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Journal articles on the topic 'Geology - South Africa - Barberton'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Anhaeusser, C. R. "The geology and tectonic evolution of the northwest part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa: A review." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 421–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0033.

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AbstractFormations on the northwestern flank of the Barberton Greenstone Belt have hosted over 85% of all the gold recovered from the ca. 3550 to 3000 Ma Barberton Supergroup since early discoveries in 1872. This sector of the greenstone belt also happens to coincide with a complex tectonic architecture resulting from successive stages of folding and faulting superimposed onto a complex lithostratigraphy. Of particular importance has been the influence of two diapiric granitoid intrusions that caused added structural complexity following their emplacement ca. 3227 to 3250 Ma. Of these the larger Kaap Valley Pluton invaded the area north of present day Barberton town causing the separation of the greenstones into a northern arm (Jamestown Schist Belt) and a southern sector which remained attached to the main greenstone belt (Moodies Hills). The ballooning pluton produced vertical as well as horizontal flattening stresses, the latter reactivating earlier high-angle faults and resulting in subhorizontal strike-slip movements, particularly along the Barbrook Fault Zone, which acted as a right-lateral strike-slip fault. Formations north of this fault were buckled, following progressive deformation in the region known as the Sheba Hills, into major synclinal folds (Eureka and Ulundi Synclines) with folded axial planes that dip steeply to the south, southeast or east. The second granitoid intrusion (Stentor Pluton), which has been extensively modified by subsequent magmatic events, caused significant flattening of greenstone belt rocks in the northeastern part of the Barberton Greenstone Belt (Three Sisters region) as well as in other areas rimming the granitic body. Combined, the two plutons produced a wide range of interference and reactivated structures particularly affecting a triangular region extending from the Jamestown Schist Belt into the area occupied by the New Consort Gold Mine and areas to the east. This paper attempts to outline, in the simplest manner, the geological and structural evolution of the main gold-producing region of the Barberton Goldfield. The principal aim is therefore to highlight the structural influence of the diapiric plutonism and the manner in which the plutons contributed significantly to the horizontal reactivation of pre-existing regional faults, which in turn, resulted in the progressive deformation of a heterogeneous lithological terrane.

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2

de Wit, Maarten J., Harald Furnes, and Brian Robins. "Geology and tectonostratigraphy of the Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 186, no. 1-4 (April 2011): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.12.007.

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3

McLoughlin, N., E. G. Grosch, M. R. Kilburn, and D. Wacey. "Sulfur isotope evidence for a Paleoarchean subseafloor biosphere, Barberton, South Africa." Geology 40, no. 11 (November 2012): 1031–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g33313.1.

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4

Byerly, Benjamin L., Donald R. Lowe, Nadja Drabon, Matthew A. Coble, Dale H. Burns, and Gary R. Byerly. "Hadean zircon from a 3.3 Ga sandstone, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa." Geology 46, no. 11 (September 27, 2018): 967–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g45276.1.

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5

Furnes, Harald, Maarten J. de Wit, Brian Robins, and Nils Rune Sandstå. "Volcanic evolution of the upper Onverwacht Suite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 186, no. 1-4 (April 2011): 28–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2010.11.002.

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6

Robb, L. J., F. M. Meyer, C. J. Hawkesworth, and N. J. Gardiner. "Petrogenesis of Archaean granites in the Barberton region of South Africa as a guide to early crustal evolution." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 111–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0021.

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ABSTRACT The Barberton region of South Africa is characterized by a broad variety of granite types that range in age from ca. 3.5 Ga to 2.7 Ga and reflect the processes involved in the formation of Archaean continental crust on the Kaapvaal Craton. These granites are subdivided into three groups, as follows: A tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) suite diapirically emplaced at 3 450 Ma and 3 250 Ma into pre-existing metamorphosed greenstone belt material. TTG melts were derived from melting amphibolite in the lower crust, with individual plutons being emplaced at various crustal levels. The dome-and-keel geometry that characterizes the TTG-greenstone dominated crust at this time is inconsistent with a plate tectonic domain and reworking was likely controlled by gravity inversion or ‘sagduction’; Regionally extensive potassic batholiths (the GMS suite) were emplaced at 3 110 Ma during a period of crustal thickening and melting of a TTG-dominated lower crust. Subsequent to emplacement of the voluminous GMS granites, the thickened continental crust had stabilized sufficiently for large sedimentary basins to form; Late granite plutons were emplaced along two distinct linear and sub-parallel arrays close to what might have been the edge of a Kaapvaal continent at 2 800 to 2 700 Ma. They are subdivided into high-Ca and low-Ca granites that resemble the I- and S-type granites of younger orogenic episodes. The high-Ca granites are consistent with derivation from older granitoids in the lower crust, whereas the low-Ca granites may have been derived by melting metasedimentary precursors in the lower-mid crust. Granites with similar characteristics are associated with a subduction zone in younger terranes, although the recognition of such a feature at Barberton remains unclear. The petrogenesis of granites in the Barberton region between 3.5 Ga and 2.7 Ga provides a record of the processes of Archaean crustal evolution and contributes to discussions related to the onset of plate tectonics.

