo Garzanti. "Actualistic snapshot of the early Oligocene Alps: the Alps-Apennines knot disentangled." Terra Nova 24, no. 1 (December 9, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2011.01030.x.

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4

Fitzsimons, Sean J., and Heinz Veit. "Geology and Geomorphology of the European Alps and the Southern Alps of New Zealand." Mountain Research and Development 21, no. 4 (November 2001): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1659/0276-4741(2001)021[0340:gagote]2.0.co;2.

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5

Gawlick, Hans-Jürgen, Roman Aubrecht, Felix Schlagintweit, Sigrid Missoni, and Dušan Plašienka. "Ophiolitic detritus in Kimmeridgian resedimented limestones and its provenance from an eroded obducted ophiolitic nappe stack south of the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria)." Geologica Carpathica 66, no. 6 (December 1, 2015): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2015-0039.

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Abstract The causes for the Middle to Late Jurassic tectonic processes in the Northern Calcareous Alps are still controversially discussed. There are several contrasting models for these processes, formerly designated “Jurassic gravitational tectonics”. Whereas in the Dinarides or the Western Carpathians Jurassic ophiolite obduction and a Jurassic mountain building process with nappe thrusting is widely accepted, equivalent processes are still questioned for the Eastern Alps. For the Northern Calcareous Alps, an Early Cretaceous nappe thrusting process is widely favoured instead of a Jurassic one, obviously all other Jurassic features are nearly identical in the Northern Calcareous Alps, the Western Carpathians and the Dinarides. In contrast, the Jurassic basin evolutionary processes, as best documented in the Northern Calcareous Alps, were in recent times adopted to explain the Jurassic tectonic processes in the Carpathians and Dinarides. Whereas in the Western Carpathians Neotethys oceanic material is incorporated in the mélanges and in the Dinarides huge ophiolite nappes are preserved above the Jurassic basin fills and mélanges, Jurassic ophiolites or ophiolitic remains are not clearly documented in the Northern Calcareous Alps. Here we present chrome spinel analyses of ophiolitic detritic material from Kimmeridgian allodapic limestones in the central Northern Calcareous Alps. The Kimmeridgian age is proven by the occurrence of the benthic foraminifera Protopeneroplis striata and Labyrinthina mirabilis, the dasycladalean algae Salpingoporella pygmea, and the alga incertae sedis Pseudolithocodium carpathicum. From the geochemical composition the analysed spinels are pleonastes and show a dominance of Al-chromites (Fe3+–Cr3+–Al3+ diagram). In the Mg/(Mg+ Fe2+) vs. Cr/(Cr+ Al) diagram they can be classified as type II ophiolites and in the TiO2 vs. Al2O3 diagram they plot into the SSZ peridotite field. All together this points to a harzburgite provenance of the analysed spinels as known from the Jurassic suprasubduction ophiolites well preserved in the Dinarides/Albanides. These data clearly indicate Late Jurassic erosion of obducted ophiolites before their final sealing by the Late Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous carbonate platform pattern.
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Carrapa, Barbara, Jan Wijbrans, and Giovanni Bertotti. "Episodic exhumation in the Western Alps." Geology 31, no. 7 (2003): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0601:eeitwa>2.0.co;2.

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Schuster, Ralf, and Kurt Stüwe. "Permian metamorphic event in the Alps." Geology 36, no. 8 (2008): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g24703a.1.

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8

Lardeaux, Jean-Marc. "Deciphering orogeny: a metamorphic perspective. Examples from European Alpine and Variscan belts." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 185, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.185.2.93.

