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Journal articles on the topic 'Geology - South Africa - Karoo Basin'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 27 July 2025

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1

Griffis, Neil Patrick, Isabel Patricia Montañez, Roland Mundil, et al. "Coupled stratigraphic and U-Pb zircon age constraints on the late Paleozoic icehouse-to-greenhouse turnover in south-central Gondwana." Geology 47, no. 12 (2019): 1146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46740.1.

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Abstract The demise of the Late Paleozoic Ice Age has been hypothesized as diachronous, occurring first in western South America and progressing eastward across Africa and culminating in Australia over an ∼60 m.y. period, suggesting tectonic forcing mechanisms that operate on time scales of 106 yr or longer. We test this diachronous deglaciation hypothesis for southwestern and south-central Gondwana with new single crystal U-Pb zircon chemical abrasion thermal ionizing mass spectrometry (CA-TIMS) ages from volcaniclastic deposits in the Paraná (Brazil) and Karoo (South Africa) Basins that span

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2

Jones, M. Q. W., and S. E. Scheiber-Enslin. "Heat flow in the Main Karoo Basin, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 125, no. 3-4 (2022): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.125.0022.

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Abstract The Main Karoo Basin, and its Late Carboniferous to Early Jurassic stratified fill, the Karoo Supergroup, is the largest geological entity in South Africa and one of the economically most strategic because of its coal resources and potential shale gas resources. It also has a potential future in renewable energy in the form of geothermal energy. Although the basin has not received sufficient dedicated attention from a thermal perspective, numerous heat flow studies have resulted in the gradual accumulation of a substantial data base of the thermal conductivity of the constituent rocks

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3

Bordy, E. M., S. Spelman, D. I. Cole, and P. Mthembi. "Lithostratigraphy of the Pietermaritzburg Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 2 (2017): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.2.293.

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Abstract The Lower Permian Pietermaritzburg Formation is a mudrock-dominated, upward-coarsening stratigraphic unit in the lower Ecca Group (Karoo Supergroup) in the northeastern part of the main Karoo Basin of South Africa. The formation extends over most of the KwaZulu-Natal Province, and due to its lithology and the local climate, it is usually poorly exposed; hence the description is mainly based on borehole records. From a measured thickness of about 430 m south of the type area around Pietermaritzburg, the formation thins progressively northwards and pinches out against the Dwyka Group an

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4

Rubidge, B. S., and M. O. Day. "Biostratigraphy of the Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (2020): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0010.

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Abstract The middle Permian Eodicynodon Assemblage Zone is the lowermost biozone of the Beaufort Group (Adelaide Subgroup, Karoo Supergroup) and occurs in the southwestern part of the main Karoo Basin. It is host to a diverse assemblage of basal therapsid genera of which Eodicynodon is the most abundant. The biozone reaches a maximum thickness of 1 100 m in the Prince Albert Road area and thins to the east and west. The biozone corresponds to the Combrinkskraal and Grootfontein members of the Abrahamskraal Formation, directly overlies the Waterford Formation of the Ecca Group, and records the

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5

WARREN, A. A., R. DAMIANI, and A. M. YATES. "The South African stereospondyl Lydekkerina huxleyi (Tetrapoda, Temnospondyli) from the Lower Triassic of Australia." Geological Magazine 143, no. 6 (2006): 877–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756806002524.

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The first tetrapod fossil from the Rewan Formation of the Galilee Basin, central Queensland, Australia, is identified as Lydekkerina huxleyi, a stereospondyl found elsewhere only in the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone of South Africa. Apomorphies shared with L. huxleyi are: anterior palatal vacuity with anterodorsal projections from its posterior margin; ventral surface of skull roof with series of thickened ridges (condition unknown in other lydekkerinids); and vomerine shagreen present (possible autapomorphic reversal). Restudy of the only other Australian lydekkerinid, Chomatobatrachus halei,

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6

Stone, Philip. "Geology reviewed for the Falkland Islands and their offshore sedimentary basins, South Atlantic Ocean." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 106, no. 2 (2015): 115–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691016000049.

