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Journal articles on the topic 'Geology – South Africa – Transvaal'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Buick, I. S., R. Uken, R. L. Gibson, and T. Wallmach. "High-δ13C Paleoproterozoic carbonates from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." Geology 26, no. 10 (1998): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0875:hcpcft>2.3.co;2.

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2

Eriksson, P. G., and W. Altermann. "An overview of the geology of the Transvaal Supergroup dolomites (South Africa)." Environmental Geology 36, no. 1-2 (November 20, 1998): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050334.

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3

Talbot, C. J., D. R. Hunter, and A. R. Allen. "Deformation of the Assegaai supracrustals and adjoining granitoids, Transvaal, South Africa." Journal of Structural Geology 9, no. 1 (January 1987): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0191-8141(87)90039-3.

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4

Lenhardt, N., W. Altermann, F. Humbert, and M. de Kock. "Lithostratigraphy of the Palaeoproterozoic Hekpoort Formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 655–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0043.

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Abstract The Palaeoproterozoic Hekpoort Formation of the Pretoria Group is a lava-dominated unit that has a basin-wide extent throughout the Transvaal sub-basin of South Africa. Additional correlative units may be present in the Kanye sub-basin of Botswana. The key characteristic of the formation is its general geochemical uniformity. Volcaniclastic and other sedimentary rocks are relatively rare throughout the succession but may be dominant in some locations. Hekpoort Formation outcrops are sporadic throughout the basin and mostly occur in the form of gentle hills and valleys, mainly encircling Archaean domes and the Palaeoproterozoic Bushveld Complex (BC). The unit is exposed in the western Pretoria Group basin, sitting unconformably either on the Timeball Hill Formation or Boshoek Formation, which is lenticular there, and on top of the Boshoek Formation in the east of the basin. The unit is unconformably overlain by the Dwaalheuwel Formation. The type-locality for the Hekpoort Formation is the Hekpoort farm (504 IQ Hekpoort), ca. 60 km to the west-southwest of Pretoria. However, no stratotype has ever been proposed. A lectostratotype, i.e., the Mooikloof area in Pretoria East, that can be enhanced by two reference stratotypes are proposed herein. The Hekpoort Formation was deposited in a cratonic subaerial setting, forming a large igneous province (LIP) in which short-termed localised ponds and small braided river systems existed. It therefore forms one of the major Palaeoproterozoic magmatic events on the Kaapvaal Craton.

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5

Martini, J. E. J. "An early Proterozoic playa in the Pretoria Group, Transvaal, South Africa." Precambrian Research 46, no. 4 (March 1990): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(90)90020-q.

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6

Hartzer, F. J. "Transvaal Supergroup inliers: geology, tectonic development and relationship with the Bushveld complex, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 21, no. 4 (November 1995): 521–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00108-5.

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7

Gauert, C. D. K., S. A. De Waal, and T. Wallmach. "Geology of the ultrabasic to basic Uitkomst complex, eastern Transvaal, South Africa: an overview." Journal of African Earth Sciences 21, no. 4 (November 1995): 553–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00112-3.

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8

Lubala, R. T., C. Frick, J. H. Rogers, and F. Walraven. "Petrogenesis of Syenites and Granites of the Schiel Alkaline Complex, Northern Transvaal, South Africa." Journal of Geology 102, no. 3 (May 1994): 307–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/629673.

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9

Karpeta, W. P. "Volcanism and sedimentation in part of a Late Archaean rift: the Hartbeesfontein basin, Transvaal, South Africa." Basin Research 5, no. 1 (March 1993): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.1993.tb00053.x.

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10

Simonson, Bruce M., Christian Koeberl, Iain McDonald, and Wolf Uwe Reimold. "Geochemical evidence for an impact origin for a Late Archean spherule layer, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." Geology 28, no. 12 (2000): 1103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<1103:gefaio>2.0.co;2.

