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Journal articles on the topic 'Geology, Structural – South Africa – Bushveld'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Nex, Paul A. M. "The structural setting of mineralisation on Tweefontein Hill, northern limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Applied Earth Science 114, no. 4 (December 2005): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/037174505x62901.

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2

Campbell, Geoff. "Exploration geophysics of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa." Leading Edge 30, no. 6 (June 2011): 622–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3599148.

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3

Perritt, Sam, and Mike Roberts. "Flexural-slip structures in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa?" Journal of Structural Geology 29, no. 9 (September 2007): 1422–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2007.06.008.

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4

Jones, M. Q. W. "Heat flow in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: implications for upper mantle structure." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2017): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.3.351.

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Abstract Geothermal measurements in South Africa since 1939 have resulted in a good coverage of heat flow observations. The Archaean Kaapvaal Craton, in the central part of South Africa, is the best-studied tectonic domain, with nearly 150 heat flow measurements. The greatest density of heat flow sites is in the Witwatersrand Basin goldfields, where geothermal data are essential for determining refrigeration requirements of deep (up to 4 km) gold mines; the average heat flow is 51 ± 6mWm-2. The Bushveld Complex north of the Witwatersrand Basin is an extensive 2.06 Ga ultramafic-felsic intrusive complex that hosts the world’s largest reserves of platinum. The deepest platinum mines reach ~2 km and the need for thermal information for mine refrigeration engineering has led to the generation of a substantial geothermal database. Nearly 1000 thermal conductivity measurements have been made on rocks constituting the Bushveld Complex, and borehole temperature measurements have been made throughout the Complex. The temperature at maximum rock-breaking depth (~2.5 km) is 70°C, approximately 30°C higher than the temperature at equivalent depth in the Witwatersrand Basin; the thermal gradient in the Bushveld Complex is approximately double that in the Witwatersrand Basin. The main reason for this is the low thermal conductivity of rocks overlying platinum mines. The Bushveld data also resulted in 31 new estimates for the heat flux through the Earth’s crust. The overall average value for the Bushveld, 47 ± 7 mW m-2, is the same, to within statistical error, as the Witwatersrand Basin average. The heat flow for platinum mining areas (45 mW m-2) and the heat flux into the floor of the Witwatersrand Basin (43 mW m-2) are typical of Archaean cratons world-wide. The temperature structure of the Kaapvaal lithosphere calculated from the Witwatersrand geothermal data is essentially the same as that derived from thermobarometric studies of Cretaceous kimberlite xenoliths. Both lines of evidence lead to an estimated heat flux of ~17 mW m-2 for the mantle below the Kaapvaal Craton. The estimated thermal thickness of the Kaapvaal lithosphere (235 km) is similar to that defined on the basis of seismic tomography and magnetotelluric studies. The lithosphere below the Bushveld Complex is not significantly hotter than that below the Witwatersrand Basin. This favours a chemical origin rather than a thermal origin for the upper mantle anomaly below the Bushveld Complex that has been identified by seismic tomography studies and magnetotelluric soundings.

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5

Latypov, R., S. Chistyakova, and J. Kramers. "Arguments against syn-magmatic sills in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 565–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.4.565.

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6

Cawthorn, R. Grant, and Susan J. Webb. "Cooling of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: Implications for paleomagnetic reversals." Geology 41, no. 6 (June 2013): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g34033.1.

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7

Bamisaiye, Oluwaseyi Adunola. "Geo-Spatial Mapping of the Western Bushveld Rustenburg Layered Suite (Rls) in South Africa." Journal of Geography and Geology 7, no. 4 (December 2, 2015): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v7n4p88.

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Trend surface analysis (TSA) was used to investigate the structure and thickness variation pattern and to resolve trend and residual component of the structure contours and isopach maps of the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) across the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). The TSA technique was also employed in extracting meter scale structures from the regional structural trends. This enables small-scale structures that could only be picked through field mapping to be observed and scrupulously investigated. Variation in the structure and thickness was used in timing the development of some of the delineated structural features. This has helped to unravel the progressive development of structures within the RLS. The results indicate that present day structures shows slight changes in both regional and local trends throughout the stratigraphic sequence from the base of the Main Zone to the top of the Achaean floor. Structures around the gap areas are also highlighted. This paper represents the third of a three-part article in Trend Surface analysis of the three major limbs of the Bushveld Igneous Complex (BIC). This first part focused on the Northern Bushveld Complex, while the second part focused on the Eastern Bushveld Limbs.

