Academic literature on the topic 'Geology - Europe, Western'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Geology - Europe, Western.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Journal articles on the topic "Geology - Europe, Western"
1
Ziegler, P. A., and P. Dèzes. "Crustal evolution of Western and Central Europe." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 32, no. 1 (2006): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2006.032.01.03.
Full text
2
Camelbeeck, T., O. de Viron, M. Van Camp, and D. Kusters. "Local stress sources in Western Europe lithosphere from geoid anomalies." Lithosphere 5, no. 3 (2013): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/l238.1.
Full text
3
Crampon, N., E. Custodio, and R. A. Downing. "The hydrogeology of Western Europe: a basic framework." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 29, no. 2 (1996): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.qjegh.1996.029.p2.05.
Full text
4
Mattern, Frank. "Permo-Silesian movements between Baltica and Western Europe: tectonics and ‘basin families’." Terra Nova 13, no. 5 (2001): 368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3121.2001.00368.x.
Full text
5
Dudicourt, Jean-Christophe, Didier Neraudeau, Philippe Nicolleau, Luc Ceulemans, and Frédéric Boutin. "An outstanding fauna of marsupiate echinoids in the Pliocene of Vendée (western France)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 176, no. 6 (2005): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/176.6.545.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract New investigations in the Pliocene deposits of Challans (Vendée) have allowed to collect more than 3000 marsupiate echinoids, remarkably preserved. So, apical systems, especially the marsupium of the breeding temnopleurids T. (V.) bigoti and C. bardini, have been described and figured for the first time with complete specimens. Two new marsupiate species have been described: Arbacina hugueti nov. sp., third marsupiate species of the genus Arbacina to be known in the Neogene of western France after A. emmae NÉRAUDEAU, 2003 from the Messinian of Brittany and A. pareyni ROMAN, 1983 from the Pliocene of Normandy; Tremaster romani, new species and genus of temnopleurid, characterised by an uncommon supra-ambital tuberculation, with excressences of the test surrounding scrobiculated tubercles. A third new marsupiate echinoid, Coptechinus sp. A, has been found too, but it is very difficult to know if it is a new species or a new morphotype of C. bardini. Contrarily to previous interpretations, this study points out the high diversity of western European Neogene marsupiate echinoids, a diversity comparable to the one of Australian Neogene marsupiate echinoids. However, breeding species from Australia and western Europe are clearly different and similarities exist between these two marsupiate echinofaunas at the family level only. Indeed, both in Australia and western Europe, the breeding species of echinoids mainly belong to the temnopleurid family, with the austral genus Paradoxechinus, on the one side, the north European genera Temnotrema and Coptechinus, on the other side. Moreover, the arbaciids consist of three marsupiate species of the genus Arbacina in Europe when no breeding species of this family exist in Australia. On the contrary, several breeding irregular echinoids have been found in the Australian Tertiary deposits (Spatangoids and Clypeasteroids) when not any marsupiate irregular echinoid has been discovered at present in the western Europe Neogene deposits.
6
Estes-Smargiassi, K. A., and A. A. Klompmaker. "An enigmatic trace fossil from the Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) shales of Western Europe." Netherlands Journal of Geosciences - Geologie en Mijnbouw 94, no. 3 (2015): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/njg.2015.15.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractVarious trace fossils are known from the Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) shale deposits of western Europe, especially from Great Britain. Here we present a unique specimen, unknown from Rhaetian shales in western Europe thus far to our knowledge. The specimen consists of a string of small knobs collected from the dark-coloured Rhaetian shales from the eastern Netherlands, deposited in a marine, near-coastal environment. The specimen represents the first described trace fossil from these shales. The identity of this specimen appears enigmatic. However, SEM-EDS analysis showed that the string of knobs is pyritised and does not contain phosphorus nor did the sediment directly around the specimen, suggesting a non-coprolitic origin of the specimen. Eggs and larvae are also excluded as possibilities. The specimen closely resembles several trace fossils identified as burrows, which is why we favour this interpretation. The rare presence of trace fossils reinforces the hypothesis that the Dutch Rhaetian shales were deposited under a stresses regime with low oxygen conditions.