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11

Sumner, Dawn Y., and Samuel A. Bowring. "UPb geochronologic constraints on deposition of the Campbellrand Subgroup, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." Precambrian Research 79, no. 1-2 (July 1996): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00086-0.

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12

Vearncombe, J. R. "Structure of veins in a gold–pyrite deposit in banded iron formation, Amalia greenstone belt, South Africa." Geological Magazine 123, no. 6 (November 1986): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800024110.

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AbstractFibrous quartz veins in deformed banded iron formation of the Amalia greenstone belt, southwestern Transvaal, are spatially related to gold–pyrite mineralization in both wallrock and vein inclusions. Poles to quartz vein orientations show a general parallelism with mineral elongation and fold plunges of the principal deformation in the wallrock. Quartz vein fibres show a consistent anticlockwise rotation, late components being subparallel to the elongation lineation, suggesting veining was probably synchronous with the principal deformation. Antitaxial fibrous veins, which dominate the mineralized banded iron formation, formed by the process of crack–seal which channelled mineralizing fluids along the vein walls, increasing the potential for fluid–wallrock interaction. Gold mineralization in quartz veins occurs in wall-parallel slivers of banded iron formation which have been plucked off the vein wall during antitaxial fibre growth. Mineralization can be explained by a process of fluid–wallrock interaction with sulphidation and gold precipitation.

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13

Schreiber, U. M., P. G. Eriksson, M. van der Neut, and C. P. Snyman. "Sedimentary petrography of the Early Proterozoic Pretoria Group, Transvaal Sequence, South Africa: implications for tectonic setting." Sedimentary Geology 81, no. 1-2 (November 1992): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0037-0738(92)90058-y.

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14

Martini, J. E. J. "A late Archaean-Palaeoproterozoic (2.6 Ga) palaeosol on ultramafics in the Eastern Transvaal, South Africa." Precambrian Research 67, no. 1-2 (March 1994): 159–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(94)90009-4.

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15

BISHOP, JAMES W., and DAWN Y. SUMNER. "Molar tooth structures of the Neoarchean Monteville Formation, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. I: Constraints on microcrystalline CaCO3 precipitation." Sedimentology 53, no. 5 (July 18, 2006): 1049–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2006.00801.x.

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16

Fairey, Brenton, Harilaos Tsikos, Fernando Corfu, and Stéphane Polteau. "U–Pb systematics in carbonates of the Postmasburg Group, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa: Primary versus metasomatic controls." Precambrian Research 231 (July 2013): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2013.03.010.

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17

Mndaweni, S. S. E., S. Naicker, and D. Blake. "Hydrostratigraphy of the Malmani Subgroup dolomites within the northeastern escarpment (Limpopo and Mpumalanga, South Africa)." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0022.

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Abstract The Late Archaean to Early Proterozoic Malmani Subgroup comprises of dolomites and limestones forming part of the Chuniespoort Group within the Transvaal Supergroup, outcropping as an arc structure east of the Pretoria Group along the Limpopo and Mpumalanga escarpment. These rocks form a fractured karst aquifer in the area and have a high degree of heterogeneity and anisotropy. The aquifers are unconfined to semi-confined, with compartmentalisation by dolerite dykes being a possible effect (if the dykes are large and extensive enough) due to the dykes acting as aquitards or barriers to groundwater flow. The contact zones between the dolomite formations and dolerite dykes are usually fractured however, and along with any other faults and fractures result in preferential dolomite dissolution and the development of groundwater flow paths in the area. Borehole yields ranges between 2 to 5 l/s and potentially >10 l/s per borehole in the vicinity of large regional fractures or dolerite intrusions. Groundwater from the Malmani Subgroup generally meets the drinking water quality standards for major constituents and it is of Mg-Ca-HCO3 nature. Groundwater development within this particular hydrostratigraphy is linked to potential well field target zones that take cognisance of various surface water-groundwater interaction affecting surface water discharge rates as well as groundwater over-abstraction concerns. Preliminary results have indicated that given a groundwater potential of 44 hm3/a, the aquifer will be able to support abstractions of up to 29 hm3/a if systematically developed adaptively and could be used and managed conjunctively with surface water to alleviate the pressure on the already stressed Olifants Water Management Area.

