Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Géométrie – Histoire'
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Gauthier, Sébastien. "La géométrie des nombres comme discipline (1890- 1945)." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066436.
Full textModolo, Marie-Eve. "Histoire de la normalisation canonique d'une famille de courbes algébriques : aspects algorithmiques, combinatoires et géométriques." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2277.
Full textRomera-Lebret, Pauline. "La nouvelle géométrie du triangle : passage d'une mathématique d'amateurs à une mathématique d'enseignants (1873-1929)." Nantes, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NANT2014.
Full textDuring the last third of the XIXe century, amateur mathematicians, lead by the French Émile Lemoine and Henri Brocard, introduce a renewal of interest for the study of new remarkable objects of triangle, the set of which takes the name of new triangle geometry. Between 1873 and 1881, articles consist of mathematical properties of these new remarkable objects of the triangle. In the 1880s, the authors, established in a real European community, try to connect between them the new remarkable objects. They are going to update particular point-point, point-line and line-line correspondences, the general study of which is then realized and trains the geometry of the correspondences. Then the new triangle geometry is constituted by remarkable objects but also by geometrical methods. From the end of 1880s, the remarkable objects of the new triangle geometry appear in textbooks as application of the analytical geometry. Since 1888, the new triangle geometry is integrated as theory into textbooks. We suggest clearing and analyzing the passage of the new triangle geometry since its primary state of amateurs' mathematic up to its final state of teachers' mathematic. The community of the authors of articles, that of the authors of textbooks, reviews and places of researches, the mobilized geometrical methods and the various forms of integration in textbooks are so many perspectives taken into account during this historic research
Boi, Luciano. "Les Géométries non euclidiennes et le problème mathématique et épistémologique de l'espace dans son développement historique : surfaces, variétés, modèles et espaces physiques." Paris, EHESS, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994EHES0024.
Full textThe object of this work is as ambitious as it is difficult. It sets out to examine the relationship of non-euclidean geometries and the mathematical problem of space. This work does not pretend to propose an exhaustive study. It is intended rather to seek a deepened undestanding, from an historical point of view, of a certain number of concepts and methods which, from this researcher's point of view, are at the origin of the extraordinary development of geometry in the 19th century. This research looks at the conceptual developments of non-euclidean geometries, examines the modes of formation of their fundamental notions and reflects on their key role in the constitution of new fields within mathematics. To this end, the approach adopted is genealogical and thematic. This work seeks to demonstrate the double nature of geometry. As pure mathematical theory, it is constituted from structures and ideal beings, and therefore can be qualified as "form of idealization". As theory which explains nature, it is an "abstract picture" (or a model) of physical phenomenons, in other words, a principle of intelligibility of reality. These two aspects however, and this is one of the principal thesis of this work, are essentially linked. When one takes into consideration the geometrical methods and theories as they have developed from the second half of the 19th century onwards, there is not reason to distinguish a priori between form and content nor between geometrical and physical properties of space. From an epistemological perspective, what is commonly understood to be mathematical geometry and physical geometry, is in fact two distinct yet complementary modes of existence of the same form of knowledge
Viculin, Marina. "Histoire de la nouvelle tendance." Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040103.
Full textNew Tendancy movement (NT) is an international group of artists united in the sixties(1961 - 1973) around the exhibition programme at the Gallery of Contemporary Art (Galerijasuvremene umjetnosti) in Zagreb. During its existence, the movement gathered around twohundred artists and differents groups such as GRAV, T, N, Zero, Equipo 57, Dvizhenije, MID etc.The first phase of the movement that lasted until 1968 was characterized by the geometricabstraction and lumino-kinetic art. During the second phase, New Tendancy opened thechapter of numerical arts
Abgrall, Philippe. "Les développements de la géométrie au Xè siècle : la contribution d'al-Quhi." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA070065.
Full textThis Ph D Thesis presents the first synthesis about one of the biggest geometers' mathematical works in the l0th century, Abu Sahl al-Quhi. Heir of the hellenistic geometry, he takes a great place in the double tradition, archimedean and apollonean, being begun a centuty earlier by the Banu Musa and being fmished in the 11th century with Ibn al-Haytham, revealing by the professor Roshdi Rashed in its researches for the last ten years. Al-Quhi left works in almost all the fields of activity which the geometry knew during the l0th century. He took part as well in the extension of ancient chapters, as the geometrical constructions or the study and the application of the conic sections, as on examination of the geometrical transformations, or in the creation of new chapters as that of the projections. Ln sight of this study which presents the critical edition in Arabic, the translation in French and the comment of three of its treaties as well as a scientific correspondence that he had with al-Sabi', it appears that al-Quhi's activity was innovative and played a determining role in the developments of the geometry
Delcourt, Jean. "Analyse et géométrie : les courbes gauches de Clairaut à Serret et Frenet." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066416.
Full textCousin, Marion. "La "révolution" de l'enseignement de la géométrie dans le Japon de l'ère Meiji (1868-1912) : une étude de l'évolution des manuels de géométrie élémentaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10082/document.
Full textDuring the Meijing era, the political context in East Asia led the Japanese authorities to embark on a nationwide modernization program. This resulted in the introduction of Western mathematics, and especially Euclidean geometry into Japanese education. However, as traditional mathematics (was an) were very successful at that time, there were no Japanese translations of texts dealing with this new geometry available at this time. My work focuses on the first Japanese textbooks that were developed, distributed and used during this period of scientific transfer. My analysis concentrates on language and logical reasoning in order to highlight the various phases in the importation and adaptation of Western knowledge to the Japanese context
Moussard, Guillaume. "Les notions de problèmes et de méthodes dans les ouvrages d’enseignement de la géométrie en France (1794-1891)." Nantes, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NANT2084.