7
Pandolfi, Luca, Mihály Gasparik, and Imre Magyar. "Rhinocerotidae from the Upper Miocene deposits of the Western Pannonian Basin (Hungary): implications for migration routes and biogeography." Geologica Carpathica 67, no. 1 (2016): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2016-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Although the rhinoceros remains have high biochronological significance, they are poorly known or scarcely documented in the uppermost Miocene deposits of Europe. Several specimens collected from the Upper Miocene (around 7.0 Ma, Turolian) deposits of Kávás (Pannonian Basin, Western Hungary), previously determined as Rhinoceros sp., are revised and described in this paper. The postcranial remains of these specimens belong to “Dihoplus” megarhinus (de Christol) on the basis of the morphological and morphometric characters of humerus, radii, metacarpal and metatarsal elements. An overview of rhinoceros remains from several uppermost Miocene localities and the revision of the rhinoceros material from the Pannonian Basin suggest that “D.” megarhinus spread during the latest Miocene from the Pannonian Basin towards Italy. The occurrences of this species in Western Hungary and Italy during the latest Miocene further imply that Rhinocerotini species were biogeographically segregated between Western, Southern and Central Europe.
8
McCann, T., C. Pascal, M. J. Timmerman, et al. "Post-Variscan (end Carboniferous-Early Permian) basin evolution in Western and Central Europe." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 32, no. 1 (2006): 355–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2006.032.01.22.
Full text
9
ASTIBIA, H., N. BARDET, X. PEREDA-SUBERBIOLA, et al. "New fossils of Sirenia from the Middle Eocene of Navarre (Western Pyrenees): the oldest West European sea cow record." Geological Magazine 147, no. 5 (2010): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000130.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPostcranial remains of Sirenia from the early Middle Eocene (late Lutetian) Urbasa-Andia Formation of Navarre (Western Pyrenees) are described. The material consists of two partial atlas vertebrae, one humerus and several dorsal ribs (from Arrasate, Urbasa plateau), and partial dorsal ribs (from Lezaun, Andia plateau). The morphology of the fossils is consistent with referral to Dugongidae, the only sirenian clade known so far in the Middle Eocene of Europe. Moreover, the histological study of the ribs shows that the pachyosteosclerosis of extant Sirenia was definitively present by the early Middle Eocene. The oldest sirenian remains reported to date in the Pyrenean Realm were assigned to the Biarritzian, a regional stage that is currently ascribed either to the middle or to the lower–middle Bartonian. Therefore, the sirenian remains of Lezaun, reliably dated as late Lutetian (SBZ16 zone) in age, are definitively the earliest sirenian fossils known in Western Europe and are among the oldest sea cow records of Europe.
10
Szurlies, Michael. "Late Permian (Zechstein) magnetostratigraphy in Western and Central Europe." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 376, no. 1 (2013): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp376.7.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Geology - Europe, Western"
1
Parkinson, D. Neil. "The sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Jurassic of Western Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cddbc521-f687-41dd-a9ad-f70621012555.
Full textAbstract:
The Lower Jurassic stratigraphy of seven contrasting areas in western Europe is compared in order to seek evidence for a pan-Western European stratigraphic forcing mechanism. Sequencestratigraphic models are discussed and emphasis is placed upon the differing response of sedimentary systems in "accommodation space-dominated" and "supply-dominated" settings. Spectral gamma-ray data from clastic successions in the Wessex and Cleveland basins (England) are used to elucidate vertical trends. A proximal-distal model for control of Th/K ratios is advanced. Stage-frequency regressive-transgressive cycles in the two areas are shown to be closely correlative. Sedimentolgical logs and spectral gamma-ray data are presented for the carbonate ramp into turbidite sequence of Peniche (Portugal) and for a new exposure of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian in southern Germany. Systematic variation in clay mineralogy across Europe is suggested. Cycles in the Lower Jurassic of the North Viking Graben (Norwegian North Sea) are examined using wireline log correlation and the stratigraphic evolution of the Tethyan Rift in the Western and Southern Alps is reviewed. X-ray diffraction studies of the Pliensbachian-Toarcian interval in the Southern Alps are presented in order to elucidate sediment supply to the pelagic realm. The cycles observed in the English sections appear to be manifest widely across western Europe in a variety of tectonic and sedimentary settings. Sharp basinward facies shifts (candidate sequence boundaries) do not appear to be synchronous between basins. <sup>87</sup>SR/<sup>86</sup>SR analysis of belemnites from the Portuguese and German sections confirms the regional applicability of the results of Jones (1992) and the utility of this technique in long range correlation. Carbon and oxygen analysis of the same material supplements the data of other workers and a direct relationship is suggested between relative sea level and organic carbon burial in the Early Jurassic.
2
Adams, John Anthony. "Benthic calcareous algae as Jurassic marine temperature indicators in Western Europe." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2004. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55372/.
