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Journal articles on the topic 'Geology - New Brunswick - Bathurst Camp'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

WALKER, J. A., and D. R. LENTZ. "The Flat Landing Brook Zn-Pb-Ag Massive Sulfide Deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada." Exploration and Mining Geology 15, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2006): 99–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.15.3-4.99.

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2

Tschirhart, Peter, William A. Morris, John Mims, and Hernan Ugalde. "Applying laterally varying density corrections to ground gravity and airborne gravity gradiometry data: a case study from the Bathurst Mining Camp." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 5 (May 2019): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0046.

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The influence of topography on gravity and gravity gradiometry measurements is profound and should be minimized prior to geological interpretation. The standard way of minimizing these effects is through the computation of a terrain correction. Terrain corrections require two inputs: topography and density. Often, geology and topography are inextricably intertwined: topography is caused by a change in geology. In geologic environments where there is a structural and (or) stratigraphic control on the near-surface mass distribution, using a single density value in the corrections leads to removal of the topographic effect of rocks having the chosen density. Any remaining gravity signal that correlates with topography is providing geological information. If the objective is to produce a gravity map with minimal topographic signal, then a regionally variable density correction is a means of compensating for this effect. In this paper, we demonstrate how to apply a spatially variable density correction using ground gravity and airborne gravity gradiometry data for the geologically complex Bathurst Mining Camp, northern New Brunswick, Canada. Ground gravity and airborne full tensor gravity gradiometry measurements are subdivided into a series of domains on the basis of the underlying tectonostratigraphic group. Terrain and Bouguer corrections are calculated for each domain using representative density values obtained from drill core and surface sampling throughout the Bathurst Mining Camp. The output from the spatially variable density correction is then compared with previous maps. Overall, the differences are subtle, but the spatially variably density allows for isolated anomalies to be better resolved.

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3

WALKER, J. A., and J. I. CARROLL. "The Camelback Zn-Pb-Cu Deposit: A Recent Discovery in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada." Exploration and Mining Geology 15, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2006): 201–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.15.3-4.201.

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4

LENTZ, D. R., and S. R. McCUTCHEON. "The Brunswick No. 6 Massive Sulfide Deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, Northern New Brunswick, Canada: A Synopsis of the Geology and Hydrothermal Alteration System." Exploration and Mining Geology 15, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2006): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.15.3-4.1.

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5

MacLELLAN, K. L., D. R. LENTZ, and S. H. McCLENAGHAN. "Petrology, Geochemistry, and Genesis of the Copper zone at the Brunswick No. 6 Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada." Exploration and Mining Geology 15, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2006): 53–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.15.3-4.53.

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6

McCLENAGHAN, S. H., D. R. LENTZ, and C. J. BEAUMONT-SMITH. "The Gold-Rich Louvicourt Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit, New Brunswick: A Kuroko Analogue in the Bathurst Mining Camp." Exploration and Mining Geology 15, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2006): 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.15.3-4.127.

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7

WALKER, J. A., and G. GRAVES. "The Mount Fronsac North Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit: A Recent Discovery in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick." Exploration and Mining Geology 15, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2006): 221–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.15.3-4.221.

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8

DOWNEY, W. S., S. R. McCUTCHEON, and D. R. LENTZ. "A Physical Volcanological, Chemostratigraphic, and Petrogenetic Analysis of the Little Falls Member, Tetagouche Group, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick." Exploration and Mining Geology 15, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2006): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.15.3-4.77.

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9

WALKER, J. A., D. R. LENTZ, and S. H. McCLENAGHAN. "The Orvan Brook Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide Deposit: Anatomy of a Highly Attenuated Massive Sulfide System, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick." Exploration and Mining Geology 15, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2006): 155–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.15.3-4.155.

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10

MIREKU, L. K., and C. R. STANLEY. "Lithogeochemistry and Hydrothermal Alteration at the Halfmile Lake South Deep Zone, a Volcanic-Hosted Massive Sulfide Deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick." Exploration and Mining Geology 15, no. 3-4 (July 1, 2006): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsemg.15.3-4.177.

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11

Ugalde, Hernan, and William A. Morris. "Cluster analysis of Euler deconvolution solutions: New filtering techniques and geologic strike determination." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 3 (May 2010): L61—L70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3429997.

