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Journal articles on the topic 'Geology - Ontario - Sudbury Basin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Hearst, R. B., and W. A. Morris. "Regional gravity setting of the Sudbury Structure." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 6 (2001): 1680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1487110.

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In the vicinity of Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, the boundary between the Southern and Superior tectonic provinces is overlain by the elliptical Sudbury Structure. On the basis of gravity modeling, genesis of the Sudbury Structure has been attributed to either a magmatic origin (having a dense hidden differentiate zone) or a meteorite impact origin (there being no dense hidden mass). The difference between the two gravity models centers on the problem of regional‐residual separation. As shown by numerous previous studies, any such separation of components is nonunique. This becomes especially problematic when, as in Sudbury, a portion of the near‐surface geology has a similar orientation and dimension to more deep‐seated source. In this paper, several numerical methods (upward continuation, downward continuation, wavelength filtering, trend‐surface analysis) for determining the regional component of the gravity field associated with the Sudbury Structure have been applied and evaluated. Of the numerical methods used, the upward and downward continuation operators provided the most insight into the deep structural controls of the Sudbury Basin. Our preferred interpretation of the regional gravity field invokes a two‐component structure. Underlying the southern half of the Sudbury Structure is a laterally continuous gravity anomaly that is probably associated with a zone of uplifted Huronian volcanics. The gravity anomaly under the northern portion of the Sudbury Structure has a more restricted spatial extent. The close association between the northern limit of the gravity anomaly and the surface outcrop of the Levack Gneiss suggests the source of this anomaly is probably a slab of dense Levack Gneiss. This interpretation favors a meteorite impact origin for the Sudbury Structure.

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2

Spicer, Bill. "Geophysical signature of the Victoria property, vectoring toward deep mineralization in the Sudbury Basin." Interpretation 4, no. 3 (2016): T281—T290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2014-0190.1.

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Exploration throughout KGHM International’s Victoria property in Sudbury, Ontario, occurred over an approximate 10-year period and resulted in the discovery of the Victoria Deposit. A variety of geophysical techniques were used with varying results to detect Cu-Ni-PGE-rich ore bodies at depth. Near-surface methods supplemented traditional mapping and geologic interpretation techniques to gain an understanding of property-scale depositional environments. The use of 3C borehole EM surveying facilitated the transition from a broad exploration program, which was based on surface geophysical signatures and geologic principles toward a targeted mineral definition campaign. The presence of off-hole features within several drillholes targeting a lesser massive sulfide lens identified a mass of strong conductors approximately 1 km deep. The drilling of thin-plate forward models derived from the borehole EMs resulted in the intersection of the Victoria Deposit. The tabular deposit has a downdip extent of more than 1500 m and remains open at depth. This significant discovery is an example of the opportunity that remains at depth within the Sudbury Basin, one of the world’s most prolific mining camps.

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3

Clowes, Ron M. "Logan Medallist 5. Geophysics and Geology: An Essential Combination Illustrated by LITHOPROBE Interpretations–Part 2, Exploration Examples." Geoscience Canada 44, no. 4 (2017): 135–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2017.44.125.

