Academic literature on the topic 'Geomatics discipline'

Geomatics is a discipline of collecting, processing and analysing geospatial data. Data collection is a core process of geomatics which usually adopt precise equipment to measure geospatial data. With the development of technology, a smartphone in this present era is not simply for communication; several low cost measurement devices such as Global Positioning System (GPS), gyro and camera are assembled in a smartphone. Although the devices assembled in a smartphone could not meet the needs of accuracy requirement for many geomatics applications, millions of mobile applications (Apps) can be downloaded and installed from Google Play and Apple Store freely, and a variety of sensors can be chosen for user. Considering that the popularity and convenience of a smartphone, and assuming that the accuracy of those collected data is acceptable for learning purposes, it is expected that a smartphone can be employed in geomatics for hand-on education. For example, Vespucci OSM Editor is an App to edit the OpenStreetMap on Android. The user may have the hand-on experience on GPS positioning, web services and mapping via Vespucci OSM Editor. The aim of this paper is to collect and analyze different Apps for geomatics education. The Apps are classified into four categories, namely, surveying, remote sensing, GPS and Geographic Information System (GIS). In this paper, more than 20 free Apps are collected and analysed for different hand-on studies in geomatics education. Finally, all the related Apps are listed on a website for updating.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The recent outbreak of geospatial information to a wider audience, represents an inexorable flow made possible by the technological and scientific advances that cannot be opposed. The democratization of Geomatics technologies requires training opportunities with different level of complexity specifically tailored on the target audience and on the final purpose of the digitization process. In this frame, education plays a role of paramount importance, to create in the final users the awareness of the potentials of Geomatics-based technologies and of the quality control over the entire process.</p><p>This paper outlines the current educational offer concerning the Geomatics Academic discipline in the Italian higher education system, highlighting the lack of dedicated path entirely devoted to the creation of specifically trained figure in this field. The comparison with the International panorama further stresses out this necessity. The purpose of this work is to present different educational approaches by distinguishing between the starting knowledge level of the students/participants and the final aim of the training activities. Three main audiences have been identified: i) experts, who already know some basics of Geomatics to understand the theoretical concepts behind its technologies; ii) intermediate audience, who are interested in learning about Geomatics technologies and methodologies, without any previous or poor education concerning these topics; iii) non-experts, a mix of a wide group of people, with different educations and interests, or without any interest at all.</p><p>For each group, the multi-year experience concerning educational and training activities for the geomatics-based knowledge transfer in all the multi-level approaches of the GECO Lab (University of Florence) is presented.</p>

The technology-driven, rapidly advancing field of spatial data and information science (SDIS) is an integral part of numerous engineering professions. Many college civil engineering programs are struggling to find ways to accommodate this subject in an already crowded undergraduate curriculum. There are several reasons that taking a course in SDIS is desirable for civil engineers entering today’s demanding job market. First, technologies related to surveying, spatial data, and information science are among the fastest developing in the industry, and there is significant demand for skills in the latest technology. Second, spatial data collection and analysis are essential to all civil engineering disciplines; thus, a fundamental understanding of data collection and analysis techniques is desirable. The transportation discipline of civil engineering may face the greatest need for professionals specializing in SDIS. Transportation planning, system design, facilities management, and transportation logistics rely heavily on SDIS technologies, including conventional surveying, geographic information systems, Global Positioning System, remote sensing, and digital terrain modeling. A description is given of a widely transferable and technically up-to-date course in geomatics that expands on traditional surveying by incorporating modern methods of spatial data collection, management, and analysis. Including a course on geomatics early in students’ undergraduate civil engineering curriculum may plant the seed for the development of future SDIS and SDIS for transportation professionals. Lessons learned in developing geomatics courses at Clemson University, Georgia Tech, and The Citadel are presented. Findings and recommendations are summarized with respect to broader application issues affecting the civil engineering curriculum.