Full textAbstract:
The determination of calcareous chlorophyte distributional limits is via temperatures---namely isocrymal limits, because the green algae are very susceptible to cold temperatures. The calcereous green algae are today and were in the past, one of the most sensitive and useful environmental indicators. As well as being useful in distribution analysis, they are a useful part of biotic analysis in general. Calcareous green algae are mostly, but not wholly tropical in nature---they are found in shallow marine environments up to their range extent of just into temperate water masses (12°C isocrymal). The Dasycladales were dominated form of calcareous alga in the Jurassic (today their role has been largely taken over by the Halimidaceae). It can be seen that in the Upper Jurassic (where there are enough datapoints to form a reasonable limit, as opposed to the Lower or Mid Jurassic) that the Halimedaceae appeared to terminate at a line slightly southwards of the Dasycladales (this compares with the modern situation of a shared termination limit). Modern calcareous Chlorophyta distributions can delimit in the 12°C isocrymal water temperature boundary, and this limit can be imposed on the Jurassic Chlorophyta distribution dataset for palaeothermometry purposes. Together with selected isotope values, it is possible to estimate Jurassic isocrymes across Western Europe. This suggests the possibility of creatures such as belemnites (which are used for isotopically derived palaeotemperatures) having recorded summer temperatures in their isotopes rather than annual average. Modern algal temperature value differences (isocrymal versus summer maximum) is by ∼10°C and this change in values for the Jurassic Chlorophyta produces temperature figures equivalent to a majority of the isotopically derived temperature values.
3
Naylor, Patricia H. "Genetic studies of Cu-Pb-Zn mineralisation in Triassic red beds of Western Europe." Thesis, Aston University, 1988. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14389/.
Full textAbstract:
Continental red bed sequences are host, on a worldwide scale, to a characteristic style of mineralisation which is dominated by copper, lead, zinc, uranium and vanadium. This study examines the features of sediment-hosted ore deposits in the Permo-Triassic basins of Western Europe, with particular reference to the Cu-Pb-Zn-Ba mineralisation in the Cheshire Basin, northwest England, the Pb-Ba-F deposits of the Inner Moray Firth Basin, northeast Scotland, and the Pb-rich deposits of the Eifel and Oberpfalz regions, West Germany. The deposits occur primarily but not exclusively in fluvial and aeolian sandstones on the margins of deep, avolcanic sedimentary basins containing red beds, evaporites and occasionally hydrocarbons. The host sediments range in age from Permian to Rhaetian and often contain (or can be inferred to have originally contained) organic matter. Textural studies have shown that early diagenetic quartz overgrowths precede the main episode of sulphide deposition. Fluid inclusion and sulphur isotope data have significantly constrained the genetic hypotheses for the mineralisation and a model involving the expulsion of diagenetic fluids and basinal brines up the faulted margins of sedimentary basins is favoured. Consideration of the development of these sedimentary basins suggests that ore emplacement occurred during the tectonic stage of basin evolution or during basin inversion in the Tertiary. 34S values for barite in the Cheshire Basin range from 13.8% to 19.3% and support the theory that the Upper Triassic evaporites were the principal sulphur source for the mineralisation and provided the means by which mineralising fluids became saline. In contrast, 34S values for barite in the Inner Moray Firth Basin (mean 34S = + 29%) are not consistent with simple derivation of sulphur from the evaporite horizons in the basin and it is likely that sulphur-rich Jurassic shales supplied the sulphur for the mineralisation at Elgin. Possible sources of sulphur for the mineralisation in West Germany include hydrothermal vein sulphides in the underlying Devonian sediments and evaporites in the overlying Muschelkalk. Textural studies of the deeply buried sandstones in the Cheshire Basin reveal widespread dissolution and replacement of detrital phases and support the theory that red bed diagenetic processes are responsible for the release of metals into pore fluids. The ore solutions are envisaged as being warm (60-150%C), saline (9-22 wt % equiv NaCl) fluids in which metals were transported as chloride complexes. The distribution of 34S values for sulphides in the Cheshire Basin (-1.8% to + 16%), the Moray Firth Basin (-4.8% to + 27%) and the German Permo-Triassic Basins (-22.2% to -12.2%) preclude a magmatic source for the sulphides and support the contention that sulphide precipitation is thought to result principally from sulphate reduction processes, although a decrease in temperature of the ore fluid or reaction with carbonates may also be important. Methane is invoked as the principal reducing agent in the Cheshire Basin, whilst terrestrial organic debris and bacterial reduction processes are thought to have played a major part in the genesis of the German ore deposits.