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Lithoprobe (1984–2005), Canada’s national, collaborative, multidisciplinary, Earth Science research project, investigated the structure and evolution of the Canadian landmass and its margins. It was a highly successful project that redefined the nature of Earth science research in Canada. One of many contributions deriving from the project was the demonstration by example that Earth scientists from geophysics and geology, including all applicable sub-disciplines within these general study areas, must work together to achieve thorough and comprehensive interpretations of all available data sets. In Part 1, this statement was exemplified through studies involving lithospheric structures. In Part 2, it is exemplified by summarizing interpretations from six exploration-related studies derived from journal publications. In the first example, subsurface structures associated with the Guichon Creek batholith in south-central British Columbia, which hosts porphyry copper and molybdenum deposits, are better defined and related to different geological phases of the batholith. Reprocessed seismic reflection data and 2.5-D and 3-D inversions of magnetic and gravity data are combined with detailed geological mapping and drillhole information to generate the revised and improved subsurface interpretation. Research around the Bell Allard volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit in the Matagami region of northern Quebec provides the second example. A seismic reflection line over the deposit shortly after it was discovered by drilling, aided by core and geophysical logs, was acquired to test whether the deposit could be imaged. Direct detection of the ore body from the seismic section would be difficult if its location were not already known; however, structural characteristics that can be tied to lithologies from boreholes and logs were well identified. Nickel deposits and associated structures in the Thompson belt at the western limit of the Superior Province in northern Manitoba were the focus of seismic and electromagnetic (EM) studies combined with geology and physical property measurements. The combined seismic/EM image indicates that the rocks of the prospective Ospwagan Group, which have low resistivity, extend southeastward beneath the Archean gneiss and that structural culminations control the subsurface geometry of the Ospwagan Group. The Sudbury structure in Ontario is famous for its nickel deposits, the largest in the world, which formed as the result of a catastrophic meteorite impact. To help reconcile some of the enigmas and apparent contradictions surrounding studies of the structure and to develop more effective geophysical techniques to locate new deposits, Lithoprobe partnered with industry to carry out geophysical surveys combined with the extensive geological information available. A revised structural model for the Sudbury structure was generated and a 3-D seismic reflection survey identified a nickel deposit, known from drilling results, prior to any mine development. The Athabasca Basin of northwestern Saskatchewan and northeastern Alberta is one of the world’s most prolific producers of uranium from its characteristically high-grade unconformity-type deposits and is the only current uranium producer in Canada. An extensive database of geology, drillhole data and physical properties exists. Working with industry collaborators, Lithoprobe demonstrated the value of high-resolution seismic for imaging the unconformity and faults associated with the deposits. The final example involves a unique seismic reflection experiment to image the diamondiferous Snap Lake kimberlite dyke in the Slave Province of the Northwest Territories. The opportunity to study geological samples of the kimberlite dyke and surrounding rocks and to ground-truth the seismic results with drillhole data made available by the two industry collaborators enabled a case history study that was highly successful.RÉSUMÉLithoprobe (1984-2005), ce projet de recherche pancanadien, multidisciplinaire et concerté en sciences de la Terre, a étudié la structure et l'évolution de la croûte continentale canadienne et de ses marges. Ça a été un projet très réussi et qui a redéfini la nature de la recherche en sciences de la Terre au Canada. L'une des nombreuses retombées de ce projet a démontré par l'exemple que les spécialistes des sciences de la Terre en géophysique et en géologie, y compris toutes les sous-disciplines applicables dans ces domaines d'étude généraux, doivent travailler de concert afin de parvenir à une interprétation exhaustive de tous les ensembles de données disponibles. Dans la partie 1, cette approche s'est concrétisée par des études portant sur les structures lithosphériques. Dans la partie 2, elle a produit un résumé des interprétations tirées de six études liées à l'exploration à partir de publications dans des revues scientifiques. Dans le premier exemple, les structures souterraines associées au batholite du ruisseau Guichon, dans le centre-sud de la Colombie-Britannique, et qui renferme des gisements porphyriques de cuivre et de molybdène, sont maintenant mieux définies et mieux reliées aux différentes phases géologiques du batholite. Un retraitement des données de sismique réflexion, et d’inversion magnétique et gravimétrique 2,5-D et 3-D combiné à une cartographie géologique détaillée et à des données de forage ont permis une interprétation révisée et améliorée du de subsurface. La recherche autour du gisement de sulfures massifs volcanogéniques de Bell Allard de la région de Matagami, dans le nord du Québec, est un deuxième exemple. Un levé de sismique réflexion réalisé au-dessus du gisement, peu après sa découverte par forage, couplé avec des diagraphies géophysiques et de carottes, a été réalisé pour vérifier si l'ensemble pouvait donner une image du gisement. La détection directe du gisement de minerai à partir de la coupe sismique serait difficile si son emplacement n'était pas déjà connu; cependant, les caractéristiques structurales qui peuvent être liées aux lithologies déduites des forages et des diagraphies ont été bien définies. Les gisements de nickel et les structures qui y sont reliées dans la bande de Thompson, à la limite ouest de la province du Supérieur, dans le nord du Manitoba, ont fait l'objet d'études sismiques et électromagnétiques (EM), combinés à des mesures de caractéristiques géologiques et physiques. L'image sismique/EM combinée indique que les roches du groupe d’intérêt d’Ospwagan, lesquelles ont une résistivité faible, s'étendent vers le sud-est sous le gneiss archéen et, les culminations structurales contrôlent la géométrie souterraine du groupe d’Ospwagan. La structure de Sudbury, en Ontario, est réputée pour ses gisements de nickel, les plus importants au monde, lesquels se sont formés à la suite d'un impact météoritique catastrophique. Pour aider à comprendre certaines des énigmes et résoudre d’apparentes contradictions entourant les études de la structure, et pour développer des techniques géophysiques plus efficaces afin de localiser de nouveaux gisements, Lithoprobe s'est associé à l'entreprise privée pour réaliser des levés géophysiques, et les comparer aux très nombreuses informations géologiques disponibles. Une révision du modèle structural du gisement de Sudbury, ajouté à un levé sismique réflexion tridimensionnelle, ont permis de circonscrire un gisement de nickel, avant tout autre travail de développement minier. Le bassin de l'Athabasca, dans le nord-ouest de la Saskatchewan et le nord-est de l'Alberta, est l'un des producteurs d'uranium les plus prolifiques au monde provenant de gisements à haute teneur de type discordant, et est le seul producteur d'uranium au Canada. Une volumineuse base de données sur la géologie, les forages et les propriétés physiques est disponible. En collaboration avec des entreprises privées, Lithoprobe a démontré la valeur de la sismique à haute résolution pour l'imagerie de la discordance et des failles associées aux gisements. Le dernier exemple est celui d'une expérience de sismique réflexion unique visant à représenter le dyke de kimberlite diamantifère du lac Snap dans la province des Esclaves, dans les Territoires du Nord-Ouest. L'occasion d'étudier des échantillons géologiques du dyke de kimberlite, et des roches environnantes, et de valider les résultats sismiques à l'aide des données de forage mises à disposition par les deux partenaires privés, a permis une étude de cas très fructueuse.

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4

Heath, Andrew J., and Paul F. Karrow. "Northernmost (?) Glacial Lake Algonquin Series Shorelines, Sudbury Basin, Ontario." Journal of Great Lakes Research 33, no. 1 (2007): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3394/0380-1330(2007)33[264:nglass]2.0.co;2.

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5

Nriagu, Jerome O., Henry K. T. Wong, Gregory Lawson, and Peter Daniel. "Saturation of ecosystems with toxic metals in Sudbury basin, Ontario, Canada." Science of The Total Environment 223, no. 2-3 (1998): 99–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00284-8.

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6

Ames, D. E., A. Davidson, and N. Wodicka. "Geology of the Giant Sudbury Polymetallic Mining Camp, Ontario, Canada." Economic Geology 103, no. 5 (2008): 1057–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.103.5.1057.

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7

Santimano, Tasca, and Ulrich Riller. "Revisiting thrusting, reverse faulting and transpression in the southern Sudbury Basin, Ontario." Precambrian Research 200-203 (April 2012): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.01.012.

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8

Deutsch, A., R. A. F. Grieve, M. Avermann, et al. "The Sudbury Structure (Ontario, Canada): a tectonically deformed multi-ring impact basin." Geologische Rundschau 84, no. 4 (1995): 697. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005310050034.

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9

Whitehead, R. E. S., J. F. Davies, and Wayne D. Goodfellow. "Isotopic evidence for hydrothermal discharge into anoxic seawater, Sudbury basin, Ontario, Canada." Chemical Geology: Isotope Geoscience section 86, no. 1 (1990): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9622(90)90005-w.