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Euler deconvolution often presents the problem of filtering coherent solutions from uncorrelated ones. We have applied clustering and kernel density distribution techniques to a Euler-generated data set. First a kernel density distribution algorithm filters uncorrelated Euler solutions from those consistently located near an anomalous magnetic-gravimetric source. Then a fuzzy [Formula: see text]-means clustering algorithm is applied to the filtered data set. The computation of cluster centers reduces the size of the data set considerably, yet maintains its statistical consistency. Finally, the computation of eigenvectors and eigenvalues on the cluster centers yields an estimate of the geologic strike of the anomalous sources responsible for the observed geophysical anomalies. Therefore, we can obtain an improved strike and depth estimation of the magnetic sources. Although the algorithm can filter and cluster any Euler data set, we recommend obtaining the best solutions possible before any clustering. Hence, we have used a hybrid 3D extended Euler and 3D Werner deconvolution algorithm. We have developed synthetic and real examples from the Bathurst Mining Camp (New Brunswick, Canada). The output of this algorithm can be used as an input to any 3D geologic-modeling package.

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12

Zulu, Joseph D. S., David R. Lentz, James A. Walker, and Christopher R. M. McFarlane. "Recognizing and quantifying metamorphosed alteration zones through amphibolite facies metamorphic overprint at the Key Anacon Zn–Pb–Cu–Ag deposits, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 165 (June 2016): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.02.003.

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13

Tschirhart, Peter, Bill Morris, and Greg Hodges. "A new regional/residual separation for magnetic data sets using susceptibility from frequency-domain electromagnetic data." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 6 (November 1, 2013): B351—B359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0506.1.

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Regional-residual separation is a fundamental processing step required before interpreting any magnetic anomaly data. Numerous methods have been devised to separate deep-seated long-wavelength (regional) anomalies from the near-surface high-frequency (residual) content. Such methods range in complexity from simple wavelength filtering to full 3D inversions, but most procedures rely on the assumption that all long-wavelength anomalies are associated with deep source bodies: an incorrect assumption in some geologic environments. We evaluated a new method for determining the contributions of near-surface magnetic sources using frequency-domain helicopter-borne electromagnetic (HFEM) data. We inverted the in-phase and quadrature components of the HFEM data to produce an estimate of the spatial variation of magnetic susceptibility. Using this susceptibility information along with known topography and original survey flight path data, we calculated a magnetic intensity grid by forward modeling. There are two immediate benefits to this approach. First, HFEM systems have a limited effective depth of penetration, within the first hundred meters from the surface, so any magnetic sources detected by this method must be located in the near surface. Second, the HFEM-derived susceptibility is completely independent of magnetic remanence. In contrast, apparent susceptibility computed from the original magnetic intensity data incorporates all magnetic signal sources in its derivation. Crossplotting of [Formula: see text] versus [Formula: see text] served to reveal areas where the observed magnetic field was dominated by magnetic remanence and provided an estimate of the polarity of the remanence contribution. We evaluated an example, and discussed the limitations of this method using data from an area in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. Though it is broadly successful, caution is needed when using this method because near-surface conductive bodies and anthropogenic sources can cause erroneous HFEM susceptibility values, which in turn produce invalid magnetic field estimates in the forward modeling exercise.

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14

Ugalde, Hernan, William A. Morris, and Cees van Staal. "The Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick: data integration, geophysical modelling, and implications for exploration." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 5 (May 2019): 433–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0048.

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The Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC) is one of Canada’s oldest mining districts for volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits. Most of the 46 known deposits were discovered in the 1950s using a combination of geological and geophysical methods. However, renewed exploration efforts over the past 15 years have not been as successful as one would expect given the level of expenditure of the camp. Nevertheless, this has created a large database of high resolution airborne geophysical data (magnetics, electromagnetics, radiometrics, and full tensor gravity gradiometry) which makes Bathurst a unique case. We show data compilation and map view interpretation, followed by two-and-a-half-dimensional (2.5D) gravity and magnetic modelling. From this, we provide constraints on the folded structure of the mafic and felsic volcanic units, and we interpret a large gravity anomaly in the southeast as a possible ophiolite or a dense thick package of basaltic rocks. Finally, we show an example of 3D modelling in the northwestern part of the camp, where we combine map view interpretation with section-based modelling and 3D geophysical inversion.

