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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Geology, Structural – South Africa – Bushveld

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Academic literature on the topic 'Geology, Structural – South Africa – Bushveld'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Geology, Structural – South Africa – Bushveld"

1

Nex, Paul A. M. "The structural setting of mineralisation on Tweefontein Hill, northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Applied Earth Science 114, no. 4 (December 2005): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037174505x62901.

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Campbell, Geoff. "Exploration geophysics of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa." Leading Edge 30, no. 6 (June 2011): 622–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3599148.

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Perritt, Sam, and Mike Roberts. "Flexural-slip structures in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa?" Journal of Structural Geology 29, no. 9 (September 2007): 1422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.06.008.

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Jones, M. Q. W. "Heat flow in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: implications for upper mantle structure." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.351.

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Abstract Geothermal measurements in South Africa since 1939 have resulted in a good coverage of heat flow observations. The Archaean Kaapvaal Craton, in the central part of South Africa, is the best-studied tectonic domain, with nearly 150 heat flow measurements. The greatest density of heat flow sites is in the Witwatersrand Basin goldfields, where geothermal data are essential for determining refrigeration requirements of deep (up to 4 km) gold mines; the average heat flow is 51 ± 6mWm-2. The Bushveld Complex north of the Witwatersrand Basin is an extensive 2.06 Ga ultramafic-felsic intrusive complex that hosts the world’s largest reserves of platinum. The deepest platinum mines reach ~2 km and the need for thermal information for mine refrigeration engineering has led to the generation of a substantial geothermal database. Nearly 1000 thermal conductivity measurements have been made on rocks constituting the Bushveld Complex, and borehole temperature measurements have been made throughout the Complex. The temperature at maximum rock-breaking depth (~2.5 km) is 70°C, approximately 30°C higher than the temperature at equivalent depth in the Witwatersrand Basin; the thermal gradient in the Bushveld Complex is approximately double that in the Witwatersrand Basin. The main reason for this is the low thermal conductivity of rocks overlying platinum mines. The Bushveld data also resulted in 31 new estimates for the heat flux through the Earth’s crust. The overall average value for the Bushveld, 47 ± 7 mW m-2, is the same, to within statistical error, as the Witwatersrand Basin average. The heat flow for platinum mining areas (45 mW m-2) and the heat flux into the floor of the Witwatersrand Basin (43 mW m-2) are typical of Archaean cratons world-wide. The temperature structure of the Kaapvaal lithosphere calculated from the Witwatersrand geothermal data is essentially the same as that derived from thermobarometric studies of Cretaceous kimberlite xenoliths. Both lines of evidence lead to an estimated heat flux of ~17 mW m-2 for the mantle below the Kaapvaal Craton. The estimated thermal thickness of the Kaapvaal lithosphere (235 km) is similar to that defined on the basis of seismic tomography and magnetotelluric studies. The lithosphere below the Bushveld Complex is not significantly hotter than that below the Witwatersrand Basin. This favours a chemical origin rather than a thermal origin for the upper mantle anomaly below the Bushveld Complex that has been identified by seismic tomography studies and magnetotelluric soundings.

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Latypov, R., S. Chistyakova, and J. Kramers. "Arguments against syn-magmatic sills in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.4.565.

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Cawthorn, R. Grant, and Susan J. Webb. "Cooling of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Implications for paleomagnetic reversals." Geology 41, no. 6 (June 2013): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g34033.1.

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Bamisaiye, Oluwaseyi Adunola. "Geo-Spatial Mapping of the Western Bushveld Rustenburg Layered Suite (Rls) in South Africa." Journal of Geography and Geology 7, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v7n4p88.

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Trend surface analysis (TSA) was used to investigate the structure and thickness variation pattern and to resolve trend and residual component of the structure contours and isopach maps of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) across the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). The TSA technique was also employed in extracting meter scale structures from the regional structural trends. This enables small-scale structures that could only be picked through field mapping to be observed and scrupulously investigated. Variation in the structure and thickness was used in timing the development of some of the delineated structural features. This has helped to unravel the progressive development of structures within the RLS. The results indicate that present day structures shows slight changes in both regional and local trends throughout the stratigraphic sequence from the base of the Main Zone to the top of the Achaean floor. Structures around the gap areas are also highlighted. This paper represents the third of a three-part article in Trend Surface analysis of the three major limbs of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). This first part focused on the Northern Bushveld Complex, while the second part focused on the Eastern Bushveld Limbs.