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7

Stiegler, M. Thompson, Donald R. Lowe, and Gary R. Byerly. "Abundant pyroclastic komatiitic volcanism in the 3.5–3.2 Ga Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa." Geology 36, no. 10 (2008): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g24854a.1.

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8

Eriksson, Kenneth A., and Edward L. Simpson. "Quantifying the oldest tidal record: The 3.2 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Geology 28, no. 9 (2000): 831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<831:qtotrt>2.0.co;2.

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9

Robb, L. J., J. M. Barton, E. J. D. Kable, and R. C. Wallace. "Geology, geochemistry and isotopic characteristics of the Archaean Kaap Valley pluton, Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Precambrian Research 31, no. 1 (January 1986): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(86)90063-x.

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10

DIRKS, P. H. G. M., E. G. CHARLESWORTH, and M. R. MUNYAI. "CRATONIC EXTENSION AND ARCHAEAN GOLD MINERALISATION IN THE SHEBA-FAIRVIEW MINE, BARBERTON GREENSTONE BELT, SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 112, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2009): 291–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.3-4.291.

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11

Ishihara, Shunso, Laurence J. Robb, Carl R. Anhaeusser, and Akira Imai. "Granitoid Series in Terms of Magnetic Susceptibility: A Case Study from the Barberton Region, South Africa." Gondwana Research 5, no. 3 (July 2002): 581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70630-4.

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12

Toulkeridis, T., B. Peucker-Ehrenbrink, N. Clauer, A. Kröner, M. Schidlowski, and W. Todt. "Pb–Pb age, stable isotope and chemical composition of Archaean magnesite, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Journal of the Geological Society 167, no. 5 (September 2010): 943–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-76492009-140.

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13

Montinaro, Alice, Harald Strauss, Paul R. D. Mason, Desiree Roerdink, Carsten Münker, Ulrich Schwarz-Schampera, Nicholas T. Arndt, et al. "Paleoarchean sulfur cycling: Multiple sulfur isotope constraints from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 267 (September 2015): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2015.06.008.

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14

Lowe, Donald R., Nadja Drabon, and Gary R. Byerly. "Crustal fracturing, unconformities, and barite deposition, 3.26–3.23 Ga, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 327 (July 2019): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.02.024.

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15

Meyer, M., L. J. Robb, and C. R. Anhaeusser. "Uranium and thorium contents of Archaean granitoids from the Barberton Mountain Land, South Africa." Precambrian Research 33, no. 4 (October 1986): 303–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(86)90048-3.

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16

Nocita, Bruce W., and Donald R. Lowe. "Fan-delta sequence in the Archean Fig Tree Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 48, no. 4 (December 1990): 375–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(90)90049-v.

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17

Heubeck, Christoph, and Donald R. Lowe. "Depositional and tectonic setting of the Archean Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 68, no. 3-4 (August 1994): 257–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)90033-7.

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18

Dann, J. C. "The 3.5 Ga Komati Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, Part I: New maps and magmatic architecture." South African Journal of Geology 103, no. 1 (March 1, 2000): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/103.1.47.

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19

Kütter, S., U. Weckmann, and M. J. de Wit. "A deep electrical conductivity structure of the southern Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, derived from magnetotelluric measurements." South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 1 (March 2016): 273–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.1.273.

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20

Kröner, A., J. Wong, and H. Xie. "The oldest granite clast in the Moodies conglomerate, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa, and its likely origin." South African Journal of Geology 121, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.121.0001.

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21

Paris, I. A. "The 3.5 Ga Barberton Greenstone succession, South Africa: Implications for modelling the evolution of the Archaean crust." Geological Journal 22, S2 (1987): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350220604.

