Dissertations / Theses: 'Geology, history'

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Harris, William B. "The geologic history of Rock Canyon, Utah : a virtual trip /." CLICK HERE for online access, 2002. http://www.geology.byu.edu/faculty/rah/slides/Rock%20Canyon/Home.htm.

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Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Geology, 2002.
Web site works as of 02/10/03. Consult BYU Dept of Geology for URL changes in future. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 8-9). Also available via Internet.

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Hansman, Reuben. "Constraining the Uplift History of the Al Hajar Mountains, Oman." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för geologiska vetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-133409.

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Mountain building is the result of large compressional forces in the Earth’s crust where two tectonic plates collide. This is why mountains only form at plate boundaries, of which the Al Hajar Mountains in Oman and the United Arab Emirates is thought to be an example of. These mountains have formed near the Arabian–Eurasian convergent plate boundary where continental collision began by 30 Ma at the earliest. However, the time at which the Al Hajar Mountains developed is less well constrained. Therefore, the timing of both the growth of the mountains, and the Arabian–Eurasian collision, needs to be understood first to be able to identify a correlation. Following this a causal link can be determined. Here we show, using apatite fission track and apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He dating, as well as stratigraphic constraints, that the Al Hajar Mountains were uplifted from 45 Ma to 15 Ma. We found that the mountains developed 33 Myr to 10 Myr earlier than the Arabian–Eurasian plate collision. Furthermore, the plate collision is ongoing, but the Al Hajar Mountains are tectonically quiescent. Our results indicate that the uplift of the Al Hajar Mountains cannot be correlated in time to the Arabian–Eurasian collision. Therefore the Al Hajar Mountains are not the result of this converging plate boundary.

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Bullock, Michelle. "Holocene sediments and geological history, Woolley Lake, near Beachport, South Australia /." Adelaide : Thesis (B. Sc.(Hons)) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SB/09sbb938.pdf.

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LaFonte, Christopher John. "Fluid History of the Western Maryland Piedmont." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1435339052.

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Widdowson, Mike. "The uplift history of the Western Ghats, India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304833.

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Ventris, P. A. "Pleistocene environmental history of the Nar Valley, Norfolk." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372911.

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Fossitt, Julie A. "Holocene vegetation history of the Western Isles, Scotland." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.291744.

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Redwine, Joanna R. "The Quaternary history of Mohawk Valley, northeastern California." Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3608776.

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Mohawk Valley is an inter montane basin with a rich Quaternary record, located at the northernmost end of the Sierra Nevada Mountains in northeastern California. Geologic mapping of surficial deposits, stratigraphy, tephrochronology, geomorphology, and soil development were used to interpret the past 740 ky of Quaternary history of Mohawk Valley. The robust tephrochronologic record within Mohawk Valley includes twenty-six different tephras and sixty-seven tephra beds that range in age from 740 to 7 ka. Geochemical analyses and correlations with previously identified volcanic tephras have resulted in revised age estimates for tephra beds distributed within, and beyond, Mohawk Valley.

The tephra beds were deposited in lacustrine deposits of Mohawk Lake. Elevations of shorelines and minimum lake-levels based on elevations of waterlain tephra beds were used to reconstruct the history of Mohawk Lake. Mohawk Lake began to fill prior to 740 ka and continued to fluctuate, but overall rise, until after 175-235 ka when the lake reached the sill elevation, began to spill to the west, then incrementally lower and empty by ~7 ka. Throughout this period, there were at least five, and up to nine, different generations of glacial deposits that extended towards Mohawk Lake. These glacial deposits have been mapped, their soil development and weathering properties characterized, and ages estimated based on stratigraphic relations with tephra beds deposited within Mohawk Lake deposits. This mostly continuous, 740 ky record of sedimentation has enormous potential to examine paleoclimate in this area from any of a number of paleoclimate proxies.

The interpretation that a deep lake existed in Mohawk Valley requires a mechanism to allow for deposition and preservation of organic-rich deposits in deep water. Mohawk Lake was likely a meromictic lake, a setting that leads to an anoxic environment that can preserve organic-rich sediments such as those found in Mohawk Valley. In addition, shorelines around Mohawk Valley and across much of the Mohawk Valley Fault Zone are at consistent elevations suggesting there is not a significant vertical component of faulting since 175-235 ka, and maybe since 570-610 ka. This indicates a change from the history of subsidence since the early Pliocene.

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Kärrström, Timmy. "From Bedrock to Porcelain : A study regarding the history of porcelain, Ytterby mine and the discovery of yttrium in Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för geologiska vetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-167721.

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Porcelain is a translucent vitreous material that consists of clay (kaolin), feldspar and quartz which has been mixed and heated together to cause a metamorphic reaction. In Sweden, the Porcelain industry was established in 1726 at Rörstrands castle in Stockholm and is today one of the oldest industries in Europe to produce porcelain. Around the 1790’s Rörstrand got its feldspars and quartz from the Ytterby mine that was located at Resarö in Stockholm’s archipelago making the raw material somewhat easy to access. Rörstrand owned the mine in the 1850’s to 1926. During the time Ytterby mine was active, an amateur geologist by the name of Carl Axel Arrhenius, discovered an unusual black mineral in the quarry ore in 1787 which later led to the discovery of 8 new rare earth elements (REE) with the help of several Swedish chemists throughout time. These elements are Yttrium, Ytterbium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Thulium, Erbium, Holmium and scandium. This study will focus on the Swedish porcelain industry and how it has evolved throughout history and Rörstrand’s role in the discovery of yttrium.