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AbstractIn this paper we review and discuss, in a synthetic historical way, the main results obtained on Alpine metamorphism in the western Alps. First, we describe the finite metamorphic architecture of the western Alps and discuss its relationships with subduction and collision processes. Second, we portray the progressive metamorphic evolution through time and space with the presentation of 5 metamorphic maps corresponding to critical orogenic periods, namely 85-65 Ma, 60-50 Ma, 48-40 Ma, 38-33 Ma and 30-20 Ma. We underline the lack of temporal data on high-pressure/low-temperature metamorphic rocks as well as the severe uncertainties on the sizes of rock units that have recorded the same metamorphic history (i.e. coherent P-T-t/deformation trajectories). We discuss the role of subduction-driven metamorphism in ocean-derived protoliths and the conflicting models that account for the diachrony of continental subductions in the western Alps.
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9

Schiavo, Alessio, Giorgio V. Dal Piaz, Bruno Monopoli, Andrea Bistacchi, Giovanni Dal Piaz, Matteo Massironi, and Giovanni Toffolon. "Geology of the Brenner Pass-Fortezza transect, Italian Eastern Alps." Journal of Maps 11, no. 1 (November 14, 2014): 201–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2014.980337.

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Regis, Daniele, Guido Venturini, and Martin Engi. "Geology of the Scalaro valley – Sesia Zone (Italian Western Alps)." Journal of Maps 12, no. 4 (July 3, 2015): 621–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2015.1060182.

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11

Piana, F., G. Fioraso, A. Irace, P. Mosca, A. d’Atri, L. Barale, P. Falletti, et al. "Geology of Piemonte region (NW Italy, Alps–Apennines interference zone)." Journal of Maps 13, no. 2 (April 27, 2017): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1316218.

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12

Tartarotti, Paola, Silvana Martin, Bruno Monopoli, Luca Benciolini, Alessio Schiavo, Riccardo Campana, and Irene Vigni. "Geology of the Saint-Marcel valley metaophiolites (Northwestern Alps, Italy)." Journal of Maps 13, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2017.1355853.

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Locatelli, Michele, Laura Federico, Philippe Agard, and Anne Verlaguet. "Geology of the southern Monviso metaophiolite complex (W-Alps, Italy)." Journal of Maps 15, no. 2 (March 24, 2019): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1592030.

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Ghignone, Stefano, Marco Gattiglio, Gianni Balestro, and Alessandro Borghi. "Geology of the Susa Shear Zone (Susa Valley, Western Alps)." Journal of Maps 16, no. 2 (December 9, 2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1698473.

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15

Chopin, Christian, Caroline Henry, and Andre Michard. "Geology and petrology of the coesite-bearing terrain, Dora Maira massif, Western Alps." European Journal of Mineralogy 3, no. 2 (April 18, 1991): 263–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/3/2/0263.

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16

Bernet, Matthias, Massimiliano Zattin, John I. Garver, Mark T. Brandon, and Joseph A. Vance. "Steady-state exhumation of the European Alps." Geology 29, no. 1 (2001): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0035:sseote>2.0.co;2.

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17

Sternai, Pietro, Frédéric Herman, Jean-Daniel Champagnac, Matthew Fox, Bernhard Salcher, and Sean D. Willett. "Pre-glacial topography of the European Alps." Geology 40, no. 12 (December 2012): 1067–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g33540.1.

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18

Steck, Albrecht, Franco Della Torre, Franz Keller, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer, Johannes Hunziker, and Henri Masson. "Tectonics of the Lepontine Alps: ductile thrusting and folding in the deepest tectonic levels of the Central Alps." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 106, no. 3 (July 17, 2013): 427–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-013-0135-7.

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19

Gale, Luka, Bogomir Celarc, Marcello Caggiati, Tea Kolar-Jurkovšek, Bogdan Jurkovšek, and Piero Gianolla. "Paleogeographic significance of Upper Triassic basinal succession of the Tamar Valley, northern Julian Alps (Slovenia)." Geologica Carpathica 66, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 269–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2015-0025.