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10

Clendenen, W. S., R. Kligfield, A. M. Hirt, and W. Lowrie. "Strain studies of cleavage development in the Chelmsford Formation, Sudbury Basin, Ontario." Tectonophysics 145, no. 3-4 (1988): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90195-3.

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11

Franklin, John A., and David Pearson. "Rock engineering for construction of Science North, Sudbury, Ontario." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 22, no. 4 (1985): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t85-064.

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This paper presents a case study of rock engineering investigations, design, and construction work for the new Science North museum in Sudbury, Ontario. While the rock work is not particularly innovative, the building construction involved singular geotechnical requirements and problems.The building sits astride a major regional fault, which has a mapped length of 56 km, a throw of over 600 m, and a shear zone 30 m wide. Inclined drilling was used to locate and characterize the shears within this zone. The paper describes the site investigation and assesses the fault's history of movement and the potential for future fault activity.Architectural requirements included excavation of a "cavern" and entrance tunnel with exposed rock faces that were to appear rough yet remain stable. Given the sheared rock, the excavation required careful blasting. No shotcrete, mesh, or other visible forms of support were permitted. Instead, the rock was stabilized by "invisible" fully resin-bonded dowels. Anchors with a working load of 500 kN each were used to pretension the piers to the rock and stabilize the rock faces beneath pier foundations. The paper describes the methods used to assess foundation bearing capacity and rock cut stability, to design the anchoring system, and to inspect and scale the footings, the tunnel, and the open-cut rock faces. Key words: rocks, foundations, blasting, site investigation, anchoring, bolting, slope stability, scaling, faults.

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12

Davies, J. F., M. V. Leroux, R. E. Whitehead, and Wayne D. Goodfellow. "Oxygen-isotope composition and temperature of fluids involved in deposition of Proterozoic sedex deposits, Sudbury Basin, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 10 (1990): 1299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-139.

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Sedex Cu–Pb–Zn deposits in the Sudbury Basin were deposited on the sea floor from fluids in which δ18O = −1‰ and at temperatures around 170 °C. Distal Mn-bearing sediments were deposited in seawater in which δ18O ≈ −3‰ and at temperatures around 125 °C. The fluids at the vent site (δ18O ≈ −1‰) probably represent a mixture of normal seawater and isotopically positive hydrothermal fluid generated in the substrate by seawater–rock reactions. The heat source responsible for convection and venting onto the sea floor and into the water column was the underlying Sudbury Irruptive, which was emplaced immediately following deposition of the Onaping Formation, directly above which the sedex deposits lie.

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13

Riller, Ulrich, and W. M. Schwerdtner. "Mid-crustal deformation at the southern flank of the Sudbury Basin, central Ontario, Canada." Geological Society of America Bulletin 109, no. 7 (1997): 841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0841:mcdats>2.3.co;2.

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Whitehead, R. E. S., J. F. Davies, and Wayne D. Goodfellow. "Lithogeochemical patterns related to sedex mineralization, Sudbury Basin, Canada." Chemical Geology 98, no. 1-2 (1992): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(92)90092-j.

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15

Griffiths, Ronald W., and W. Keller. "Benthic Macroinvertebrate Changes in Lakes near Sudbury, Ontario, following a Reduction in Acid Emissions." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 49, S1 (1992): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f92-301.

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Benthic macroinvertebrates were sampled from three lake basins before and after a reduction in acidity, a result of reduced acid emissions from the smelting industry in Sudbury, Ontario. The number of taxa and macroinvertebrate density were greater in the later surveys of the lakes than expected by chance alone. Species richness and macroinvertebrate density were higher in all littoral habitats and in profundal habitats of two lake basins. Species richness showed little change and macroinvertebrate density was lower in the profundal habitat of the third lake basin. Increased survival, probably as a result of reduced chemical toxicity, best accounted for the higher species richness and benthic density. Trout predation, through a numerical response, probably masked these responses in the profundal habitat of the third lake basin because the refuge area from predation (i.e. region of the hypolimnion low in dissolved oxygen) was small. These data indicate that biological recovery of industrially acidified lakes is possible solely by reducing emissions, provided that recolonizing species are not locally extinct.

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Miao, Xiao‐Gui, Wooil M. Moon, and B. Milkereit. "A multioffset, three‐component VSP study in the Sudbury Basin." GEOPHYSICS 60, no. 2 (1995): 341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443770.

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A multioffset, three‐component vertical seismic profiling (VSP) experiment was carried out in the Sudbury Basin, Ontario, as a part of the LITHOPROBE Sudbury Transect. The main objectives were determination of the shallow velocity structure in the middle of the Sudbury Basin, development of an effective VSP data processing flow, correlation of the VSP survey results with the surface seismic reflection data, and demonstration of the usefulness of the VSP method in a crystalline rock environment. The VSP data processing steps included rotation of the horizontal component data, traveltime inversion for velocity analysis, Radon transform for wavefield separation, and preliminary analysis of shear‐wave data. After wavefield separation, the flattened upgoing wavefields for both P‐waves and S‐waves display consistent reflection events from three depth levels. The VSP-CDP transformed section and corridor stacked section correlate well with the high‐resolution surface reflection data. In addition to obtaining realistic velocity models for both P‐ and S‐waves through least‐square inversion and synthetic seismic modeling for the Chelmsford area, the VSP experiment provided an independent estimation for the reflector dip using three component hodogram analysis, which indicates that the dip of the contact between the Chelmsford and Onwatin formations, at an approximate depth of 380 m in the Chelmsford borehole, is approximately 10.5° southeast. This study demonstrates that multioffset, three‐component VSP experiments can provide important constraints and auxiliary information for shallow crustal seismic studies in crystalline terrain. Thus, the VSP technique bridges the gap between the surface seismic‐reflection technique and well‐log surveys.