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15

Cheraghi, Saeid, Alireza Malehmir, and Gilles Bellefleur. "Crustal-scale reflection seismic investigations in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada." Tectonophysics 506, no. 1-4 (June 2011): 55–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.04.011.

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16

Morris, W. A., H. Ugalde, and J. Mwenifumbo. "Borehole magnetics navigation: An example from the Stratmat Deposit, Bathurst, New Brunswick." Leading Edge 27, no. 1 (January 2008): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2831687.

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17

Walker, Jim, and Sean McClenaghan. "Tectono–Stratigraphic Setting of Base-Metal Deposits in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada." Geoscience Canada 40, no. 4 (December 20, 2013): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2013.40.24.

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18

Lentz, D. R. "SPHALERITE AND ARSENOPYRITE AT THE BRUNSWICK NO. 12 MASSIVE-SULFIDE DEPOSIT, BATHURST CAMP, NEW BRUNSWICK: CONSTRAINTS ON P T EVOLUTION." Canadian Mineralogist 40, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.40.1.19.

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19

McClenaghan, S. H., D. R. Lentz, and L. J. Cabri. "ABUNDANCE AND SPECIATION OF GOLD IN MASSIVE SULFIDES OF THE BATHURST MINING CAMP, NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA." Canadian Mineralogist 42, no. 3 (June 1, 2004): 851–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.42.3.851.

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20

de Roo, J. A., P. F. Williams, and C. Moreton. "Structure and evolution of the Heath Steele base metal sulfide orebodies, Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick, Canada." Economic Geology 86, no. 5 (August 1, 1991): 927–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.86.5.927.

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21

Peter, Jan M., and Wayne D. Goodfellow. "Mineralogy, bulk and rare earth element geochemistry of massive sulphide-associated hydrothermal sediments of the Brunswick Horizon, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 252–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-021.

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Massive sulphides are spatially and temporally associated with iron formation (IF) and other hydrothermal sedimentary rocks in the vicinity of the Brunswick No. 12, Brunswick No. 6, and Austin Brook deposits, Bathurst Mining Camp. Sulphide-, carbonate-, oxide-, and silicate-predominant IF is present. Carbonate-predominant IF is best developed in and around the Brunswick No. 12 deposit, whereas hematite-bearing IF is absent here but prominent in the Austin Brook–Brunswick No. 6 area. The IF is composed dominantly of Si, CO2, Fe, Mn, and Ca. Minor constituents include Mg, P, Ti, Al, and S. Statistically significant interelement correlations between Eu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cd, Au, Ca, Sr, Ba, P, CO2, and S indicate that these elements were precipitated from hydrothermal fluids vented onto the seafloor. Positive interelement correlations between Si, Ti, Al, Mg, K, Zr, rare earth elements (REE's) except Eu, Se, V, Y, Yb, Co, Ni, and Cr reflect the presence of detrital clastic mafic and aluminosilicate minerals and hydrogenous sedimentary components. Felsic volcanic and pyroclastic rocks are considered to be the source for the detritus. REE patterns of IF at Brunswick No. 12 display similarities with those of modern high-temperature hydrothermal vent solutions, sea water, and host rhyolitic tuff and sedimentary rocks. These patterns are largely controlled by the relative proportions of hydrothermal and detrital components. The IF formed from reduced hydrothermal fluids vented into a stratified marine basin. The mineral precipitates were widely dispersed from the sites of venting and massive sulphide accumulation.

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22

McCutcheon, Steven R., and James A. Walker. "Great Mining Camps of Canada 8. The Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Part 2: Mining History and Contributions to Society." Geoscience Canada 47, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 143–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2020.47.163.