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Mager, Stephanie M. Steltenpohl Mark G. "The Late- to Post-Caledonian extensional history of Northwest Hinnøy, North Norway." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/master's/MAGER_STEPHANIE_56.pdf.

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Simonis, Alan F. III. "Burial History and Thermal Maturity of the Chattanooga Shale, Northwestern Alabama." Thesis, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1557577.

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The Chattanooga Shale is a petroleum source rock within the Black Warrior Basin. Several attempts have been made to exploit this formation for unconventional shale gas. However, past studies of the Chattanooga indicate an area of the shale should produce liquid hydrocarbons. This paper expands upon the previous work by using old data to create a new model for the burial history and thermal maturation of the Chattanooga Shale. This new basin model incorporates formation lithologies, ages, thicknesses, and thermal maturity indicators. The long history of the Black Warrior Basin includes a significant period of unroofing. Part of the model seeks to estimate the thickness of the missing section. The study also addresses complex maturation patterns observed in the basin by previous workers. The author concludes that an oil window exists in the Chattanooga Shale.

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Lanagan, Peter D. "Geologic history of the Cerberus Plains, Mars." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290115.

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This work examines the relative chronology of geologic units within the Cerberus Plains of Mars with an emphasis on lava flows emplaced after the last Marte Valles fluvial episode. High resolution images show the bulk of the Cerberus Plains is covered by platy-ridged and inflated lavas, which are interpreted as insulated sheet flows. Eastern Cerberus Plains lavas originate at Cerberus Fossae fissures and shields. Some flows extend for >2000 km through Marte Valles into Amazonis Planitia. Athabasca Valles are both incised into pristine lavas and embayed by pristine lavas, indicating that Athabascan fluvial events were contemporaneous with volcanic eruptions. Deposits of the Medusae Fossae Formation lie both over and under lavas, suggesting the deposition of the Medusae Fossae Formation was contemporaneous with volcanism. Statistics of small craters indicate lavas in the Western Cerberus Plains may be less than a million years old, but the model isochrons may be unreliable if the small crater population is dominated by secondary craters. Images showing no large craters with diameters >500 m superimposed on Western Cerberus Plains lavas indicate the same surface is younger than 49 Ma. High resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images have revealed the existence of small cones in the Cerberus Plains, Marte Valles, and Amazonis Planitia. These cones are similar in both morphology and planar dimensions to the larger Icelandic rootless cones, which form due to explosive interactions between surficial lavas and near-surface groundwater. If martian cones form in the same manner as terrestrial rootless cones, then equatorial ground-ice or ground water must have been present near the surface in geologically recent times. Evidence for a shallow lake in the Western Cerberus Plains during the Late Amazonian is also presented. High-resolution images show features interpreted as flood-eroded scarps and fluvial spillways exiting the lake. Based on present-day topography, a lake would have covered an area of 8.4 x 10⁴ km², had an average depth of 12 m, and have contained a volume of 1.0 x 10³ km³ of water. Lake waters were likely primarily lost to the atmosphere through sublimation, although some quantity of water likely spilled into the Eastern Cerberus Plains or infiltrated into the shallow crust.

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Fan, Chaojun. "Revealing the hydrological history of Mars." Online access for everyone, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2008/Chaojun_Fan_032808.pdf.

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Dowling, Lesley M. "Deglacial climatic history recorded in sediments of the Rockall Trough." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333278.

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Sharma, Milap Chand. "Quaternary history and landscape evolution of NW Garhwal, central Himalaya." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242051.

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Satterfield, Dorothy Ann. "Sedimentary history of a senonian foreland basin, Languedoc, southern France." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260757.

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Creak, Susan. "The late Quaternary history of the River Erme, south Devon." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1847.

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This thesis examines a typical 'drowned* river valley of south-west England. The River Erme drains southern Dartmoor and, in common, with other rivers of the region, has a buried channel graded to c. -50m OD. The channel has been infilled with a variety of sediments, of which the top 6-7m have been analysed for this study. Augered cores have been collected from the modern floodplain and salt marsh areas in the lower part of the valley and have been studied using particle size, diatom, molluscan and radiocarbon analyses. The main sediment types recovered include a fine silt unit representing the most recent phase of fluvial deposition, which overlies variable horizons of fluvial granitic sands and gravels and brackish organic sands and silts. These are, in places, replaced at depth by shelly silts, sands and gravels deposited under more estuarine and marine conditions. The organic layer has been radiocarbon dated to between 1000 and 2000 years BP and has been correlated with a former area of marshland recorded in the tithe maps of the region. It is suggested that the Erme valley was previously more estuarine than today and that alluviation and infilling of the Erme's channel in the last 1000-2000 years has been aided by forest clearance and tin mining on Dartmoor. All of the sediments recovered from the buried channel are derived from local sources of bedrock and have probably been deposited in the last 4000-6000 years. Evidence from the tithe maps suggests that the channel has been stable in the past 200 years. This work seeks to contribute to the Quaternary knowledge of the south-west of England, and because of the paucity of data concerning these burled rock channels, makes this study of the River Erme a preliminary model against which other rivers in the South West may be compared.

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McCann, James G. P. "Petrology and diagenetic history of the Hallstatt Limestone (Alpine trias)." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317104.

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Lewis, C. L. E. "Petrogenesis and thermal history of the Kunlun batholith, northern Tibet." Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://oro.open.ac.uk/54368/.