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8

de Waal, S. A. "Age and significance of the Marble Hall breccia, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 105, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/1050227.

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9

CLARKE, B., R. UKEN, and J. REINHARDT. "THE GEOMETRY AND EMPLACEMENT MECHANICS OF A BUSHVELD COMPLEX PERIDOTITE BODY, SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 112, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.2.141.

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10

VanTongeren, J. A., and E. A. Mathez. "Large-scale liquid immiscibility at the top of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Geology 40, no. 6 (June 2012): 491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g32980.1.

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11

Clarke, Brendan, Ron Uken, and Jürgen Reinhardt. "Structural and compositional constraints on the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Lithos 111, no. 1-2 (July 2009): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2008.11.006.

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12

Rudashevsky, N. S., and V. N. Rudashevsky. "New Data for Malanite and Cuprorhodsite from Chromitites of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Geology of Ore Deposits 62, no. 8 (December 2020): 796–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701520080139.

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13

Wagner, N. J., M. L. Mokwena, and A. Kolker. "Occurrence and probable source of chromium enrichment in Permian coals, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 124, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 611–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.124.0013.

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Abstract The trace element data pool for South African coals is limited. However, certain elements are reported as occurring in considerably higher concentrations than global average values. These elements include chromium (Cr), as well as manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), and molybdenum (Mo), with Cr showing the most consistent enrichment. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Cr in South African coals sampled from five coalfields, and to assess the possible source of Cr. A total of 21 run-of-mine (ROM) coal samples from the Waterberg, Soutpansberg, Witbank, Highveld, and the Nongoma Coalfields were obtained from active mines. Coal characterization, mineralogy, and geochemical data were compiled. The Cr values for the Waterberg (23 to 28 ppm), Soutpansberg (4.7 to 43 ppm), Witbank (24 to 37 ppm), and Highveld (33 to 37 ppm) coal samples are higher than those for the Nongoma coals (1.2 to 2.5 ppm), and, in nearly every case, higher than the Clarke value for hard coals (17 ppm). Correlation coefficients, density fractionation, and selective leaching were used to infer (indirect) modes of occurrence. A dominant silicate (clay) affinity was determined with Cr, as well as an organic affinity in the ROM samples. The Nongoma coals, with illite and no kaolinite, have extremely low Cr values. The other samples are enriched in kaolinite and also have a high Cr content. Chromium values as high as 67 ppm were reported for 1.4 RD float fraction samples, indicating a positive correlation with organic matter. A Cr - silicate association was observed following selective leaching. These results imply multiple modes of occurrence of Cr in the South African samples, in agreement with studies conducted globally. Chromium in the South African coals could have originated from the Bushveld Complex (approximately two billion years old), the largest Cr reserve in South Africa, which predates coal formation (approximately 299 to 252 million years ago) and is proximal to the coalfields. The Cr, seemingly not associated with chromite, may have been redistributed in the peat swamps during peat deposition, accumulating in the sediments and organic material. The Nongoma Coalfield is the farthest distance from the possible Bushveld Complex Cr source, and these samples are depleted in Cr.

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14

BUICK, IAN S., ROLAND MAAS, and ROGER GIBSON. "Precise U–Pb titanite age constraints on the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of the Geological Society 158, no. 1 (January 2001): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs.158.1.3.

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15

Buthelezi, M., L. D. Ashwal, and P. Horváth. "Application of titanium-in-quartz geothermometry to magmatic quartz in evolved rocks from the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.2.241.