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18

Bell, F. G., and C. A. Jermy. "An investigation of primary permeability in strata from a mine in the Eastern Transvaal Coalfield, South Africa." Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology 35, no. 4 (November 2002): 391–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/1470-9236/2000-25.

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19

Schaefer, M. O. "Mineral chemistry of sphalerite and galena from Pb-Zn mineralization hosted by the Transvaal Supergroup in Griqualand West, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 107, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/107.3.341.

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20

BISHOP, JAMES W., DAWN Y. SUMNER, and NICOLAS J. HUERTA. "Molar tooth structures of the Neoarchean Monteville Formation, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. II: A wave-induced fluid flow model." Sedimentology 53, no. 5 (July 18, 2006): 1069–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3091.2006.00802.x.

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21

Grandstaff, D. E., M. J. Edelman, R. W. Foster, E. Zbinden, and M. M. Kimberley. "Chemistry and mineralogy of Precambrian paleosols at the base of the Dominion and Pongola Groups (Transvaal, South Africa)." Precambrian Research 32, no. 2-3 (July 1986): 97–131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(86)90003-3.

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22

Bau, Michael, and Peter Dulski. "Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman iron-formations, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." Precambrian Research 79, no. 1-2 (July 1996): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(95)00087-9.

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23

Bau, Höhndorf, Dulski, and Beukes. "Sources of Rare-Earth Elements and Iron in Paleoproterozoic Iron-Formations from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa: Evidence from Neodymium Isotopes." Journal of Geology 105, no. 1 (1997): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30079890.

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24

Bau, Michael, Axel Höhndorf, Peter Dulski, and Nicolas J. Beukes. "Sources of Rare-Earth Elements and Iron in Paleoproterozoic Iron-Formations from the Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa: Evidence from Neodymium Isotopes." Journal of Geology 105, no. 1 (January 1997): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/606152.

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25

Humbert, Fabien, Andrea Agangi, Malcolm Massuyeau, Marlina A. Elburg, George Belyanin, Albertus J. B. Smith, Linda M. Iaccheri, Louis L. Coetzee, and Hervé Wabo. "Rifting of the Kaapvaal Craton during the early Paleoproterozoic: Evidence from magmatism in the western Transvaal subbasin (South Africa)." Precambrian Research 342 (June 2020): 105687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2020.105687.

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26

Li, Na, Michaela Frei, and Wladyslaw Altermann. "Textural and knowledge-based lithological classification of remote sensing data in Southwestern Prieska sub-basin, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 60, no. 4 (June 2011): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2011.03.002.

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27

Cheney, Eric S., and David Twist. "The conformable emplacement of the Bushveld mafic rocks along a regional unconformity in the Transvaal succession of South Africa." Precambrian Research 52, no. 1-2 (July 1991): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(91)90016-4.

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28

Bell, F. G., and C. A. Jermy. "A geomechanical survey of some different facies in relation to stability at a mine in the Eastern Transvaal Coalfield, South Africa." Engineering Geology 64, no. 1 (April 2002): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-7952(01)00091-6.

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29

Johnson, J. E., S. M. Webb, C. B. Condit, N. J. Beukes, and W. W. Fischer. "Effects of metamorphism and metasomatism on manganese mineralogy: Examples from the Transvaal Supergroup." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0034.