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The Kunlun Terrane is the most northerly of the several microplates that comprise the Tibetan Plateau. Geochronological data from the Kunlun batholith defines three distinct periods of intrusion at 390 Ma, 250 Ma and 190 Ma. A model is presented whereby the Devonian intrusions are considered to be related to a collision event between the Kunlun and Tarim Terranes, which were part of Gondwanaland and situated in the southern hemisphere at this time. It is proposed that in the region of the 1985 Tibet Geotraverse route, the Golmud Fault represents the Kunlun- Qinling suture line along which the two plates collided. Break-up of this part of Gondwanaland, which proabably also included the Qiangtang, Lhasa and Indian plates, occurred during the Permian along the Zangbo and Jinsha suture lines. Continental rifting was followed by a prolonged period of northward subduction of the Qiangtang Terrane beneath the Kunlun Terrane. This resulted in formation of the Permian batholith, and the massive Songban-Ganzi accretionary prism. Subduction culminated in collision at about 200 Ma. Post tectonic granites were emplaced around 190 Ma. Initial Sr ratios for the granitoids range from .7074 to .7130, and support the geochemical modelling which suggests that they have been derived from melting midcrustal sources. Only the Devonian Wanbaogou pluton may have resulted from anatexis of upper crustal sediments. A reset biotite age of 120 Ma from a pluton cut by the Xidatan Fault, supports sedimentalogical evidence which indicates a major reactivation of thrust faults in the area, as a result of collision between the Lhasa and Qiangtang Terranes during the Cretaceous. Apatite fission track ages from plutons north of the Golmud Fault also document this uplift event. A 100 Ma period of quiescence ensued, during which the Kunlun Terrane cooled extremely slowly until a state of thermal equilibration was reached. The collision of India with Tibet at 45 Ma thickened the Tibetan crust and resulted in further reactivation of faults in the Kunlun Terrane. Apatites from the granites between the Golmud and Xidatan faults give mixed ages around 20 Ma. It is calculated that uplift in this region, as a result of the Himalayan collision, could have been as recent as 8 Ma.

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Liu, Qunling. "Post mid-Cretaceous sequence stratigraphy and depositional history of northeastern Gulf of Mexico /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Burbidge, Susan M. (Susan Margot) Carleton University Dissertation Earth Sciences. "Holocene environmental history of lake Winnipeg; thecamoebians and stable lead isotopes." Ottawa, 1997.

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Harwood, David Michael. "Diatom Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology with a Cenozoic History of Antarctic Ice Sheets." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1394723672.

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Nodwell, Byron J. "Sedimentology, stratigraphy and depositional history of the Falher F conglomerate trend, Alberta, Canada." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81368.

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Detailed sequence stratigraphic analyses indicate that the lower Cretaceous Falher F unit is made up of 4 sandy/pebbly prograding parasequences labeled F1, F2, F3, and F4. Of the parasequences only F3 has a significant (>2m) thickness of conglomerate. Vertical lithological successions through a conglomeratic section suggest that the F3 pebbles were deposited on the upper shoreface and foreshore as part of a conformable, shoaling-upwards package of rocks. Detailed mapping, using core, well logs, production data and 3-D seismic, show that the conglomerates form a 4 km wide linear body deposited along a linear topographic trend. This topographic trend coincides with the northern edge of the underlying upper Devonian Gold Creek (Smokey) reef trend. Furthermore, the longshore termination of the conglomerate is located at a NW-SE trending structural feature that was active during Falher F deposition.
Two models could explain the development of a thick conglomerate buildup along a linear topographic step. The first suggests that southward (transgressive) movement of a pebbly barrier was halted at the topographic feature. The second suggests that when the F3 parasequence shoreline arrived at the topographic step progradation rates slowed significantly. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Zin, Ismail Che Mat. "Tertiary tectonics and sedimentation history of the Sarawak Basin, east Malaysia." Thesis, Durham University, 1996. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5198/.

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A seismic stratigraphic study of the regional lines for the offshore Sarawak area was undertaken with the aim of understanding the tectonics and sedimentation history of the hydrocarbon prolific Sarawak Basin. The aim here is to develop a workable stratigraphic scheme, a model of the sedimentation history of the basin, a model for Tertiary tectonics, and an analysis of the subsidence history of the basin. Six unconformities have been identified within the Tertiary sedimentary succession, based on seismic reflection and well data. Some unconformities coincide with eustatic sea-level falls; others are probably tectonic in origin. An alternative stratigraphic scheme for the Sarawak Basin was developed by subdividing the whole Tertiary succession into seven sequences. Palaeoenvironment maps of the basin document the interaction of tectonics and sedimentation commencing in late Oligocene times. Deposition started with a NW-SE coastline and a broad coastal plain, almost perpendicular to the present-day coastline (NE-SW) developed during late Miocene times. The maps illustrate the likely distribution of Sarawak Basin source and reservoir rocks which will help in effective planning for future exploration in the area. The Sarawak Basin formed as a result of NW-SE trending right lateral fault movement during late Oligocene to Pliocene times. This dextral movement was responsible for creating the NW-SE coastline and divided the offshore Sarawak area into two sub-basins. Deposition and preservation of coastal plain and shallow-marine sediments continued in the eastern area while the western area remained as a 'high' until late Miocene times and subsided during late Early to Middle Miocene. The dextral strike-slip movement which controlled the evolution of the Sarawak Basin is sub-parallel to a number of lineaments elsewhere in Sarawak. The timing of movement suggests a progressive younging in an eastward direction. Basin modelling suggests that the Sarawak Basin was characterised by rapid subsidence in the early stage of basin formation with a high stretching factor and episodic movements. This suggests that the basin did not form as a foreland basin nor as a typical rift basin, but indicates a strike-slip origin. Supplementary evidence for this is provided by the findings of the regional seismic stratigraphic study, which suggests that the whole onshore area of Sarawak and northern Borneo was subjected to strike-slip tectonism during Tertiary times. The driving force may have been initiated by the lateral movement between the Sundaland and South China Continental blocks, probably due to collision between Indian and Asian plates during the Middle Tertiary, continuing with the opening of the South China Sea during the Oligocene. The end result of tectonism in the region, however, is believed to be the combination of strike-slip movements and the counter-clockwise rotation of Borneo during the Oligo-Miocene. The superiority of the proposed strike-slip tectonic model over the present subduction model is the capability to explain most of the geological phenomena, including the absence of evidence for any subduction taking place in the area. The findings of this study should contribute towards a better understanding of the tectonics of the area which will be able to provide information on the development of structural traps for hydrocarbon plays that are believed to have formed by strike-slip tectonism.