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Abstract We report concentration data for the trace element titanium (Ti) in magmatic quartz in eight samples of leucogabbronorite, anorthosite, olivine ferrodiorite and quartz anorthosite from the Main and Upper Zones of the Bushveld Complex. The results, obtained by electron microprobe analysis, were used with Ti-in-quartz geothermometers (TitaniQ) to constrain the solidus temperatures of these rocks. Magmatic quartz is present sporadically in the mafic cumulate rocks of the 2950 m Bellevue borehole (Northern Limb), and commonly occurs as intercumulus, triangular patches, typically between cumulus feldspars and pyroxenes, suggesting that it crystallized late, from trapped interstitial melts. Quartz grains in rutile-bearing samples (implying TiO2 activity = 1) yield Ti concentrations of 48 to 106 ppm that constrain the solidus temperatures of the Bellevue cumulate rocks at T= 677 to 767ºC, using a calibration of the pressure-sensitive geothermometer at 3 kbar, thought to represent the emplacement pressure of the mafic cumulate rocks. These results imply a mean solidus temperature for Bushveld cumulate rocks of approximately 732 ± 31ºC (n = 7). Cathodoluminescence imagery (CL) of quartz from the studied samples reveals a variety of textures that correlate with Ti content, and hence temperature. These include rim-to-core (RC) zoning, homogeneous CL intensity and some samples show irregular patches of variable CL intensity. The observed zoning can be interpreted as intercumulus quartz grains that crystallized from their rims inward towards their cores.

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16

Hartzer, F. J. "Transvaal Supergroup inliers: geology, tectonic development and relationship with the Bushveld complex, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 21, no. 4 (November 1995): 521–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0899-5362(95)00108-5.

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17

SCOON, ROGER N., and ANDREW A. MITCHELL. "Discovery and Geology of the Platinum Group Element Deposits of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." SEG Discovery, no. 78 (July 1, 2009): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/segnews.2009-78.fea-02.

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18

Twala, M., R. J. Roberts, and C. Munghemezulu. "Detection of magnetite in the Roossenekal area of the Eastern Bushveld Complex, South Africa, using multispectral remote sensing data." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 573–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0041.

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Abstract Multispectral sensors, along with common and advanced algorithms, have become efficient tools for routine lithological discrimination and mineral potential mapping. It is with this paradigm in mind that this paper sought to evaluate and discuss the detection and mapping of magnetite on the Eastern Limb of the Bushveld Complex, using high spectral resolution multispectral remote sensing imagery and GIS techniques. Despite the wide distribution of magnetite, its economic importance, and its potential as an indicator of many important geological processes, not many studies had looked at the detection and exploration of magnetite using remote sensing in this region. The Maximum Likelihood and Support Vector Machine classification algorithms were assessed for their respective ability to detect and map magnetite using the PlanetScope Analytic data. A K-fold cross-validation analysis was used to measure the performance of the training as well as the test data. For each classification algorithm, a thematic landcover map was created and an error matrix, depicting the user’s and producer’s accuracies as well as kappa statistics, was derived. A pairwise comparison test of the image classification algorithms was conducted to determine whether the two classification algorithms were significantly different from each other. The Maximum Likelihood Classifier significantly outperformed the Support Vector Machine algorithm, achieving an overall classification accuracy of 84.58% and an overall kappa value of 0.79. Magnetite was accurately discriminated from the other thematic landcover classes with a user’s accuracy of 76.41% and a producer’s accuracy of 88.66%. The overall results of this study illustrated that remote sensing techniques are effective instruments for geological mapping and mineral investigation, especially iron oxide mineralization in the Eastern Limb of the Bushveld Complex.

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19

Buick, I. S. "The occurrence of cuspidine, foshagite and hillebrandite in calc-silicate xenoliths from the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 103, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2000): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/1030249.

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20

Verryn, S. "X-Ray powder diffraction data for Chromite from the UG-2 of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 111, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2008): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.111.2-3.225.

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21

JOHNSON, T. E., M. BROWN, and R. W. WHITE. "Petrogenetic modelling of strongly residual metapelitic xenoliths within the southern Platreef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 28, no. 3 (April 2010): 269–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2010.00868.x.