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22

Lana, Cristiano, Eric Tohver, and Peter Cawood. "Quantifying rates of dome-and-keel formation in the Barberton granitoid-greenstone belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 177, no. 1-2 (February 2010): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2009.12.001.

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23

Toulkeridis, Theofilos, Norbert Clauer, Alfred Kröner, Thomas Reimer, and Wolfgang Todt. "Characterization, provenance, and tectonic setting of Fig Tree greywackes from the Archaean Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Sedimentary Geology 124, no. 1-4 (March 1999): 113–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0037-0738(98)00123-7.

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24

Altigani, Mohammed Alnagashi Hassan. "Studies on the Ore Mineralogy and Litho-geochemistry of the Sheba Deposit, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Economic and Environmental Geology 54, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9719/eeg.2021.54.2.213.

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25

DE RONDE, CORNEL E. J., MAARTEN J. DE WIT, and EDWARD T. C. SPOONER. "Early Archean (>3.2 Ga) Fe-oxide-rich, hydrothermal discharge vents in the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa." Geological Society of America Bulletin 106, no. 1 (January 1994): 86–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1994)106<0086:eagfor>2.3.co;2.

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26

Stiegler, M. T., D. R. Lowe, and G. R. Byerly. "Fragmentation and dispersal of komatiitic pyroclasts in the 3.5-3.2 Ga Onverwacht Group, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa." Geological Society of America Bulletin 123, no. 5-6 (January 21, 2011): 1112–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b30191.1.

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27

Schneider, K. P., J. E. Hoffmann, C. Münker, M. Patyniak, P. Sprung, D. Roerdink, D. Garbe-Schönberg, and A. Kröner. "Petrogenetic evolution of metabasalts and metakomatiites of the lower Onverwacht Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt (South Africa)." Chemical Geology 511 (April 2019): 152–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2019.02.020.

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28

Grosch, Eugene G. "Metamorphic processes preserved in early Archean supracrustal rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 478, no. 1 (June 22, 2018): 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp478.15.

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29

Lowe, D. R., and G. R. Byerly. "Ironstone bodies of the Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Products of a Cenozoic hydrological system, not Archean hydrothermal vents!" Geological Society of America Bulletin 119, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2007): 65–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b25997.1.

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30

Lowe, D. R. "Crustal fracturing and chert dike formation triggered by large meteorite impacts, ca. 3.260 Ga, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa." Geological Society of America Bulletin 125, no. 5-6 (March 7, 2013): 894–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b30782.1.

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31

Pintos Cerda, Lucas, Caitlin Jones, and Alexander Kisters. "Multi-stage alteration, rheological switches and high-grade gold mineralization at Sheba Mine, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Ore Geology Reviews 127 (December 2020): 103852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103852.

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32

Oliveira, Grace Juliana Gonçalves de, Wolf Uwe Reimold, Alvaro Penteado Crósta, Natalia Hauser, Tanja Mohr-Westheide, Roald Tagle, Douglas Galante, and Felix Kaufmann. "Petrographic characterization of Archaean impact spherule layers from Fairview Gold Mine, northern Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 162 (February 2020): 103718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2019.103718.

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33

Faure, Kevin, and Chris Harris. "Oxygen and carbon isotope geochemistry of the 3.2 Ga Kaap Valley tonalite, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 52, no. 3-4 (August 1991): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(91)90085-o.

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34

Mühlberg, Moritz, Gary Stevens, Jean-François Moyen, Alex F. M. Kisters, and Cristiano Lana. "Thermal evolution of the Stolzburg Block, Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrain, South Africa: Implications for Paleoarchean tectonic processes." Precambrian Research 359 (July 2021): 106082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106082.

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35

Lowe, Donald R., Nadja Drabon, Gary R. Byerly, and Benjamin L. Byerly. "Windblown Hadean zircons derived by erosion of impact-generated 3.3 Ga uplifts, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 356 (May 2021): 106111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2021.106111.

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36

ROBINS, BRIAN, NILS R. SANDSTÅ, HARALD FURNES, and MAARTEN DE WIT. "Evidence for refilling of previously emptied basaltic pillows in the Hooggenoeg Complex, Barberton Greenstone Belt." Geological Magazine 148, no. 3 (October 26, 2010): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756810000853.