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Cartwright, Ian. "The geological history of the Lewisian complex at Stoer, NW Scotland." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309457.

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Basa, Tilottama. "The petrology and history of the Holocene sedements of Dungeness, Kent." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268793.

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Lebreiro, Susana Martin. "Sedimentation history off Iberia : Tore Seamount, Tagus and Horseshoe Abyssal Plains." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363098.

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Lageard, Jonathan G. A. "Vegetational history and Palaeoforest reconstruction at White Moss, south Cheshire, UK." Thesis, Keele University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317600.

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Davies, James R. "The origin, structural style, and reactivation history of the Tabbernor Fault zone, Saskatchewan, Canada /." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21534.

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The Tabbernor Fault zone (TFZ) in Saskatchewan is a >1500km geophysical, topographic and geological lineament that trends approximately northward along the province's eastern boundary. Detailed field mapping and petrographic analyses, coupled with remote sensing and geophysical evidence have shown that the TFZ is a fundamental structure within the Trans-Hudson Orogen (THO), separating and offsetting several lithotectonic domains.
Earliest deformation preserved within the TFZ in the Wollaston Lake area is the transposition of a regional gneissic foliation onto a northeast-trending flattening plane, within north-trending sinistral shear zones. The transposed fabric is characterized by folded and attenuated remnants of the gneissic foliation, together with boudinaged leucogranitic sheets and dykes. Within these shear zones a shear fabric is developed parallel to the margins in several locations. The shear fabric offsets all earlier foliations with consistent sinistral offset. Adjacent to the shear fabric, structures are reoriented to lie dose to the shear plane.
The fault and its associated structures controlled the intrusion of granitic and pegmatitic dykes which were subsequently weakly deformed.
Brittle overprinting of ductile fault features is widespread. Sedimentary features, apatite fission track data, and uranium mineralogical studies all show that the TFZ was reactivated at least twice in Phanerozoic times. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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Kiconco, Lyoidah. "The Semliki Basin, Uganda : its sedimentation history and stratigraphy in relation to petroleum accumulation." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/8656.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-147).
The Semliki Basin is covered by sediments that represent the Middle Miocene to Recent, which are described from outcrop and well data, underlain by possible Jurassic or Permo-Triassic to Early Tertiary sediments, which rest unconformably on Basement, described from seismic data. Thin-section analysis of selected samples, collected from the ﬁeld, has shown that sandstones from the Semliki Basin are predominantly composed of quartz, potassium feldspars and plagioclase feldspars with subordinate clay minerals. Accessory minerals, such as micas (biotite and muscovite), heavy minerals, garnet and epidote, are present in minor amounts. This mineralogy indicates that the sediments have a granitic and gneissose origin, related to continental-block provenances. The X-ray diffraction scans of bulk samples reveal that the mudrocks/claystones are dominated by clay minerals with subordinate quartz, feldspars and calcite. The clay minerals include illite, illite-smectite, kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite-monnnorillonite, and mica with mixed layer illite-smectite and illite layers dominating. The clay minerals in the sediments were interpreted to be as a result of weathering of feldspars and volcaniclastic sediments. Authigenic minerals such as anatase and jarosite and secondary precipitates such as calcite and gypsum have also been interpreted as oxidation products of sulphides in the sediments. The study has allowed a better understanding of the stratigraphic relationship of the different rock units that are exposed on outcrop, those encountered in the wells, plus a section interpreted from seismic data. In general, the depositional environment of the sediments in the Semliki Basin is ﬂuvial-lacustrine/deltaic showing signiﬁcant variations in gamma-ray character, which reﬂect the water-level changes and river interactions through the depositional period and the inﬂuence of rifting tectonics on sediment deposition through time and space. The sediments in the Semliki Basin represent a petroleum play for hydrocarbon accumulations, in which the necessary elements of a valid petroleum system were identiﬁed. These include excellent or good potential for reservoirs and top seals as well as circumstantial evidence of regionally mature source rocks, possible seals, traps and hydrocarbon-migration pathways.

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Barbeau, David L. "Application of growth strata and detrital-zircon geochronology to stratigraphic architecture and kinematic history." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280398.