Full textThis thesis systematically surveys textbooks of elementary geometry and analytic geometry published in France between 1794 and 1891 in order to identify the place of problems and methods, the challenges in introducing them, as well as the authors' arguments on the subject. The choices made are related to the institutional and mathematical contexts. This work led to identify steps towards normalization along the century of the organization of the problems in geometry textbooks, which involves the classification of different types of problems. We show how the presence of problems is related to the preparation of examinations and competitions, to educational intentions of the authors, to the idea of implementing the theory and to the idea of what is geometric activity. We also show that the methods are the focus of the attention not only of geometers, but also, to a large extent, of the teachers. We analyze how the geometrical and analytical methods are renewed in the 19th century at the same time they circulate between the books. Different underlying conceptions to the exposure of these methods are identified and throw light on the connection the authors have with the notion of generality in geometry. Finally, we analyze the nature of the relations between problems and methods in our textbooks, and the changes in their interactions over the century
Petitfour, Edith. "Enseignement de la géométrie à des élèves en difficulté d'apprentissage : étude du processus d'accès à la géométrie d'élèves dyspraxiques visuo-spatiaux lors de la transition CM2-6ème." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC022.
Full textThe aim of our study is to provide a method for teaching elementary plane geometry to dyspraxic fifth and sixth-grade pupils other than making them produce geometric constructions using instruments, because their lack of organisational and fine motor skills prevent them from learning in this way. Based on the instrumental approach of cognitive ergonomics, motor developnnent from neurophysiology and our own observations of dyspraxic pupils, we developed a theoretical framework for analysing the process of learning geometry via construction with geometric instruments. This enables us to separate geometric knowledge from practical skills during the construction process. We then added tools for analysing language and movement activated during geometric constructions created in a pairs setting as well as tools for analysing aids likely to be given to a dyspraxic pupil. Using this framework, we analysed how the dyspraxic pupil is catered for in class, to provide a basis for experimenting with two pupils, one of whom is dyspraxic, outside the classroom. The excellent results obtained pave the way for developing strategies for including dyspraxic pupils in class by creating appropriate conditions to enable them to learn geometry. Moreover, the study leads us to challenge the accepted consensus that construction with geometric instruments described by a geometric language disconnected from the instruments is the best approach for learning geometry in the 5th grade. The study also identifies hidden aspects of learning in geometry
Duran, Samson. "Des géométries étatsuniennes à partir de l'étude de l'American Mathematical Society : 1888-1920." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS207.
Full textIn 1888, three students created a mathematical society in New York City. Six years later, this society became national and took the name of the American Mathematical Society (AMS). In 1920, it counted thousands of members, published many articles and reviews, and organized mathematical meetings on a regular basis all over the country. Based on the study of publications from the AMS journals until 1920, this dissertation aims at retracing a social history of Geometry, by answering two main questions: how were geometrical activities related to the AMS organized and distributed and how was geometrical knowledge transferred from or to the USA? After determining what the category of Geometry meant for the editors of various catalogues of mathematical publications, I will analyze the lessons given and received by some members of the AMS, the reviews published in its Bulletin and the mathematical meetings held by the society. The descriptions of the geometrical activities organized by the AMS, as well as the context in which they took place, will thus help us draw a cartography of Geometry. We will see that it can be defined in several ways from both an academic and a sociological perspective. I will also identify the dominant people in Geometry within the Society. More precisely, we will see who were the power holders, whether this power was scientific or institutional, according to the different forms it could take within the AMS. Among the people thus identified, I will particularly focus on three of them (V. Snyder, L. P. Eisenhart and E. J. Wilczynski). This will allow us to treat the two key questions at an individual scale rather than at the previous institutional one. V. Snyder and L. P. Eisenhart’s cases will provide us with the opportunity of studying what non-American mathematical results were taken into account and used in their works while E. J. Wilczynski’s will allow us to understand how his research was spread abroad
Lorenat, Jemma. ""Die Freude an der Gestalt" : méthodes, figures et pratiques de la géométrie au début du dix-neuvième siècle." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066079/document.