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ABSTRACTThe position of the Falkland Islands adjacent to the South American continental margin belies the close association of their geology with that of South Africa. A Mesoproterozoic basement is unconformably overlain by a Silurian to Devonian succession of fluvial to neritic and shallow marine, siliciclastic strata. This is disconformably succeeded by a largely Permian succession that, near its base, includes a glacigenic diamictite and, thence, passes upwards into a succession of deltaic and lacustrine strata. The lithological succession and the character of its deformation bear striking

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7

Brauer, B., T. Ryberg, and A. S. Lindeque. "Shallow seismic velocity structure of the Karoo Basin, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 110, no. 2-3 (2007): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.110.2-3.439.

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8

Chabalala, Vongani, Nikki Wagner, and Nandi Malumbazo. "Application of Organic Petrology and Raman Spectroscopy in Thermal Maturity Determination of the Karoo Basin (RSA) Shale Samples." Minerals 13, no. 9 (2023): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13091199.

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An assessment performed using raman spectroscopy has found space in the black shales of the Cisuralian-age rocks of the Karoo Basin in South Africa, particularly those from the Guadalupian Ripon, Cisuralian Whitehill and Prince Albert Formations. It is used in conjunction with geochemical screening techniques such as organic petrology and programmed pyrolysis. In turn, the combination of these techniques is used for the assessment of the thermal maturity of the sedimentary organic matter from the perspective of hydrocarbon generation, retention, and expulsion. To provide further understanding

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9

Bezuidenhout, L. J., M. Doucouré, V. Wagener, et al. "Rayleigh group velocity extraction from ambient seismic noise to map the south Eastern Cape Karoo region, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (2017): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.341.

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Abstract The Karoo region of South Africa is an ideal laboratory to use ambient seismic signals to map the shallow subsurface, as it is a quiet and pristine environment with a geology that is relatively well known. Ambient seismic signals were continuously recorded for a ten week period between August and October 2015. The ambient seismic noise network consisted of two groups of 17 temporary, stand-alone seismic stations each. These were installed in the southeastern Cape Karoo region, near the town of Jansenville. Here we present data on the retrieval and coherency of Rayleigh surface waves e

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10

Viglietti, P. A., B. W. McPhee, E. M. Bordy, et al. "Biostratigraphy of the Massospondylus Assemblage Zone (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (2020): 249–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0018.

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Abstract The Massospondylus Assemblage Zone is the youngest tetrapod biozone in the Karoo Basin (upper Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup) and records one of the oldest dinosaur dominated ecosystems in southern Gondwana. Recent qualitative and quantitative investigations into the biostratigraphy of the lower and upper Elliot formations (lEF, uEF) and Clarens Formation in the main Karoo Basin resulted in the ﬁrst biostratigraphic review of this stratigraphic interval in nearly four decades, allowing us to introduce a new biostratigraphic scheme, the Massospondylus Assemblage Zone (MAZ). The MAZ

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11

Day, M. O., and R. M. H. Smith. "Biostratigraphy of the Endothiodon Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (2020): 165–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0011.

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Abstract The Endothiodon Assemblage Zone is the third oldest tetrapod biozone of the Beaufort Group (Adelaide Subgroup, Karoo Supergroup). It is situated between the underlying Tapinocephalus and overlying Cistecephalus assemblage zones and in the southwestern part of the basin corresponds to the majority of the Poortjie and Hoedemaker members of the Teekloof Formation. It is characterised by the dicynodont genus Endothiodon, especially in the lower part of assemblage zone, and records early ecosystem recovery from the Capitanian mass extinction. It also contains the lowest occurrence in the K

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12

Retallack, Gregory J., Roger M. H. Smith, and Peter D. Ward. "Vertebrate extinction across Permian–Triassic boundary in Karoo Basin, South Africa." Geological Society of America Bulletin 115, no. 9 (2003): 1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b25215.1.

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13

Viglietti, P. A., B. W. McPhee, E. M. Bordy, et al. "Biostratigraphy of the Scalenodontoides Assemblage Zone (Stormberg Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (2020): 239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0017.

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Abstract The Scalenodontoides Assemblage Zone (SAZ) is the oldest fossil tetrapod biozone of the Stormberg Group (Karoo Supergroup) and preserves the oldest dinosaur bearing deposits in the Karoo Basin. The SAZ represents a revision of the ‘Euskelosaurus’ Range Zone, whose taxonomic basis has been undermined because ‘Euskelosaurus’ is well demonstrated to be a nomen dubium. Recent qualitative and quantitative investigations into the biostratigraphy of the Elliot and Clarens formations have resulted in the ﬁrst biostratigraphic review of all lower Elliot Formation (lEF) taxa in nearly 40 years.