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Growth strata analysis and detrital-zircon geochronology are useful applications of stratigraphy to tectonic problems. Whereas both tools can contribute to kinematic analyses of supracrustal rock bodies, growth strata are also useful for analyzing the influence of tectonics on stratigraphic architecture. This study reports: (1) a conceptual model for growth strata development; (2) stratigraphic and kinematic analyses of growth strata architectures from growth structures in southeastern Utah, the Gulf of Mexico, and northeastern Spain; and (3) the detrital-zircon geochronology of the Salinian block of central coastal California. Kinematic sequence stratigraphy subdivides growth strata into kinematic sequences that are separated by kinematic sequence boundaries. Kinematic sequences can be further partitioned into kinematic domains based on the termination patterns of strata within a kinematic sequence. Salt-related fluvial growth strata from the Gulf of Mexico and southeastern Utah contain stratigraphic architectures that are unique to different kinematic domains. Offlap kinematic domains contain fluvial strata indicative of high slopes, low accommodation rates, and strong structural influence on paleocurrent direction. Onlap kinematic domains contain fluvial strata indicative of moderate slopes, high accommodation rates, and decreased structural influence on paleocurrent direction. The stratigraphic architecture of alluvial-fan thrust-belt growth strata in northeastern Spain does not display a marked correlation with kinematic domain, and is most easily interpreted using existing models for autocyclic alluvial-fan evolution. Detrital-zircon (U-Pb) geochronologic data from basement and cover rocks of Salinia suggest that Salinia originated along the southwestern margin of North America, likely in the vicinity of the Mojave Desert. The presence of Neoproterozoic and Late Archean detrital zircons in Salinian basement rocks also suggest that Salinian sediments were recycled from miogeoclinal sediments of the western margin of North America.

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Janal, Martin Joel. "Classification of the foraminifera : a case study in taxonomy and its history." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278154.

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Emblin, S. R. "The Reinfjord ultramafic complex, Seiland province : emplacement history and magma chamber model." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.355634.

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Wilson, Doyle Coley. "Post-middle Miocene Geologic History of the Tualatin Basin, Oregon with Hydrogeologic Implications." PDXScholar, 1997. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4711.

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The geologic history and sedimentary till of the Tualatin Basin after Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) emplacement is assessed and related to groundwater characteristics. The 334 m deep HBD-1 core from the Hillsboro Airport, provides the primary information for sediment characterization and is supported by over 2400 well logs and cores, and four seismic lines. The sedimentary section above the 26 m thick paleosol on the CRBG in HBD-I is divided into two main groups: a 25 m thick section of Missoula flood sediments called the Willamette Silt overlies a 263 m thick finegrained sequence of fluvial Neogene sediments. Pollen, diatom and paleomagnetic data support dividing the Neogene sediments into a 230 m thick Pleistocene package and an underlying, 75 m thick Pliocene to upper Miocene unit. Heavy mineral and INAA chemical analyses indicate that the Neogene sediments were primarily derived from local highlands surrounding the Tualatin Valley. The structure of the top CRBG in the Tualatin Basin exhibits two provinces, a larger northern subbasin with few faults cutting the Neogene sediments above the CRBG and a smaller, more complexly faulted, subbasin south and east of the Beaverton Fault. Neogene sedimentation rates increased ten fold from the late Miocene-Pliocene to the Pleistocene, concomitant with increased basin subsidence. Comparison of Neogene basin evolution among Willamette Valley depositional centers reveals similarities among gravity and seismic reflection characters and subsidence timing between the Tualatin Basin and the northern Willamette Basin and out of phase with the Portland Basin. The Tualatin River CRBG nickpoint near the river's mouth has remained essentially unchanged since the Missoula floods filled the basin 12,700 years ago. This has kept the river from cutting back into the valley resulting in the low gradient evident today. Elevated orthophosphate levels in the upper 140 m of the Neogene sediment section indicate that the sediments are a natural source of phosphorus supplied to groundwater. Groundwater conditions in the lower Neogene sediments promote stabilization of phosphorus as vivianite. The unconfined Willamette Silt aquifer and the underlying confined Neogene aquifers are distinct, separate hydrogeologic units and usually yield less than 40 1pm.

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35

Ezcurra, Martin D. "Systematics and evolutionary history of proterosuchian archosauriforms." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6033/.

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The evolutionary history of archosauromorphs is of particular interest because it includes the origins of two of the best-known and most distinctive extant tetrapod groups: crocodylians and birds. In this thesis, the anatomy, taxonomy and systematics of the Permo-Triassic non-archosaur archosauromorphs are revised. A revision of the Permo-Triassic archosauromorph record indicates that only four Permian species are known and there are three valid proterosuchid species immediately after the Permo-Triassic boundary in South Africa. Analyses of cranial ontogenetic variation in \(Proterosuchus\) \(fergusi\) found that ontogenetic modification events (e.g. heterochrony) may have been key drivers of the evolution of the general shape of the skull at the base of Archosauriformes. A comprehensive quantitative phylogenetic analysis recovered a polyphyletic “Prolacertiformes”, restricted the taxonomic content of Proterosuchidae to only six species, Erythrosuchidae was composed of eight nominal species, and \(Euparkeria\) \(capensis\) was found as the sister-taxon of the clade that includes proterochampsians (doswelliids + proterochampsids) and archosaurs. The results obtained here suggest that the evolutionary history of the archosauriforms during the Early Triassic can be subdivided into a first phase characterized by the short-lived “disaster-clade” Proterosuchidae and a second phase that witnessed the initial morphological and probably palaeoecological diversification of the group.