Geomatics is the discipline of electronically gathering, storing, processing, and delivering spatially related digital information; it continues to be one of the fastest expanding global markets, driven by technology. The British Geological Survey (BGS) geomatics capabilities have been utilized in a variety of scientific studies such as the monitoring of actively growing volcanic lava domes and rapidly retreating glaciers; coastal erosion and platform evolution; inland and coastal landslide modelling; mapping of geological structures and fault boundaries; rock stability and subsidence feature analysis, and geo-conservation. In 2000, the BGS became the first organization outside the mining industry to use Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning (TLS) as a tool for measuring change; paired with a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), BGS were able to measure, monitor, and model geomorphological features of landslides in the United Kingdom (UK) digitally. Many technologies are used by the BGS to monitor the earth, employed on satellites, airplanes, drones, and ground-based equipment, in both research and commercial settings to carry out mapping, monitoring, and modelling of earth surfaces and processes. Outside BGS, these technologies are used for close-range, high-accuracy applications such as bridge and dam monitoring, crime and accident scene analysis, forest canopy and biomass measurements and military applications.

The management of an urban context in a Smart City perspective requires the development of innovative projects, with new applications in multidisciplinary research areas. They can be related to many aspects of city life and urban management: fuel consumption monitoring, energy efficiency issues, environment, social organization, traffic, urban transformations, etc. Geomatics, the modern discipline of gathering, storing, processing, and delivering digital spatially referenced information, can play a fundamental role in many of these areas, providing new efficient and productive methods for a precise mapping of different phenomena by traditional cartographic representation or by new methods of data visualization and manipulation (e.g. three-dimensional modelling, data fusion, etc.). The technologies involved are based on airborne or satellite remote sensing (in visible, near infrared, thermal bands), laser scanning, digital photogrammetry, satellite positioning and, first of all, appropriate sensor integration (online or offline). The aim of this work is to present and analyse some new opportunities offered by Geomatics technologies for a Smart City management, with a specific interest towards the energy sector related to buildings. Reducing consumption and CO2 emissions is a primary objective to be pursued for a sustainable development and, in this direction, an accurate knowledge of energy consumptions and waste for heating of single houses, blocks or districts is needed. A synoptic information regarding a city or a portion of a city can be acquired through sensors on board of airplanes or satellite platforms, operating in the thermal band. A problem to be investigated at the scale A problem to be investigated at the scale of the whole urban context is the Urban Heat Island (UHI), a phenomenon known and studied in the last decades. UHI is related not only to sensible heat released by anthropic activities, but also to land use variations and evapotranspiration reduction. The availability of thermal satellite sensors is fundamental to carry out multi-temporal studies in order to evaluate the dynamic behaviour of the UHI for a city. Working with a greater detail, districts or single buildings can be analysed by specifically designed airborne surveys. The activity has been recently carried out in the EnergyCity project, developed in the framework of the Central Europe programme established by UE. As demonstrated by the project, such data can be successfully integrated in a GIS storing all relevant data about buildings and energy supply, in order to create a powerful geospatial database for a Decision Support System assisting to reduce energy losses and CO2 emissions. Today, aerial thermal mapping could be furthermore integrated by terrestrial 3D surveys realized with Mobile Mapping Systems through multisensor platforms comprising thermal camera/s, laser scanning, GPS, inertial systems, etc. In this way the product can be a true 3D thermal model with good geometric properties, enlarging the possibilities in respect to conventional qualitative 2D images with simple colour palettes. Finally, some applications in the energy sector could benefit from the availability of a true 3D City Model, where the buildings are carefully described through three-dimensional elements. The processing of airborne LiDAR datasets for automated and semi-automated extraction of 3D buildings can provide such new generation of 3D city models.

In the last few years, new technologies have become indispensable tools for specialists in the field of cultural heritage for the analysis, reconstruction and interpretation of data but also for promotion of artefacts or buildings sometimes inaccessible or in a bad state of conservation. The discipline of geomatics offer many opportunities and solutions for integrated digital surveys and the documentation of heritage (point-based methods, image-based photogrammetry and their combination): These data can be processed in order to derive metric information and share them using databases or GIS (geographic information system) tools. This paper is focused on the description of combined survey methodologies adopted for the geometric and architectural documentation of the site and surviving structures of the Castel of Scalea (Cosenza, Italy). It is a typical context where traditional survey procedures do not fully succeed or require a longer amount of time and great effort if a high level of accuracy is requested: For this reason, aerial close-range digital photogrammetry enhanced by the GNSS (global navigation satellite system), and total station positioning systems have been used at various levels of detail for the production of a detailed 3D model and 2D thematic maps with an excellent level of in the positioning of the structures and in the architectural drawing. Thanks to the collected dataset, it was possible to better identify the building units (CF), to digitize the limits of the masonry stratigraphic units (USM), and to draw up a first constructive diachronic sequence hypothesis on which to base chronology. Moreover, some particular masonry techniques have been sampled and compared at the regional level with the aim to better dating of constructive expedients. It was finally demonstrated how the use of integrated methodologies allows us to obtain a complete and detailed documentation including information regarding not only architectural and geometrical features but also archaeological and historical elements, building materials and decay evidences—all useful as support of the interpretation of data.