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AbstractSome large metabasaltic pillows in the uppermost part of the Palaeoarchaean Hooggenoeg Complex in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa, exhibit flow-banded margins and homogeneous cores that have a different texture and compositional variation. The margins consist of millimetre to several centimetre thick alternating bands of pale green spherulitic and darker, conspicuously variolitic varieties of non-vesicular and aphyric metabasalt, previously inferred to be due to mingling of two different types of lava. The dark cores have sharp, aphanitic contacts with the flow-banded carapaces. They lack flow banding, have coarse-grained interiors and exhibit well-preserved primary textures with pseudomorphs after prismatic pyroxene set in a groundmass containing skeletal plagioclase. The compositional range of samples from these cores is unlike that of the flow-banded metabasalt but is similar to a 19 m thick lobate metabasalt flow ~150 m stratigraphically further up, at the local top of the Hooggenoeg volcanic sequence. The pillow cores are inferred to result from the later refilling of drained hollow pillows.

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37

Huber, M. S., and G. R. Byerly. "Volcanological and petrogenetic characteristics of komatiites of the 3.3 Ga Saw Mill Complex, Weltevreden Formation, Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 121, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 463–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.121.0031.

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38

Lowe, Donald R., and Gary R. Byerly. "Ironstone pods in the Archean Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: Earth's oldest seafloor hydrothermal vents reinterpreted as Quaternary subaerial springs." Geology 31, no. 10 (2003): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g19664.1.

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39

Drabon, Nadja, Aleksandra Galić, Paul R. D. Mason, and Donald R. Lowe. "Provenance and tectonic implications of the 3.28–3.23 Ga Fig Tree Group, central Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 325 (June 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.02.010.

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40

Stoll, Emily, Nadja Drabon, and Donald R. Lowe. "Provenance and paleogeography of Archean Fig Tree siliciclastic rocks in the East-Central Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 354 (March 2021): 106041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106041.

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41

Reimer, Thomas O., Kent C. Condie, Gabriele Schneider, and Angelika Georgi. "Petrography and geochemistry of granitoid and metamorphite pebbles from the early Archaean Moodies Group, Barberton Mountainland/South Africa." Precambrian Research 29, no. 4 (July 1985): 383–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(85)90044-0.

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42

Duchac, Kathleen C., and Jeffrey S. Hanor. "Origin and timing of the metasomatic silicification of an early archean komatiite sequence, barberton mountain land, South Africa." Precambrian Research 37, no. 2 (September 1987): 125–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(87)90075-1.

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43

Stoll, Emily, Nadja Drabon, and Donald R. Lowe. "Provenance and paleogeography of Archean Fig Tree siliciclastic rocks in the East-Central Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Precambrian Research 354 (March 2021): 106041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.106041.

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44

Cutts, K. A., K. A. Maneiro, G. Stevens, and E. F. Baxter. "Metamorphic evolution for the Inyoni shear zone: Investigating the geodynamic evolution of a 3.20 Ga terrane boundary in the Barberton granitoid greenstone terrane, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0009.

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Abstract The Inyoni shear zone represents an important tectonic boundary between (i) the ca. 3.45 Ga high-pressure amphibolite facies, granite-greenstone domain south of the Barberton greenstone belt, termed the Stolzburg terrane, and (ii) the ca. 3.29 to 3.23 Ga rocks of the trondhjemitic Badplaas pluton to the west. The Stolzburg terrane is separated from the greenschist facies rocks of the rest of the Barberton greenstone belt by the Komati fault, which records >10 km uplift of the Stolzburg terrane relative to the lower-grade rocks of the greenstone belt at ca. 3.23 Ga. A number of studies within the Stolzburg terrane have documented high-pressure amphibolite facies metamorphism that occurred concurrently with exhumation, with the lowest apparent geothermal gradients documented in the Inyoni shear zone, where strong constraints on the age of metamorphism are most limited. In addition, different studies on Inyoni metamorphism have produced significantly different temperature estimates. This study utilizes garnet Sm-Nd geochronology in combination with P-T modelling to directly date the metamorphism and re-evaluate the P-T conditions of the Inyoni shear zone. Two petrologically distinct samples produce similar P-T evolutions. A heterogeneous sample with both garnet-bearing and garnet-absent domains gives up-P evolutions reaching conditions of 550 to 675°C and 7 to 10 kbar, whereas a homogenous sample containing garnet and clinopyroxene produces a similar dominantly up-P evolution reaching peak conditions of 650°C and 8 to 10 kbar. Sm-Nd garnet ages of 3 201.6 ± 4.7 Ma (MSWD = 1.02) and 3 200.3 ± 5.3 Ma (MSWD = 0.44) were obtained from two samples of the homogenous garnet and clinopyroxene-bearing amphibolite. The Sm-Nd garnet geochronology provides accurate ages for the metamorphism of the Inyoni shear zone, with age results suggesting activity on the Inyoni shear zone may have continued after the regional metamorphism at ca. 3.23 Ga previously established by zircon U-Pb geochronology. However, 147Sm decay constant uncertainty leaves open the possibility that Inyoni garnet growth could have coincided with the previously recognized 3.23 Ga regional metamorphism.