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36

Foster, C. T. "The relationship between sedimentary history and geotechnical behaviour of Quaternary sediments in Holderness." Thesis, Keele University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.372825.

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The stratigraphy-, sedimentology and geotechnical properties of the Quaternary sequence in Holderness were examined in detail, with the aim of relating depositional history to observed geotechnical behaviour. Both the Withernsea and Skipsea Till units were found to possess the sedimentary and geotechnical characteristics of a diamict deposited beneath a wet based ice sheet. No evidence could be found for the downwasting of a complex stratified ice sheet as previously proposed for the sequence. Critical state theory was found to accurately predict the reaction of the diamict to shear and was used to predict the behaviour under theoretical stress/environmental situations. An alternative depositional model is proposed which explains the Skipsea - Withernsea Till succession as the product of the slow accretion of basal debris under an active ice stream. The multiple stratigraphy is interpreted in terms of a shift in the east coast flow units, carrying distinct mixes of lithologies"along individual flow lines, within a single ice sheet. The key sections through the Quaternary in Holderness are reexamined in terms of deposition from an active ice sheet. It is concluded that-the Basement Till represents the initial advance of the cold-ice margin and is Devensian in age rather than pre-Devensian as previously proposed.

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37

Spathopoulos, Phoebus. "The geological structure and history of the Gambia Basin and Senegal Continental Margin." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284802.

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This thesis presents the results of an investigation of the structure and evolution of the Senegal continental margin and the adjacent Gambia Basin, based on seismic, gravity, magnetic, bathymetric and borehole data. It establishes the relation between the structure of this region and the overall geological and tectonic history of the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. The study begins with a presentation of the general geological features of the area and a review of previous work close to the West African continental margin. New bathymetric information from the area between 2°-18°N and 7°-45°W is then presented, which provides a detailed picture of the seafloor relief, its structural grain and an indication of the depositional patterns. Long single-channel seismic reflection profiles running from the continental shelf through the Gambia Basin have been tied to deep-sea drill sites to establish a seismic stratigraphy. The extent of the main reflectors and the structural characteristics of inactive ocean fracture zones have been determined from approximately 3500 km of reflection profiles. Analysis of the basement depth reveals the presence of large depth anomalies in the region, which have been related to the uplift of the nearby Cape Verde Rise. The position of an important tectonic boundary between rough and smooth basement in the study area has been defined as lying between magnetic anomalies M21 and M16 (150-142 Ma). Seismic refraction lines shot in the Gambia Basin and in the region immediately to the south reveal an anomalous oceanic structure, associated with the formation of fracture zones under the sediments of the basin. Crust as thin as 1.4 km, without an oceanic Layer 3 has been found near 1l°N, 23°30'W. In view of the presence of several closely-spaced fracture zones, the crustal structure of much of the Gambia Basin is probably not of normal oceanic type. Possible mechanisms responsible for the anomalous accretion of ocean crust are discussed. Crustal structure has also been inferred from new free-air gravity anomaly measurements between 3°-1.8°N and 7°-26°W and from the Bouguer anomalies on land. Two-dimensional crustal models based on gravity anomalies and constrained by refraction and other data have been derived for several traverses across the West African continental margin and the Gambia Basin. These models demonstrate important differences in crustal thickness and lateral variations in the density of the crustal and mantle rocks across the area. The models indicate that neither the transitional crust under the Senegal Basin and the adjacent shelf and slope, nor the fracture zones under the Gambia Basin are isostatically compensated at the level of the Noho. Furthermore, a large part of the Senegal continental margin and the Senegal Basin is shown to be underlain by transitional, stretched continental crust on which a thick sedimentary cover has accumulated. The subsidence history and the structural models indicate that the Cenozoic sediments are not isostatically balanced by the mechanism of local Airy compensation. These studies reveal that the structure of the Senegal margin and the Gambia Basin exhibits important differences from that of adjacent areas to the north and south, contrasts which appear to be related to the early opening history of the equatorial Atlantic.

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38

Rodriguez, Luis Oswaldo. "Tectonic analysis, stratigraphy and depositional history of the Miocene sedimentary section, Central Eastern Venezuela basin /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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39

Bush, Mark Bennett. "The Late Quaternary palaeoecological history of the Great Wold Valley." Thesis, University of Hull, 1986. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5114.