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In the Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC), 12 of the 45 known massive sulphide deposits were mined between 1957 and 2013; one was mined for iron prior to 1950, whereas three others had development work but no production. Eleven of the deposits were mined for base metals for a total production of approximately 179 Mt, with an average grade of 3.12% Pb, 7.91% Zn, 0.47% Cu, and 93.9 g/t Ag. The other deposit was solely mined for gold, present in gossan above massive sulphide, producing approximately one million tonnes grading 1.79 g/t Au. Three of the 11 mined base-metal deposits also had a gossan cap, from which gold was extracted. In 2012, the value of production from the Bathurst Mining Camp exceeded $670 million and accounted for 58 percent of total mineral production in New Brunswick.Base-metal production started in the BMC in 1957 from deposits at Heath Steele Mines, followed by Wedge in 1962, Brunswick No. 12 in 1964, Brunswick No. 6 in 1965, Caribou in 1970, Murray Brook, Stratmat Boundary and Stratmat N-5 in 1989, Captain North Extension in 1990, and lastly, Half Mile Lake in 2012. The only mine in continuous production for most of this time was Brunswick No. 12. During its 49-year lifetime (1964–2013), it produced 136,643,367 tonnes of ore grading 3.44% Pb, 8.74% Zn, 0.37% Cu, and 102.2 g/t Ag, making it one of the largest underground base-metal mines in the world.The BMC remains important to New Brunswick and Canada because of its contributions to economic development, environmental measures, infrastructure, mining innovations, and society in general. The economic value of metals recovered from Brunswick No. 12 alone, in today’s prices exceeds $46 billion. Adding to this figure is production from the other mines in the BMC, along with money injected into the local economy from annual exploration expenditures (100s of $1000s per year) over 60 years. Several environmental measures were initiated in the BMC, including the requirement to be clean shaven and carry a portable respirator (now applied to all mines in Canada); ways to treat acid mine drainage and the thiosalt problem that comes from the milling process; and pioneering studies to develop and install streamside-incubation boxes for Atlantic Salmon eggs in the Nepisiguit River, which boosted survival rates to over 90%. Regarding infrastructure, provincial highways 180 and 430 would not exist if not for the discovery of the BMC; nor would the lead smelter and deep-water port at Belledune. Mining innovations are too numerous to list in this summary, so the reader is referred to the main text. Regarding social effects, the new opportunities, new wealth, and training provided by the mineral industry dramatically changed the living standards and social fabric of northern New Brunswick. What had been a largely poor, rural society, mostly dependent upon the fishing and forestry industries, became a thriving modern community. Also, untold numbers of engineers, geologists, miners, and prospectors `cut their teeth’ in the BMC, and many of them have gone on to make their mark in other parts of Canada and the world.

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23

Hoffman, Stan J., and Gary A. Woods. "Multidisciplinary exploration of the BOG volcanogenic massive-sulphide prospect, Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 41, no. 1-2 (August 1991): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(91)90077-8.

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24

Lusk, J. "Structure and evolution of the Heath Steele base metal sulfide orebodies, Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick, Canada; discussion." Economic Geology 87, no. 6 (October 1, 1992): 1682–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.6.1682.

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25

de Roo, Jacob A., P. F. Williams, and C. Moreton. "Structure and evolution of the Heath Steele base metal sulfide orebodies, Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick, Canada; reply." Economic Geology 87, no. 6 (October 1, 1992): 1687–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.87.6.1687.

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26

Goodfellow, Wayne D., and Jan M. Peter. "Sulphur isotope composition of the Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick: implications for ambient environment, sulphur source, and ore genesis." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 33, no. 2 (February 1, 1996): 231–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e96-020.

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The Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit occurs within a Middle Ordovician bimodal volcanic and sedimentary sequence that is thought to have formed in a continental back-arc rift covered with a thick succession of carbonaceous hemipelagic and turbiditic sedimentary rocks. The deposit consists of three en echelon lenses that are zoned from Vent Complex to Bedded Ore and Bedded pyrite facies. The Bedded Ore facies has the lowest average δ34S values (14.2[Formula: see text]), but are only slightly less positive than laminated pyrite in footwall sedimentary rocks (δ34Smean = 15.1[Formula: see text]). δ34S values for the bedded sulphides show an upward increase from 14.2[Formula: see text] in Bedded Ore to 16.5[Formula: see text] in Bedded Pyrite. Average δ34S values for Vent Complex (15.8[Formula: see text]) and underlying stringer sulphides (16.1[Formula: see text]) are consistently more positive than those for Bedded Ore. In carbonaceous shales and siltstone of the Patrick Brook Formation that underlie the deposit, δ34S values that range between 13.8 and 25.6[Formula: see text], and the similarity of these values to those of the Brunswick No. 12 deposit indicate major bacterial reduction of sulphate to sulphide under closed or partly closed conditions, and that most of the S in the deposit originated from ambient sulphidic bottom waters. Furthermore, the average δ34S value for Brunswick No. 12 bedded ores lies on the Selwyn Basin pyrite evolutionary curve and indicates that anoxic conditions within the Tetagouche back-arc basin reflect a global anoxic episode. The Brunswick No. 12 deposit probably formed, therefore, by the mixing of hydrothermal metals with dissolved sulphide of seawater origin during periods of ocean anoxia. The increase of δ34S values towards the Vent Complex may reflect the addition of isotopically heavy S formed by the inorganic reduction of seawater sulphate.