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17

Gurov, E. P., V. V. Permiakov, and B. M. French. "REMAINS OF PALEOFLORA IN THE BRECCIAS OF THE ONAPING FORMATION, SUDBURY IMPACT STRUCTURE, ONTARIO, CANADA." Geological Journal, no. 1 (April 16, 2021): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.1025-6814.2021.1.222790.

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Electron microscopic investigations of four breccia samples of the Onaping Formation, Sudbury impact structure, Canada, have been carried out for the search of possible remains of paleoflora and identification of the nature of organic matter and their composition. Two forms of plant remains were discovered in the breccias. The first form is represented by single plant particles scattered in the matrix of breccias and included in gas vesicles in devitrified glasses. These particles are leaf-shaped, stem-shaped, tubular, and spherical objects, ranging from 5-10 to 200-300 µm in size. It is supposed that algal flora inhabiting the sea basin before the Sudbury impact was the source of this form of plant residues in breccias. The second form of plant remains in breccias is represented by plant detritus in carbon-bearing fragments of mudstones included in the breccia matrix. These fragments, reaching a size to 1000-1200 µm, have irregular shapes and complicated rugged contacts with the host breccia. Plant residues in mudstones are mainly ribbon-like scraps from 3-5 to 200-300 µm long, some while rare particles have a more complex shape. The matrix of the mudstones is a heterogeneous fine-grained clay-like substance with a network of micron-wide open joint fissures. The carbon content in mudstone matrix ranges from 7-10 to 20-25 wt%. Muddy bottom sediments of the pre-impact sea basin are supposed to be a source of mudstone fragments in breccias, while the algal flora inhabited the sea during their sedimentation served as a source of plant detritus in mudstones. Fragments of mudstones and floral residues are an important source of organic carbon in breccias of the Onaping Formation. The discovery of paleofloral remains in the breccias indicates the existence of a previously unknown complex algal flora that inhabited the pre-impact sea before the impact event 1.85 billion years ago at the very end of the Paleoproterozoic. The Sudbury impact structure is comparable in size to the Chicxulub impact structure, the formation of which caused the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction. We assume that the formation of the Sudbury structure had a catastrophic impact on the paleoflora of the late Paleoproterozoic, the remnants of which were preserved in the breccias of the Onaping Formation.

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Chai, Gang, and Roger Eckstrand. "Rare-earth element characteristics and origin of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada." Chemical Geology 113, no. 3-4 (1994): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90068-x.

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19

Dixit, Sushil S., Aruna S. Dixit, and John P. Smol. "Lake Acidification Recovery can be Monitored using Chrysophycean Microfossils." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46, no. 8 (1989): 1309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f89-168.

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Chrysophyte scales in a sediment core from Swan Lake, Sudbury, Ontario were studied to examine their sensitivity for inference of recent lakewater pH change. The study indicates that, corresponding to an increase in metal mining and smelting activity in the Sudbury basin, lake acidification commenced in 1940. However, as a result of reductions in SO2 emissions in the early 1970's, the lake's pH has recovered from its chronic low pH of 4.0 in 1977 to its high of 5.6 in 1987. The chrysophyte-inferred pH recovery mirrors the increase in measured lakewater pH. The study identifies the potential of chrysophytes to document recent pH recovery in soft-water lakes containing undisturbed sediments. The approach offers promise for understanding the response in lakes of poorly buffered regions to decreased atmospheric loadings of SO2 and in establishing and implementing SO2 mitigation standards.

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Hirt, A. M., W. Lowrie, W. S. Clendenen, and R. Kligfield. "The correlation of magnetic anisotropy with strain in the Chelmsford Formation of the Sudbury Basin, Ontario." Tectonophysics 145, no. 3-4 (1988): 177–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90194-1.

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KARROW, P. F. "Valley terraces and Huron basin water levels, southwestern Ontario." Geological Society of America Bulletin 97, no. 9 (1986): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1986)97<1089:vtahbw>2.0.co;2.

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22

Clark, M. D., U. Riller, and W. A. Morris. "Upper-crustal, basement-involved folding in the East Range of the Sudbury Basin, Ontario, inferred from paleomagnetic data and spatial analysis of mafic dykes." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 49, no. 9 (2012): 1005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e2012-045.

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Tilting of crystalline basement rocks associated with folding strain at uppermost crustal levels is difficult to recognize if basement rocks are devoid of traceable marker planes. Here we use the spatial variation in strike of Paleoproterozoic mafic dyke segments complemented by compiled paleomagnetic data to identify tilting in Archean basement rocks associated with kilometre-scale folds of the eastern Sudbury Basin, Ontario. Spatial analysis of the strike of dyke segments is consistent with generation of the NE lobe and a newly identified anticline, referred to as the West Bay Anticline, in the layered Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC). This anticline accounts better for the structural characteristics of the eastern Sudbury Basin than a previously proposed anticline with west-plunging hinge line. The West Bay Anticline is characterized by abrupt plan-view thickness variations in the lower SIC and curved faults displaying significant strike separations of SIC contacts. These structural characteristics are consistent with folding strain imparted to the SIC and adjacent Archean rocks during formation of the West Bay Anticline. Sublayer embayments and associated quartz diorite dykes likely served as zones of mechanical weaknesses, at which the higher-order folds localized. Unfolding magnitudes of the NE lobe based on primary paleomagnetic remanence directions are significantly smaller than inferred magnitudes that are based on the assumption that the basal SIC contact was initially planar. Thus, the basal SIC contact in the NE lobe likely had a trough-like geometry at the time of remanence acquisition. We advocate a scenario for the formation of the NE lobe, in which the trough geometry of the SIC is primary rather than a consequence of tilting prior to solidification of, and remanence acquisition in, the SIC. Finally, we caution the interpretation of photo lineaments in eroded basement terranes purely as a consequence of faulting.

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23

Klimczak, Christian, Andrea Wittek, Daniel Doman, and Ulrich Riller. "Fold origin of the NE-lobe of the Sudbury Basin, Canada: Evidence from heterogeneous fabric development in the Onaping Formation and the Sudbury Igneous Complex." Journal of Structural Geology 29, no. 11 (2007): 1744–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.09.003.