4
Morgans, Helen Sarah. "Early to middle Jurassic stratigraphic development, vegetation and climate change in north-western Europe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:4b5cae3c-7562-45b9-b2a2-543b2649b24f.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of work presented in this thesis was to explore the inter-relationships of cyclic sedimentation, relative sea-level change, and palaeoclimate as inferred from plant megafossils. To this end, the investigation focused on the classic plant-bearing Middle Jurassic succession of Yorkshire. The Middle Jurassic (Aalenian-Bathonian) Ravenscar Group of the Cleveland Basin (Yorkshire) comprises a predominantly fluvio-deltaic succession intercalated between thinner, laterally persistent marine units. There is a pronounced lateral facies change across the basin, from mainly alluvial sediments in the north to more marine deposits in the south. Although variable in character, the facies composing the sequence are described by four principal environments of deposition: alluvial, estuarine, lagoonal and marine. In an attempt to achieve a more accurate stratigraphic control on the succession, sequence-stratigraphic concepts are applied to outcrop exposures and subsurface cores. The identification of 'key surfaces' in the sequence resolves a series of lithological cycles which reflect relative sea-level fluctuations. Using this approach the Aalenian-Bathonian sequence can be subdivided into two large-scale (second-order) transgressive-regressive cycles onto which six medium-scale (thirdorder) cycles of transgression and regression are superimposed. The potential for correlating these lithological cycles regionally has been assessed by comparing coeval sections from southern Scandinavia. Plant-bearing fluvio-deltaic sequences from Bornholm and Scania were chosen as a means for appraising the lateral continuity of the cycles, and assessing what factors might have controlled their development. Study of floral remains from the Ravenscar Group within the context of this stratigraphic framework yields valuable palaeoclimatic information. Growth-ring analysis of fossil wood of Late Pliensbachian to Late Bathonian age indicates a distinctly seasonal climate with low to moderate interseasonal variation in tree growth. Significant intraseasonal influences on wood production are implicit in the abundance of false rings. Consideration of these results within a stratigraphic context suggests that conditions during the Bathonian were comparatively hostile: a finding which is interpreted to be due to more frequent and extended water shortages associated with a drier climate. These palaeoclimatic inferences are substantiated by evidence obtained from the examination of the flora using Correspondence Analysis (CA). This approach verifies the presence of a temporal fluctuation in the flora found by previous investigations and, furthermore, highlights physiognomic trends in the flora with time. The results from CA also indicate adverse growing conditions during the Bathonian, emphasized by the prevalence of xeromorphic taxa.
5
Menard, Gilles. "Structure et cinématique d'une chaîne de collision : les Alpes occidentales et centrales." Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10018.
Full textAbstract:
La chaine alpine est un domaine a croute epaissie pour lequel le deplacement impose aux limites est absorbe alternativement par deux mecanismes de raccourcissement. Le premier correspond au glissement d'ecailles crustales sur des discontinuites, le second a une deformation interne des ecailles quand les glissements se bloquent. Ce modele s'applique egalement aux deformations actuelles et permet d'integrer aussi bien les donnees sur la sismicite (mecanismes au foyer) que sur les mouvements verticaux (surrection actuelle)
Books on the topic "Geology - Europe, Western"
1
Geological atlas of Western and Central Europe, 1990. 2nd ed. Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij B.V., 1990.
Find full text
2
Fragile, Earth International Conference (2011 Munich Germany). Geological field trips in Central Western Europe: Fragile Earth International Conference, Munich, September 2011. Geological Society of America, 2011.
Find full text
3
Lampe, Reinhard. Holocene evolution of the south-western Baltic coast: Geological, archaeological, and palaeo-environmental aspects : field meeting of INQUA Subcommission V, Sea Level Changes and Coastal Evolution, Western Europe, September 22-27, 2002. Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Geographisches Institut, 2002.
Find full text
4
France-United States Workshop on Earthquake Hazard Assessment in Intraplate Regions (2nd 1995 Nice, France). Proceedings of the Second France-United States Workshop on Earthquake Hazard Assessment in Intraplate Regions: Central and Eastern United States and Western Europe, October 16, 1995, Nice, France. Ouest Éditions Presses Académiques, 1997.
Find full text
5
A, Mascle, and Integrated Basin Studies Project, eds. Cenozoic foreland basins of Western Europe. Geological Society, 1998.
Find full text
6
(Editor), G. Innes Lumsden, and The Editorial Board of the Directors of the Western European Geological Surveys (Editor), eds. Geology and the Environment in Western Europe: A Coordinated Statement by The Western European Geological Survey. Oxford University Press, USA, 1994.