Full textThe standard history of nineteenth century geometry began with Jean Victor Poncelet's contributions which then spread to Germany alongside an opposition between Julius Plücker, an analytic geometer, and Jakob Steiner, a synthetic geometer. Our questions centre on how geometers distinguished methods, when opposition arose, in what ways geometry disseminated from Poncelet to Plücker and Steiner, and whether this geometry was "modern'' as claimed.We first examine Poncelet's argument that within pure geometry the figure was never lost from view, while it could be obscured by the calculations of algebra. Our case study reveals visual attention within constructive problem solving, regardless of method. Further, geometers manipulated and represented figures through textual descriptions and coordinate equations. We also consider the debates involved as a medium for communicating geometry in which Poncelet and Gergonne in particular developed strategies for introducing new geometry to a conservative audience. We then turn to Plücker and Steiner. Through comparing their common research, we find that Plücker practiced a "pure analytic geometry'' that avoided calculation, while Steiner admired "synthetic geometry'' because of its organic unity. These qualities contradict usual descriptions of analytic geometry as computational or synthetic geometry as ad-hoc.Finally, we study contemporary French books on geometry and show that their methodological divide was grounded in student prerequisites, where "modern'' implied the use of algebra. By contrast, research publications exhibited evolving forms of geometry that evaded dichotomous categorization.The standard history of nineteenth century geometry began with Jean Victor Poncelet's contributions which then spread to Germany alongside an opposition between Julius Plücker, an analytic geometer, and Jakob Steiner, a synthetic geometer. Our questions centre on how geometers distinguished methods, when opposition arose, in what ways geometry disseminated from Poncelet to Plücker and Steiner, and whether this geometry was "modern'' as claimed.We first examine Poncelet's argument that within pure geometry the figure was never lost from view, while it could be obscured by the calculations of algebra. Our case study reveals visual attention within constructive problem solving, regardless of method. Further, geometers manipulated and represented figures through textual descriptions and coordinate equations. We also consider the debates involved as a medium for communicating geometry in which Poncelet and Gergonne in particular developed strategies for introducing new geometry to a conservative audience. We then turn to Plücker and Steiner. Through comparing their common research, we find that Plücker practiced a "pure analytic geometry'' that avoided calculation, while Steiner admired "synthetic geometry'' because of its organic unity. These qualities contradict usual descriptions of analytic geometry as computational or synthetic geometry as ad-hoc.Finally, we study contemporary French books on geometry and show that their methodological divide was grounded in student prerequisites, where "modern'' implied the use of algebra. By contrast, research publications exhibited evolving forms of geometry that evaded dichotomous categorization
Bolteau, Blandine. "La magnétisante histoire de la goutte fakir ou étude des propriétés de mouillage de surfaces superhydrophobes à géométrie magnétiquement modulable." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS062/document.
Full textDuring this thesis, we have developped superhydrophobic surfaces whose wettability can be controlled by an external magnetic stimulus. Formulating a network of elastomeric and magnetic micro-pillars with high aspect ratio allows the orientation of the pillars through magnetic forces, hence an adaptable surface roughness. Moreover, modulating the geometry, elasticity and magnetization of pillars allowed us to highlight the following conclusions.We have seen first that in agreement with the literature, without magnetic field, the wetting hysteresis increased with the surface fraction. However, it remains constant varying the elasticity of pillars. This conclusion is confusing, because at the pillar scale, there is indeed a difference of mobility between rigid and flexible pillars due to the force exerted by the triple line.We then demonstrated that the deflexion of the pillars can change significantly the sliding angle due to the applied magnetic field. Moreover, sliding of the droplet on such a surface is promoted when pillars are deflected against the slope.Finally, we managed to control the displacement of a droplet on a surface which is tilted with an angle below the sliding angle : it moves forward from the surface only if magnetic actuation is applied. This surfaces will be an attractive source of study in order to understand how to modulate wetting and liquid flow in fakir state
Yotova, Rennie. "L'espace géométrique dans le nouveau roman." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100144.
Full textThis research sets out study the impact on narration of certain geometric figures or mathematical entities, encountered in the books of the new novelists. It argues that geometric space is central to the creation of fictional space in the works of the new novelists. Taking for granted that such a space is the point of intersection of several sciences, as well as of other arts, in order to support our argument better, we have adopted a four-part structure, which follows a deductive reasoning: The first part, For a Topology of the New Navel, establishes the theoretical frame allowing us to place the New Novel in a context of debates, the elements of which are specifically considered in the following parts. The second part, Novels of the Triangle, studies this geometric figure in its manifestations as generator, symbol, obsessional element in order to specify that, unlike other aesthetic movements which explore it, the New Novel generalizes it by making it significant within an extremely interesting psychoanalytical content. The third part, The Canvas of Words, signals an opening towards pictorial arts, by illustrating the particular spatializing of the narrative which gets close to a pictorial expression. The fourth part, Striding Along the City, tackles geometric space from the point of view of itinerant narrators, who trace spatially their return to origins by means of symbolic acts of measuring which inevitably pass through the encounter with Otherness. The corpus of 15 novels also includes non-French francophone writers who might be associated with the New Novel - Jacques-Gérard Linze, Dumitru Tsepeneag, Hubert Aquin. The conclusion emphasizes the paradox that the geometrical construction of space contributes to the deconstruction of fictional space
Moyon, Marc. "La géométrie pratique en Europe en relation avec la tradition arabe, l'exemple du mesurage et du découpage : contribution à l'étude des mathématiques médiévales." Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10104/document.
Full textThe object of our work is the critical edition, the French translation and the mathematical analysis of the Liber mensurationum of Abu Bakr, of the Liber Saydi Abuothmi, of the Liber Aderameti and of the De superficierum divisionibus liber of Mulhammad al-Baghdadï. These four texts of the Arabian tradition are about two chapters of practical geometry : the measurement and the division of figures. The measurement has for object the determination of unknown quantities (lengths, areas, volumes) from quantities data. The division of figures consists in dividing a geometric figures in several parts according to properties and constraints fixed a priori. Our work takes in account sorne previous mathematical traditions - mesopotamian one, Greek and Latin of the late Antiquity - describing their activities of measurement and division of figures. We complete this description with a presentation of the practices of the muslim Orient and Occident. Thus, we put in evidence sorne characteristic elements of the practices of the Muslim west. These would suggest the existence of a tradition of the measurement and the division of figures to this region. Finally, the corpus that we present is a vector of the diffusion of the practices of geometry of the Arabian tradition in the Latin world. Indeed, the four texts are arabo-Latin translations that seem have been achieved in Andalus around the 12th century. Their analyses allow us to study an aspect of the appropriation of the Arabian science by the Latin
Bella, Sandra. "De la géométrie et du calcul des infiniment petits : les réceptions de l'algorithme leibnizien en France (1690-1706)." Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4044/document.