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14

Cadle, A. B., B. Cairncross, A. D. M. Christie, and D. L. Roberts. "The Karoo Basin of South Africa: type basin for the coal-bearing deposits of southern Africa." International Journal of Coal Geology 23, no. 1-4 (1993): 117–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(93)90046-d.

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15

Viglietti, P. A. "Biostratigraphy of the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (2020): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0014.

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Abstract The name Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone (DaAZ) is re-instated for vertebrate assemblages of the uppermost Permian strata (Balfour, upper Teekloof, and Normandien formations) of South Africa’s main Karoo Basin (MKB). This involved taxonomic revision of the dicynodontoid “Dicynodon” sensu lato, reviving Daptocephalus leoniceps, and revising the stratigraphic ranges of co-occurring index taxa (Theriognathus microps, Procynosuchus delaharpeae) of the Dicynodon Assemblage Zone (DiAZ) as it was known. This work has demonstrated the appearance of index taxa below the stratigraphically defined

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16

Wickens, H. de V., and D. I. Cole. "Lithostratigraphy of the Skoorsteenberg Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (2017): 433–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.433.

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Abstract The Middle Permian Skoorsteenberg Formation is part of the Ecca Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa. It is also known as the ‘Tanqua fan complex’ due to its origin as a deep-water sedimentation unit associated with a prograding deltaic system. The Skoorsteenberg Formation crops out over approximately 650 km2 along the western margin of the Main Karoo Basin. It thins out in a northerly and easterly direction and therefore has a limited extent with cut-off boundaries to the south and north. It is underlain by the Tierberg Formation and overlain by the Kookfontein Formation, the lat

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17

Lindeque, A. S., T. Ryberg, J. Stankiewicz, M. H. Weber, and M. J. de Wit. "Deep Crustal Seismic Reflection Experiment Across the Southern Karoo Basin, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 110, no. 2-3 (2007): 419–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.110.2-3.419.

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18

Maré, L. P., M. O. De Kock, B. Cairncross, and H. Mouri. "Magnetic evaluation of the palaeothermal variation across the Karoo Basin, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 119, no. 2 (2016): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.119.2.435.

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19

Engoren, Milo. "Vertebrate extinction across Permian-Triassic boundary in Karoo Basin, South Africa: Discussion." Geological Society of America Bulletin 116, no. 9 (2004): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b25504.1.

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20

Retallack, G. J. "Vertebrate extinction across Permian-Triassic boundary in Karoo Basin, South Africa: Reply." Geological Society of America Bulletin 116, no. 9 (2004): 1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b25614.1.

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21

Cairncross, B. "The Bivalve Megadesmus from the Permian Volksrust Shale Formation (Karoo Supergroup), northeastern Karoo Basin, South Africa: implications for late Permian Basin development." South African Journal of Geology 108, no. 4 (2005): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/108.4.547.

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22

Damiani, Ross J. "Temnospondyls from the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and Their Biostratigraphy." Gondwana Research 7, no. 1 (2004): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70315-4.

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23

Abubakre, Abosede O., and Michiel O. de Kock. "Magnetostratigraphic constraints for Early Permian rocks of the southwestern Karoo Basin, South Africa." Gondwana Research 90 (February 2021): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2020.11.009.

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24

de V. Wickens, H., and D. I. Cole. "Lithostratigraphy of the Kookfontein Formation (Ecca Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (2017): 447–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.447.

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Abstract The Permian Kookfontein Formation forms part of the upper Ecca Group in the southwestern part of the main Karoo Basin of South Africa. It occupies a stratigraphic position between the underlying Skoorsteenberg Formation and the overlying Waterford Formation, with its regional extent limited to the cut-off boundaries of the Skoorsteenberg Formation. The Kookfontein Formation has an average thickness of 200 m, coarsens upwards, and predominantly comprises dark grey shale, siltstone and thin- to thick-bedded, fine- to very fine-grained, feldspathic litharenite. Characteristic upward-coar

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25

Muedi, T., S. MacLennan, D. Szymanowski, et al. "Constraining the timescales of mafic magmatism of the Central Karoo Large Igneous Province using high precision U-Pb zircon geochronology." South African Journal of Geology 125, no. 1 (2022): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.125.0009.