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22

Lee, C. A., and H. W. Fesq. "Au, Ir, Ni and Co in some chromitites of the eastern Bushveld Complex South Africa." Chemical Geology 62, no. 3-4 (April 1987): 227–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(87)90088-x.

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23

Lenhardt, N., W. Altermann, F. Humbert, and M. de Kock. "Lithostratigraphy of the Palaeoproterozoic Hekpoort Formation (Pretoria Group, Transvaal Supergroup), South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 123, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 655–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.123.0043.

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Abstract The Palaeoproterozoic Hekpoort Formation of the Pretoria Group is a lava-dominated unit that has a basin-wide extent throughout the Transvaal sub-basin of South Africa. Additional correlative units may be present in the Kanye sub-basin of Botswana. The key characteristic of the formation is its general geochemical uniformity. Volcaniclastic and other sedimentary rocks are relatively rare throughout the succession but may be dominant in some locations. Hekpoort Formation outcrops are sporadic throughout the basin and mostly occur in the form of gentle hills and valleys, mainly encircling Archaean domes and the Palaeoproterozoic Bushveld Complex (BC). The unit is exposed in the western Pretoria Group basin, sitting unconformably either on the Timeball Hill Formation or Boshoek Formation, which is lenticular there, and on top of the Boshoek Formation in the east of the basin. The unit is unconformably overlain by the Dwaalheuwel Formation. The type-locality for the Hekpoort Formation is the Hekpoort farm (504 IQ Hekpoort), ca. 60 km to the west-southwest of Pretoria. However, no stratotype has ever been proposed. A lectostratotype, i.e., the Mooikloof area in Pretoria East, that can be enhanced by two reference stratotypes are proposed herein. The Hekpoort Formation was deposited in a cratonic subaerial setting, forming a large igneous province (LIP) in which short-termed localised ponds and small braided river systems existed. It therefore forms one of the major Palaeoproterozoic magmatic events on the Kaapvaal Craton.

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24

Frick, C. "A study of the soil geochemistry of the Platreef in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 24, no. 1 (September 1985): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742(85)90004-4.

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25

Gerya, Taras V., Ron Uken, Jürgen Reinhardt, Michael K. Watkeys, Walter V. Maresch, and Brendan M. Clarke. "Cold fingers in a hot magma: Numerical modeling of country-rock diapirs in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Geology 31, no. 9 (2003): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g19566.1.

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26

Penniston-Dorland, Sarah C., Boswell A. Wing, Paul A. M. Nex, Judith A. Kinnaird, James Farquhar, Michael Brown, and Elizabeth R. Sharman. "Multiple sulfur isotopes reveal a magmatic origin for the Platreef platinum group element deposit, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Geology 36, no. 12 (2008): 979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g25098a.1.

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27

Wieser, Penny E., Zoja Vukmanovic, Rüdiger Kilian, Emilie Ringe, Marian B. Holness, John Maclennan, and Marie Edmonds. "To sink, swim, twin, or nucleate: A critical appraisal of crystal aggregation processes." Geology 47, no. 10 (August 20, 2019): 948–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46660.1.

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Abstract Crystal aggregates in igneous rocks have been variously ascribed to growth processes (e.g., twinning, heterogeneous nucleation, epitaxial growth, dendritic growth), or dynamical processes (e.g., synneusis, accumulation during settling). We tested these hypotheses by quantifying the relative orientation of adjacent crystals using electron backscatter diffraction. Both olivine aggregates from Kīlauea volcano (Hawaiʻi, USA) and chromite aggregates from the Bushveld Complex (South Africa) show diverse attachment geometries inconsistent with growth processes. Near-random attachments in chromite aggregates are consistent with accumulation by settling of individual crystals. Attachment geometries and prominent geochemical differences across grain boundaries in olivine aggregates are indicative of synneusis.

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28

Johnson, T., M. Brown, R. Gibson, and B. Wing. "Spinel-cordierite symplectites replacing andalusite: evidence for melt-assisted diapirism in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 22, no. 6 (August 6, 2004): 529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.2004.00531.x.