Full textThis thesis is an attempt to reconstruct the reception history of Leibnizian calculus in French learned milieux (1690-1706). Two areas have been located: first among members of Malebranche’s circle, introduced to calculus by Jean Bernoulli, then the Académie des Sciences. In either case, the purpose is to highlight the horizon of expectation of the participants. Whereas this episode has been widely studied in terms of disruption, it is argued, through an analysis of primary sources –some of which un-edited– that calculus was greatly appropriated against a background of practices in use. The first chapter examines the mathematical heritage from which calculus was received by Malebranche’s circle. This analysis enables me to show that their appropriation rested on shared practices, and was not a virgin land, as has often been supposed. Our mathematicians realized that the differential algoritm fleshed out notions already involved in previous invention methods. The second chapter studies the genesis and construction of the first book of differential calculus written by L’Hospital and published in 1696, entitled Analyse des infiniment petits pour l’intelligence des courbes [Analysis of the infinitely small for the intelligence of curbs]. After this publication, calculus became very present at the Académie. A crisis arose between supporters and detractors of calculus. A close examination of their discourses –the object of my third chapter– helps clarify such notions as those of differential and curb, as well as the way it is possible to geometrically interpret the results from calculus
Maronne, Sebastien. "La théorie des courbes et des équations dans la Géométrie cartésienne : 1637-1661. [version corrigée]." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00203094.
Full textMaronne, Sebastien. "La théorie des courbes et des équations dans la Géométrie cartésienne : 1637-1661. [version déposée]." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204125.
Full textLê, Francois. "Vingt-sept droites sur une surface cubique : rencontres entre groupes, équations et géométrie dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066135/document.
Full textIn 1849, Arthur Cayley and George Salmon proved that every cubic surface contains exactly twenty-seven lines. A famous result in the second half of the 19th century, this theorem gave rise to research about a particular algebraic equation called the "twenty-seven lines equation." In our thesis, we study how groups, equations, and geometry interact throughout this research. After a preparatory work presenting some mathematical and chronological points about the twenty-seven lines, we look into Camille Jordan's Traité des substitutions et des équations algébriques, published in 1870. This book contained a section devoted to the twenty-seven lines equation, the mathematics of which we thoroughly study. In order to contextualize some elements, a larger corpus is then built around "geometrical equations," a family of equations linked to geometrical configurations among which the twenty-seven lines are just one example. The corpus extends from 1847 to 1896 and its main authors are Jordan, Alfred Clebsch, and Felix Klein. Aiming at describing the particular organization of the knowledge shared in the corpus, we then discuss and use the notion of "culture." Finally, we closely study two texts of the corpus, each of them presenting a geometrization of a part of algebra, and we ascertain that geometrical equations participated to a geometrical understanding of substitution theory as well as the elaboration of the ideas of Klein's Erlanger Programm (1872)
Riva, Jeanne. "Vers une Europe à géométrie variable ? : Réflexion critique sur l’évolution de l’Union européenne." Thesis, Paris 5, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA05D009.
Full textAlmost sixty years that the European Union began with six members’ State to twenty seven now. At the same time, each member gets involved in different step of the construction of EU, but not with the same commitments: Schengen agreement with twenty three members, Euro zone with seventeen, close European cooperation or partnerships between few countries. In the context of globalization, current crisis (public debts) and crisis coming (Global warming), legal problems raised by the coexistence of a common market, national law and a new European law, what will Europe’s future be in 2015 and 2030? Two scenarios could probably exist in 2015. The first one, “multy-dimensional geometry”, concern a federation of a few members’State, three major countries (Germany, France and Italy) and a group of four little countries (Benelux and Austria). The second one is the current one, the European Union handled by the Lisbonn Treaty, but it doesn’t seem to be the most appropriate for solve the crisis. To face the public debt crisis and the legal problems, the scenario “multy-dimensional geometry” is able to increase the capacity to act on behalf of the federation most than the nations and the European institutions are able to do today (legal, monetary and budgetary policies). In 2030, it would be desirable if scenario “federation for most of the members’State of EU” will succeed. But the scenario of a “free exchange zone in Europe” is not excluded in the case of solutions are not found to solve the crisis
Sir, Zbynek. "Les sections coniques chez Philippe de La Hire." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066470.
Full textVergnol-Remont, Karen. "La Géométrie de l’Angoisse : pour une (dé) construction de l’atmosphère, clef de lecture du fantastique : domaines anglophone, hispanophone et francophone de 1830 à 1945." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF20024.