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de Waal, S. A. "Age and significance of the Marble Hall breccia, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 105, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/1050227.

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CLARKE, B., R. UKEN, and J. REINHARDT. "THE GEOMETRY AND EMPLACEMENT MECHANICS OF A BUSHVELD COMPLEX PERIDOTITE BODY, SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 112, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.2.141.

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VanTongeren, J. A., and E. A. Mathez. "Large-scale liquid immiscibility at the top of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Geology 40, no. 6 (June 2012): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g32980.1.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Geology, Structural – South Africa – Bushveld"

1

Curl, Edward Alexander 1972. "Parental magmas of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Monash University, Dept. of Earth Sciences, 2001. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9080.

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Sargeant, Fiona. "The seismic stratigraphy of the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250322.

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Jones, Rhian Eleri. "Petrological and geochemical study of Platreef chromitites, northern Bushveld, South Africa." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/53836/.

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The Platreef, located in the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa, is a world-class Ni-Cu-PGE deposit. The complexity of the deposit has meant that despite the numerous studies, developing an accepted genetic model to account for the variations observed has been difficult. While some authors have suggested that it is part of the Upper Critical Zone, correlating it to the Merensky Reef, others have suggested that the Platreef is unrelated to mineralisation found elsewhere in the Bushveld Complex. The model tested is the multiple staging chamber model developed by McDonald and Holwell, that proposes that the parental magma was upgraded in PGE (plus Ni and Cu) prior to emplacement. Key to testing this model has been the analysis of immiscible sulphide inclusions trapped within chromite grains, believed to represent the early parental magma. Analysis has shown that they contain high PGE tenors, significant semi-metal (Bi, Te and As) content and the low S/Se ratios of the inclusions suggest a mantle source. Interaction of the sulphide liquid with multiple batches of magma in the staging chamber is proposed to have enabled enrichment to occur prior to emplacement through a process known as multi-stage dissolution upgrading. The analysis of chromite grains from the three study farms has shown that the variation in chromite composition is dependent on host lithology and the location of the sample along strike of the Platreef. Some correlation can be made with chromites from the UG2 but Platreef chromites cannot be directly correlated to those from the Merensky Reef. Investigation of PGE concentrations within the BMS from Zwartfontein has shown a strong association between PGE and BMS and that the distribution of PGE is consistent with fractional crystallisation of a sulphide liquid. The PGM study has shown that variation along strike and down dip of the Platreef is not strictly controlled by footwall lithologies as previously proposed. Variation is suggested to be the result of differing temperatures and ƒO2 conditions due to the proximity around proposed feeder zones. In order to further test the staging chamber model, S isotope analysis should be carried out on the sulphide inclusions to ascertain if a magmatic signature is present. In addition, further support to the model may be achieved by examining other Lower Zone bodies for chalcophile element depletion.

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Doig, Heather Leslie. "Strike comparison of the compositional variations of the lower group and middle group chromitite seams of the critical zone, Western Bushveld complex." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005618.