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AbstractThe Julian Alps (western Slovenia) structurally belong to the eastern Southern Alps. The Upper Triassic succession mostly consists of shallow water platform carbonates of the Dolomia Principale-Dachstein Limestone system and a deep water succession of the Slovenian Basin outcropping in the southern foothills of the Julian Alps. In addition to the Slovenian Basin, a few other intraplatform basins were present, but they remain poorly researched and virtually ignored in the existing paleogeographic reconstructions of the eastern Southern Alps. Herein, we describe a deepening-upward succession from the Tamar Valley (north-western Slovenia), belonging to the Upper Triassic Tarvisio Basin. The lower, Julian-Tuvalian part of the section comprises peritidal to shallow subtidal carbonates (Conzen Dolomite and Portella Dolomite), and an intermediate carbonate-siliciclastic unit, reflecting increased terrigenous input and storm-influenced deposition (Julian-lowermost Tuvalian shallow-water marlstone and marly limestone of the Tor Formation). Above the drowning unconformity at the top of the Portella Dolomite, Tuvalian well-bedded dolomite with claystone intercalations follows (Carnitza Formation). The latter gradually passes into the uppermost Tuvalian–lowermost Rhaetian bedded dolomite with chert and slump breccias, deposited on a slope and/or at the toe-of-slope (Bača Dolomite). Finally, basinal thin-bedded bituminous limestone and marlstone of Rhaetian age follow (Frauenkogel Formation). The upper part of the Frauenkogel Formation contains meter-scale platform-derived limestone blocks, which are signs of platform progradation. The Tarvisio Basin may have extended as far as the present Santo Stefano di Cadore area, representing a notable paleogeographic unit at the western Neotethys margin.
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20

Martinod, Joseph, Lucie Roux, Jean-Francois Gamond, and Jean-Paul Glot. "Deformation actuelle de la chaine de Belledonne (massifs cristallins externes alpins, France); comparaison triangulation historique-GPS." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 6 (November 1, 2001): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.6.713.

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Abstract The present-day active tectonics of the western Alps are poorly known. Permanent GPS stations located in the French and Italian Alps are too recent to give any significant information on the strain-regime within the chain [e.g. Calais et al., 2000a; Caporali and Martin, 2000]. Similarly, the reiteration in 1998 of the 60 points of the "GPS Alpes" temporary network, previously installed and positioned in 1993, did not result in a clear image of the active deformations of this part of the Alpine Arc [Vigny et al., 2001]. Both permanent and "GPS Alpes" data show that the relative motion of most of the points located within, or on both sides of the chain, are probably slower than 5 mm/yr. Another possibility to investigate the present-day deformation of part of the Alps is to use historical triangulation data. In many parts of the French Alps, authors have remeasured historical networks of the French Institut Geographique National, using GPS, for geodynamical purposes [Jouanne et al., 1994; Martinod et al., 1996; Ferhat et al., 1998; Sue et al., 2000; Calais et al., 2000b; Jouanne et al., 2001]. Their comparison confirms that deformations in the French Alps occur slowly, at speeds smaller than 5 mm/yr. Some deformations, however, have been observed in different parts of the chain [Jouanne et al., 1994; Martinod et al., 1996; Sue et al., 2000; Calais et al., 2000b]. Typically, the precision of triangulation data is 10 (super -5) , which means that the motion between benchmarks whose relative distance is 10 km must reach 10 cm to be noticed. Given the age of the triangulation networks that are re-measured using GPS (generally around 50 years), this corresponds to relative velocities of 2 mm/yr, which is quite large in the context of the western Alps. For instance, Martinod et al. [1996] calculate a shortening axis orientated N070 degrees for the southern part of the Belledonne Massif (External Crystalline Massifs), and evaluate the relative speeds to reach possibly 3-5 mm/yr, which is as large as the maximum relative speed between Apulia and Europe! These results are based, however, on the motion of only 3 benchmarks (GGA, REV and GSE) of the historical network. In order to confirm the existence of the rapid deformation noted in this previous paper, we measured in 1998 and 1999, using GPS, the position of 22 historical benchmarks located near the southern part of the Belledonne Massif, which is the area where Martinod et al. [1996] observed their most significant deformations. Geodetic data: 22 geodetic sites were measured using GPS in 1998 and 1999. Measurements were done using bi-frequency Ashtech receivers, in at least two 6-hour sessions for half of the points. 6 of those sites had already been measured in 1993-1994. We also included in the compensation of the GPS data the measurements of 4 sites (BUF, GEN, MCR and NER) that had been done in 1993 and 1994. GPS data have been processed using the Winprism software, and we used the Geolab software to perform the compensation of the 1993-1994 data together with the 1998-99 data. We finally obtain a new position for 26 benchmarks of the "Savoie-Dauphine 1950" triangulation network. We also performed again the compensation of the old triangulation network. We included in the compensation, data concerning the points of the geodetic campaign from the 1st order to the 4th order geodetic points. We calculated the position of 186 stations, using 1174 angle measurements. We assumed the standard deviation of a direction observation to result both from centering and instrumental errors [e.g. Jouanne et al., 1994]. We adopted the following uncertainties: 20 mm for centering errors, 6.3 10 (super -4) grads for Wild T3, and 7.6 10 (super -4) grads for Wild T2 theodolites (values communicated by IGN). The relative accuracy of the coordinates determined in this compensation is approximately 10 (super -5) . Comparison between triangulation and GPS data: It is not possible to obtain displacements vectors comparing GPS measurements with old triangulation data. As a matter of fact, historical geodetic networks only contain precise angle measurements. Neither the size, nor the orientation of the old network can be accurately known. To evidence possible tectonic deformations comparing the two geodetic campaigns, we calculate the strain tensor for triangular elements formed by sets of three neighbouring points of the network. We calculate the eingenvalues epsilon 1 and epsilon 2 of the strain tensor and their azimuth (resp. theta 1 and theta 2 ). We present in table II the values of dgamma /dt = (depsilon 1 /dt-depsilon 2 /dt) and of theta 2 for 33 triangles formed by sets of the 26 historical points remeasured using GPS. Both dgamma /dt and theta 2 are independent of the size and orientation of the old triangulation network. They can therefore be evaluated with precision without any a priori hypothesis [e.g. Ferhat, 1997]. dgamma /dt is the difference between the maximum compressive and extensive strain rate.
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Jackowski, Antoni, and Kazimierz Krzemień. "Maurycy Pius Rudzki and the birth of geophysics." History of Geo- and Space Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 25, 2016): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hgss-7-23-2016.