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27

Paktunc, A. Dogan. "Geochemical constraints on the tectonic setting of the mafic rocks of the Bathurst Camp, Appalachian Orogen." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-125.

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Abundant mafic rocks comprising basalts and gabbros occur in the Bathurst Camp, a complexly deformed Ordovician terrane in northeastern New Brunswick. The mafic rocks form a consanguineous suite of aphyric lavas, subvolcanic sills, and (or) dikes. Gabbros and basalts have somewhat similar major-element compositions but differ in terms of their trace-element contents. Medium-grained gabbros display tholeiitic compositions, whereas basalts and fine-grained gabbros have alkalic affinities. In general, trace-element abundances indicate an enriched source region for the Bathurst mafic rocks. Trace-element characteristics of the tholeiitic group point to a transitional setting going from back-arc to ocean basin, whereas the alkalic group has geochemical characteristics in common with within-plate basalts. Mixing between magmas of these contrasting settings could explain some of the trace-element characteristics of both groups. The back-arc-basin setting appears to be ensialic and is characterized by the absence of an underlying subducted slab during the formation of the basin. The tectonic reason for rifting in such a case could be the strike separation along a series of en echelon faults similar to those of the Gulf of California. Calc-alkaline characteristics of the upper mantle underlying the basin seem to have been inherited from southeasterly subduction of the proto-Atlantic Ocean in Early to Middle Ordovician times.

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28

Lentz, David R. "Petrology, geochemistry, and oxygen isotope interpretation of felsic volcanic and related rocks hosting the Brunswick 6 and 12 massive sulfide deposits (Brunswick Belt), Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick, Canada." Economic Geology 94, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 57–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.94.1.57.

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29

Bellefleur, Gilles, Saeid Cheraghi, and Alireza Malehmir. "Reprocessing legacy three-dimensional seismic data from the Halfmile Lake and Brunswick No. 6 volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits, New Brunswick, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 5 (May 2019): 569–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0103.

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We reprocessed legacy three-dimensional (3D) seismic data from the Halfmile Lake and Brunswick areas, both of which were acquired for mineral exploration in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick. Each 3D seismic survey was acquired over known volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits and covered areas with strong mineral potential. Most improvements resulted from a reduction of coherent and random noise on prestack gathers and from an improved velocity model, combined with re-imaging with dip moveout corrections and poststack migration or prestack time migration. At Halfmile Lake, the new imaging results show the Deep zone and a possible extension of the sulphide mineralization at greater depth. True amplitude processing has shown that this anomaly has strong amplitudes and is offset from the Deep zone by a shallowly dipping fault (<15°). With the clearer geological context provided by our results, this anomaly, which appears as a stand-alone anomaly on an original image obtained by Noranda Exploration Ltd., becomes a defendable exploration target. Nonorthogonal acquisition geometry and receiver patches of the Brunswick No. 6 3D seismic survey generated artefacts after dip moveout processing that reduced the overall quality of the seismic volumes. By using a filtering approach based on the application of a weighted Laplacian-Gaussian filter in the Kx–Ky domain, we reduced the noise and improved the continuity of reflections. We also imaged the short and flat reflections observed previously only in the shallow part of prestack time migrated data. These short reflections appear as diffractions on the filtered stacked section with dip moveout corrections, indicating that they originate from small geological bodies or discontinuities in the subsurface.

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30

Goodfellow, Wayne D., and Jan M. Peter. "Reply: Sulphur isotope composition of the Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick: implications for ambient environment, sulphur source, and ore genesis." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, no. 1 (January 20, 1999): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-031.

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31

Solomon, M. "Discussion: Sulphur isotope composition of the Brunswick No. 12 massive sulphide deposit, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick: implications for ambient environment, sulphur source, and ore genesis." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 36, no. 1 (January 20, 1999): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e99-032.

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32

Malehmir, Alireza, and Gilles Bellefleur. "Reflection seismic imaging and physical properties of base-metal and associated iron deposits in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada." Ore Geology Reviews 38, no. 4 (December 2010): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.08.002.