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29

Coetzee, M. S., G. J. Beukes, H. de Bruiyn, and A. A. Bisschoff. "Geochemistry and petrogenesis of tholeiitic intrusions of possible Bushveld-age in the Vredefort Dome, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 45, no. 2 (June 2006): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2006.03.001.

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30

Reid, D. L., R. G. Cawthorn, F. J. Kruger, and M. Tredoux. "Isotope and trace-element patterns below the Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa: evidence for fluids?" Chemical Geology 106, no. 1-2 (May 1993): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90171-e.

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31

Voordouw, R. J., and N. J. Beukes. "Alteration and metasomatism of the UG2 melanorite and its stratiform pegmatoids, Bushveld Complex, South Africa -characteristics, timing and origins." South African Journal of Geology 112, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.1.47.

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32

Setera, Jacob B., Jill A. VanTongeren, Brent D. Turrin, and Carl C. Swisher. "Rapid cooling of the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex (South Africa): Insights from biotite 40Ar/39Ar geochronology." Geology 48, no. 8 (May 10, 2020): 834–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46865.1.

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Abstract Despite their importance to understanding magma chamber processes and the formation of economically viable precious metal deposits, the cooling histories of layered mafic intrusions remain enigmatic due to limited geochronologic constraints. We provide a comprehensive 40Ar/39Ar study of biotite throughout the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS) of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa. Analyses of individual biotite grains from 10 samples, encompassing ∼5.5 km of RLS stratigraphy, yielded weighted mean plateau ages that all overlap at 2σ (α-95% confidence level) and range from 2056.3 ± 3.2 Ma to 2052.0 ± 7.6 Ma (2σ). A weighted mean of all biotite plateau ages yielded an age of 2054.47 ± 0.84 Ma (2σ, n = 30, mean square of weighted deviates = 0.23, P = 1.00; ±21 Ma fully propagated). The overlap between our 40Ar/39Ar biotite and published U-Pb zircon ages suggests that the RLS cooled rapidly to the closure temperature of biotite, with cooling rates on the order of 1000 °C m.y.–1 throughout the stratigraphy. Thermal modeling requires enhanced heat loss, due to the hydrothermal system associated with the emplacement of the RLS, to produce the inferred rapid cooling rates. Previously reported young 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages from the UG-2 and MG-1 chromitite seams and the Merensky Reef are likely a product of localized late-stage circulation of hydrothermal fluids. The lack of similarly young 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages from the remainder of the stratigraphy suggests that late-stage hydrothermal events were potentially localized to chromitites and the Merensky Reef.

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Huthmann, F. M., M. A. Yudovskaya, D. Frei, and J. A. Kinnaird. "Geochronological evidence for an extension of the Northern Lobe of the Bushveld Complex, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Precambrian Research 280 (July 2016): 61–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.04.010.

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Pitra, P., and S. A. De Waal. "High-temperature, low-pressure metamorphism and development of prograde symplectites, Marble Hall Fragment, Bushveld Complex (South Africa)." Journal of Metamorphic Geology 19, no. 3 (May 2001): 311–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1314.2001.00313.x.

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35

Killick, A. M., and R. Scheepers. "Controls to hydrothermal gold mineralization in the Witwatersberg Goldfield; situated in the floor to the south of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Journal of African Earth Sciences 41, no. 3 (February 2005): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2005.04.002.

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36

Eales, H. V., W. J. de Klerk, and B. Teigler. "Evidence for magma mixing processes within the Critical and Lower Zones of the northwestern Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Chemical Geology 88, no. 3-4 (November 1990): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90093-m.

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37

Dzvinamurungu, T., K. S. Viljoen, M. W. Knoper, and A. Mulaba-Bafubiandi. "Geometallurgical characterisation of Merensky Reef and UG2 at the Marikana Mine, Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Minerals Engineering 52 (October 2013): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2013.04.010.

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38

Merkle, R. "The systematics of Co, Ni, and Cu contents in pyrrhotite from the upper zone of the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 111, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2008): 187–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.111.2-3.187.