Full textAs shown in the analysis of ten authors from three different linguistic areas, English, Spanish and French: Alarcon, Borges, Dario, James, Lovecraft, Lugones, Maupassant, Poe, Ray and Schwob. The geometry is everywhere in the fantastic stories from the nineteenth to the twentieth century. Circles, squares or pyramids are part of architecture or the character's physical. These forms, which allows the birth of anxiety, gradually impose the circularity (circles, curves, spheres) as a dominant figure. The spaces where the protagonist is evolving, curving around him till he suffocates. The mechanism of the fear generated by this process could be centrifugal or centripetal: it follows either the place where the fantasy hero is located or it is produced by the character himself. From this agonizing geometry, a fundamental process is set up : the fantastic atmosphere. This one done, as the etymology reveals, from a vapor shape (atmos) enveloping the world or the character in the manner of a globe(sphaira) - testify the importance not only about the curves, but equally the various states of water : ice, snow, liquid or gaseous element. The atmosphere shows how much the fantastic is linked to the woman, Unheimliche's essential support, in that this last one is both - for the male character and the authors analyzed here - a figure of the Other (unheimlich) and a manifestation of the Mother (Heimlich)
Joffredo, Thierry. "Approches biographiques de l'"Introduction à l'analyse des lignes courbes algébriques" de Gabriel Cramer." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0255/document.
Full textThe publication in 1750 of the Introduction à l'analyse des lignes courbes algébriques, the only published work by Gabriel Cramer, professor of mathematics at the Geneva Academy, is an important milestone in the history of geometry of curves and algebra. Almost ten years passed between the time when the Genevan wrote the first lines of his treatise on curves in the autumn of 1740 and its actual publication, making it a lifetime achievement.This book has a history, both intellectual and material, which takes place in the scientific, professional, academic and social contexts in which evolve its author and its readers. From the genesis of a handwritten text as a work in progress of which we will follow the evolutions during the process of writing and according to the events of its author's life, to the various mathematicians and historians' readings of the published text which are made in the two centuries following its publication, I would like to write here, insofar as this expression makes sense - which I shall endeavour to demonstrate - a « biography » of Gabriel Cramer's Introduction
Zheng, Fanglei. "Des Data d'Euclide au De numeris datis de Jordanus de Nemore : les données, l'analyse et les problèmes." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA070031.
Full textThe issue of the thesis is to discuss and compare two works too often considered minor in the history of mathematics, despite the reputation of their respective authors, the Data of Euclid (third century. BCE) and the De numeris datis of Jordanus de Nemore (first half of the thirteenth century. ). The thesis is organized into two main parts. The first part is devoted first to a careful comparison of the structure of the Propositions contained in Euclid's Elements, and of those in his Data. The comparison then gives the precise content to Pappus's statements, somehow general, about the role that the Data played in the analytical method. The results are fïnally confirmed and reinforced by highlighting the use of reasoning using "strings of givens" as an analysis in some propositions of the Conics of Apollonius. The second part established, between the De numeris Datis and the De elementis arithmetice artis of Jordanus Nemore, a correspondence analogous to that which had been proposed between the Data and the Elements of Euclid. And this part reveals, between two parties of every Proposition in the De numeris datis, a relationship analogous to the method and structure "analysis-synthesis" that have been highlighted in the context of Greek geometry. The thesis also highlights the difference in approaches of the two authors, suggesting that Euclid seems seeking to provide an axiomatic-deductivefoundation for geometrical analysis while the Jordanus' interest is rather the effectiveness of the use of "strings of givens" for the analysis of problems on numbers
Houdement, Catherine. "Au milieu du gué : entre formation des enseignants et recherche en didactique des mathématiques." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00957166.
Full textLoparev, Artiom. "Géométries crustales, évolution paléogéographique et histoire de l'accumulation terrigène des bassins de la marge passive du craton guyanais." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30170.
Full textThis thesis is a part of "Source to Sink Guyana" project supported by TOTAL and BRGM. Its objective was to establish bases for a Source to Sink study of the Guiana Shield, by studying the geo-dynamic evolution of its passive margin since 200 Ma. These objectives were acquired after seismic data interpretation, crustal cross-sections and paleogeographic maps constructions and terrigeneous accumulation history quantification of the margin. The passive margin of the Guiana Shield is composed of two basins: Guiana/Suriname (GS) and Foz d'Amazonas (FOZ), derived from a Jurassic then Lower Cretaceous diachronous rifting respectively. The study of the subsurface data allowed us to show that the superimposition of the two rifts has shaped the Demerara Shelf into a continental block, thinned twice and surrounded by oceanic crust on three sides. The more oblique rifting of the FOZ basin forms systematically narrower segments and finer syn-rift deposits than in the GS basin. The paleo-geographic evolution of the margin and terrigenous accumulation, over eight intervals of time (from 200 Ma), show a different evolution of the two basins. The lithological distribution of sedimentary systems is homogenized from the Campanian, when both basins reach the late-post-rift stage, during which the distribution is mainly controlled by continental river dynamics. Terrestrial accumulated volumes show however an opposite evolution during Cretaceous in both basins, in connection with the decrease and increase in the drained areas of the major rivers of this region, Paleo-Berbice and Paleo-Tocantins respectively. Siliclastic inputs towards the margin are generally low (between 2 and 11 m/Ma), but alternating with periods of high inputs corresponding to the recreation of the relief on the continent
Loreto, Ana Célia da Costa. "Os critérios de aceitabilidade geométrica e a representação de curvas em La Géométrie de René Descartes." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2001. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13252.