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AbstractManganese-bearing minerals in ancient strata provide a particularly informative record of the redox potentials of ancient Earth surface environments due to the high specificity of species that can oxidize Mn(II). However, little is known about how this sedimentary archive might have been altered by processes occurring long after lithification, including the effects of metamorphism, fluid mobilization, and metasomatism. We investigated Mn mineralization across known metamorphic gradients in the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa, in Archean and early Paleoproterozoic age carbonate-, shale-, and iron formation-bearing marine strata. We sampled contemporaneous strata that record the drowning of the Campbellrand-Malmani carbonate platform and a transition to iron formation deposition in a range of localities, from two metamorphosed (greenschist and above, affected by the intrusion of the Bushveld igneous complex) and four better-preserved (sub-greenschist) deep subsurface drill cores. To evaluate the geochemistry and mineralization tied directly to petrographic textures and cross-cutting relationships, we combined bulk geochemistry with light and electron microscopy and synchrotron microprobe X-ray absorption spectroscopy and imaging to produce Mn speciation maps at the requisite micrometer length scales for these textures. Samples with lesser degrees of post-depositional transformation contained minor amounts of Mn(II) in early diagenetic marine carbonate cements and detrital carbonate grains, while metamorphosed samples typically contained Mn concentrated into a combination of coarse-grained and vein-filling carbonate phases (ankerite, siderite, and rhodochrosite), garnet and amphibole. Chemical imaging analyses of these more metamorphosed samples show that Mn is held by phases and textures that mineralized post-deposition and lithification, demonstrating that Mn was mobilized – at least locally – by metasomatic fluids, although it is difficult to distinguish whether this Mn was original to these strata or was introduced secondarily. Our results confirm that Mn can be mobilized and therefore caution should be applied when interpreting Mn enrichments in sedimentary rocks, especially when Mn enrichment is not geographically extensive and coincides with metamorphic processes.

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30

Gleason, James D., Jens Gutzmer, Stephen E. Kesler, and Horst Zwingmann. "2.05-Ga Isotopic Ages for Transvaal Mississippi Valley–Type Deposits: Evidence for Large-Scale Hydrothermal Circulation around the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." Journal of Geology 119, no. 1 (January 2011): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657301.

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31

Venter, I. S., and B. J. Gregory. "Risk assessment in dolomitic terrain: a case history." Geological Society, London, Engineering Geology Special Publications 4, no. 1 (1987): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.eng.1987.004.01.39.

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AbstractThe dewatering of dolomitic groundwater compartments in the Far West Rand in the Transvaal Province of South Africa has, in the past, resulted in ground movements in the form of subsidences and sinkholes. These have caused damage to various structures and in some instances loss of life. Dewatering of these compartments has taken place as a result of economic and safety considerations for the continued operation and development of deep-level gold mines in these areas. The dewatering of another groundwater compartment is currently underway. Consequently, a risk assessment, primarily to evaluate the potential for sinkhole development, was prepared for the main highways crossing the compartment.Risk assessment in dolomitic terrain is a much debated subject, the main reason being the subjectivity of the various approaches. It is generally accepted, however, that a number of factors affect subsurface stability, for example, the position of the watertable, the presence of weak, dolomitic residuum, bedrock characteristics and the ponding of surface-water. A combination of methods was utilized to produce a final assessment. These included a multivariate classification system and comparison with published data collated by the Geological Survey of South Africa. The methods and results of the risk assessment are discussed together with possible alternative solutions for maintaining the traffic routes and for ensuring the safety of road users.

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32

Tsikos, H., J. M. Moore, and C. Harris. "Geochemistry of the Palæoproterozoic Mooidraai Formation: Fe-rich limestone as end member of iron formation deposition, Kalahari Manganese Field, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 32, no. 1 (January 2001): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0899-5362(01)90016-8.

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33

Bosch, P., and P. Eriksson. "A note on two occurrences of inferred microbial mat features preserved in the c. 2.1 Ga Magaliesberg Formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup) sandstones, near Pretoria, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 111, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2008): 251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.111.2-3.251.