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Abstract Recent U-Pb high-precision geochronological studies have shown rapid emplacement of the intrusive doleritic component of the Karoo Large Igneous Province (KLIP) in Southern Africa. However, these studies focused on a relatively small geographic and altitudinal region of the KLIP. Additionally, the timing of initiation of extrusive volcanism, preserved in the Drakensberg-Lesotho highlands and its relationship to the intrusive suite, has only been imprecisely constrained by Ar-Ar dates. Here, we present new high-resolution U-Pb zircon ages on dolerite sills and dykes from across the cen

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26

Diamond, R. E., M. A. Dippenaar, and S. Adams. "South African Hydrostratigraphy: A conceptual framework." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 3 (2019): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0027.

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Abstract South African geology, geomorphology and climate are distinctly variable, resulting in a complex hydrological cycle superimposed on equally complex ground conditions. With fractured and karstic systems dominating the hydrogeology, thick vadose zones comprising soil and rock and at highly variable moisture conditions contribute to complex hydrostratigraphic systems comprising various confining and hydraulically connected units. This paper proposed standard terminology for basic concepts pertaining to the description of ground and water in the subsurface to eventually propose a hydrostr

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27

van der Werff, W., and S. Johnson. "High resolution stratigraphic analysis of a turbidite system, Tanqua Karoo Basin, South Africa." Marine and Petroleum Geology 20, no. 1 (2003): 45–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-8172(03)00025-4.

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28

le Roux, J. P. "Genesis of stratiform UMo deposits in the Karoo Basin of South Africa." Ore Geology Reviews 7, no. 6 (1993): 485–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-1368(93)90012-n.

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29

Cairncross, B. "Tectono-sedimentary settings and controls of the Karoo Basin Permian coals, South Africa." International Journal of Coal Geology 16, no. 1-3 (1990): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(90)90031-s.

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30

de Oliveira, Daniel P. S., and R. Grant Cawthorn. "Dolerite intrusion morphology at Majuba Colliery, northeast Karoo Basin, Republic of South Africa." International Journal of Coal Geology 41, no. 4 (1999): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-5162(99)00026-9.

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31

van der Merwe, Willem C., Stephen S. Flint, and David M. Hodgson. "Sequence stratigraphy of an argillaceous, deepwater basin-plain succession: Vischkuil Formation (Permian), Karoo Basin, South Africa." Marine and Petroleum Geology 27, no. 2 (2010): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.10.007.

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32

Bordy, E. M. "Sedimentology of the Beaufort-Molteno Karoo fluvial strata in the Tuli Basin, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 105, no. 1 (2002): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/1050051.

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33

Wilson, A., S. Flint, T. Payenberg, E. Tohver, and L. Lanci. "Architectural Styles and Sedimentology of the Fluvial Lower Beaufort Group, Karoo Basin, South Africa." Journal of Sedimentary Research 84, no. 4 (2014): 326–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2014.28.

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34

MacLeod, Kenneth G., Page C. Quinton, and Damon J. Bassett. "Warming and increased aridity during the earliest Triassic in the Karoo Basin, South Africa." Geology 45, no. 6 (2017): 483–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g38957.1.

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35

Hancox, P. J., J. Neveling, and B. S. Rubidge. "Biostratigraphy of the Cynognathus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (2020): 217–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0016.

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Abstract The Cynognathus Assemblage Zone is the youngest tetrapod biozone of the Beaufort Group (Tarkastad Subgroup, Karoo Supergroup). It is situated between the underlying Lystrosaurus declivis Assemblage Zone and the base of the overlying Molteno Formation (Stormberg Group) and corresponds to the entire Burgersdorp Formation. It is characterised by the presence throughout of the cynodont genus Cynognathus. The biozone reaches a maximum thickness of around 650 m in the southeast part of the basin and thins dramatically to the north, where it is only a maximum of 50 m thick. We here propose a

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36

Cairncross, B. "Paleodepositional environments and tectonosedimentary controls of the postglacial Permian coals, Karoo Basin, South Africa." International Journal of Coal Geology 12, no. 1-4 (1989): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(89)90058-x.

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37

Botha, J., and R. M. H. Smith. "Biostratigraphy of the Lystrosaurus declivis Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (2020): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0015.

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Abstract The earliest Triassic (Induan) Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone has long been recognised as a particularly significant biozone in palaeoecological and palaeoenvironmental studies as it contains a community assemblage that records the survival and recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME). Here renamed the Lystrosaurus declivis Assemblage Zone it represents the best record globally of the ecological changes in terrestrial community structure and stability during this time period. The assemblage is dominated by two species of small to medium-sized herbivorous dicynodonts L. decli

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38

Smith, R. M. H. "Biostratigraphy of the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone (Beaufort Group, Karoo Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 2 (2020): 181–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0013.