Full textThis work analyses Descartes different criteria for geometrical acceptability and representation of curves, as they are found in his book La Géométrie, taking into account the historical and scientific contexts of the first half of the seventeenth century, when the work of Descartes was written. The main purpose is to find out what Descartes regarded as a sufficient representation of a curve; which ways of representing curves he used; and which curves were geometrically admissible or inadmissible, according to his selection criteria. This dissertation first discusses Descartes Jesuitic education and the influence of scholastic thinking over his thought. Next, it describes some important steps in the historical development of algebra and geometry, and the improvement of the algebraic notation from the late fifteenth century up to the appearance of Descartes Géométrie. The analysis of the Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii helped to elucidate the meaning of the constructive procedure of Cartesian geometry. It was found that Descartes classification of curves was a direct outcome from the general principles of the Cartesian analytic method, as it appears in the Regulae. Descartes did not explicitly characterize geometrical curves as those admitting algebraic equations. He used two criteria for geometrical acceptability of curves in the Géométrie, namely the algebraic criterion and the instrumental one, the latter being grounded on the use of instruments by which the curve could be traced. Nevertheless, Descartes was seemingly aware that the classification of curves according to the degree of their equations and the classification of geometrical problems according to the way they are built are not equivalent
Este estudo analisa os critérios de aceitabilidade geométrica e a representação de curvas, presentes no ensaio La Géométrie de René Descartes, considerando o contexto histórico e científico em que essa obra foi escrita, na primeira metade do século XVII. O objetivo principal é verificar o que Descartes considerava como sendo uma representação suficiente de uma curva; que tipos de representação de curvas ele usou e quais curvas deviam ou não ser aceitas em geometria, de acordo com os seus critérios de seleção. A dissertação discute primeiramente a educação jesuítica recebida por Descartes e a influência exercida pelo escolasticismo na sua formação intelectual. Depois descreve a simplificação da notação algébrica e alguns passos importantes do desenvolvimento histórico da álgebra e da geometria, desde o final do século XV até o surgimento de La Géométrie. O exame das Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii serviu ao objetivo de esclarecer o significado do processo construtivo da geometria cartesiana. Resulta que a classificação cartesiana das curvas é conseqüência direta dos princípios gerais do método analítico cartesiano, tal como foi exposto nas Regulae. Descartes não definiu explicitamente como geométricas apenas as curvas que admitissem equações algébricas. Em La Géométrie ele fez uso de dois critérios, o algébrico e o instrumental, sendo o último baseado no uso de instrumentos com os quais a curva pode ser traçada. No entanto, Descartes parece ter percebido que não há equivalência entre a classificação das curvas de acordo com o grau de suas equações e a classificação dos problemas geométricos segundo a facilidade de sua construção
Dumesnil, Sylvie. "Mythologie et iconographie dans la céramique géométrique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29414.
Full textMakovský, Jan. "Markýz de l'Hospital a Analýza nekonečně malých." Thesis, Paris 4, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA040061/document.
Full textThe basis of my dissertation consists in three rather distinct parts, that is Czech translation, a commentaryand introduction to the famous Analyse des infiniment petitis by marquis the l'Hospital. Nevertheless I unify thewhole in virtue of the leibnizien metaphysical idea of the law of continuity governing the symbolic systemfundamental to the differential calculus of Leibniz. Concerning the first part of the introduction I represent the socalled academical or official picture of marquis de l'Hospital based on the Éloge by Bernard de Fontenelle. I usethis picture as a background to the so called hidden picture of the marquis, which consists in the analysis of thephysico-geometrical problems solved by the marquis de l'Hospital in comparison to those of Johann Bernoulli,based naturally on the correspondence of the two of them. I demonstrate, regarding the nature of the calculusboth physical and geometrical, that it was precisely the geometrical purity of his mind had forbidden him to makeinventions in geometry, unlike Johann Bernoulli. In the third part I describe the controversies that made part ofthe development of the calculus; firstly the controversy between Nieuwentijt and Leibniz concerning thefundamental questions of calculus. I precise on this occasion my views on the nature of leibnizian calculus asstated above, that is ambiguous symbolism of differentials. The second controversy, between Rolle and Varignonputs forward institutional obstacles of the development of the calculus as well as the foundational attempts madeby Varignon that indicated the future transformation of the calculus according to the spirit of Newton. Finally thecommentary, by the symbolic idea above, indicates the algebraical shift of the 17th century geometry; illustratesarticles of the Analyse des infiniment petits and shows the dependence on Bernoulli's inventions
Práce je věnována přelomové, epochální práci prvního období infinitesimálního počtu, Analyse desinfiniment petits Guillauma, markýze de l'Hospitala. Dělí se na tři podstatné části: překlad, komentář a úvodnístudii. Účelem je představit toto dílo v jeho jedinečných okolnostech jeho vzniku a zároveň určit jeho obecnémísto v dějinách matematických idejí. Úvodní studie je věnována především osobnosti markýze de l'Hospitala.Na pozadí rozvoje infinitesimálního počtu se vykresluje jeho po dlouhou dobu oficiální obraz v dějináchmatematiky. V druhé části se rozebírá blízký lidský i matematický vztah markýze de l'Hospitala s JohannemBernoullim; a na základě rozboru markýzových geometrických úspěchů se ve srovnání s řešeními JohannaBernoulliho, bratra Jakoba a Leibnize se podává obecná charakteristika prvního infinitesimálního počtu cobygeometrické i fyzikální teorie a možností jeho objevitelských cest prostřednictvím analogií založených nanejzazším požadavku harmonie přírody. Třetí část úvodní studie v historických souvislostech sporů a výměnstran základů diferenciálního počtu objasňuje z hlavní ideje Leibnizovy symbolické přírody, totiž zákonakontinuity, povahu diferenciálního znaku dx, jeho radikální novost a argumenty ospravedlnění přesnostiinfinitesimálního počtu. Druhá kontroverze, která je v práci představena, probíhá mezi Rollem a Varignonem;podstatnými rysy jsou institucionální podmínky rozvoje počtu a Varignonovy pokusy o důkazy nekonečněmalých v Newtonově duchu. Komentář Analýzy nekonečně malých slouží k historickému, filologickému afilosofickému objasnění nových metod a dokládá utváření Analýzy nekonečně malých z jejích zdrojů, tj.přednášek Johanna Bernoulliho markýzi de l'Hospitalovi a jejich dopisové výměny
Métin, Frédéric. "La fortification géométrique de Jean Errard et l’école française de fortification (1550-1650)." Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT4055.