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The variations in the composition, specifically the Cr20 S content and the Cr:Fe ratio, and the morphology of the Lower Group (LG) and Middle Group (MG) chromitite seams of the Critical Zone (CZ) across the western Bushveld Complex, including the Ruighoek and Brits sections, is investigated by means of whole-rock chemical data, both major and trace elements analysis, XRD and electron microprobe data. As a result ofthe paucity of exposed or developed LG1 - LG5 chromitite seams in the western Bushveld Complex, this study is confined to the investigation of the compositional variations of the LG6 to MG4 chromitite seams. In only one section, the Ruighoek section, was the entire succession of chromitite seams, from the LG1 - MG4, exposed. The silicate host rocks from the LG6 pyroxenite footwall to the collar of the CC2 drillcore (lower uCZ) in the Rustenburg section were sampled. This study reviews the compositional trends of the silicate host rocks, as the compositional variations of the chromitite seams reflect the chemical evolution of the host cumulate environment and, to a lesser degree, the composition onhe interstitial mineral phases in the chromitite seams. The compositional variations of the LG and MG chromitite seams are attributed to the compositional contrast between the replenishing magma and the resident magma. The chemical trends of the LG and MG chromitite layers and the host cumUlate rOCKS do not support the existence of two compositionalfy dissimilar magmas in the CZ, rather the cyclic layering of the CZ and the chemical variations of the chromitite seams are attributed to the mixing of primitive magma with the resident magma, both of which have essentially similar compositions. The compositional variations of the LG and MG chromitite seams along strike away from the supposed feeder site (Union section) to the distal facies (Brits section) are attributed to the advanced compositional contrast between the resident magma and the replenishing primitive magma pulses. The CZ is characterized by reversals in fractionation trends and this is attributed to the compositional evolution of the parental magma and not to the replenishment of the resident magma by influxes of grossly dissimilar magma compositions. The Cr20 S content and the Cr:Fe ratio of the MG chromitite layers increase from the Ruighoek (near proximal) section to the Brits section (distal facies). This is attributed to the advanced compositional contrasts between the resident magma and the replenishing primitive magma. In contrast, the Cr20 3 content and Cr:Fe ratios ofthe LG6 and LG8a chromitite seams decreases eastwards from the Ruighoek section. The average Cr:Fe ratio for the western Bushveld Complex is between 1.5 and\2.0, nonetheless, a progressively lower Cr:Fe ratio is noted from the LG1 chromitite up through to the MG4 chromitite seam in the Ruighoek section. tn the LG2 - LG4 chromitite interval a deviation to higher.lratios is encountered. A progressive substitution of Cr by AT and Fe in the Cr-spinel crystal lattice characterizes the chromitite succession from the LG1 seam up through the chromitite succession to MG4. The petrogeneSiS of the chromitite seams of the CZ is attributed to magma mixing and fractional crystallization of a single magma type.

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Gwatinetsa, Demand. "Distribution of iron-titanium oxides in the vanadiferous main magnetite seam of the upper zone : Northern limb, Bushveld complex." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013281.

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The main magnetite seam of the Upper Zone of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (SACS, 1980) on the Bushveld Complex is known to host the world‘s largest vanadium bearing titaniferous iron ores. The vanadiferous titanomagnetites, contain vanadium in sufficient concentrations (1.2 - 2.2 per cent V₂O₅) to be considered as resources and vanadium has been mined historically by a number of companies among them Anglo-American, Highveld Steel and Vanadium and VanMag Resources as well as currently by Evraz Highveld Steel and Vanadium Limited of South Africa. The titanomagnetites contain iron ore in the form of magnetite and titanium with concentrations averaging 50-75 per cent FeO and 12-21 per cent TiO₂. The titaniferous iron ores have been historically dismissed as a source of iron and titanium, due to the known difficulties of using iron ore with high titania content in blast furnaces. The economic potential for the extractability of the titaniferous magnetites lies in the capacity of the ores to be separated into iron rich and titanium rich concentrates usually through, crushing, grinding and magnetic separation. The separatability of iron oxides and titanium oxides, is dependent on the nature in which the titanium oxide occurs, with granular ilmenite being the most favourable since it can be separated from magnetite via magnetic separation. Titanium that occurs as finely exsolved lamellae or as iron-titanium oxides with low titania content such as ulvospinel render the potential recoverability of titanium poor. The Upper Zone vanadiferous titanomagnetites contain titanium in various forms varying from discrete granular ilmenite to finely exsolved lamellae as well as occurring as part of the minerals ulvospinel (Fe₂TiO₄) and titanomagnetite (a solid solution series between ulvospinel and magnetite) . Discrete ilmenite constitutes between 3-5 per cent by volume of the massive titanomagnetite ores, and between 5-10 per cent by volume of the magnetite-plagioclase cumulates with more than 50 per cent opaque oxide minerals. The purpose of this research was to investigate the mineralogical setting and distribution of the iron and titanium oxides within the magnetitite layers from top to bottom as well as spatially along a strike length of 2 000m to determine the potential for the titanium to be extracted from the titanomagnetite ores. The titanomagnetites of the Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex with particular reference to the Northern Limb where this research was conducted contains titanium oxides as discrete ilmenite grains but in low concentrations whose potential for separate economic extraction will be challenging. The highest concentration of titanium in the magnetite ores is not contained in the granular ilmenite, but rather in ulvospinel and titanomagnetite as illustrated by the marked higher concentration of TiO₂ in the massive ores which contain less granular ilmenite in comparison to the disseminated ores which contain 3 to 8 percentage points higher granular ilmenite than the massive ores. On the scale of the main magnetite seam, the TiO₂ content increases with increasing stratigraphic height from being completely absent in the footwall anorthosite. The V₂2O₅ content also increases with stratigraphic height except for in one of the 3 boreholes where it drops with increasing height. The decrease or increase patterns are repeated in every seam. The titanomagnetites of the main magnetite seam display a variety of textures from coarse granular magnetite and ilmenite, to trellis ilmenite lamellae, intergranular ilmenite and magnesian spinels and fine exsolution lamellae of ulvospinel and ferro-magnesian spinels parallel to the magnetite cleavage. The bottom contact of the main magnetite seam is very sharp and there is no titanium or vanadium in the footwall barely 10cm below the contact. Chromium is present in the bottom of the 4 layers that constitute the main magnetite seam and it upwards decreases rapidly. In boreholes P21 and P55, there are slight reversals in the TiO₂ and V₂O₅ content towards the top of the magnetite seams.

