Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Géomorphologie structurale'
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Blin, Alexis. "Liens entre morphologie et structure : influence sur la thermodynamique de la nucléation et de la croissance." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2262.
Full textIllites clay minerals are very useful in prospection to determine paleo T°-conditions. It has been showed that illite clays are of many chemical compositions and crystallographical structures. Their morphology (hairy, lathy, platy) have a direct impact on reservoirs’ permeability. Nevertheless, growth and nucleating mechanisms of crystallite have not been well identified yet. The aims of this study are 1) the morphological and structural characterization of natural illites (for 4 samples from the Athabasca and Kombolgie basins) with DRX, AFM & MET, 2) to build a theoretical geomorphological model to access to growth mechanisms. First, it appears that illite polytypes / polymorphs are not interstratified in crystals ; the crystal size distributions are very similar whatever the sample. Moreover, a link between morphology and crystalline structure of crystals is established. In the second part of this work, an adapted crystal nucleation model is built to get interfacial strength information and to compare heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation. An other major results consists in reproducing natural conditions with a thermodynamic model taking into account the morphology of the minerals and their germination site. Such a reconstitution is possible on condition that different kinetical and thermodynamical stability values are defined for each illite polytype / polymorph
Centurini, Antonella. "Geological, geomorphological and hydrogeological study of Liro and Livo catchment basins (Central Alps)." Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA070036.
Full textLandslides involve many different geological materials around the world. The mechanics and processes controlling mass movements in mountain environment are object of studies and analyses. Landslides occur when the shear strength of a layer in a slope becomes smaller than the shear stress. Various kind of factors can induce this strength variation for example: fluvial action, changes in groundwater level, earthquakes, human activity and also vegetation effects, fault influence, rock and soil properties. This thesis gives an analysis of slope processes to understand how geological, structural, climatic and geomorphological factors are responsibles for instabilities. Liro and Livo catchment basins are the object of this study. They are located in the north-western side of Como Lake, in Lepontine Alps. Several landslides occur in this area. Their study is fundamental to understand the landscape evolution and their impact on the territory. Geological and structural setting of this area is very complex: its relationship with the Insubric Line (and in particular with its brittle branch, the Tonale Line) and the influence on rocks strength are important data to know the triggering area of debris flows and debris avalanches. In particular the Geological Strength Index (GSI) analysis has demonstrated how rock mass behaviour is influenced by presence of structural lineaments more or less conjugated with the Tonale Fault and how this method could be utilized as an indicator of natural failure. The rainfall data show that this area is one of the most rainy zones of the Lombardia Region: the pluviometric analysis involving the calculation of height of rainfall and time of concentration (Tc), have underlined that this regime could induce mobilization of incoherent quaternary cover and trigger landslides. The slope vegetation recovery is an other important indicator for the landslide monitoring because it can give information about the age of the erosive processes. A detailed analysis of three series of aerial photos (1954, 1983 and 1998) have allowed the calculation of extinction and occurrence rates for the analysis of Liro and Livo catchment basins. This aerial analysis and interpretation, in addition to field survey, has shown a high number of landslides classified as debris flows and debris avalanches. A statistical analysis of the Liro and Livo areas and volumes has given the respective limits to understand the potential risk of the area and to estimate the general instability. In fact the volumes mobilized are approximately 450. 000 m3 for an area of 300. 000 m2. A landslide map of Liro and Livo basins has been therefore realized landslide in relation to the lithology (gneiss, limestone, granodiorite, micaschist), deposits (glacial, eluvial, alluvial and paleo-landslides) and erosion processes (debris flow and stream erosion). A landslide inventory is also reported with a brief analysis of the main events divided for sectors (Enclosure A). An analysis of the debris flow in the Inferno Valley, in order to investigate and comprehend the evolution of this process, carried out a topographic survey finalized to morphometric channel measurements, granulometric and geotechnical analyses of the deposits. The study of landslides is not very easy, due to the difficulty in the reconstruction of the topography before the instability. It also hard to determine a relationship between the parameters that characterize a landslide. Analogies between lab-scale experiments and natural events are the input for the creation of a new protocol of analysis of granular mass movement. This experimental investigation has allowed to find out a correlation between principal parameters of a simulated landslide, in particular between runout and the initial slide thickness, initial and critical slopes and between the ratio L/H0 (where L is the runout and H0 the initial thickness) and critical slope. The results promise good evolution: the relationship between zscarp and Lscarp in the experiments is confirmed in Valcirga measures. This geological and geomorphological study has therefore allowed to understand the natural phenomena and the evolution of the mountain landscape strongly affected by tectonic deformation, in relation to the climate change, to acquire ability to analyse these extreme geological events. This study aims to explain if the general assessment of the area can be responsible of instabilities and which factors are involved and their consequences. Ail gathered information will become an important database for further works in the study area
Faivre, Sanja. "Landforms and tectonics of the Velebit mountain rance (Outer Dinarides, Croatia)." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000CLF20005.