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24

Lazorek, Michael, Nick Eyles, Carolyn Eyles, Mike Doughty, Elizabeth L'Heureux, and Berndt Milkereit. "Late Quaternary seismo-stratigraphy of Lake Wanapitei, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada: Arguments for a possible meteorite impact origin." Sedimentary Geology 192, no. 3-4 (2006): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2006.04.010.

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25

Martini, I. Peter, and John R. Bowlby. "Geology of the Lake Ontario Basin: A Review and Outlook." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 8 (1991): 1503–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-179.

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Lake Ontario, located at the northern margin of the Appalachian Basin, occupies a deep trough cut by rivers and glaciers into early to mid-Paleozoic limestones and shales. It is still being affected by movements along faults which have probably been active since late Precambrian (more than 600 million yr ago), as evidenced by small faults, "pop-ups" (small domes and anticlines) involving bedrock, Pleistocene drift (glacial and nonglacial deposits) and recent lacustrine sediments, and many small earthquakes (up to intensity V in the Mercalli scale). Infrequent large earthquakes may damage buildings and trigger slumps along coastal bluffs and subaqueous lacustrine slopes. Fractures generated by such crustal movements may become pathways for groundwater and leakage of stored dangerous substances. The lake receives sands from shore erosion of Pleistocene drift and silts and clays from rivers crossing vast Pleistocene lacustrine plains subjected to agricultural practices. Some of the nearshore, subaqueous sand deposits cannot be readily exploited for aggregates because shore erosion may be triggered and valuable ecosystems can be destroyed. Clays mop up pollutants, in part storing them in depocenters such as lagoons, marshes, and the deep lacustrine basins, and in part exporting them to the St. Lawrence River system.

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26

Clark, Martin D., and Ulrich Riller. "Significance of first-order faults in folding mechanically isotropic layers: Evidence from the Sudbury Basin, Canada." Journal of Structural Geology 95 (February 2017): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2016.12.010.

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27

Dahl, Peter S., Michael A. Hamilton, Joseph L. Wooden, et al. "2480 Ma mafic magmatism in the northern Black Hills, South Dakota: a new link connecting the Wyoming and Superior cratons." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43, no. 10 (2006): 1579–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e06-066.

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The Laramide Black Hills uplift of southwest South Dakota exposes a Precambrian crystalline core of ~2560–2600 Ma basement granitoids nonconformably overlain by two Paleoproterozoic intracratonic rift successions. In the northern Black Hills, a 1 km thick, layered sill (the Blue Draw metagabbro) that intrudes the older rift succession provides a key constraint on the timing of mafic magmatism and of older rift-basin sedimentation. Ion microprobe spot analyses of megacrysts of magmatic titanite from a horizon of dioritic pegmatite in the uppermost sill portion yield a 207Pb/206Pb upper-intercept age of 2480 ± 6 Ma (all age errors ±2σ), comparable to two-point 207Pb/206Pb errorchron ages obtained by Pb stepwise leaching of the same titanites. Nearly concordant domains in coexisting magmatic zircon yield apparent spot ages ranging from 2458 ± 16 to 2284 ± 20 Ma (i.e., differentially reset along U–Pb concordia), and hornblende from an associated metadiorite yields a partially reset date with oldest apparent-age increments ranging between 2076 ± 16 and 2010 ± 8 Ma. We interpret these data as indicating that an episode of gabbroic magmatism occurred at 2480 Ma, in response to earlier rifting of the eastern edge of the Wyoming craton. Layered mafic intrusions of similar thickness and identical age occur along a rifted belt in the southern Superior craton (Sudbury region, Ontario). Moreover, these mafic intrusions are spatially aligned using previous supercontinent restorations of the Wyoming and Superior cratons (Kenorland–Superia configurations). This new "piercing point" augments one previously inferred by spatial–temporal correlation of the Paleoproterozoic Huronian (southern Ontario) and Snowy Pass (southeastern Wyoming) supergroups. We propose that layered mafic intrusions extending from Nemo, South Dakota, to Sudbury, Ontario, delineate an axial rift zone along which Wyoming began to separate from Superior during initial fragmentation of the Neoarchean supercontinent at ≥2480 Ma.

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McCrank, G. F. D., D. C. Kamineni, R. B. Ejeckam, and R. Sikorsky. "Geology of the East Bull Lake gabbro–anorthosite pluton, Algoma District, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 2 (1989): 357–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-034.

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The East Bull Lake Pluton, a layered gabbro–anorthosite intrusion 90 km west of Sudbury, Ontario, is in an inward-dipping lopolith and is 780 m thick in the centre and elliptical in plan view (13.5 km × 3.5 km). It intruded Archean metavolcanic and metaplutonic rocks of the Superior Province during the Early Proterozoic (2480 Ma).The intrusion consistes of a basal anorthositic unit, succeeded by rhythmic-layered gabbro, troctolite, layered gabbro, and massive and dendritic gabbro units. It is offset by the west-northwest-striking, subvertical Folson Lake fault. South of this fault, only anorthosite and massive and dendritic gabbro are exposed. North of the fault, subsurface lithologies intersected by me boreholes correlate with surface lithologies. Troctolite, the most distinctive marker that can be correlated between boreholes and surface exposures, confirms the general attitude and shape of the layers and lopolith.Chemical composition of the intrusion ranges from high-Mg tholeiite to calc-alkaline high-alumina basalts.Fractures occur in several preferred orientations, the most common being northwesterly, subparallel to the Folson Lake fault, numerous mafic dykes, and topographic lineaments. Complex fracture-filling and alteration mineralogies formed under a wide range of P–T conditions representative of epidote-amphibolite – greenschist facies, pumpellyite–prehnite facies, zeolite facies, and low-temperature rock–water interaction processes.The last movement on the Folson Lake fault was a dextral strike slip of up to 3.0 km that postdates most mafic dykes.