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34

de Kock, M. O., D. A. D. Evans, J. L. Kirschvink, N. J. Beukes, E. Rose, and I. Hilburn. "Paleomagnetism of a Neoarchean-Paleoproterozoic carbonate ramp and carbonate platform succession (Transvaal Supergroup) from surface outcrop and drill core, Griqualand West region, South Africa." Precambrian Research 169, no. 1-4 (March 2009): 80–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2008.10.015.

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35

Coetzee, L. L. "Links of organic carbon cycling and burial to depositional depth gradients and establishment of a snowball Earth at 2.3Ga. Evidence from the Timeball Hill Formation,Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 109, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2006): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.109.1-2.109.

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36

Alexandre, P., M. A. G. Andreoli, A. Jamison, and R. L. Gibson. "40Ar/39Ar age constraints on low-grade metamorphism and cleavage development in the Transvaal Supergroup (central Kaapvaal craton, South Africa): implications for the tectonic setting of the Bushveld Igneous Complex." South African Journal of Geology 109, no. 3 (September 1, 2006): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.109.3.393.

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37

Reimold, W. U., A. Wittek, and F. Jourdan. "Comment on 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on low-grade metamorphism and cleavage development in the Transvaal Supergroup (central Kaapvaal craton, South Africa): implications for the tectonic setting of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (South African Journal of Geology, 109, 393 410), by Alexandre et al. (2006)." South African Journal of Geology 110, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.110.1.157.

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38

van Niekerk, H. S., and N. J. Beukes. "Revised definition/outline of the Kheis Terrane along the western margin of the Kaapvaal Craton and lithostratigraphy of the newly proposed Keis Supergroup." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 187–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0014.

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Abstract The Kheis Province is situated between the Namaqua-Natal Province and the western margin of the Kaapvaal Craton in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. It has been described as a thin-skinned fold and thrust belt formed between 1800 and 1700 Ma. The lithostratigraphic subdivision of the rock units comprising the Kheis Province has been a source of much controversy. From detailed study of aerial photography and satellite imagery, as well as field-based studies, the outcrop patterns in the Kheis Province and Kaaien Terrane were reinterpreted and a new stratigraphic subdivision is outlined here. It is proposed that the structural Kaaien Terrane and Kheis Province should be combined into the Kheis Terrane and that the rocks occurring in the Kheis Terrane should be grouped together to form the new Keis supergroup, with the basal metaconglomerate of the Mapedi/Gamagara Formation recognised as the regional unconformity between the Keis supergroup and the underlying rocks of the Transvaal Supergroup in the Griqualand West area. The Keis supergroup is subdivided from the base upwards into the Elim-, Olifantshoek-, Groblershoop- and Wilgenhoutsdrif groups. The basal Elim group is composed of the Mapedi/Gamagara- and Lucknow formations. It is overlain with a regional erosional unconformity by the Olifantshoek group, which is made up of the Neylan-, Hartley-, Volop- and Top Dog formations. The Olifantshoek group is conformably overlain by the Groblershoop group which is comprised of three upward coarsening successions:the Faanshoek- and Faansgeluk formations,the Maraisdraai- and Vuilnek formations andthe Opwag- and Skurweberg formations. The Groblershoop group is in turn erosively overlain by the rocks of the Wilgenhoutsdrif Group, which include the basal erosive Groot Drink formation which is overlain by the Zonderhuis- and Leerkrans formations. The lithologies of the Keis supergroup are in faulted contact with the rocks of the younger Areachap Group of the ~1200 Ma Namaqua-Natal Metamorphic Province.

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39

Kendall, Brian, David van Acken, and Robert A. Creaser. "Depositional age of the early Paleoproterozoic Klipputs Member, Nelani Formation (Ghaap Group, Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa) and implications for low-level Re–Os geochronology and Paleoproterozoic global correlations." Precambrian Research 237 (October 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2013.08.002.