Full textIn the beginning of the 17th century, Italians engineers created a new manner of fortifying cities in order to make them able to resist the power of guns. Jean Errard (1554-1610), a protestant from Lorraine, was trained in this new manner, and he became the principal engineer of French King Henri IV, who commissioned him to write a book on that subject. Errard had already published a Practical Geometry and an edition of Euclid’s Elements. His involvement in the controversy about Scaliger’s quadrature of the circle sheds light on his high abilities in mathematics, as recognized by his peers. His Fortification reduicte en art et demonstrée ("Fortification reduced into art and demonstrated") published in 1600, is the first French book which explains the principles of military architecture by analyzing the forces involved and using Euclidean geometry to justify the reliability of the fortresses, according to the constraints. We study the context of the second half of the 16th century, when Errard was trained. We describe his career as a military engineer and as a writer, trying to clarify several points of his biography. Our analysis of his book on fortification reveals a special method that we call geometric fortification. We trace the reception of this geometric fortification amongst the engineers as well as the teachers in France. We consider both cases of private teachers and Jesuit colleges professors. We finally paint a picture of the writings in the first half of the 17th century, in order to show how what we call a French School of Fortification was edified upon Errard’s works
Abdelaziz, Youssef. "Diagonals of rational functions in physics." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS012.
Full textWe study integer coefficient series that are solution of linear differential equations. We focus on diagonals of rational functions related to theoretical physics and enumerative combinatorics. These diagonals correspond to hypergeometric functions or Heun functions. These hypergeometric and Heun functions, are obtained using the method of creative telescoping. We show that these hypergeometric and Heun functions are in fact modular forms, or squares of modular forms, and in some cases derivatives of modular forms. Using algebraic geometry, we were able to understand some of the reasons behind the emergence of these functions, in the context of diagonals of rational functions. The creative telescoping method also allowed us also to understand better the validity of the conjecture advanced by Christol in the 80's. In particular, we were able to show several potential counter-examples to this conjecture corresponded in fact to diagonals of rational functions
Assegond, Christèle. "Socialisation du savoir, socialisation du regard : les usages techniques et sociaux du savoir géométrique et de la stéréotomie chez les compagnons tailleurs de pierre." Tours, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOUR2011.
Full textAmmar, Mohammed. "Réinterprétation de l'iconographie votive géométrique carthaginoise à travers une approche transdisciplinaire: le "duo céleste", le losange, l'idole-bouteille, le "signe de Tinnit" et l'étendard, VIIe/VIe - IIe s. av. J.-C." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210218.
Full textDoctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
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Krömer, Ralf. "La théorie des catégories: ses apports mathématiques et ses implications épistémologiques.Un hommage historio-philosophique." Phd thesis, Université Nancy II, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00151000.
Full textGabalda, Sunsearé. "Processus d'exhumation dans les Alpes occidentales : modélisation géométrique et reconstitution géodynamique sur la transversale Chartreuse-Maurienne, une approche multi-échelle." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005248.
Full textCharlotte, Pollet. "Comparaison des pratiques algebriques de la Chine et de l'Inde medievales." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00770493.
Full textBarcat, Dominique. "Les contacts entre l’Égypte et le monde égéen aux époques géométrique et orientalisante (env. 900 - env. 600 avant J..C) : "question homérique" et modalités d’une rencontre de l’altérité." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD101.
Full textIn Homers‟ Odyssey, a poem usually dated circa 700 BC, the famous and shrewd Odysseus, when he finally comes back home incognito, pretends to be a Cretan sailor just arrived from Egypt. His lie is so convincing that everybody at Ithaka believes it. This dissertation is, in a sense, intended to show that, if the Homeric poems are of course fictional creations, they express, in this specific case, some historical reality. In other words, we see here something that we can interpret as representative of a socio-cultural fact, namely the existence of nautical ties connecting the Aegean world to Egypt duringthe “Geometric” (IXth-VIIIth c.BC) and early “Orientalizing” (beginning VIIth c. BC) Periods. These connections have so far been ignored or underestimated even in recent scholarly tradition. This scientific bias rests on some preconceived ideas, namely : the trust unduly given to the Herodotean narrative according to which there were no Greeks in Egypt before Psammetichus I (664 BC) and the belief in the so-called “Phoenician middleman” as an exclusive intermediary. On the contrary, recent researches on the Mediterranean world in the “longue durée” point to new appreciation of Greek presence on every coast of the Eastern Mediterranean in the first half of the first Millennium BC.Greek presence on the Nile Delta shore, which is not archeologically visible because of geological subsidence, can be, if not altogether proven, at least clearly suggested by the huge amount of so-called Aegyptiaca found in many sites of the Aegean world. Relying on the invaluable catalogue created by N. Skon-Jedele, supplemented by new discoveries, we conclude that these artefacts, some of which are earlier than previously thought, are too numerous to be understood without the mediation of, among others, Greek traders attracted by their effectiveness, and notably by the protection they were thought to afford to the family circle
Bernard, Julien. "Les fondements épistémologiques de la Nahegeometrie d'Hermann Weyl." Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651772.