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Cohen, A. S., O. M. Burnham, C. J. Hawkesworth, and P. C. Lightfoot. "Pre-emplacement Re–Os ages from ultramafic inclusions in the sublayer of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario." Chemical Geology 165, no. 1-2 (2000): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00162-x.

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30

Bethune, Kathryn M. "The Sudbury dyke swarm and its bearing on the tectonic development of the Grenville Front, Ontario, Canada." Precambrian Research 85, no. 3-4 (1997): 117–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(96)00052-6.

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31

Meldrum, A., A. F. M. Abdel-Rahman, R. F. Martin, and N. Wodicka. "The nature, age and petrogenesis of the Cartier Batholith, northern flank of the Sudbury Structure, Ontario, Canada." Precambrian Research 82, no. 3-4 (1997): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(96)00055-1.

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32

Lemoine, Rick M., and James T. Teller. "Late Glacial Sedimentation and History of the Lake Nipigon Basin, Ontario." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 49, no. 2 (2007): 239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/033039ar.

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ABSTRACTThe Lake Nipigon basin lies north of the Lake Superior basin and was the hydrological link between glacial Lake Agassiz and the Great Lakes during part of the last deglaciation. A sequence of glaciolacustrine sediments, composed mainly of silt-clay rhythmites and sand, was deposited in the offshore waters of glacial Lake Nipigon by overflow from Lake Agassiz and meltwater from the retreating glacier margin. Sections from six long sediment cores and four lake bluff exposures reveal a sandy (early deglacial) lower section that is overlain by 300 to 850 silt-clay rhythmites (varves). Deposition of these varves, as well as coarser sediment along the western shore, began after 9200 BP, as the glacial margin retreated northward along the continental divide that separated the Nipigon basin from the higher Lake Agassiz basin to the west. The absence of ice rafted clasts in the rhythmites suggests that the ice had retreated from the lake by the time they were deposited. On the basis of their elevation in relation to the lowest raised beach at West Bay, which formed about 9000 BP, most rhythmites probably were deposited between 9000 and 8000 BP. Species of arboreal pollen are present in early postglacial sediments of the Nipigon-Superior lowlands, suggesting that the Lake Nipigon region became colonized by coniferous and deciduous forests soon after déglaciation. The presence of non-arboreal pollen species suggest that these forests were interspersed with open meadows and grasslands, similar to today's floral assemblages. Fossil molluscs recovered from glaciolacustrine sand exposed along the eastern side of the basin suggest that the limnological characteristics of late glacial Lake Nipigon were similar to those of today.

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Davidson, A. "The Chief Lake complex revisited, and the problem of correlation across the Grenville Front south of Sudbury, Ontario." Precambrian Research 107, no. 1-2 (2001): 5–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-9268(00)00152-2.

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34

McDaniel, D. K., S. R. Hemming, S. M. McLennan, and G. N. Hanson. "Resetting of neodymium isotopes and redistribution of REEs during sedimentary processes: The Early Proterozoic Chelmsford Formation, Sudbury Basin, Ontario, Canada." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, no. 2 (1994): 931–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(94)90516-9.

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35

Lotter, N. O., D. L. Kowal, M. A. Tuzun, P. J. Whittaker, and L. Kormos. "Sampling and flotation testing of Sudbury Basin drill core for process mineralogy modelling." Minerals Engineering 16, no. 9 (2003): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-6875(03)00207-3.

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36

RICKARD, J. H. "Cu-Ni-PGE Mineralization within the Copper Cliff Offset Dike, Copper Cliff North Mine, Sudbury, Ontario: Evidence for Multiple Stages of Emplacement." Exploration and Mining Geology 10, no. 1-2 (2001): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/10.1-2.111.

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37

Ali, Mosaad, Shulin Sun, Wei Qian, et al. "Borehole resistivity and induced polarization tomography at the Canadian Shield for Mineral Exploration in north-western Sudbury." E3S Web of Conferences 168 (2020): 00002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016800002.

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Mineral exploration in the Canadian shield is a major challenge nowadays. This is because of the thick overburden cover and complex geology. Borehole tomography using resistivity and induced polarization (BHDCIP) method has a big advantage here due to that the data is acquired underneath the cover and data quality, in general, is superior to that acquired at the surface. BHDCIP provides good resistivity and chargeability data, which can identify mineralization easily. In this study, the BHDCIP survey with high-resolution data was carried out to identify mineralization zones in the McCreedy West zone, north-western Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Two and three-dimensional (2-D and 3-D) inversion results of three boreholes clearly revealed the mineralization zones and that harmonised with previous geological studies in the study area. The BHDCIP method provided insight and developed an informative subsurface map to identify the mineralization zones, thus proving it as a beneficial tool used for mineral exploration in complex geology with a minimal data survey and an irregular geometrical distribution.

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38

Rivard, Benoit, Jilu Feng, E. Ann Gallie, and Helen Francis. "Ore detection and grade estimation in the Sudbury mines using thermal infrared reflectance spectroscopy." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 6 (2001): 1691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1487111.

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This pilot study investigated the usefulness of thermal infrared reflectance (TIR) spectroscopy to estimate ore grade in an underground environment and to separate ore‐bearing samples from their host rocks. Work was carried out under laboratory conditions to test the initial concept; all samples had naturally broken faces to mimic the situation in a freshly blasted underground opening. A total of 26 samples, including massive and disseminated ores, were collected from eight mines around the Sudbury basin in Ontario. Rock surfaces were measured wet and dry to address environmental conditions encountered underground. To separate barren rocks from ores and for ore‐grade estimation, an important finding of this research is that, in the region of [Formula: see text], most known silicate minerals converge to a common reflectance minima (<1.5%), but massive and disseminated sulfides have distinctly higher reflectance. Individual sulfide minerals (chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, pentlandite), however, do not reveal diagnostic features in this spectral region. When sulfides are disseminated in the host rock, the average reflectance of the rock increases but the correlation with abundance is not systematic. However, sulfide concentration as a function of continuum‐removed reflectance (CRR) is systematic. The empirical correlation between CRR at [Formula: see text] versus the total sulfide concentration, estimated via thin‐section point counts, gives a coefficient of determination value [Formula: see text] of 0.93 for measurement of dry and wet surfaces when averaged. Similar results are observed when dry and wet locations are analyzed separately. The relationship demonstrates the feasibility to estimate total sulfide concentration from TIR reflectance data even when samples are wet.