One of the fastest developing scientific disciplines in forestry are geomatics and remote sensing. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles deserves a mention. On the example of the Świdwin Forest District the possibilities of using drones in forestry were presented. Unmanned aerial vehicles are mainly used for fire protection, creation of orthophotomaps, checking the health status of stands, monitoring spruce forests and the promotion of state forests.

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This paper is focussed on the work and remit of the ICA’s Commission on Education and Training (CET), presenting a reflection by the retiring chair of the current issues which affect the work of Commission members and all engaged in current education and training of students of cartography around the world.</p><p> The nature and development of cartography as an academic and professional discipline has been discussed through many presentations, both conceptual and applied, and in various arenas and communities, over the past half century. As cartographic practice became standardised in the 20th century, so educational and instructional materials describing and analysing the discipline conveyed a relatively uniform message, ensuring that the audience of learners were educated and trained positively to an agreed agenda. In effect, a subtle, as yet unwritten, ‘Body of Knowledge’ was developed and elucidated in educational materials, notably textbooks on cartography, in the last few decades of the last century (Kessler, 2018).</p><p> It was during these years, however, that cartography developed as a discipline far beyond its initial roots as a map-making technology. The technology of map-making certainly changed completely, and a host of other aspects were incorporated, from metrical analysis of historical map documents to gender-oriented investigations of mapping activity; from the integration and importance of cartography in contemporary geospatial data handling to the role of volunteer map-making; from the psychology of map interaction and decision making to the mathematics of map projections and multi-dimensional data representation; and many, many other activities and issues which must be included in educational programmes in cartography.</p><p> It is the establishment, adoption and maintenance of a Body of Knowledge (BoK) which is one of the main <strong>challenges</strong> (this paper presents 11, in <strong>bold</strong> below) and, if successfully met, it can assist in ensuring that cartographic education and training develops as required in the next few decades (Fairbairn, 2017). The further challenges highlighted in this paper can form the basis for further investigation by the CET in the future. This listing of issues is informed by a number of contemporary changes in technology, by closer integration of cartography with other geospatial sciences, by research achievements and investigations in the field, by advances in educational praxis, by demands on cartography by a host of other activities, and by consequent recognition of the discipline by learned and professional bodies.</p><p> One of the main purposes in developing a <strong>Body of Knowledge</strong> is to encompass and facilitate curriculum design. As the widening scope of cartography will be reflected in the developing BoK (most notably in cartography’s contribution to GIS), <strong>curriculum design</strong> must be flexible and innovative enough to cope with more numerous and wider, though focussed and integrated, topics. The admirable, existing BoK in Geographic Information Science and Technology, already being reviewed and enhanced, but omitting many <strong>specific cartographic principles</strong>, is a possible framework for incorporating these. Alternatively there are sound arguments for a uniquely cartographic BoK, and this enterprise is certainly an ICA-approved pursuit.</p><p> Also within the BoK, the <strong>theoretical foundations for the study of cartography</strong> must be elucidated and moved from the research agenda to the educational curriculum. A revised <i>Research Agenda</i> developed under ICA auspices and a focussed <i>Body of Knowledge</i> are synergistic documents, with interdependent content in one directing content in the other. Such documents may be perceived by many to be overly conceptual, un-related to everyday mapping activity. In terms of cartographic production in the past 50 years, we have moved far from the standardised methods mentioned earlier, applied by every commercial and governmental mapping organisation. The activity of map-making has adopted a host of alternative methods, and artefacts, data-sets and representations are created and ‘mashed-up’ by an increasingly wide range of individuals and groups with highly variable experiences, expertise and understanding of cartographic procedures. In terms of ‘organised’ cartography in multi-employee companies, government and non-government agencies, academic and research groups, and associated industrial and environmental companies, a further challenge is <strong>understanding what employers want from graduates in cartography and GIS</strong>. The delivery of education in cartography is an academic activity, but it must be done in a manner which demonstrates relevance to the community which relies on the skills of an educated workforce.