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Fraser, Nicholas Tweedie. "A Metamorphic Study of Pretoria Group Sediments Found at the Dwarsrivier Pass, Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/76009.

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The study takes place in the Dwarsrivier area which lies on the border between Mpumalanga and Limpopo, to the North-West of Lydenberg, at an exposed road cutting. Within the road cutting, there is a unique portion of exposed rock which is light in colour and identified as a calc-silicate. The calc-silicate material is present as a package of rock and is surrounded top and bottom by pyroxenite. The surrounding rock belongs to the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC), which is the largest known layered intrusion on the planet and is host to numerous mines. The sample area is within the Critical Zone of the BIC and the host rock consists of pyroxenite which is crystalline and mafic. The calc-silicate package originates from the Pretoria Group sediments, which hosts the BIC, and has undergone varying degrees of metamorphism and mineralisation. The metamorphism formed and allowed for the preservation of two rare minerals, namely wüstite and chlorospinel. Numerous tests were performed on the samples, including SEM point scans to identify these rare minerals and to better understand how the calc-silicate package was preserved in the BIC. A model was created to explain the occurrence of the calc-silicate slab and surrounding features. The previous model involved the slab rising up through the BIC, but the proposed model in this thesis is that the calc-silicate was part of the roof rock which then delaminated, and subducting into the ductile magma of the BIC.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Geology
MSc
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7

Armitage, Paul Edward Blake. "Development of the Platreef in the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex at Sandsloot, Mokopane District, South Africa." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2011. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/9079/.

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The Platreef is a Ni-Cu-PGE mineralised tabular body at the base of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the northern limb of the Bushveld Complex. The reef lies unconformably on a footwall (floor) sequence of Transvaal Supergroup sedimentary rocks and Archaean granite/gneiss basement, and is overlain by a hangingwall (roof) of Main Zone gabbronorites. Structural relationships suggest that the Platreef was emplaced as a broadly horizontal sill-like sheet into the Transvaal Supergroup, but local variations in its thickness and path of intrusion were caused by pre-existing structures in the country rocks. As the Platreef cooled and was nearly crystallised, ductile deformation occurred, possibly as an episode in a longer event. Main Zone magma was emplaced above the deformed, nearly consolidated Platreef and eroded the uppermost portion, locally assimilating mineralised reef. The Main Zone magma also intruded into shear zones as thin dykes down through the Platreef and metasedimentary floor. Structural patterns around a prominent dome in the floor rocks suggest that regional deformation may still have been active when the earliest Main Zone layers were developing, but ceased by Upper Main Zone time. Other studies of the Platreef beyond Sandsloot have shown that its earliest Ni-Cu-PGE mineralisation was orthomagmatic, largely preserved where the floor rocks are unreactive basement granite/gneiss. However, interaction between he Platreef magma and surrounding sedimentary rocks has produced different mineralogical associations and assemblages that were influenced by the local floor and roof rocks along the strike of the reef. At Sandsloot, the floor rocks are represented by reactive siliceous dolomites of the Malmani Subgroup. The Platreef magma caused contact metamorphism and metasomatism of the dolomites, releasing volatiles that entered the reef. These hydrothermal fluids stripped PGE from primary sulphides and redistributed the PGE within the reef and into the metasedimentary country rocks. In places, primary platinum group minerals were overprinted by lower-temperature species.