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39

SCOON, R. N., and A. A. MITCHELL. "THE UPPER ZONE OF THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX AT ROOSSENEKAL, SOUTH AFRICA: GEOCHEMICAL STRATIGRAPHY AND EVIDENCE OF MULTIPLE EPISODES OF MAGMA REPLENISHMENT." South African Journal of Geology 115, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 515–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.115.4.515.

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40

Scoon, R. N., and A. A. Mitchell. "Discussion of “Arguments against Syn-magmatic Sills in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa” by R. Latypov, S. Chistyakova and J. Kramers." South African Journal of Geology 121, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.121.0013.

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41

Longridge, Luke, Roger L. Gibson, and Paul A. M. Nex. "Structural controls on melt segregation and migration related to the formation of the diapiric Schwerin Fold in the contact aureole of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 100, no. 1-2 (March 2009): 61–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691009016119.

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ABSTRACTPartial melting of metapelitic rocks beneath the mafic–ultramafic Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex in the vicinity of the periclinal Schwerin Fold resulted in a structurally controlled distribution of granitic leucosomes in the upper metamorphic aureole. In the core of the pericline, subvertical structures facilitated the rise of buoyant leucosome through the aureole towards the contact with the Bushveld Complex, with leucosomes accumulating in en-echelon tension gashes. In a subhorizontal syn-metamorphic shear zone to the southeast of the pericline, leucosomes accumulated in subhorizontal dilational structural sites. The kinematics of this shear zone are consistent with slumping of material off the southeastern limb of the rising Schwerin pericline. The syndeformational timing of leucosome emplacement supports a syn-intrusive, density-driven origin for the Schwerin Fold. Modelling of the cooling of the Rustenburg Layered Suite and heating of the floor rocks using a multiple intrusion model indicates that temperatures above the solidus were maintained for >600,000 years up to 300 m from the contact, in agreement with rheological modelling of floor-rock diapirs that indicate growth rates on the order of 8 mm/year for the Schwerin Fold.

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Cheney, Eric S., and David Twist. "The conformable emplacement of the Bushveld mafic rocks along a regional unconformity in the Transvaal succession of South Africa." Precambrian Research 52, no. 1-2 (July 1991): 115–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(91)90016-4.

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SCOON, R. N., and A. A. MITCHELL. "A MULTI-STAGE ORTHOMAGMATIC AND PARTIAL MELTING HYPOTHESIS FOR THE DRIEKOP PLATINIFEROUS DUNITE PIPE, EASTERN LIMB OF THE BUSHVELD COMPLEX, SOUTH AFRICA." South African Journal of Geology 112, no. 2 (September 1, 2009): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssajg.112.2.163.

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Scoon, R. N., G. Costin, and P. J. Gräbe. "Geology and Origin of the Vanadiferous Fe-Ti Oxide-rich Kennedy's Vale Discordant Body, Eastern Limb of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." South African Journal of Geology 120, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 251–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/gssajg.120.2.251.