</p><p> In some cases the cartographic community, notably its educators, may have to direct their attention outside the classroom and convince the fragmenting industry that cartographic principles are vital for effective management and communication of information, and that the products of cartographic education (the graduates from educational programmes) are serious and informed potential employees with much to offer a wide range of human activity. Such recognition by those outside the academy can be encouraged by seeking and receiving <strong>professional accreditation</strong> from awarding bodies such as industry associations, learned societies, educational authorities and public bodies. The landscape of professional recognition in the disciplines of cartography and GIS is highly varied, geographically, institutionally, legally, and pedagogically. The fluid nature of the disciplines, and in particular their fuzzy distinction from a host of other geomatics, geospatial, engineering, environmental, and social activities means that cartographic education must acknowledge and address its interaction with education in many other sciences. <strong>Linking cartographic education and its principles with related education in other closely related geo-disciplines</strong> is particularly important. Common messages must be presented stressing cartography’s importance and relevance.</p><p> At the possible wider levels mentioned above, experiences and <strong>lessons learned from teaching cartography and GIS to a broad range of non-specialists</strong> must be documented: cartographic principles must be shown to be important and relevant to all those engaged in handling maps and mapping data. Stressing the importance of such principles is especially vital when education is done at a distance: the Commission has long been interested in those activities which <strong>develop on-line educational resources</strong> and look at innovative ways of delivering education widely to large audiences outside formal educational establishments. We already have reports on mature and effective resources in the form of MOOCs, distance learning courses, and online training modules (e.g. Robinson and Nelson, 2015). Such methods of delivery for cartographic education have proven popular and efficient: educators must ensure continued relevance, update, and diligence, in managing these activities.</p><p> In addition to content development and assessment frameworks, it is technical requirements which are often perceived as major blocks to effective use of in-line educational resources. <strong>Technical support requirements</strong> are critical in every form of cartographic education: in the past replication of map reproduction labs was prohibitive for most educational establishments; today it is the acquisition of a full range of software which mitigates against full exposure to the varied range of cartographic and geospatial data handling activity as practised in the ‘real world’. The generosity of some software providers is widely acknowledged in educational institutions, and many of the software products are generic enough to be able to demonstrate the required cartographic principles in a non-partisan manner. However, in many cases employers are seeking specific training skills in particular packages and this can be difficult to provide within a formal educational programme.</p><p> Recent additions to the ‘wish-list’ of employers, however, have been related to abilities in coding and computer programming. Luckily, the most commonly sought skill is ability to write code in Python or Javascript. These are open source, rather than a commercial, products, and hence can be acquired by any educational establishment. The <strong>use of open source software and datasets in geospatial and cartographic education</strong> is becoming increasingly important, and their effective integration with traditional (and indeed contemporary) curricula in cartographic education is clearly a further challenge.</p><p> This paper has outlined a number of challenges facing cartographic education. Like the wider discipline, education in cartography is delivered by capable and dedicated individuals, each with interests in the development of the discipline in an increasingly diverse and varied educational arena. The Commission is intent on addressing the challenges outlined, promoting effective and high-quality cartographic education.</p>