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33

Morris, William A., Sara-Lise Underhay, Hernan Ugalde, and Bernd Milkereit. "Borehole magnetic surveys in weakly magnetic sediments (Chicxulub impact crater) versus strongly magnetic volcanics (Bathurst mining camp)." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 56, no. 5 (May 2019): 504–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2018-0040.

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Borehole navigation surveys performed using a triaxial fluxgate magnetometer record the change in orientation of the magnetic vector versus depth. Variations in the orientation of the magnetic vector arise from either on- or off-hole magnetic sources. On-hole magnetic sources associated with magnetic property fluctuations in the immediate wall of the borehole (i.e., susceptibility) and (or) remanence polarity changes produce sharp-edged anomalies. Off-hole magnetic sources, caused by a magnetic body near, but not penetrated by, the borehole, produce broad smooth anomalies. Prior to the interpretation of borehole magnetic anomaly logs, data corrections must be applied. Data from each of the magnetic and tiltmeter sensors must be corrected for differential gain, base value offset, and nonorthogonality. By using a probe with two sets of triaxial fluxgates, it is possible to detect along hole magnetic field rotations, which compromise the borehole navigation calculations. After rotation into geographic coordinate space, borehole vector magnetic data from the Chicxulub impact crater in Mexico showed no evidence for any systematic change of magnetic property versus depth. What was originally interpreted as reversal stratigraphy has proved to be minor changes in borehole geometry. Borehole magnetic data from a borehole through the Stratmat deposit, located in the Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick, show strong off-hole and on-hole anomalies associated with the pyrrhotite-rich ore bodies.

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34

Leybourne, M. I. "MINERALOGY AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS FROM GROUNDWATERS ASSOCIATED WITH UNDISTURBED Zn Pb MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSITS, BATHURST MINING CAMP, NEW BRUNSWICK, CANADA." Canadian Mineralogist 39, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 1597–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.39.6.1597.

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35

Solomon, Mike. "Brine-pool deposition for the Zn–Pb–Cu massive sulphide deposits of the Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick, Canada. II. Ocean anoxia during mineralisation." Ore Geology Reviews 33, no. 3-4 (June 2008): 352–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.04.002.

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Leybourne, Matthew I., Wayne D. Goodfellow, and Dan R. Boyle. "Sulphide oxidation and groundwater transport of base metals at the Halfmile Lake and Restigouche Zn–Pb massive sulphide deposits, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick." Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis 2, no. 1 (February 2002): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1467-787302-005.

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Solomon, Mike. "Brine pool deposition for the Zn–Pb–Cu massive sulphide deposits of the Bathurst mining camp, New Brunswick, Canada. I. Comparisons with the Iberian pyrite belt." Ore Geology Reviews 33, no. 3-4 (June 2008): 329–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2007.04.001.

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Lalonde, Erik, and Georges Beaudoin. "Petrochemistry, hydrothermal alteration, mineralogy, and sulfur isotope geochemistry of the Turgeon Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, northern New Brunswick, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 4 (April 2015): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2014-0093.

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The Turgeon deposit is a mafic-type, Cu–Zn volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit. It is hosted by Middle Ordovician pillow basalts of the Devereaux Formation of the Fournier Group within the Elmtree-Belledune inlier, near the Bathurst Mining Camp (BMC) in northern New Brunswick, Canada. The Turgeon deposit consists of two Cu–Zn massive sulfide lenses (“100m Zn”, “48-49”) composed of pyrite, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and sphalerite, which are underlain by chalcopyrite–pyrite stockwork veins. Pyrite is overprinted and replaced by chalcopyrite in the stockwork and vent complex sulfide facies, where both minerals are enriched in Se and Co relative to pyrite and chalcopyrite in the massive pyrite and breccia sulfide facies. In, Se, and Co display a positive covariation with Cu, whereas Zn displays a positive covariation with Cd. Trace element geochemistry indicates that the host rocks are primarily tholeiitic basalts and andesites that have signatures between that of mid-ocean ridge basalt and island-arc tholeiite. The hanging wall rhyolite plots as an ocean ridge rhyolite and is geochemically similar to VMS-bearing FIIIa-type rhyolites. Hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblages in the footwall basalts proximal to mineralization are dominantly chlorite ± quartz in the stockwork zone, which is characterized by compositional gains in Fe and Mg and losses in Na and Ca. The chlorite-altered basalts and andesites have undergone up to 35% mass loss. Stockwork chlorite is an Fe-rich chamosite, whereas chlorite in the massive sulfides is a Mg-rich clinochlore. Chlorite geothermometry yields temperatures of 329–361 °C for chamosite and 246–286 °C for clinochlore. Sulfides at Turgeon have an average δ34SCDT of +6.9‰ (range: +5.8‰ to +10‰), indicating that sulfur was mostly derived from thermochemical reduction of Ordovician seawater sulfate. The Turgeon VMS deposit differs from those of the BMC, which is a reflection of their different tectonic settings; but it is similar to other mafic-type VMS deposits, such as the Betts Cove, Tilt Cove, and Rambler VMS deposits in Newfoundland, Canada.