Full textRolin, Raphaël. "Contribution à une démarche numérique intégrée pour la préservation des patrimoines bâtis." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2450/document.
Full textThroughout this work, the main objective is to validate the relevance of construction and use of geometric or parametric 3D models BIM or hBlM-oriented for numerical analyzes. These include structural studies in the case of historic buildings, as well as planning for restoration work, energy renovation and rehabilitation. Complementary data mining and use of point clouds for the detection, segmentation and extraction of geometric features have also been integrated into the work and proposed methodology. The process of data processing, geometric or parametric modeling and their exploitation, proposed in this work, contributes to improve and understand better the constraints and stakes of the different configurations and conditions related to the case studies and the specific constraints specific to the types of constructions. The contributions proposed for the different geometric and parametric modeling methods from point clouds are addressed by the construction of geometric models BIM or hBlM-oriented. Similarly, the process of surface detection, extraction of data and elements from point clouds are presented. The application of these modeling methods is systematically illustrated by different case studies, all of whose relative work has been carried out within the framework of this thesis. The goal is therefore to demonstrate the interest and relevance of these numerical methods according to the context, needs and studies envisaged, for example with the spire of the Senlis cathedral (Oise) and the Hermitage site (Oise). Numerical analyzes with finite element method are used to validate the relevance of these approaches
Figueiredo, Nobre Cortese João. "L'infini en poids, nombre et mesure : la comparaison des incomparables dans l'œuvre de Blaise Pascal." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC242.
Full textThis thesis shows the unity of Pascal's work in what concerns the "comparability of incomparables'': the comparison, either in mathematics our natural language, between things which could not in principle be brought together. The approach is both a historical and a linguistic one, and it aims to recovery some important questions regarding the philosophical nature of comparisons, more specifically, the role of the infinite in Pascal's thought. The comparison of incomparables may be identified in three different formsIn the first part, we formulate a rhetorical form of analogy that we call an "analogy of disproportion'' (inspired by Secretan 1998). If the analogy is generally said to make a comparison between two relations, each of which exists between homogeneous things, the analogy of disproportion, on the other hand, shows a resemblance between relations of heterogeneity, between disproportions or between infinite distances: two things may be as different from each other as any two other things. Even if disproportions are a central theme to Pascal, he did not shy away of comparing such disproportions -- in particular to delimit what man cannot know perfectly.The second part analyzes the mathematical practice of Pascal "in weight, number and measure'': it is necessary to show that in the method of indivisibles of the Lettres de A. Dettonville, in the Traité du Triangle Arithmétique and in the comparison of the curved and the straight lines, always the infinite (or rather the indefinite) intervenes as a factor that allows the comparability of what would seem to be incomparable. The third part makes a philosophical discussion on the infinitely small and the infinitely large, taking into account Pascal's mathematical practice, which was analyzed in the second part. We discuss the nature of "indivisibles'', "differences'' and "infinite distances''. We suggest that the "infinite'' in Pascal's mathematical practice is rather an "indefinite'', linking it to a distinction between the absolute and the relative meaning of words. An exception in Pascal's mathematical practice is his projective geometry, where it is necessary to accept elements at an infinite distance. The "encounter'' of the two infinites makes it possible to show the reciprocity of the infinity of greatness and the infinity of smallness. Finally, we analyze the inverse proportionality between the two infinites with regard to the greatness and the wretchedness of man and to the paradoxical nature of certain truths according to Pascal, which are concealed in the person of the Christ. The conclusion is that Pascal arrives not at a direct knowledge of the infinite, but to an approach to the relation that man, a finite being, has with the infinite
Vergnaud, Baptiste. "Recherches sur les fortifications d'Anatolie occidentale et centrale au début du premier millénaire av. J.-C. (Xe-VIe s.)." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00802897.
Full textDuval, Colin. "Evolution et diversité de la forme du cochon entre l'âge du Fer et la période moderne en Gaule et en France. Régionalisme, acquisitions zootechniques et implications historiques." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR2004.
Full textThis archaeozoological study investigates morphological variations in different skeletal parts of the pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) according to two main assumptions: (1) the morphological changes of the animal reflect socio-economic changes; (2) there is a great diversity of pig’s forms, driven by different factors (environment, agropastoral strategies, cultural habits, etc.). Our analysis, based on these assumptions, tends to quantify and describe these changes and this diversification to try to understand their origin and mechanisms. For this we have observed the dental and skeletal remains of more than 600 archaeological sites, located on the Gallic, French and Italian territories, dated from La Tène moyenne to the modern period, using different methods of geometric and traditional morphometrics. In this way, we were able to build a strong osteometric framework for pigs and get new clues to a better understanding of farming practices for Gallic, Roman and medieval periods
Poitras, Luc. "Origines algébrique et géométrique des nombres complexes et leur extension aux quaternions : fondements de la géométrie." Mémoire, 2007. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/4762/1/M10011.pdf.
Full textGueudet, Ghislaine. "Le rôle du géométrique dans l'enseignement et l'apprentissage de l'algèbre linéaire." Phd thesis, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00930634.
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