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Hashmi, Sarah, Matthew I. Leybourne, Daniel Layton-Matthews, Stewart Hamilton, M. Beth McClenaghan, and Alexandre Voinot. "Surficial geochemical and mineralogical signatures of Ni-Cu-PGE deposits in glaciated terrain: Examples from the South Range of the Sudbury Igneous Complex, Ontario, Canada." Ore Geology Reviews 137 (October 2021): 104301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104301.

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40

Eyles, Nicholas, and Bryan M. Clark. "Significance of hummocky and swaley cross-stratification in late Pleistocene lacustrine sediments of the Ontario basin, Canada." Geology 14, no. 8 (1986): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<679:sohasc>2.0.co;2.

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41

Coniglio, Mario, ROB Frizzell, and Brian R. Pratt. "Reef-capping laminites in the Upper Silurian carbonate- to-evaporite transition, Michigan Basin, south-western Ontario." Sedimentology 51, no. 3 (2004): 653–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2004.00641.x.

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42

SHARMA, SAJAL, GEORGE R. DIX, and MIKE VILLENEUVE. "Petrology and potential tectonic significance of a K-bentonite in a Taconian shale basin (eastern Ontario, Canada), northern Appalachians." Geological Magazine 142, no. 2 (2005): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675680400041x.

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A 6 cm thick K-bentonite, herein defined as the Russell Bed, occurs in an Upper Ordovician deep-basin shale succession in eastern Ontario, Canada, forming part of the distal Taconic foreland in eastern North America. The bed lies within the pygmaeus graptolite Biozone, which is about 451 to 452 Ma in age. Although some bentonites are reported from this interval in eastern North America, we are reporting the first set of compositional data for a bentonite of this age. Gamma-log correlation identifies a potential minimum distribution area of <2×105 km2 for the K-bentonite, covering part of southern Quebec, New York State and eastern Ontario. The deposit coincides with the first influx of distal turbdites into this shale basin, associated with Taconic flysch, and simultaneous abrupt ventilation of the once anoxic deep-water basin, which had formed initially after foundering of the Upper Ordovician carbonate platform. Concurrent intrabasinal extinction of several graptolite species suggests that change in sedimentation, palaeoceanography and volcanism were linked to a regional external process. Compositionally, the bentonite is distinct from the older Ordovician platform deposits in eastern North America. The deposit contains abundant titaniferous phlogopite with 1.6% BaO, fluoroapatite with 2.5% F, and dynamically shaped glass spherules now altered to clay. The spherules and clay matrix constitute 45% of the bed and, compositionally, define an illite (>90%)–smectite (I/S) structure with about 7.5% K2O%. Age-dating by Ar–Ar analysis of the phlogopite crystals yielded a younger than expected (440–445 Ma) age. This difference, along with evidence of localized chloritization of phlogopite, likely reflects known post-Ordovician hydrothermal activity within the basin. On the basis of several geochemical proxies, the magmatic source of the Russell K-bentonite falls within the trachyandesite field and was Ba-enriched. Comparison of geochemistry and mineralogy with older, Middle to Late Ordovician and younger Early Silurian K-bentonites within the Taconic orogen along eastern Laurentia and Baltica reveals that the potential source magma for the Russell Bed was more mafic, more alkaline, and less fractionated than sources typical of older (platform) bentonites. Instead, it is more similar to the younger Llandovery bentonites of Scandinavia and Scotland. It remains uncertain if it signals local or regional compositional change in volcanic source in the northern Appalachians.

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43

Long, D. "The tectonostatigraphic evolution of the Huronian basement and the subsequent basin fill: geological constraints on impact models of the Sudbury event." Precambrian Research 129, no. 3-4 (2004): 203–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2003.10.003.

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44

Sharpe, David R., and Peter J. Barnett. "Significance of Sedimentological Studies on the Wisconsinan Stratigraphy of Southern Ontario." Géographie physique et Quaternaire 39, no. 3 (2007): 255–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/032607ar.

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ABSTRACTDetailed facies mapping along Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Bluffs, plus other studies illustrate that sedimentological studies, especially those with geomorphic or landform control, have had three main effects on the Wisconsinan stratigraphy of Ontario: (1) improved understanding of depositional processes and environments of several major rock stratigraphic units, without altering the stratigraphic framework, (2) aided correlation of drift sequences, and (3) questioned previous interpretations and stratigraphic correlations of drift sequences. Thus sedimentological analysis can not be separated from stratigraphy because the interpretation of depositional environnments of many mapped strata relies on their geometry and the inclusion of regional data. The geomorphic control provided by sedimentological study of surface landforms is also important because assessment of older buried sediments such as those at the Scarborough Bluffs has been hampered by the failure to determine landform control. The Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy of Southern Ontario generally remains unchanged, except for questions on the role of climate versus ice margin dynamics. The pre-Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy is scarce and not well defined, yet sedimentary studies support the presence of glacial ice in the Ontario Lake basin for all of the Middle Wisconsinan and possibly earlier, including the formation of the Scarborough delta. Large channel cut and fill sequences in the Toronto area (Pottery Road Formation), initially interpreted as resulting from subaerial erosion, were probably formed by subaqueous or subglacial meltwater erosion. If so, the pre-Late Wisconsinan stratigraphy in southern Ontario changes because the Pottery Road Formation may not be an Early Wisconsinan correlative of the St. Pierre beds. The channel example illustrates that stratigraphie correlation without sedimentological investigations may be misleading.