Hybridizing animal geographies scholarship encourages creative conversations among geography sub-disciplines and generates holistic knowledge of human-animal relations. This article surveys existing trends in ‘hybridity’ as a foundational concept emerging from animal geographies primarily located within human realms of geography. Fully operationalizing hybridity requires affective engagements with animals through interdisciplinary investigations of animal agency, behaviours and experiences. To this end, this article explores how animal research in geography may benefit from further extension into human-environment geographies, physical geographies and geomatics to capitalize on hybridity as both concept and practice.

AbstractUrban informatics is an interdisciplinary approach to understanding, managing, and designing the city using systematic theories and methods based on new information technologies. Integrating urban science, geomatics, and informatics, urban informatics is a particularly timely way of fusing many interdisciplinary perspectives in studying city systems. This edited book aims to meet the urgent need for works that systematically introduce the principles and technologies of urban informatics. The book gathers over 40 world-leading research teams from a wide range of disciplines, who provide comprehensive reviews of the state of the art and the latest research achievements in their various areas of urban informatics. The book is organized into six parts, respectively covering the conceptual and theoretical basis of urban informatics, urban systems and applications, urban sensing, urban big data infrastructure, urban computing, and prospects for the future of urban informatics. This introductory chapter provides a definition of urban informatics and an outline of the book’s structure and scope.

AbstractSemantic 3D city modeling and building information modeling (BIM) are methods for modeling, creating, and analyzing three-dimensional representations of physical objects of the environment. Digital modeling of the built environment has been approached from at least four different domains: computer graphics and gaming, planning and construction, urban simulation, and geomatics. This chapter introduces the similarities and differences of 3D models from these disciplines with regard to aspects like scale, level of detail, representation of spatial and semantic characteristics, and appearance. Exemplified by the international standards CityGML and Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), information models from semantic 3D city modeling and BIM and their corresponding modeling approaches are explored, and the relationships between them are discussed. Based on use cases from infrastructure planning, approaches for integrating information from semantic 3D city modeling and BIM, such as semantic transformation between CityGML and IFC, are described. Furthermore, the role of semantic 3D city modeling and BIM for recent developments in urban informatics, such as smart cities and digital twins, is investigated and illustrated by real-world examples.

The presence of spatial magma heterogeneities in volcanic monogenetic fields is a major observation discussed as well synthesized for worldwide volcanic fields. Magma heterogeneities still have not been visualized in the form of detailed spatial analyst tools, which could further help structuring works of geological mapping, volcanic hazard, and geoheritage evaluations. Here we synthetized 32 published datasets with a novel geochemical mapping model inspired by sub-disciplines of geomatic in one of the most documented monogenetic fields on earth: the Chichinautzin Volcanic Field (CVF) in Mexico. The volcanic units from CVF are covering the 2500 km2 area, and its neighbor stratovolcanoes are bordering the limit of most volcanic centers (Popocatepetl, Iztaccihuatl, and Nevado de Toluca). The results illustrate polygons and point map symbols from geochemical markers such as Alkalis vs SiO2, Sr/Y, and Ba/Nb. The geochemical heterogeneity of the CVF monogenetic bodies decreases as it approaches the Popocatepetl-Iztaccihuatl stratovolcanoes. This alignment is not observed in the occidental CVF portion near the flank of Nevado de Toluca, but geochemical anomalies associated to markers of continental crust interaction such as Sr/Y follow elongated patterns that are not strictly following structural lines and faults mapped on surface.

An estimation of the seismic risk in Castilla - La Mancha (Spain) is set forth in the current work, in order to develop the special emergency programme. To carry out the study it has been necessary to define a multidisciplinary group of experts in each involved discipline: geology and tectonics, seismology, architecture, engineering and geographical information systems. The main aim is to develop different seismic risk maps to provide the basis to elaborate the emergency plans in Castilla - La Mancha. These plans must follow the stipulated guidelines in the seismic risk field. A probabilistic methodology is adopted to define the seismic risk, considering this as the human and material losses in presence of the expected seismic event. The seismic hazard of the area of study is evaluated through return periods of 475 and 975 years, equivalents to exceedance probabilities of 10% and 5% in 50 years respectively. These probabilities are proposed in the framework of the Spanish seismic code “Normativa Sismorresistente Española, NCSE-02”, for conventional and special buildings. In a first approach, the study attempt to estimates the expected losses in each city of the overall of Castilla - La Mancha in the presence of the probable movements in 50 and 100 years. The results allow us to make a relative estimation of the seismic risk in different areas, identify those cities which undergo highest damages indexes and which ones would require a more in-depth assessment so as to mitigate the risk. Besides, the results contribute to establish objective priorities to define emergency plans at city scale.http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIGeo2017.2017.6670