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40

Lenhardt, Nils, Wouter Bleeker, Caroline Neh Ngwa, and Tarryn Aucamp. "Shallow marine basaltic volcanism of the Machadodorp Member (Silverton Formation, Pretoria Group), Transvaal Basin, South Africa — An example of Paleoproterozoic explosive intraplate volcanic activity in an epeiric embayment." Precambrian Research 338 (March 2020): 105580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105580.

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41

Alexandre, P., M. A. G. Andreoli, A. Jamison, and R. L. Gibson. "Response to the Comment by Reimold et al. on 40Ar/39Ar age constraints on low-grade metamorphism and cleavage development in the Transvaal Supergroup (central Kaapvaal craton, South Africa): implications for the tectonic setting of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (South African Journal of Geology, 109, 393 410), by Alexandre et al. (2006)." South African Journal of Geology 110, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 160–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.110.1.160.

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42

Eriksson, P. G., R. Bartman, O. Catuneanu, R. Mazumder, and N. Lenhardt. "A case study of microbial mat-related features in coastal epeiric sandstones from the Paleoproterozoic Pretoria Group (Transvaal Supergroup, Kaapvaal craton, South Africa); The effect of preservation (reflecting sequence stratigraphic models) on the relationship between mat features and inferred paleoenvironment." Sedimentary Geology 263-264 (July 2012): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2011.08.006.

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43

Fourie, S. P. "The Transvaal, South Africa, Threatened Plants Programme." Biological Conservation 37, no. 1 (1986): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(86)90032-7.

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44

Eriksson, P. G., and C. W. Clendenin. "A review of the transvaal sequence, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences (and the Middle East) 10, no. 1-2 (1990): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(90)90049-k.

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45

Bennett, Brett M., and Frederick J. Kruger. "Forestry in Reconstruction South Africa: Imperial Visions, Colonial Realities." Britain and the World 8, no. 2 (September 2015): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2015.0192.

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This articles analyses the establishment of state forestry programs in the Orange Free State and Transvaal following the end of the South African War/Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902). British imperial administrators, led by Alfred Milner, sought to reconstruct the economy of the Transvaal and Orange Free State by using personnel who had worked previously in India and Egypt rather than by drawing on local experts in the Cape Colony or Natal Colony. Colonial foresters from the Cape Colony used the opportunities provided by reconstruction to export Cape-centric ideas about forest management to the Transvaal and Orange Free State. Ultimately, Milner's desire to bring in a top-rate forester from India failed, although his program of reconstruction instead brought in foresters from the Cape Colony who helped to harmonise South African forestry practices before Union in 1910. The interpretation put forward in this article helps to explain how Cape foresters exported ideas about climatic comparison and afforestation from the Cape into the rest of South Africa.

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46

Coppins, B. J. "Two New Species of Micarea From South Africa." Lichenologist 31, no. 6 (November 1999): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/lich.1999.0234.

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AbstractTwo new species of Micarea are described from South Africa: M. almbornii Coppins, on loose sandstone from Stellenbosch (Western Cape) and M. endoviolascens Coppins, on damp soil from Transvaal. A note is given on Lecidea geïna Stizenb.

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Lundquist, J. E. "Fungi Associated withPinusin South Africa Part I. The Transvaal." South African Forestry Journal 138, no. 1 (September 1986): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1986.9630036.

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Rosinski, J., and G. M. Morgan. "Ice-forming nuclei in transvaal, Republic of South Africa." Journal of Aerosol Science 19, no. 5 (October 1988): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8502(88)90205-4.

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Meyer, F. M., and L. J. Robb. "The geochemistry of black shales from the Chuniespoort Group, Transvaal Sequence, eastern Transvaal, South Africa." Economic Geology 91, no. 1 (February 1, 1996): 111–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.91.1.111.

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Eicker, A., and Derek A. Reid. "Clathrus transvaalensis, a new species from the Transvaal South Africa." Mycological Research 94, no. 3 (April 1990): 422–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)80372-9.

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