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45

Olaniyan, Oladele, Richard S. Smith, and Bruno Lafrance. "A constrained potential field data interpretation of the deep geometry of the Sudbury structure." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 7 (2014): 715–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0212.

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Two coincident high-resolution airborne gravity and magnetic profiles of the Sudbury structure were forward modelled to better understand the geology of the structure at depth. A north–south profile was used to further investigate the deep geological setting of the Sudbury Igneous Complex (SIC) along Lithoprobe seismic transect, while an east–west profile was selected to examine a discontinuity in the magnetic and gravity fields near the centre of the SIC in the North Range. Constraints imposed on the best-fit model were the location of surface magnetic contacts, interpreted seismic and geological sections, and petrophysical data acquired from surface and borehole data. The constrained model computed for the north–south profile, elements of which are consistent with known Lithoprobe seismic reflectors, defines a north-verging fold in the deeper portion of the SIC. It may have developed during the modification of the initial geometry of the SIC by either a post-SIC thick-skinned basement shortening event, or by a compressive event that puts the tholeiitic basalts of the Elliot Lake Group against the SIC during the Penokean orogeny. The interpreted deep-seated basal folding explains the changes in dip of the seismic reflectors of the Archean basement and the SIC at about 4–8 km depth that were not fully accounted for in previous models of the Sudbury structure. This deformational event is interpreted to displace the base of the SIC rocks northwards to the depth of about 5 km, which is now reflected by a linear gravity high within the southern part of the Sudbury Basin. Lithological fence diagrams of the two interpreted sections, across and along a magnetic anomaly located in the northwest portion of the SIC, show that features of the observed anomaly pattern can be explained by a series of closely spaced deep-seated growth faults trending north around the Sandcherry fault, which has been previously interpreted as a reactivated pre-impact fault that affects the thickness and topography of both the SIC and highly magnetic Levack Gneiss Complex in that locality.

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46

Osinski, Gordon R., Richard A. F. Grieve, Patrick J. A. Hill, et al. "Explosive interaction of impact melt and seawater following the Chicxulub impact event." Geology 48, no. 2 (2019): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46783.1.

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Abstract The impact of asteroids and comets with planetary surfaces is one of the most catastrophic, yet ubiquitous, geological processes in the solar system. The Chicxulub impact event, which has been linked to the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction marking the beginning of the Cenozoic Era, is arguably the most significant singular geological event in the past 100 million years of Earth’s history. The Chicxulub impact occurred in a marine setting. How quickly the seawater re-entered the newly formed basin after the impact, and its effects of it on the cratering process, remain debated. Here, we show that the explosive interaction of seawater with impact melt led to molten fuel–coolant interaction (MFCI), analogous to what occurs during phreatomagmatic volcanic eruptions. This process fractured and dispersed the melt, which was subsequently deposited subaqueously to form a series of well-sorted deposits. These deposits bear little resemblance to the products of impacts in a continental setting and are not accounted for in current classification schemes for impactites. The similarities between these Chicxulub deposits and the Onaping Formation at the Sudbury impact structure, Canada, are striking, and suggest that MFCI and the production of volcaniclastic-like deposits is to be expected for large impacts in shallow marine settings.

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47

Beavon, Roy V. "Archean neptunian fissures and early history of the Destor-Porcupine fault zone, Timmins, Ontario, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 35, no. 12 (1998): 1402–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e98-073.

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Neptunian dikes and fissures are intimately associated with a minor Archean sedimentary basin near Timmins, Ontario, in the southwestern part of Abitibi Subprovince of the Canadian Shield. These structures are associated with the late Archean Timiskaming unconformity, and were formed by clastic sedimentation in fissures opened by the reactivation and dilation of basement faults along a major crustal shear. A "pull-apart" origin is indicated for the sedimentary basin by published township maps and the underground geology of the Dome gold mine. The neptunian dikes and fissures are discussed in relation to previous stratigraphic and tectonic interpretations of the Timmins area.

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48

Abdellah, Wael, Hani S. Mitri, Denis Thibodeau, and Lindsay Moreau-Verlaan. "Stability of mine development intersections — a probabilistic analysis approach." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 51, no. 2 (2014): 184–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0123.

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Mine developments, such as haulage drifts, cross-cuts, and intersections, are the only way to access valuable ore from mining zones; they link mine developments with the nearest ore access points. Thus, they must remain stable throughout their service life or production plan. Mine development instability can cause production delay, loss of reserves, as well as damage to equipment and injury to miners. This paper presents a stepwise methodology to assess the stability of mine development intersections with respect to the mine production plan. A case study, the #1 Shear East orebody at Vale Garson Mine in Sudbury, Ontario, is presented. A three-dimensional, elastoplastic, finite difference model (FLAC 3D) is created to simulate the development of an intersection situated 1.5 km below ground surface. The unsatisfactory performance of the intersection is evaluated in terms of strength-to-stress ratio with respect to mining sequence. A failure criterion is defined by a minimum strength-to-stress ratio of 1.4, and is used for mine developments (temporary openings). The intersection stability is evaluated at various mining stages and the modified “point-estimate method” (PEM) of (2n2 + 1) is then invoked to study the probability of drift instability at the intersection. The results are presented and categorized with respect to probability, instability, and mining stage.

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Shore, Jennifer A. "Modelling the circulation and exchange of Kingston Basin and Lake Ontario with FVCOM." Ocean Modelling 30, no. 2-3 (2009): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocemod.2009.06.007.

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50

Sperner, Blanka, and Peter Zweigel. "Comment on “Significance of first-order faults in folding mechanically isotropic layers: Evidence from the Sudbury Basin, Canada”, by Clark and Riller (2017), Journal of Structural Geology, 95, 113–126." Journal of Structural Geology 115 (October 2018): 263–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2017.12.002.

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