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Abstract The 2055 Ma Bushveld Complex, South Africa, is well known for the occurrence of discordant bodies within the Rustenburg Layered Suite (RLS). Many discordant bodies disrupt mining of layered reefs, but a few have been successfully exploited, including the well known platiniferous dunite pipes. The Kennedy's Vale discordant body, situated in the Steelpoort Valley section of the Eastern Limb, has been almost entirely mined out for a central core of vanadium-rich Ti-magnetite. Discordant bodies are particularly abundant in this area which is severely disrupted by syn-Bushveld doming and faulting. The three-dimensional shape of discordant bodies in the RLS is highly variable, most are pipe-like, but Kennedy's Vale is unusual in that it constitutes an elongate, dyke-like body. The Kennedy's Vale occurrence is emplaced within gabbroic-anorthositic wall rocks of the Lower Main Zone, at a stratigraphic height of several thousands of metres below the Ti-magnetite layers. A broad zonation is recognised and the central core of massive Fe-Ti oxides is enclosed by an inner sheath of iron-rich wehrlite pegmatite and an outer sheath of iron-rich clinopyroxenite pegmatite. The sheath contains disseminated Fe-Ti oxides. An irregular and diffuse reaction rim has been identified between the outer sheath and the wall rocks. Kennedy's Vale is part of the iron-rich ultramafic pegmatite (IRUP) group of discordant bodies, highly unusual rocks characterised by the absence of plagioclase and being more differentiated than the wall rocks in which they are emplaced. The composition of the olivine in the outer sheath at Kennedys' Vale (Fo49.6-46.5) is typical of the IRUP at this stratigraphic height, but considerably more differentiated than the pyroxene in the wall rocks. The reaction rim to the dyke includes relic grains of extremely calcic plagioclase and symplectites, indicative of high-temperature reactions. Symplectites formed due to reaction between the primocrysts in the gabbroic wall rocks and Fe-Ti melts. Kennedy's Vale crystallized from dense, immiscible Fe-Ti oxide-rich melts that drained downward within the RLS into the underlying cumulates with which they reacted. The relatively high vanadium content of the Ti-magnetite in the Kennedy's Vale orebody (average of 2.0 to 2.2 weight % V2O5) is consistent with melts sourced from the lowermost group of Ti-magnetite layers in the Upper Zone. The internal zonation of the dyke is ascribed to contamination of melt with distance from the conduit. The core-zone of massive Fe-Ti oxides was the last component to form as it required a persistent supply of Fe-Ti oxide melt. The absence of core parts of massive Fe-Ti oxides from some bodies of IRUP can be explained by their relatively low stratigraphic height or the relative paucity of introduced melt.

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Shithigona, O., M. S. D. Manzi, L. D. Ashwal, G. M. Bybee, and S. J. Webb. "Experimental studies of elastic wave velocities and densities in rocks from the Bushveld Complex, South Africa: implications for deep reflection seismic surveys." South African Journal of Geology 121, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.121.0029.

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Sehoole, Lebogang, Musa S. D. Manzi, Steven E. Zhang, and Julie E. Bourdeau. "An innovative seismic and statistical approach to understand 3D magmatic structures and ore deposits in the western Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Ore Geology Reviews 126 (November 2020): 103784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103784.

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Gleason, James D., Jens Gutzmer, Stephen E. Kesler, and Horst Zwingmann. "2.05-Ga Isotopic Ages for Transvaal Mississippi Valley–Type Deposits: Evidence for Large-Scale Hydrothermal Circulation around the Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa." Journal of Geology 119, no. 1 (January 2011): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/657301.

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Zhang, Steven E., Lebogang Sehoole, Musa S. D. Manzi, Julie E. Bourdeau, and Glen T. Nwaila. "Use of novel 3D seismic technology and machine learning for pothole detection, characterization, and classification — Case study in the Bushveld Complex (South Africa)." Leading Edge 40, no. 2 (February 2021): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40020106.1.

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We demonstrate that integrating 3D reflection seismics with machine learning (ML) can bring many benefits for the future development of the mining industry. We use a serial integration of reflection seismics, which identifies economic horizon-depression structures known as potholes within the western Bushveld Complex. Thereafter, agglomerative clustering is applied to the resulting data, using features engineered from the physical characteristics of the potholes. Our results indicate that potholes can be divided into several classes based on characteristic features; e.g., large potholes are substantially less steep than small potholes. Furthermore, we model this empirical relationship and show that it can be used to predict average sizes of potholes given their typical in-mine exposures. We also demonstrate that pothole formation is likely to have been initiated depth-wise, followed by lateral increases in size. Lastly, we demonstrate that our serial application of seismically based data generation and ML-based data analytics is a viable alternative to conventional geostastistical analysis, especially for the classification, prediction, and modeling of geologic structures such as potholes.

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Reisberg, Laurie, Marian Tredoux, Chris Harris, Aline Coftier, and Jefferson Chaumba. "Re and Os distribution and Os isotope composition of the Platreef at the Sandsloot–Mogolakwena mine, Bushveld complex, South Africa." Chemical Geology 281, no. 3-4 (February 2011): 352–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.12.021.

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van der Merwe, Mauritz J. "The geology and structure of the Rustenburg Layered Suite in the Potgietersrus/Mokopane area of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa." Mineralium Deposita 43, no. 4 (November 17, 2007): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00126-007-0168-9.

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