This paper describes why and how the authors have developed an online distance learning package specifically designed with the objective of raising awareness of Metocean amongst Shell’s discipline engineers around the world. Metocean technology is applied across the oil and gas business in design, operational planning and in everyday operations. It has a significant high value impact. Changes in the working and business environment have highlighted a clear need to raise awareness amongst users of Metocean technology — both for the business and for individual competence development. The disciplines identified are project management, structures, floaters, pipelines, subsea, drilling, operations, civil, geomatics and seismic. The paper explores ways to raise this awareness, leading to the choice of a tailored online distance learning course. It describes its design and development, and the incorporation of a number of learning innovations. It also presents the feedback both from line managers and participants on the course, and identifies lessons learnt and areas for improvement. The paper concludes with suggestions for the future and how others can develop bespoke awareness programmes most effectively to add value to their businesses. The significance of this paper is that it focuses on how best to communicate Metocean technology to a broad range of users, and it describes how various online distance learning techniques and innovations were tailored to achieve this. Not only do participants learn about Metocean principles and conditions around the world, but also they select their own business related course assignment. The course design encourages interaction and sharing amongst participants, and includes a variety of case studies and peer reviews. Amongst participants, the course has received high completion, satisfaction and business value scores.

Given the growing relevance, at national and international levels, of restoration and conservation interventions on existing buildings, the Universities have developed degree courses with specific addresses in “Conservation of Architectural and Environmental Heritage”. The students that attend this course become a graduate with specific, extensive, and updated skills in the field of knowledge, protection, conservation, reuse, and enhancement of architectural and environmental heritage. The complexity of the intervention is faced through the contribution of the various disciplines that contribute to the training of the architect, at the same time they studied modern instruments and tools for collecting and managing data, from on-field survey to sharing projects and ideas. The goal is to learn to manage, in its entirety, the project and the range of possible interventions with deep conservative sensitivity, with skills ranging from maintenance to restoration and redevelopment, both in the dimension of the single building and at the urban and landscape scale.

The interaction between humanities and scientific disciplines is a slow and recent process, which is still standing influencing more and more frequently the reconstruction of our history. Ancient human remains are a significant part of our heritage, both from a cultural and biological point of view. They keep trace of our evolution at a macroscopic and genetic level; for this reason they must be adequately protected. Since 2018, the Superintendence of Archeology, Fine Arts and Landscape for the metropolitan city of Bari (Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and for Tourism of Italy) has launched a specific protocol for the management of physical anthropological finds, with the aim of protecting, knowing and enhancing them. The use of new technologies, such as 3D modeling of the finds and the management of all archaeological and anthropological data through DBMS, will allow us to carry out long-term protection. This will be the basis for achieving new studies and enhancement activities on ancient human remains, without increasing their degradation.

In recent years we have witnessed how technology applied to built heritage has exponentially changed the daily practices of the various experts involved in the life cycle of buildings. The techniques of representation of historical architecture have been able to make use of new 3D survey tools as well as research methods capable of managing a large amount of data while improving the level of information (LOI) and accuracy of the surveyed artefacts. On the other hand, professionals still have to make use of a large number of exchange formats in order to share their digital representations (3D, 2D) and analysis. For this reason, this paper describes the research approach followed to obtain “standard” architectural representations of a heritage building in the Cultural Heritage domain. The word “standard” is used in its original meaning: “something established by authority, custom, or general consent as a model or example” (Collins Dictionary). In this context, 3D models have a primary role in the workflow because its position is in-between the 3D survey techniques that come first and the restoration/maintenance activities. The authors’ thought is that the workflow should be as smooth and sustainable as possible to have an effective standardization and collaboration among disciplines, sectors and technicians working in the different study areas.

The design and construction planning of pipelines is a multidisciplinary effort that requires support and input from geotechnical, geomatics and pipeline construction specialists. The cooperation between those disciplines is more pronounced and required when the pipeline traverses rugged mountainous areas with challenging settings. This paper begins by considering the range of topographic, geological, construction and other route datasets and how they are generated. A presentation of an application that has been developed and utilizes progressively improving route datasets as projects advance to generate Right-of-Way (ROW) footprint and detailed construction quantities such as granular excavation volumes, supply and demand quantities and cross-section details is introduced. An overview of construction details including construction direction, seasonality, and ROW profile is then offered. In addition, several analytical methods are available for deployment, each being suited for various stages of a project’s development. These analytical methods include advanced workbooks and GIS Enabled Applications that leverages DTM information as well as commercially available packages. A discussion of these methods is presented together with suggested guidelines as to when to apply them in a proposed project’s phase. Finally, lessons learnt from the experiences gained in several major projects are summarized.