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Abstract. The article describes briefly the life and fundamental work of Rudzki in geology, geography, seismology, oceanography and meteorology. In 1895 he became head of the world's first department of geophysics and meteorology at the Jagiellonian University of Kraków, the second oldest university north of the Alps (Prague being the oldest).
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22

Šmuc, Andrej, and Boštjan Rožič. "The Jurassic Prehodavci Formation of the Julian Alps: easternmost outcrops of Rosso Ammonitico in the Southern Alps (NW Slovenia)." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 103, no. 2 (August 10, 2010): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-010-0015-3.

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23

Larroque, C., N. Béthoux, E. Calais, F. Courboulex, A. Deschamps, J. Déverchère, J. F. Stéphan, J. F. Ritz, and E. Gilli. "Active and recent deformation at the Southern Alps – Ligurian basin junction." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 80, no. 3-4 (December 2001): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016774600023878.

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AbstractThe Southern Alps – Ligurian basin junction is one of the most active seismic areas in Western Europe countries. The topographic and the structural setting of this region is complex because of (i) its position between the high topography of the Southern Alps and the deep, narrow Ligurian oceanic basin, and (ii) the large number of structures inherited from the Alpine orogeny. Historical seismicity reveals about twenty moderate-size earthquakes (up to M=6.0), mostly distributed along the Ligurian coast and the Vésubie valley. A recent geodetic experiment shows a significant strain rate during the last 50 years in the area between the Argentera massif and the Mediterranean coastline. Results of this experiment suggest a N-S shortening of about 2-4 mm/yr over the network, this shortening direction is consistent with the seismological (P-axes of earthquakes) and the microtectonic data. The Pennic front (E-NE of the Argentera massif) and the northern Ligurian margin are the most seismically active areas. In the Nice arc and in the Argentera massif, some seismic lineaments correspond to faults identified in the field (such as theTaggia-Saorge fault or the Monaco-Sospel fault). In the western part of the Alpes Maritimes, no seismic activity is recorded in the Castellane arc. In the field, geological evidence, such as offsets of recent alluvial sediments, recent fault breccia, speleothem deformations, radon anomalies and others indicates recent deformation along these faults. Nevertheless, to this date active fault scarps have not been identified: this probably results from a relatively high erosion rate versus deformation rate and from the lack of Quaternary markers. We also suspect the presence of two hidden active faults, one in the lower Var valley (Nice city area) and the other one at the base of the Argentera crustal thrust-sheet. Offshore, along the northern Ligurian margin, the seismic reflection data shows traces of Quaternary extensional deformation, but the accuracy of the data does not yet allow the construction of a structural map nor does it allow the determination of the continuity between the offshore and onshore structures. From these data set we propose a preliminary map of 11 active faults and we discuss the questions which remain unsolved in the perspective of seismic hazard evaluations.
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Martin, Silvana. "Geology of the Alps: from Giorgio to Giorgio Vittorio Dal Piaz." Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana 37 (November 2015): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/rol.2015.169.