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WEST, DAVID P., RAYMOND A. COISH, and PAUL B. TOMASCAK. "Tectonic setting and regional correlation of Ordovician metavolcanic rocks of the Casco Bay Group, Maine: evidence from trace element and isotope geochemistry." Geological Magazine 141, no. 2 (March 2004): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756803008562.

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Ordovician metamorphic rocks of the Casco Bay Group are exposed in an approximately 170 km long NE-trending belt (Liberty-Orrington belt) in southern and south-central Maine. Geochemical analysis of rocks within the Spring Point Formation (469±3 Ma) of the Casco Bay Group indicate that it is an assemblage of metamorphosed bimodal volcanic rocks. The mafic rocks (originally basalts) have trace element and Nd isotopic characteristics consistent with derivation from a mantle source enriched by a crustal and/or subduction component. The felsic rocks (originally rhyolites and dacites) were likely generated through partial melting of continental crust in response to intrusion of the mafic magma. Relatively low initial εNd values for both the mafic (−1.3 to +0.6) and felsic (−4.1 to −3.8) rocks suggest interactions with Gander zone continental crust and support a correlation between the Casco Bay Group and the Bathurst Supergroup in the Miramichi belt of New Brunswick. This correlation suggests that elements of the Early to Middle Ordovician Tetagouche-Exploits back-arc basin can be traced well into southern Maine. A possible tectonic model for the evolution of the Casco Bay Group involves the initiation of arc volcanism in Early Ordovician time along the Gander continental margin on the eastern side of the Iapetus Ocean basin. Slab rollback and trenchward migration of arc magmatism initiated crustal thinning and rifting of the volcanic arc around 470 Ma and resulted in the eruption of the Spring Point volcanic rocks in a back-arc tectonic setting.

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McCutcheon, Steven R., and James A. Walker. "Great Mining Camps of Canada 7. The Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Part 1: Geology and Exploration History." Geoscience Canada, October 31, 2019, 137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2019.46.150.