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De, Klerk William Johan. "Petrogenesis of the upper critical zone in the Western Bushveld Complex with emphasis on the UG1 Footwall and Bastard units." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005598.

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This study is an account of the stratigraphic sequence, the petrography, mineralogy (microprobe investigations of orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase feldspar), and whole-rock major- and traceelement geochemistry of the silicate cumulates of the Upper Critical Zone in the western Bushveld Complex. Two parts of the study - an investigation of a 350m column incorporating the MG3 and UGI Footwall Units, and a comparison of two additional Upper Critical Zone profiles with a previously compiled profile between the UGI and Bastard Units - are focused on RPM Union Section in the northwestern sector of the Complex. The third part is a detailed vertical and lateral investigation of the Bastard Unit at the top of the Critical Zone, which draws on sampling and data compilation from seventeen profiles in the western limb of the Complex. The MG3 Unit (45m) is made up of a lower chromitite layer overlain by a norite-pyroxenite-anorthosite sequence while the UGlFW Unit (295m) is composed of a related series of lower chromitite layers (MG4) overlain by a pyroxenite-norite-anorthosite sequence capped by the UGI chromitite layer. These mafic cumulates display a distinctive pattern of oscillating cryptic variation in whole-rock Mg/(Mg+Fe), FeO/Ti0₂, Cr/Co and Ni/V ratios through the sequence. Sympathetic oscillations are recorded for compositions of orthopyroxene and plagioclase feldspar and eight subcycles are recognised through the UGlFW Unit. The entire sequence is characterised by the presence of small, spheroidal, embayed and irregularly shaped plagioclase grains which are poikilitically enclosed in cumulus orthopyroxene grains of both pyroxenites and norites. This texture is indicative of partial resorption of pre-existing feldspar primocrysts within the melt prior to their being incorporated into the host orthopyroxene grains. Textural, geochemical and isotopic data suggest that this sequence was built up by periodic additions of fresh, relatively primitive liquid into fractionated resident liquid, and subsequent mixing within the magma chamber. The Bastard Unit sequence, described in Chapter 4, is the last and most complete cyclic unit (c. 60m) of the Critical Zone, and its upper contact defines the boundary between the Critical and Main Zones of the Complex. This Unit can conveniently be sub-divided into a lower part, where orthopyroxene occurs as a cumulus phase, and the upper part which is composed entirely of anorthosite (Giant Mottled Anorthosite). The basal part of the Unit (≤ 18m) comprises a thin chromitite layer < O.5cm) overlain by a pyroxenite-melanorite-norite-leuconorite sequence. The basal pyroxenite is orthocumulate in character and rapidly gives way to norites and leuconorites. A distinct threefold subdivision emerges within the Giant Mottled Anorthosite which is predominantly an adcumulate which becomes orthocumulate in character at its top. Apart from minor deviations in thicknesses these lithologies are recorded over the entire strike-length covered in this study. Profiles of cryptic variation are compiled for orthopyroxene, plagioclase and whole-rock data and show that the Bastard Unit displays a characteristic pattern which is maintained throughout the western Bushveld Complex. A minor yet distinctive reversal in cryptic variation is revealed at a level which is stratigraphically variable within the lower Giant Mottled Anorthosite, and results in a double cuspate pattern. A remarkable feature of the basal Bastard pyroxenites is that although the modal proportion of mafic to felsic constituents varies systematically away from the northwestern sector, the Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio of orthopyroxenes remains constant at 0.804 over a lateral strike distance of 171km. Within the upper part of the Unit the orthopyroxene is markedly Fe-rich and it is here that inverted primary pigeonite appears for the first time as a cumulus phase. In addition, K-feldspar, oscillatory zoned plagioclase grains and high levels of incompatible trace elements are noted at this level. On the basis of the data presented it is concluded that the Bastard Unit represents the crystallisation of a final, relatively large influx of hotter primitive liquid, with upper Critical Zone affinities, and subsequent mixing with a column of cooler (less dense) supernatant liquid which had in part hybridized with the overlying Main Zone magma. It is hypothesised that this new liquid was emplaced as a basal flow beneath supernatant liquid and that it initiated the deposition of mafic cumulates at its base. The supernatant liquid is interpreted as representing the fractionated residuum produced by crystallisation of earlier cyclic units, with plagioclase on the liquidus, and that it contained an abundance of small plagioclase primocrysts in suspension. Development of the Unit can be viewed as a two-stage process. In the lower half of the unit, chemical and physical parameters typical of the new magma dominated the crystallisation process, and resulted in cumulates very similar to other relatively complete Upper Critical Zone units. In the upper, leucocratic sequence, above a minor reversal, crystallisation was from a liquid which was the product of mixing of a minor pulse of primitive liquid with the reservoir of hybridized supernatant liquid. Although the Bastard Unit is not continuous around the entire Western limb of the Complex, it is concluded that it developed in a single, or connected, magma chamber and that its irruptive feeder zone was located in the proximal northwestern facies of the Complex.