Find full text
7
(Editor), G. Innes Lumsden, and The Editorial Board of the Directors of the Western European Geological Surveys (Editor), eds. Geology and the Environment in Western Europe: A Coordinated Statement by The Western European Geological Survey. Oxford University Press, USA, 1992.
Find full text
8
Innes, Lumsden G., ed. Geology and the environment in Western Europe: A coordinated statement. Clarendon Press, 1992.
Find full text
9
The Western Alps from Rift to Passive Margin to Orogenic Belt Developments in Earth Surface Processes. Elsevier, 2010.
Find full text
10
On the Eozoic and Palæozoic rocks of the Atlantic coast of Canada in comparison with those of western Europe and of the interior of America. s.n., 1987.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Geology - Europe, Western"
1
Demoulin, Alain. "Tectonic Evolution, Geology, and Geomorphology." In The Physical Geography of Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199277759.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
The present-day major relief features of western Europe are to a great extent determined by the underlying geological structures, either passively or actively. To get a comprehensive picture of their morphological evolution and interrelations, this chapter provides an overview of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the larg-escale tectonic framework of the continent. After having described the west European landscape at the end of the Palaeozoic, to which time the oldest preserved landforms date back, an outline of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic history of the major tectonic domains follows. Finally, some denudation estimates highlighting the relationship between tectonics, erosion, and the resulting relief, will be discussed. The three main influences on the present-day topographic patterns are those of the Alpine orogeny, the Cenozoic West European rifting, and the imprint of Variscan structures. They combine within a regional stress field determined by the Africa–Eurasia collision and the Alpine push as well as the mid-Atlantic ridge push. Since the end of the Miocene, this stress field is characterized by a fan-shaped distribution of SHmax along the northern border of the Alpine arc. This gives way to a more consistent NW–SE to NNW–SSE direction of compression further from the chain (Bergerat 1987; Müller et al. 1992). Topographically, western Europe may be roughly divided into a series of belts parallel to the Alpine chain. The Alpine chain culminates in a number of peaks exceeding 4,000 m in elevation (4,810 m at Mont Blanc) but the average altitude is in the order of 2,000 m. To the north, the mountainous Alps are bordered by the Molasse foredeep basin whose surface makes an inclined plane descending northwards from c.1,000 m to c.300 m near the Donau River in the Regensburg-Passau area. To the north-west, the Molasse basin narrows between the Alps and the Jura Mountains and is occupied by several extended lakes inherited from Quaternary glacial activity. Next to the Molasse basin in the north and west is a wide belt of recently more or less uplifted areas between 200 and 1,000 m in elevation (and locally in excess of 1,000 m in the French Massif Central and the Bohemian massif).
2
Scarre, Chris. "Geology, Landscape and Meaning in the Megalithic Monuments of Western and Northern Europe." In Megaliths and Geology: Megálitos e Geologia. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1zckz4z.10.
Full text
3
Kroon, Aart. "Marine and Coastal Environments." In The Physical Geography of Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199277759.003.0016.
Full textAbstract:
The present coastline of western Europe is shaped by physical processes such as wind, waves, and tidal currents, which cause the marine and coastal sediment transport. Spatial gradients in sediment transport rates induce the morphological adaptation, reflected by either an accumulation or erosion of material. All mutual interactions between these physical processes, and the resultant gradients in sediment transport together with the morphological adaptations, constitute the coastal morphodynamics. The specific initial stage of the morphology and the availability of sediment influence the direction of the morphological adaptation, whereas the rate of the morphological adaptation mostly depends on the energy input into the system. Chemical processes are of less importance in coastal environments of the high to mid-latitudes. Here most geochemical reactions are far too slow to influence the coastal morphology. However, biological processes sometimes play an important role. For example, flocculation of fine sediments by algae in estuaries (Ten Brinke 1993) or filtering by salt-marsh vegetation (Houwing 2000a, b) both positively influence the sediment accumulation rates. The long-term boundary conditions upon which the physical processes act are often determined by geology. The nature of the drainage basin that delivers fresh water and sediments into coastal waters and the nature of the shoreline can be considered as static boundary conditions for short-term morphodynamics. Tectonic forces and global sea-level rise are typical long-term geophysical forces. They will slowly change these boundary conditions, but they hardly influence the short-term adaptations of the morphology. The western European shelf fringes a series of integrated coastal environments that vary from coastal dunes and sandy beaches to estuaries and tidal basins and to sea cliffs and shore platforms. In this chapter a general description of the location and dimensions of the shores of western Europe is presented, followed by a brief summary of its geological history. The geology is focused on present-day deposits, the local lithology with sinks and sources of sediments, and with reference to some geophysical processes such as the relative sea-level rise. Thereafter, the actual coastal processes are discussed.