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Cadoppi, Paola, Giovanni Camanni, Gianni Balestro, and Gianluigi Perrone. "Geology of the Fontane talc mineralization (Germanasca valley, Italian Western Alps)." Journal of Maps 12, no. 5 (February 7, 2016): 1170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2016.1142480.

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Muttoni, Giovanni, Cipriano Carcano, Eduardo Garzanti, Manlio Ghielmi, Andrea Piccin, Roberta Pini, Sergio Rogledi, and Dario Sciunnach. "Onset of major Pleistocene glaciations in the Alps." Geology 31, no. 11 (2003): 989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g19445.1.

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Doglioni, Carlo. "Tectonics of the Dolomites (southern alps, northern Italy)." Journal of Structural Geology 9, no. 2 (January 1987): 181–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(87)90024-1.

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Ernst, W. G. "Subduction zone metamorphism – pioneering contributions from the Alps." International Geology Review 52, no. 10-12 (March 19, 2010): 1021–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206810903557852.

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King, Georgina E., Floriane Ahadi, Shigeru Sueoka, Frédéric Herman, Leif Anderson, Cécile Gautheron, Sumiko Tsukamoto, et al. "Eustatic change modulates exhumation in the Japanese Alps." Geology 51, no. 2 (December 20, 2022): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g050599.1.

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Abstract The exhumation of bedrock is controlled by the interplay between tectonics, surface processes, and climate. The highest exhumation rates of centimeters per year are recorded in zones of highly active tectonic convergence such as the Southern Alps of New Zealand or the Himalayan syntaxes, where high rock uplift rates combine with very active surface processes. Using a combination of different thermochronometric systems including trapped-charge thermochronometry, we show that such rates also occur in the Hida Mountain Range, Japanese Alps. Our results imply that centimeter per year rates of exhumation are more common than previously thought. Our thermochronometry data allow the development of time series of exhumation rate changes at the time scale of glacial-interglacial cycles, which show a fourfold increase in baseline rates to rates of ∼10 mm/yr within the past ∼65 k.y. This increase in exhumation rate is likely explained by knickpoint propagation due to a combination of very high precipitation rates, climatic change, sea-level fall, range-front faulting, and moderate rock uplift. Our data resolve centimeter-scale sub-Quaternary exhumation rate changes, which show that in regions with horizontal convergence, coupling between climate, surface processes, and tectonics can exert a significant and rapid effect on rates of exhumation.
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Foeken, J. P. T., T. J. Dunai, G. Bertotti, and P. A. M. Andriessen. "Late Miocene to present exhumation in the Ligurian Alps (southwest Alps) with evidence for accelerated denudation during the Messinian salinity crisis." Geology 31, no. 9 (2003): 797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g19572.1.

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Sassi, Raffaele, Claudio Mazzoli, Renaud Merle, Valentina Brombin, Massimo Chiaradia, Daniel J. Dunkley, and Andrea Marzoli. "HT–LP crustal syntectonic anatexis as a source of the Permian magmatism in the Eastern Southern Alps: evidence from xenoliths in the Euganean trachytes (NE Italy)." Journal of the Geological Society 177, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-031.