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Kleynhans, Ilse. "A critical appraisal of regional geotechnical mapping in South Africa." Pretoria : [S.n.], 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08122005-111838.

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Nakhwa, Riyas Ahmed. "Structural controls on groundwater flow in the Clanwilliam area." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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Deformation of the western part of the Table Mountain Group rocks during the Cape Orogeny created a series of folds and associated fractures. The subsequent continental break-up of Gondwana led to the development of large fault systems. These exert a major influence on deep and shallow groundwater flow. There are 3 main types of structures that are investigated. The geological contacts between hydraulically different lithologies, the primary characteristics of the sediments comprising the main geological units and the secondary structures developed from the tectonic events. These inter-alia include lithological boundaries, bedding and conjugate joints and large faults. Compartmentalisation of the aquifers by lithological and fault boundaries are the main regional level controls on flow in the study area. Joints are important for local control of flow, but cumulatively exert a regional effect as well. These controls exert a strong 3 dimensional impact on flow patterns within the area. Geological cross sections and detailed fieldwork combined with the conceptual models proposed are used to determine groundwater flow and the extent of the flow constraints. There is heterogeneity in the fault characteristics whilst there isconsistence in the impermeable aquitards. These effect boundaries at the base of the aquifer, divide the aquifer into upper and lower units and cap the top of the aquifer. Using water level data, EC and pH an attempt is made to establish patterns created by structures, mainly faults. There appears to be some control of these shown by patterns seen on contour plots of the data. Understanding of the structures can significantly alter the way the available data could be interpreted. The integration of all available data into the conceptual model provides an effective research tool, which opens up further avenues for new approaches and methods for continued research in this area.

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Books on the topic "Geology, Structural – South Africa – Bushveld"

1

Conference, on Inversion Tectonics of the Cape Fold Belt (1991 Cape Town South Africa). Inversion tectonics of the Cape Fold Belt, Karoo and Cretaceous basins of Southern Africa: Proceedings of the Conference on Inversion Tectonics of the Cape Fold Belt, Cape Town, South Africa, 2-6 December 1991. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1992.

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Silverton), South African Geotechnical Conference (1980. South African Geotechnical Conference, 1980: Proceedings of the South African Geotechnical Conference organised by the Geotechnical Engineering Division of the South African Institution of Civil Engineers, Silverton, 11-13 November 1980. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1985.

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South African Geotech Conf 7th Splmt. Taylor & Francis, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Geology, Structural – South Africa – Bushveld"

1

Cawthorn, R. Grant. "The Bushveld Complex, South Africa." In Springer Geology, 517–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9652-1_12.

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Ghalgaoui, Maroua, Noomen Dkhaili, Kawthar Sbei, and Mohamed Hedi Inoubli. "Paleozoic Reservoir Distribution in South-Eastern Tunisia." In The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling, 105–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_22.