4
O'Brien, William. "France and The Western Alps." In Prehistoric Copper Mining in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199605651.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
The use of copper was first established in the western Alps during the late fifth/ early fourth millennia BC. There were several metal-using groups in what is now modern Switzerland during the fourth millennium, including the Cortaillod and Pfyn cultures, followed in the third millennium BC by groups of the Saône-Rhône culture (Strahm 1994). The first direct evidence of copper production, however, only dates from the Late Bronze Age. This is based on the dating of smelting slag heaps in the valley of Oberhalbstein in the canton of Graubünden (Fasnacht 2004). These slags derive from the smelting of chalcopyrite ore derived from pillow lavas of the ophiolite geology in that area (Geiger 1984). The ability to smelt iron-rich copper ore involved a furnace technology that seems to have been first developed in the eastern Alps (see Chapter 7). No prehistoric mines are known; however, their existence may be inferred from the smelting of local ore at Late Bronze Age sites such as Savognin-Padnal and Marmorera-Stausees in the Oberhalbstein valley. Potential mining sites have been identified (see Schaer 2003), however, these have yet to be investigated in any detail. There are numerous deposits of copper mineralization in many parts of France. These occur in Brittany, the Pyrenees, the Corbières, on the margins of the Massif Central, the Maures, and the Alps. Research over the past 30 years has identified prehistoric copper mines in several of these areas. Further discoveries are possible in the difficult terrain of the Alps and Pyrenees, and also in areas where early copper mines have not been discovered, such as Brittany where deposits of steam tin and gold are also known. The oldest metal objects in France are recorded in the Paris Basin, where a small number of sheet copper beads date to the second half of the fourth millennium BC. These include the burial at Vignely (Seine-et-Marne) where a necklace of nine such beads was found with the burial of a five-year old child dated to 3499–3123 BC (Allard et al. 1998).
5
Fanta, Josef. "Forests and Forest Environments." In The Physical Geography of Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199277759.003.0028.
Full textAbstract:
North-western Europe has on various counts a very heterogeneous character. Crystalline and metamorphic bedrocks of various ages and Tertiary and Quaternary deposits define its geology and geomorphological features. The area belongs to several climatic zones and parts of it went through quite different processes during their Quaternary development. All these aspects were of essential importance for forests—their origin, development, species composition, structural features, and the character of their environments. During the postglacial period favourable climatic conditions enabled trees to migrate from the refuges in the south and south-east of Europe to the north and north-west. With the exception of extreme conditions all the dry land of north-western Europe was covered with forests whose species composition varied, depending on local conditions of the physical environment. Natural woods and forests, both closed and open and continuously changing in time, contributed greatly to natural landscape diversity. Since the Neolithic and especially in the Middle Ages, human influence becomes the crucial factor of forest development, the impact being superimposed on natural conditions and evolutionary processes. Man not only drastically reduced the forested area in Europe, but the use of forests over several millennia also strongly changed the conditions for the functioning of forests as natural ecosystems. As a result, the man-made forests of today often have little in common with natural forest communities, which once covered the European continent. Nevertheless, even these man-made forests have important functions: they greatly influence the local climate and the hydrological regime of the landscape; they protect steep slopes against erosion and are an important source of biodiversity; and they contribute strongly to the variety of landscape structure as well as to the protection of the environment. This chapter provides a general survey of the phytogeographical, palaeoecological, and environmental aspects of forests in north-western Europe. For a proper insight the following components are taken into consideration: • the abiotic component (the physical environment: topography, climate); • the phytogeographical component (horizontal distribution and altitudinal zonation); • the historical component (postglacial development, early impact of humans on forests); • the ecological component (distribution and ecological properties of trees, main forest types); • the forest use component (organized forestry and its development and the present situation of forests and forestry.
6
Gonggrijp, Gerard. "Geoconservation." In The Physical Geography of Western Europe. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199277759.003.0032.