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Oligocene trachytes from the Euganean Hills include various regionally metamorphosed gneissic and granulitic xenoliths. These xenoliths provide the unique opportunity to investigate South Alpine intermediate to deep crustal levels that are not at present exposed in the Eastern Alps. The estimated P–T conditions are in the range of 780–850°C and 0.45–0.55 GPa for a migmatitic gneiss xenolith. Sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP II) U–Pb analyses on zircon from this xenolith provide concordant ages around 259.7 ± 3.5 Ma, consistent with a proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) U–Th–Pb age on monazite of 262 ± 12 Ma. The Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions, and major and trace element data show distinct origins for the different types of xenoliths. Mafic granulite xenoliths have an isotopic signature close to mantle-derived rocks and to Permian gabbroic rocks from the Western Southern Alps. Metapelite xenoliths have high Sr and low Nd initial ratios like those of acid crustal rocks and could possibly represent the source of the crustal component that is dominant in the acid Permian supervolcanoes. The migmatitic xenolith provides the first documented evidence for a Permian thermal event associated with crustal thinning in the Eastern Southern Alps. Here the South Alpine basement escaped most of the Alpine crustal shortening and still preserves most of the original Permian extension under thick Mesozoic cover.Supplementary material: Microprobe analyses of mineralogical phases and Ti-in-biotite geothermometric calculations are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5032337
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Rantitsch, Gerd, and Katalin Judik. "Alpine metamorphism in the central segment of the Western Greywacke Zone (Eastern Alps)." Geologica Carpathica 60, no. 4 (August 1, 2009): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10096-009-0023-2.

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Alpine metamorphism in the central segment of the Western Greywacke Zone (Eastern Alps)The metamorphic pattern of the central Western Greywacke Zone (Austroalpine, Eastern Alps) was investigated by organic matter reflectance, Raman spectroscopy on organic matter and clay mineralogical methods. Raman data map a 10 km wide thermal aureole along the contact zone of the Greywacke Zone to the Penninic Tauern Window. The estimated maximum temperatures of 400 °C to 200 °C decrease from South to North, that is from the contact to the uppermost parts of the Greywacke Zone. This pattern is explained by an Oligocene to Miocene thermal pulse, related to the rapid exhumation of formerly deeply buried rocks of the Penninic unit. During this event, advective heat transport and circulating fluids overprinted the Cretaceous higher anchi- to lower epizonal metamorphic pattern of the central Western Greywacke Zone.
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33

Cederbom, Charlotte E., Hugh D. Sinclair, Fritz Schlunegger, and Meinert K. Rahn. "Climate-induced rebound and exhumation of the European Alps." Geology 32, no. 8 (2004): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g20491.1.

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Malusà, Marco G., and Giovanni Vezzoli. "Interplay between erosion and tectonics in the Western Alps." Terra Nova 18, no. 2 (March 21, 2006): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3121.2006.00669.x.

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35

Gasser, Deta, and Bas den Brok. "Tectonic evolution of the Engi Slates, Glarus Alps, Switzerland." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 101, no. 2 (July 25, 2008): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1258-0.

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36

Austin, Nicholas, Brian Evans, Marco Herwegh, and Andreas Ebert. "Strain localization in the Morcles nappe (Helvetic Alps, Switzerland)." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 101, no. 2 (July 25, 2008): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1264-2.

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37

Rantitsch, Gerd, Gerald Pischinger, and Walter Kurz. "Stream profile analysis of the Koralm Range (Eastern Alps)." Swiss Journal of Geosciences 102, no. 1 (March 28, 2009): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00015-009-1305-5.

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38

Kurz, Walter, and Harald Fritz. "Tectonometamorphic Evolution of the Austroalpine Nappe Complex in the Central Eastern Alps—Consequences for the Eo-Alpine Evolution of the Eastern Alps." International Geology Review 45, no. 12 (December 2003): 1100–1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.45.12.1100.

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39

Corno, Alberto, Pietro Mosca, Alessandro Borghi, and Marco Gattiglio. "Geology of the Monte Banchetta – Punta Rognosa area (Troncea valley, Western Alps)." Journal of Maps 17, no. 2 (March 21, 2021): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2021.1894996.

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40

Rolfo, Franco, Roberto Compagnoni, and Dario Tosoni. "Geology and petrology of the Austroalpine Châtillon slice, Aosta valley, western Alps." Geodinamica Acta 17, no. 1 (February 2004): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/ga.17.91-105.