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45

Krull-Davatzes, A. E. "Compositional grading in an 3.24 Ga impact-produced spherule bed, Barberton greenstone belt, South Africa: A key to impact plume evolution." South African Journal of Geology 109, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2006): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.109.1-2.233.

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46

Lowe, D. R., G. R. Byerly, and F. T. Kyte. "Recently discovered 3.42-3.23 Ga impact layers, Barberton Belt, South Africa: 3.8 Ga detrital zircons, Archean impact history, and tectonic implications." Geology 42, no. 9 (July 25, 2014): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g35743.1.

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47

Lana, Cristiano, Ian Buick, Gary Stevens, Riana Rossouw, and Willem De Wet. "3230–3200 Ma post-orogenic extension and mid-crustal magmatism along the southeastern margin of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." Journal of Structural Geology 33, no. 5 (May 2011): 844–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2011.03.007.

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48

Westraat, JanusD, AlexanderF M. Kisters, Marc Poujol, and Gary Stevens. "Transcurrent shearing, granite sheeting and the incremental construction of the tabular 3.1 Ga Mpuluzi batholith, Barberton granite–greenstone terrane, South Africa." Journal of the Geological Society 162, no. 2 (March 2005): 373–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-026.

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49

Lana, C., A. Kisters, and G. Stevens. "Exhumation of Mesoarchean TTG gneisses from the middle crust: Insights from the Steynsdorp core complex, Barberton granitoid-greenstone terrain, South Africa." Geological Society of America Bulletin 122, no. 1-2 (September 25, 2009): 183–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b26580.1.

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50

Reimann, S., C. E. Heubeck, P. Fugmann, D. J. Janse van Rensburg, A. Zametzer, S. H. Serre, and T. B. Thomsen. "Syndepositional hydrothermalism selectively preserves records of one of the earliest benthic ecosystems, Moodies Group (3.22 Ga), Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 253–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0012.

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Abstract The ~3.22 Ga Moodies Group, Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB), South Africa, provides a unique window into Archaean sedimentary, magmatic and ecological processes. In the central BGB, a regional mafic complex, consisting of a genetically related major mafic sill, a peperitic dyke stockwork, and extensive basaltic lava flows affected thick quartzose sandstones of the Moodies Group. We argue that epithermal hydrothermalism associated with this magmatic event occurred, at least in part, syndepositionally and in places destroyed, in other places preserved the abundant benthic microbial mats in terrestrial- and coastal-facies sandstone of this unit. We differentiate four principal types of hydrothermal alteration: (1) Sericitization resulted from ubiquitous feldspar breakdown; (2) iron-oxide alteration replaced the original matrix by fine-grained iron oxide; (3) silicification replaced matrix and most non-silica grains by microcrystalline silica and locally preserved kerogenous microbial mats; and (4) hydraulic fracturing at shallow depth brecciated consolidated Moodies Group sandstone and created closely spaced, randomly oriented fractures and quartz-filled veins. Because stockwork intrusion locally interacted with unconsolidated water-saturated sediment and because the dykes connect the sill with the mafic lava but also follow zones of structural weakness, we suggest that hydrothermalism associated with this magmatic event occurred syndepositionally but was also – within the resolution of radiometric age data – contemporaneous with tight regional folding. We conclude that microbial organisms in Paleoarchaean coastal (tidal, estuarine) environments may have been formerly widespread, possibly even abundant, but are nearly nowhere preserved because they were easily degradable. Preservation of Early Archaean microbial mats in a thermal aureole in the central BGB was controlled by the “just right” degree of heating and very early hydrothermal silicification.

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