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The paucity of polliniferous deposits on the British chalklands has left something of a vacuum in the known vegetational history of the British Isles. Conflicting ideas of the past landscape of the chalklands have been presented by archaeologists (e.g. Clark, 1936) and botanists (e.g. Tansley, 1939; Pigott and Walters, 1954). The Tansleyan view, i.e. that the chalklands were forested until the Bronze Age, has held sway. Tansley suggested that the dominant species were Quercus and Fraxinus. This was challenged by the view that Tilia may have been a dominant on basic soils (Merton, 1970). Such palaeoecological evidence as exists would suggest that woodlands covered the southern chalklands prior to Bronze Age disturbance, thus vindicating the Tansleyan school.In this thesis data from a site lying on the Yorkshire Wolds are presented. For the first time a broad spectrum of palaeoecological information is presented from a British Flandrian chalkland deposit. Pollen, bryophytes, plant propagules and macrofossil remains, mollusc and insect data form the basis for an environmental reconstruction of the major water catchment area of the Yorkshire Wolds.This is complemented by a study of modern analogue sites where a vegetation survey had been undertaken. Plant propagules, molluscs and bryophytes from the surface soil and modern pollen rain (trapped over a one year period) were collected from each site. These data were incorporated into statistical analyses to compare the changes in the fossil data with the range of known analogue habitats (after Lamb, 1984).Willow Garth, an ancient carr woodland in the Great Wold Valley, yielded fossil-rich deposits from the late-glacial and Flandrian periods. Although the sedimentary history of this site would appear to be incomplete, an exceptionally detailed image of the palaeoecological history of this valley emerges. The transition from the late-glacial fen and tundra to the Pre-Boreal forest occurred at c. 9200 B.P.. However, the progression towards the mixed woodland of the Boreal forests appears to have been interrupted by the activities of Mesolithic man. It is suggested that Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were 'managing' the woodlands to maximise the carrying capacity of their game. One consequence of this activity was to prevent the forest canopy from closing over the chalk grassland. Calcicolous grassland species were present throughout this period suggesting that the local chalk grassland may never have been totally shaded out. If this was the case the chalk grasslands around the Great Wold Valley would be of considerably greater antiquity than is generally supposed.During the late-Neolithic and the Bronze Age there is abundant evidence of anthropogenic disturbance with the presence of agricultural weed taxa and pollen of Cerealia. Chalk grassland species are also represented in both the faunal and floral records from this period. Cattle probably grazed the fen and the local wetland flora reached a peak of diversity. In early Saxon times the fen started to dry out and it is suggested that its land use may have changed from a grazed fen to an osier bed at c. 1200 B.P.

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Cribb, Joshua Warner. "A petrologic and geochemical investigation of the evolutionary history of calc-alkaline magmas, Mt. Hood, Oregon /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487841548271555.

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41

Li, Longming, and 李龙明. "The crustal evolutionary history of the Cathaysia Block from the paleoproterozoic to mesozoic." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45693596.

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42

Labadie, Julia E. Schermer Elizabeth. "The structural and tectonic history of the Mt. Formidable region, North Cascades, Washington /." Online version, 2010. http://content.wwu.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/theses&CISOPTR=333&CISOBOX=1&REC=14.

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43

Young, Jennifer Leigh. "The stratigraphy and structural history of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic of the central Nova Scotian Slope, Eastern Canada /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2005. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,111328.

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44

Alshahrani, Saeed S. "DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT, HISTORY, DIAGENESIS, AND PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF THE CLEVELAND SHALE MEMBER, NORTHEASTERN OHIO." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1383572352.

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45

Webb, Peter. "Mantle circulation models : constraining mantle dynamics, testing plate motion history and calculating dynamic topography." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/42409/.

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Mantle circulation models are a modified class of mantle convection simulations assimilating recent plate motions as the surface velocity boundary condition. In this thesis, I present a suite of mantle circulation models assimilating the past 300 million years of tectonic history. By comparing model predictions of present day mantle temperature anomalies to mantle structure imaged by seismic tomography one can better understand the physical properties of Earth’s mantle. Given a mantle model with realistic physical properties, plate reconstructions can also be tested. Mantle viscosity is the most significant property affecting mantle circulation models. For subducted slabs to sink to depths predicted by tomography studies a lower mantle viscosity increase of around thirty times is required. For models with a factor of ten increase slabs do not remain at mid-mantle depths for long enough, while a factor of one hundred increase causes slab sinking rates too slow to match imaged tomographic anomalies. An endothermic phase changes could potentially layer mantle convection into two independent layers. In models assimilating plate motions, no model containing an endothermic phase change reaches a fully layered state, even with unrealistically large, negative Clapeyron slopes. The onset of plate tectonics could potentially break down a two-layered mantle into a partially layered state, similar to the present day mantle. Predictions of mantle heterogeneity from high-resolution, global mantle circulation models match well with complex mantle structure imaged by seismic tomography in the Tethys region. These models indicate that a more complicated history of subduction during the closure of the Neotethys Ocean is required to match the imaged mantle structure. Subduction is required in two locations, one at the Eurasian margin and a second behind a back-arc ocean opening in the Neotethys Ocean. Simultaneous subduction at both plate boundaries appears not to be necessary. Global mantle circulation models estimate long-wavelength dynamic topography with amplitudes of up to five kilometres. The largest amplitude signal of dynamic topography is at plate boundaries, suggesting that near surface density variations in the mantle contribute significantly to the dynamic topography signal. The five-kilometre amplitude of topography is larger than predicted elsewhere and is explained by the inclusion of near surface density variations, commonly ignored by other global calculations of dynamic topography. If dynamic topography is defined as ‘any topography arising from flow within Earth’s mantle’ then near surface density variations are significant to the dynamic signal. Predictions of dynamic topography from mantle circulation models reveal a dichotomy between continental and oceanic regions. Oceanic crust is a part of the mantle convection system and so predicted topography for ocean regions matches well with the expected depth versus age curve for oceanic crust. Continental regions are significantly subsided relative to oceans in the dynamic signal, suggesting that isostatic effects mask continental dynamic topography. When predictions of dynamic topography are corrected for isostatic effects and crustal thickness, an accurate estimate of Earth’s observed topography is generated. This work contributes to an on going debate on the nature of dynamic topography on global and regional scales.

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46

George, Mark T. "The magmatic, thermal and exhumation history of the Nanga Parbat-Haramosh massif, western Himalaya." Thesis, Open University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358881.

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47

Allsop, Timothy. "Early compaction history of marine siliciclastic sediments." Thesis, Durham University, 1994. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5675/.