Full textAbstract:
The detailed descriptions of the physical geography in the previous chapters show the rich geodiversity of north-western Europe, reflected in its many geological landscapes (landscapes without the biological and cultural ‘furnishing’). The various geological forces, acting in time and space have created the foundation for this richness. The landscape’s framework has mainly been designed by such endogenic processes as tectonics, orogenesis, and volcanism, while its details have been sculptured by such exogenic processes as weathering, gravity, and glacial-, fluvial-, aeolian-, and marine activities. These modelling processes resulted in a very diverse geology, geomorphology, and pedology. The long scientific tradition and the rich geodiversity made north-western Europe one of the classical areas for geological research. It therefore includes many of the international case studies in earth sciences and became the cradle of numerous international reference localities such as Emsian (Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany), Dinantian (Ardennes, Belgium), Aptian (Provence, France), Danian—Dane is Latin for Denmark (Stevens Klint), Tiglian (Middle Limburg, The Netherlands), Eemian (river in western Netherlands), etc. The chronological division of glacial and fluvioglacial features is primarily based on type localities (villages, rivers, etc.) in Denmark, northern and southern Germany, and The Netherlands. Moreover, a multitude of Tertiary and Pre-Tertiary stages of the standard geological timetable have been named after type localities of geological and prehistoric sites in France. Geological landscapes such as the Maare system of the Eifel, the volcanoes on the Massif Central (France), the Saalian and Weichselian ice-pushed ridges of Germany, The Netherlands, and Denmark as well as the impressive dunes along the coast from France to the northernmost tip of Denmark have been subjects of detailed research. These geological landscapes form a unique geological patchwork. The activities of humans, especially in the last century, have damaged or destroyed many of these landscapes and sites of geological interest. However, selected sites and areas representing the geogenesis of the earth should be preserved for the benefit of science, education, and human welfare. In all European countries attention is given to landscape preservation; however, policy and practice have mainly been based on specific biological, historical-cultural, and visual landscape qualities.
7
Oreskes, Naomi. "Drift Mechanisms in the 1920s." In The Rejection of Continental Drift. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195117325.003.0010.
Full textAbstract:
The final chapter of the third edition of The Origin of Continents and Oceans was devoted to the dynamic causes of drift, and Wegener’s tone in these final fifteen pages was decidedly more tentative than in the rest. Frankly acknowledging the huge uncertainties surrounding this issue, he proceeded on the basis of a phenomenological argument. Mountains, Wegener pointed out, are not randomly distributed: they are concentrated on the western and equatorial margins of continents. The Andes and Rockies, for example, trace the western margins of North and South America; the Alps and the Himalayas follow a latitudinal trend on their equatorial sides of Europe and Asia. If mountains are the result of compression on the leading edges of drifting continents, then the overall direction of continental drift must be westward and equatorial. Continental displacements are not random, as the English word drift might imply, but coherent. This coherence had been the inspiration for an earlier version of drift proposed by the American geologist Frank Bursley Taylor (1860–1938). A geologist in the Glacial Division of the U.S. Geological Survey under T. C. Chamberlin, Taylor was primaril known for his work on the Pleistocene geology of the Great Lakes region. But his knowledge extended beyond regional studies: as a special student at Harvard, he had studied geology and astronomy; as a survey geologist under the influence of Chamberlin and G. K. Gilbert, he had published a number of articles on theoretical problems. One of these was an 1898 pamphlet outlining a theory of the origin of the moon by planetary capture; in 1903, Taylor developed his theoretical ideas more fully in a privately published book. Turning the Darwin–Fisher fissiparturition hypothesis on its head, Taylor proposed that the moon had not come from the earth but had been captured by it after the close approach of a cornet. Once caught, (lie tidal effect of the moon increased the speed of the earth’s rotation and pulled the continents away from the poles toward the equator. In 1910, Taylor pursued the geological implications of this idea in an article in the Bulletin of the Geological Society of America entitled “Bearing of the Tertiary Mountain Belt on the Origin of the Earth’s Plan.”
8
Nēmec, Václav. "Introduction." In Computers in Geology - 25 Years of Progress. Oxford University Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195085938.003.0006.