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41

Giles, David. "A field guide to the engineering geology of the French Alps, Grenoble." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 45, no. 1 (February 2012): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/09-065.

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42

Capponi, Giovanni, Laura Crispini, Laura Federico, and Cristina Malatesta. "Geology of the Eastern Ligurian Alps: a review of the tectonic units." Italian Journal of Geosciences 135, no. 1 (February 2016): 157–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/ijg.2015.06.

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43

Barale, Luca, Carlo Bertok, Anna d'Atri, Luca Martire, Fabrizio Piana, and Gabriele Domini. "Geology of the Entracque–Colle di Tenda area (Maritime Alps, NW Italy)." Journal of Maps 12, no. 2 (March 25, 2015): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2015.1024293.

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44

Colley, Ann C. "JOHN RUSKIN: CLIMBING AND THE VULNERABLE EYE." Victorian Literature and Culture 37, no. 1 (March 2009): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150309090044.

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Abstract:
Most readers either overlook or dismissJohn Ruskin's climbs in the Alps as being insignificant compared to his avid interest in geology and mountain form. However, I want to suggest that Ruskin's climbing – his physical and kinetic relationship to the mountains – is essential to his understanding of them. His numerous and repeated ascents in the lower Alps were not always easy: in fact, they were often tough and sometimes dangerous. Through a few select examples, in the first part of the essay, I establish just how difficult many of these scrambles were so that I may proceed, in the body of the paper, to talk about how these strenuous experiences influenced his way of seeing the mountain landscape he admired, and how, in turn, they helped shape his concept of imperfect vision.
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Feret, Léa, Agnès Bouchez, and Frédéric Rimet. "Benthic diatom communities in high altitude lakes: a large scale study in the French Alps." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 53 (2017): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2017025.

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Altitude lakes are weakly impacted by human activities. This makes them choice ecosystems to understand how biological communities are impacted by natural factors. This question was addressed to littoral benthic diatoms, a largely used ecological indicator. We wanted to know if benthic diatoms in lakes are more impacted by local varying factors (altitude, lake depth...) or regional varying factors (geology). The study area takes place in the Northern French Alps. Littoral benthic diatoms of 63 natural lakes situated between 1350 and 2700 m · a.s.l. were sampled. Two categories of communities were observed: one of deep and lower altitude lakes and one of higher altitude and shallower lakes. In each category, communities were characterized and were corresponding to particular lake types: lakes dominated by a particular geology, lakes with a water level fluctuation, turbid lakes,... Communities did not show a spatial structure. We observed that local factors were more important than regional factors. Indeed, the study area displayed a mixed geology even at a local level. On another hand, altitude a local varying factor determines freezing period a determining item of high-altitude lake functioning.
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Vezzoli, Giovanni, Eduardo Garzanti, and Stefano Monguzzi. "Erosion in the Western Alps (Dora Baltea basin)." Sedimentary Geology 171, no. 1-4 (October 2004): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.05.017.

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Vezzoli, Giovanni. "Erosion in the Western Alps (Dora Baltea Basin)." Sedimentary Geology 171, no. 1-4 (October 2004): 247–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2004.05.018.

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Bousquet, Romain, Bruno Goffé, Olivier Vidal, Roland Oberhänsli, and Martin Patriat. "The tectono-metamorphic history of the Valaisan domain from the Western to the Central Alps: New constraints on the evolution of the Alps." Geological Society of America Bulletin 114, no. 2 (February 2002): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(2002)114<0207:ttmhot>2.0.co;2.

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Catelan, Filipppo Tommaso, Leonardo Piccinini, Giulia Bossi, and Gianluca Marcato. "Hydrogeological parameterization of the landslide of Lamosano, (Eastern Italian Alps)." Rendiconti Online della Società Geologica Italiana 58 (November 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3301/rol.2022.15.

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Chapron, E., C. Beck, M. Pourchet, and J.-F. Deconinck. "1822 earthquake-triggered homogenite in Lake Le Bourget (NW Alps)." Terra Nova 11, no. 2-3 (April 1999): 86–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.1999.00230.x.

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