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Sana, Garci. "Integrated Petrophysical Study of Acacus Reservoir (South of Tunisia)." In The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling, 179–82. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_38.

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Adouani, Ferid, Ahmed Saadi, Francis Chevalier, and Noura Ayari. "South Tunisia, Structures and Traps Evolution: A Review from a New 3D Mega-Merge Survey." In The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling, 175–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_37.

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Szefler, Kazimierz, Radosław Wróblewski, Janusz Dworniczak, and Stanisław Rudowski. "The State of the Nearshore Bottom as an Index of the Shore State, South Baltic Coast Examples." In The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling, 187–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_40.

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Harouz, Chakib, Kamel Amri, Rachid Hamdidouche, and Kawther Araibia. "USE of Landsat 8 OLI Images to the Characterization of Hercynian Deformation of the Ougarta (South-West Algeria)." In The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling, 293–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_64.

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Kochhar, Naresh. "Archean Continental Crust Beneath Mauritius, and Low Oxygen Isotopic Compositions from the Malani Rhyolites, Rajasthan, (India): Implication for the Greater Malani Supercontinent with Special Reference to South China, Seychelles and Arabian-Nubian Shield." In The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling, 41–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_10.

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Longridge, Luke, Roger L. Gibson, and Paul A. M. Nex. "Structural controls on melt segregation and migration related to the formation of the diapiric Schwerin Fold in the contact aureole of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." In Sixth Hutton Symposium on The Origin of Granites and Related Rocks: Proceedings of a Symposium held in Stellenbosch, South Africa, 2- 6 July 2007. Geological Society of America, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2010.2472(05).

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Conference papers on the topic "Geology, Structural – South Africa – Bushveld"

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Dim, C. I., K. Mosto Onuoha, and C. Gabriel Okeugo. "Sequence Stratigraphic, Structural and Reservoir Analyses: An Integrated Approach to Exploration and Development of the Eastern Coastal Swamp Cluster, Niger Delta Basin." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2538089-ms.

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Abstract:

ABSTRACT Sequence stratigraphic, structural and reservoir analytical tools have been employed in interpreting the geology of the eastern Coastal Swamp Depo-belt of the Niger Delta Basin. The aim was to understand the stratigraphic framework, structural styles and hydrocarbon reservoir distribution for improved regional hydrocarbon exploration across the onshore Niger Delta basin. This interpretative study made use of well logs, biostratigraphic (biofacies and bio-zonation) and petrophysical data obtained from twenty wellbores, integrated with recently merged and reprocessed 3D Pre-Stack Time Migrated regional seismic volume spanning across eight fields (over 960 km2). Results reveal the occurrence of nine key chronostratigraphic surfaces (five maximum flooding surfaces and four sequence boundaries) that were tied to well-established pollen and foram bio-zones for high resolution sequence stratigraphic interpretation. The sediment stacking patterns recognized from gamma ray log signatures were used in delineating the lowstand system tract (LST), transgressive system tract (TST) and highstand system tract (HST) genetic units. Well log sequence stratigraphic correlation reveals that stratal packages within the area were segmented into three depositional sequences occurring from middle to late Miocene age. Furthermore, there is thickening of stratal packages with corresponding decrease in net-to-gross thickness from north to south (basinwards). This is due possibly to the influence of syn-depositional structures on stratigraphy. The combination of reservoir sands (of LST and HST), source and seal shales (of TST and HST) and fault structures allows for good hydrocarbon accumulation and should be targeted during exploration. Reservoir evaluation studies using petrophysical parameters indicates the presence of good quality reservoir intervals, which are laterally continuous and partly compartmentalized. Structural top maps of reservoirs show good amplitude response that are stratigraphically and structurally controlled. Structural analysis revealed the occurrence of back-to-back faulting, collapsed crest structures, simple/faulted rollovers, regional foot wall and hanging wall closures and sub-detachment structures. These structural styles constitute the major hydrocarbon entrapment mechanism in the area. Overall, the study has unraveled the existence of undrilled hydrocarbon leads at deeper depths that should be further revalidated for development and production.

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