The topic of Cultural Heritage preservation has gained an increasing attention during last decades. The protection of such complex and delicate manufacts require the intervention of experts from different field (e.g. archaeology, restoration, survey, 3D modeler, structural engineering, architecture), addressed towards an integrated and multidisciplinary scientific approach. Recently, technology advancements have involved many scientific disciplines, affecting both the investigation tools and the data computing. In this paper, an approach aimed at assessing the health status and preserving a heritage building is presented and applied to a case study, exploiting the most effective tools nowadays available. Based on the so-called knowledge path, the study started from the analysis of historical data, through the collection of in-situ measures and towards the construction of a 3D digital model where the information is stored. In particular, a set of images taken by drone and processed by the photogrammetric technique of Structure from Motion, were used to produce detailed point clouds, mesh model, DEM and orthophotos that collect an accurate geometrical documentation, useful to analyse the conservation status and the crack pattern. Based on the detailed model from geomatic survey and drawings, a Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) database was collected with the possibility of managing historical, geometric, structural and health status information. In the end, the study focused on the availability of the information collected for non-professional users or professionals from different fields, who do not have access to data kept in commercial database. Partly, this resulted in the elaboration of an augmented reality (AR) model, accessible by common mobile applications. The case study is Villa Pisani in Stra (Venice, Italy), a well-known example of venetian villa built in the XVIII century which hosted many protagonists of the European contemporary history.

Abstract Objectives/Scope (25 - 50) PDO is in the process of transforming its well and urban planning by adopting digital technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to improve organizational efficiency and maximize business value through faster quality decision. In 2020, PDO collaborated with a third-party contractor to provide a novel solution to an industry-wide problem: "how to effectively plan 100's of wells in a congested brownfield setting?". Business Transformation This paper describes an innovative AI-assisted well planning method that is a game-changer for well planning in mature fields, providing efficiency in urban and well trajectory planning. It was applied in one of PDO's most congested fields with a targeted infill of 43m well spacing. The novel well planning method automatically designs and optimizes well trajectories for 100-200 new wells while considering surface, subsurface and well design constraints. Existing manual workflows in the industry are extremely time consuming and sequential (multiple man-months of work) - particularly for fields with a congested subsurface (350+ existing wells in this case) and surface (limited options for new well pads). These conventional and sequential ways of working are therefore likely to leave value on the table because it is difficult to find 100+ feasible well trajectories, and optimize the development in an efficient manner. The implemented workflow has the potential to enable step change in improvements in time and value for brownfield well and urban planning for all future PDO developments. Innovation The innovative AI assisted workflow, an industry first for an infill development of this size, evaluates, generates and optimizes from thousands of drillable trajectories to an optimized set for the field development plan (based on ranked value drivers, in this case, competitive value, cost and UR). The workflow provides a range of drillable trajectories with multi-scenario targets and surface locations, allowing ranking, selection and optimization to be driven by selected metrics (well length, landing point and/or surface locations). The approach leads to a step change reduction in cycle time for well and urban planning in a complex brownfield with 100-200 infill targets, from many months to just a few weeks. It provides potential game-changing digital solutions to the industry, enabling improved performance, much shorter cycle times and robust, unbiased well plans. The real footprint and innovation from this AI-assisted workflow is the use of state-of-the-art AI to enhance team collaboration and integration, supporting much faster and higher quality field development decisions. Application of Technology This paper describes a novel solution to integrated well planning. This is a tangible example of real digital transformation of a complex, integrated and multi-disciplinary problem (geologists, well engineers, geomatics, concept engineers and reservoir engineers), and only one of very few applied use cases in the industry. This application also gives an example of "augmented intelligence", i.e. how AI can be used to truly support integrated project teams, while the teams remain fully in control of the ultimate decisions. The success of this approach leans on the integrated teamwork across multiple technical disciplines, not only involving PDO's resources, but also WhiteSpace Energy as a 3rd party service provider. The enhanced collaboration allowed all parties to highlight their constraints in an integrated way from the start, strengthening the technical discussion between disciplines and learning from each constraint impact and dependencies. (e.g. dog leg severity). In summary, the change in process flow moving from a sequential well planning and urban planning method to an iterative and fast AI solution – including all technical considerations from beginning represented for PDO an added value of over 6 months of direct cycle time HC acceleration.