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Differential compaction occurs within many sedimentary settings, such as alluvial and deltaic deposition, but it is within the submarine fan environment where the process is most effective due to the very high depositional porosities of the muds found there. Additionally the grain size of siliciclastic sediments within the submarine fan environment varies rapidly both horizontally and vertically, and hence the effect of differential compaction control on the depositional geometry and arrangement needs to be examined and modelled. It is also important to ascertain the rate at which sediments compact when buried, and whether compaction is complete at the end of deposition or whether it requires additional time to achieve this state. Sea- floor topography can be created if the latter case is true, and could influence subsequent deposition. Alternatively, if sea-floor topography is not created, the major control upon subsequent deposition may be the compatibility of the underlying section. Both controls will favour deposition of successive coarse clastic units above areas of fine-grained sediments, i.e. sand above shale rather than sand above sand. The Palaeocene sediments of the Central North Sea In the Montrose - Arbroath area (Blocks 22/17 and 22/18) combined with outcrop studies In southern California and New Mexico, have been used to assess the control of differential compaction on sediment distribution in a deep-sea fan setting. Differential compaction affects the Montrose - Arbroath area on a variety of scales. Firstly, differential compaction of the entire Palaeocene section across the underlying Forties - Montrose High induces structure. At a smaller scale, differential compaction may form a considerable control upon the spatial distribution of submarine fan channels and lobes that form the reservoir section throughout the area, and therefore the areal distribution of the oilfields themselves. Finally differential compaction may effect the distribution pattern of individual turbidites within such channel systems, thus forming a fine control upon the distribution of sands and shales within the reservoir. Fieldwork on submarine fan deposits in southern California has highlighted further complications to differential compaction that need to be addressed during the modelling process. Sedimentary processes such as basal loading and slumping are highly common in such deposits, and both can effect the compactional process to differing degrees. Results obtained from the modelling of stratal patterns observed in New Mexico provide information on the timing of differential compaction. It is suggested that compaction of sediments, even during early burial, requires a time interval often greater than the period of deposition, resulting in post-depositional compaction and the production of near-surface overpressure.

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48

Newton, Maury Claiborne III. "Tectonostratigraphic history of the southern Foothills terrane." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/185077.

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As a tool in discriminating basic rocks from different tectonic settings, a type of diagram was developed that employs three ratios of trace elements. The diagram separates basic rocks formed in mid-ocean ridge, intra-plate, and volcanic arc settings. It can be used to differentiate basalts from marginal basin, forearc, and arc rift zone settings. A second application of this type of diagram, employing major elements, distinguishes tholeiitic, calcalkaline, and boninitic series volcanic rocks. The southern part of the Foothills terrane, western Sierra Nevada, California, is composed chiefly of Jurassic-Triassic(?) metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks of lower greenschist grade. Major tectonism affecting the terrane, associated with the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Nevadan orogeny, was sinistral transpression with shearing along the Bear Mountains and Melones fault zones. The line of slip in high shear strain regions is approximated by the modal stretching lineation, which is at a rake of approximately 45° SE to the general shear zone orientation, suggesting sub-equal components of strike slip and dip slip. The sense of shear from kinematic indicators is consistently east side to the northwest. The terrane hosts three types of syngenetic massive sulfide deposits: Cyprus-type Cu deposits, Kuroko-type Zn-Cu-Pb deposits, and Besshi-type Cu-Zn deposits. The Cyprus-type deposits lie at the top of a Triassic(?) tholeiitic - basalt sequence in the lower Penon Blanco Formation. The deposits are part of an ophiolitic sequence that appears to have formed in an open-ocean spreading center environment. Felsic lava facies host the Kuroko-type deposits at the top of the Middle to Late Jurassic upper Gopher Ridge Formation, a dominantly bimodal sequence of meta-rhyolitic lavas and tuffs and meta-basaltic lavas. The tectonic setting appears to have been an arc-rift zone that formed during the transition from arc volcanism forming the lower Gopher Ridge Formation to younger basinal sedimentation forming the Mariposa Formation. The Besshi-type deposits are sediment-hosted in the Late Jurassic Mariposa Formation. They appear to have formed in the median part of a long linear basin between rifted arc segments. The inferred tectonic setting of the sulfide deposits was an early back-arc or interarc basin, which may have been related to transtensional tectonics.

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Kells, Melanie P. "Sequence stratigraphy and depositional history of the Artinskian to Kungurian sequence, Otto Fiord area, northwestern Ellesmere Island." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10139.

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The Artinskian to Kungurian Sequence of the Otto Fiord area is dominated by the Great Bear Cape, Raanes and Trappers Cove formations in addition to the upper portions of the Nansen and Hare Fiord formations. The Great Bear Cape Formation (10-300 m), in the Otto Fiord area, is a yellowish-weathering, cliff-forming, packstone to grainstone dominated by echinoderms, bryozoans, and brachiopods. The Raanes Formation (10-225 m) is greenish-weathering, recessive to resistant, shaly to silty, variably cherty wackestone to packstone dominated by bryozoans, brachiopods, crinoids, and sponge spicules in addition to resistant, massive, very fine-grained, bryozoan-lime mud wackestone forming bioherms. The Trappers Cove Formation (55-1000 m) is black to dark gray spiculitic chert that is interfingered with thinly-bedded, black, recessive shales and siltstones. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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50

Wegweiser, Marilyn Diane. "Upper devonian sequence stratigraphy of the western Applalachian basin and geotectonic history of the Lake Crustal block /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488196781731875.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geology, history'

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