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The Bathurst Mining Camp of northern New Brunswick is approximately 3800 km2 in area, encompassed by a circle of radius 35 km. It is known worldwide for its volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits, especially for the Brunswick No. 12 Mine, which was in production from 1964 to 2013. The camp was born in October of 1952, with the discovery of the Brunswick No. 6 deposit, and this sparked a staking rush with more hectares claimed in the province than at any time since. In 1952, little was known about the geology of the Bathurst Mining Camp or the depositional settings of its mineral deposits, because access was poor and the area was largely forest covered. We have learned a lot since that time. The camp was glaciated during the last ice age and various ice-flow directions are reflected on the physiographic map of the area. Despite abundant glacial deposits, we now know that the camp comprises several groups of Ordovician predominantly volcanic rocks, belonging to the Dunnage Zone, which overlie older sedimentary rocks belonging to the Gander Zone. The volcanic rocks formed during rifting of a submarine volcanic arc on the continental margin of Ganderia, ultimately leading to the formation of a Sea of Japan-style basin that is referred to as the Tetagouche-Exploits back-arc basin. The massive sulphide deposits are mostly associated with early-stage, felsic volcanic rocks and formed during the Middle Ordovician upon or near the sea floor by precipitation from metalliferous fluids escaping from submarine hot springs. The history of mineral exploration in the Bathurst Mining Camp can be divided into six periods: a) pre-1952, b) 1952-1958, c) 1959-1973, d) 1974-1988, and e) 1989-2000, over which time 45 massive sulphide deposits were discovered. Prior to 1952, only one deposit was known, but the efforts of three men, Patrick (Paddy) W. Meahan, Dr. William J. Wright, and Dr. Graham S. MacKenzie, focused attention on the mineral potential of northern New Brunswick, which led to the discovery of the Brunswick No. 6 deposit in October 1952. In the 1950s, 29 deposits were discovered, largely resulting from the application of airborne surveys, followed by ground geophysical methods. From 1959 to 1973, six deposits were discovered, mostly satellite bodies to known deposits. From 1974 to 1988, five deposits were found, largely because of the application of new low-cost analytical and geophysical techniques. From 1989 to 2000, four more deposits were discovered; three were deep drilling targets but one was at surface. RÉSUMÉLe camp minier de Bathurst, dans le nord du Nouveau-Brunswick, s’étend sur environ 3 800 km2 à l’intérieur d’un cercle de 35 km de rayon. Il est connu dans le monde entier pour ses gisements de sulfures massifs volcanogènes, en particulier pour la mine Brunswick n° 12, exploitée de 1964 à 2013. Le camp est né en octobre 1952 avec la découverte du gisement Brunswick n° 6 et a suscité une ruée au jalonnement sans précédent avec le plus d’hectares revendiqués dans la province qu’à présent. En 1952, on savait peu de choses sur la géologie du camp minier de Bathurst ou sur les conditions de déposition de ses gisements minéraux, car l’accès était très limité et la zone était en grande partie recouverte de forêt. Nous avons beaucoup appris depuis cette période. Le camp était recouvert de glace au cours de la dernière période glaciaire et diverses directions d’écoulements glaciaires sont révélées sur la carte physiographique de la région. Malgré des dépôts glaciaires abondants, nous savons maintenant que le camp comprend plusieurs groupes de roches ordoviciennes à prédominance volcanique, appartenant à la zone Dunnage, qui recouvrent de plus vieilles roches sédimentaires de la zone Gander. Les roches volcaniques se sont formées lors du rifting d’un arc volcanique sous-marin sur la marge continentale de Ganderia, ce qui a finalement abouti à la formation d’un bassin de type mer du Japon, appelé bassin d’arrière-arc de Tetagouche-Exploits. Les gisements de sulfures massifs sont principalement associés aux roches volcaniques felsiques de stade précoce et se sont formés au cours de l’Ordovicien moyen sur ou proche du plancher océanique par la précipitation de fluides métallifères s’échappant de sources chaudes sous-marines. L’histoire de l’exploration minière dans le camp minier de Bathurst peut être divisée en six périodes: a) antérieure à 1952, b) 1952-1958, c) 1959-1973, d) 1974-1988 et e) 1989-2000, au cours desquelles 45 dépôts de sulfures massifs ont été découverts. Avant 1952, un seul dépôt était connu, mais les efforts de trois hommes, Patrick (Paddy) W. Meahan, William J. Wright et Graham S. MacKenzie, ont attiré l’attention sur le potentiel minier du nord du Nouveau-Brunswick, ce qui a conduit à la découverte du gisement Brunswick n° 6 au mois d’octobre 1952. Dans les années 50, 29 gisements ont été découverts, résultant en grande partie de l’utilisation de levés aéroportés, suivis de campagnes géophysiques terrestres. De 1959 à 1973, six gisements ont été découverts. Ce sont essentiellement des formations satellites de gisements connus. De 1974 à 1988, cinq gisements ont été découverts, principalement grâce à l’utilisation de nouvelles techniques analytiques et géophysiques peu coûteuses. De 1989 à 2000, quatre autres gisements ont été découverts. Trois étaient des cibles de forage profondes, mais l’un était à la surface.

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De Roo, J. A., C. Moreton, P. F. Williams, and C. R. Staal. "The structure of the Heath Steele Mines region, Bathurst Camp, New Brunswick." Atlantic Geology 26, no. 1 (March 1, 1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/1691.

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Fyffe, L. R. "A note on the geochemistry of some shales from the Bathurst-Newcastle Mining Camp, northern New Brunswick." Atlantic Geology 30, no. 2 (July 1, 1994). http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/2126.

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Gower, S. J., and S. R. McCutcheon. "Siluro-Devonian tectonostratigraphic relationships in the Portage Brook area, northern New Brunswick: implications for timing of deformational events in the Bathurst Mining Camp." Atlantic Geology 33, no. 1 (April 1, 1997). http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/2056.

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