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Abstract The late Permian (Lopingian) Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone (CiAZ) of the Karoo Supergroup in South Africa has recently been radiometrically-dated to range from 256 to 255 My. It encompasses approximately one million years of the late Wuchiapingian epoch, at a time when the ancient intra-continental lowlands of southern Gondwana had fully recovered from the end-Guadalupian mass extinction. The diverse Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone fauna is dominated by the small herbivorous dicynodonts Diictodon, Pristerodon and the molelike Cistecephalus, along with a range of larger dicynodont herbiv

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39

Grodner, M. "A Regional Scale 3-D Model of the Witbank Coalfield, Northern Karoo Basin, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 106, no. 4 (2003): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/106.4.249.

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40

Wild, R., S. S. Flint, and D. M. Hodgson. "Stratigraphic evolution of the upper slope and shelf edge in the Karoo Basin, South Africa." Basin Research 21, no. 5 (2009): 502–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2009.00409.x.

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41

Sixsmith, P. J., S. S. Flint, H. DeV Wickens, and S. D. Johnson. "Anatomy and Stratigraphic Development of a Basin Floor Turbidite System in the Laingsburg Formation, Main Karoo Basin, South Africa." Journal of Sedimentary Research 74, no. 2 (2004): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/082903740239.

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42

van der Merwe, W. C., D. M. Hodgson, and S. S. Flint. "Widespread syn-sedimentary deformation on a muddy deep-water basin-floor: the Vischkuil Formation (Permian), Karoo Basin, South Africa." Basin Research 21, no. 4 (2009): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2009.00396.x.

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43

Bordy, Emese M., and Octavian Catuneanu. "Sedimentology of the lower Karoo Supergroup fluvial strata in the Tuli Basin, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 35, no. 4 (2002): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(02)00129-x.

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44

Wagner, Nicola Jane, and Arnold Matiane. "Rare earth elements in select Main Karoo Basin (South Africa) coal and coal ash samples." International Journal of Coal Geology 196 (August 2018): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2018.06.020.

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45

Gastaldo, Robert A., Kaci Kus, Neil Tabor, and Johann Neveling. "Calcic Vertisols in the upper Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, Balfour Formation, Karoo Basin, South Africa: Implications for Late Permian Climate." Journal of Sedimentary Research 90, no. 6 (2020): 609–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2020.32.

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ABSTRACT The fully continental succession of the Beaufort Group, Karoo Basin, South Africa, has been used in the development of environmental models proposed for the interval that spans the contact between the Daptocephalus to Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones, associated by some workers with the end-Permian extinction event. An aridification trend is widely accepted, yet geochemical data indicate that the majority of in situ paleosols encountered in this interval developed in waterlogged environments. To date, the presence of calcic paleosols in the latest Permian can be inferred only from the pr

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46

Di Celma, C. N., R. L. Brunt, D. M. Hodgson, S. S. Flint, and J. P. Kavanagh. "Spatial and Temporal Evolution of a Permian Submarine Slope Channel-Levee System, Karoo Basin, South Africa." Journal of Sedimentary Research 81, no. 8 (2011): 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/jsr.2011.49.

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47

Bender, P. A., and P. J. Hancox. "Newly Discovered Fish Faunas from the Early Triassic, Karoo Basin, South Africa, and their Correlative Implications." Gondwana Research 7, no. 1 (2004): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1342-937x(05)70317-8.

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Johnson, Stephen David, Stephen Flint, David Hinds, and H. De Ville Wickens. "Anatomy, geometry and sequence stratigraphy of basin floor to slope turbidite systems, Tanqua Karoo, South Africa." Sedimentology 48, no. 5 (2001): 987–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3091.2001.00405.x.

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Botha, J., and R. M. H. Smith. "Rapid vertebrate recuperation in the Karoo Basin of South Africa following the End-Permian extinction." Journal of African Earth Sciences 45, no. 4-5 (2006): 502–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.04.006.

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Viglietti, P. A., B. S. Rubidge, and R. M. H. Smith. "Revised lithostratigraphy of the Upper Permian Balfour and Teekloof formations of the main Karoo Basin, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 1 (2017): 45–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.1.45.

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