Full textAbstract:
Friends and associates of Daniel F. Merriam have prepared this volume in Dan's honor to commemorate his 65th birthday and mark the 25th anniversary of the International Association for Mathematical Geology. This compendium is in the tradition of the Festschriften issued by European universities and scholarly organizations to honor an individual who has bequeathed an exceptional legacy to his students, associates, and his discipline. Certainly Dan has made such an impact on geology, and particularly mathematical geology. It is a great privilege for rne to write the introduction to this Festschrift. The editors are to be congratulated for their idea to collect and to publish so many representative scientific articles written by famous authors of several generations. Dan Merriam is the most famous mathematical geologist, in the world. This statement will probably provoke some criticism against an over-glorification of Dan. Some readers will have their own candidates (including themselves) for such a top position. I would like to bring a testimony that the statement is correct and far from an ad hoc judgment only for this solemn occasion. It may be of interest to describe how I became acquainted with Dan. In my opinion this will show how thin and delicate was the original tissue of invisible ties which helped to build up the first contacts among Western and Eastern colleagues in the completely new discipline of mathematical geology. The role of Dan Merriam in opening and increasing these contacts has been very active indeed. In the Fall 1964 I was on a family visit in the United States. This was— after the coup of Prague in 1948—my first travel to the free Western world. With some experience in computerized evaluation of ore deposits, I was curious to see the application of computers in geology and to meet colleagues who had experience with introducing statistical methods into regular estimation of ore reserves. I had very useful contacts in Colorado and in Arizona. In Tucson I visited the real birthplace of the APCOM symposia.
9
Jacobi, R. M. "The Stone Age Archaeology of Church Hole, Creswell Crags, Nottinghamshire." In Palaeolithic Cave Art at Creswell Crags in European Context. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199299171.003.0012.
Full textAbstract:
Church Hole (SK 5339 7411) is towards the western end of Creswell Crags gorge. It is the only cave or fissure on the south (Nottinghamshire) side of the crags to have yielded evidence of human occupation. It is not known when the cave got its name and at the beginning of its exploration, perhaps through ignorance, it was referred to simply as ‘Fissure C’ (Mello 1875) or the ‘Notts Cave’ (Dawkins n.d., 1876). Looking into the cave from the entrance grille is very like looking down the nave of a church and there may be no more to the name than this resemblance. The cave (Fig. 7.1) consists of a narrow passage, variously termed ‘chamber A’, ‘long passage’, or ‘main passage (A)’, which is horizontal for much of its length. It rises steeply at its inner end to terminate in a blocked crevice near the top of the Permian Lower Magnesian Limestone outcrop. On either side of the entrance are small chambers of which the more clearly defined is that on the western (right-hand) side—‘chamber B’. This is independently linked to the gorge by a narrow fissure. The cave had been closed by a stone wall and prior to excavation its outer part had been used as a byre. While bones and teeth may have been found at Creswell by George Stubbs, and these were the inspiration for his famous lion and horse paintings (Egerton 1984), it appears that the first confirmed palaeontological discovery to be made in the Crags came from Church Hole. This was a lower cheek tooth of a woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) and was found by Frank Tebbet the quarry manager at Welbeck. This was in 1872 (Heath 1879: 4). Serious exploration of Creswell Crags was begun in April 1875 by J. Magens Mello, the rector of St Thomas, New Brampton near Chesterfield (1863–87) and better known as the author of the Handbook to the Geology of Derbyshire (1876a).
10
Holm-Alwmark, Sanna. "Impact cratering record of Sweden—A review." In Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution VI. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2550(01).
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT Studies of impact structures in Sweden date back almost 60 years. They have so far resulted in the confirmation and understanding of eight impact structures and one impact-derived breccia layer, including the largest confirmed impact structure in the western part of Europe, the Siljan impact structure. Several additional structures have been proposed as impact derived, but they have to date not been confirmed. In this contribution, I summarize the current state of knowledge about the impact cratering record of Sweden. This is an up-to-date, comprehensive review of the features of known impact structures (and impact-related deposits) in Sweden. The described impact structures formed over a time period spanning from the Cambrian to the Cretaceous, and the preservation of several small (~1–2 km in diameter) Paleozoic impact structures indicates that the conditions securing their protection were close to optimal, with formation in a shallow epicontinental sea and rapid cover by protective sediments followed by a regional geologic evolution permitting their preservation. The generally well-preserved state of some of these crater structures contradicts the general assumption that such small impact structures can only be preserved for approximately a couple of thousand to a few million years. The Lockne-Målingen, Tvären, Granby, and Hummeln impact structures all have ages that place their formation in a period of proposed increased cratering rate on Earth following the breakup event of the L-chondrite parent body in the asteroid belt. However, to date, evidence other than a temporal correlation is missing for all of these structures except for Lockne (and Målingen), which has been shown to have formed by the impact of an L-chondritic body.
Conference papers on the topic "Geology - Europe, Western"
1
Malehmir, A., H. Thunehed, and A. Tryggvason. "3D Geologic Modeling of the Western Part of the Palaeoproterozoic Skellefte Ore District, Northern Sweden." In 69th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2007. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201401611.
Full text