Full textChampion, Claire. "Déformation de la Provence occidentale depuis le Miocène : étude structurale, utilisation de surfaces géomorphiques marqueurs et analyse quantitative du relief." Aix-Marseille 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX30080.
Full textHammor, Dalila. "Du panafricain au miocène : 600 millions d'années d'évolution polycyclique dans le massif de l'Edough (Algérie nord-orientale) retracés par la pétrologie, la tectonique et la géochronologie (U/Pb, Rb/Sr, Sm/Nd et 39Ar/40Ar)." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20170.
Full textTjahjono, Boedi. "Etude géomorphologique du volcan Sunda-Tangkuban Parahu (Java-Indonésie) et évaluation des aléas volcaniques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CLF20012.
Full textThe tangkuban parahu volcano (2084 m) is a nested strato-cone which developed in the caldera of the sunda volcano in west java (indonesia). It is situated 17 km north of bandung, a city with 2. 5 millions inhabitants in 1995. Sunda-tangkuban parahu is an andesitic volcano belonging to the medium and high alkaline series and is the sole active volcano in the quaternaire volcanic chain, the so-called sunda complex. The geomorphological evolution of this region is marked by the subsidence of the sunda complex, the debris avalanches along the axis of the sunda complex, the plinian/ignimbritic eruptions of sunda-tangkuban parahu, and the reactivation of the west part of the lembang fault. The first event (0. 51-0. 105 ma) formed the basin and the fault scarps of lembang in the south of the complex, but it folded and thrusted up the northern footslopes, forming the mountain, the basin and the broken fold scarps of tambakan. The second event (between 0. 51 and 0. 105 ma, but after the subsidence) left numerous horseshoe morphologies. The third event (about 105 and 50 ka) created the calderas in the summit and the ignimbritic plateaus around the volcano. By these major eruptions, the most part of this region was covered by ash deposits; they are now deeply weathered. The javanesse equatorial climate allows erosion to incise the deposits in the uplands, forming the deep superimposed valleys in the plateaus, and the aggradation in the lowlands, forming the alluvial plains. The fourth event (about 24 ka) uplifted the old fault scarps that were buried by ash and pumice deposits, forming a new one the so-called composite fault scarps. During the 2 last centuries phreatic eruption has predominated on tangkuban parahu. The hazard and the risk of a future eruption are supposedly from phreatic and phreatomagmatic eruptions, but the recurrence of plinian/ignimbritic eruptions is possible. The pyroclastic flows and surges are considered as the most direct hazard
Rabin, Mickael. "Caractérisation de la déformation récente dans une chaine orogénique lente : l'arc du Jura. Approches combinées morphotectonique, géodésique et géophysique." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA2008/document.
Full textNo abstract available
Guilbaud, Christelle. "Kinematics of active deformation of the Western Kunlun Range (Xinjiang, China) : implications for potential seismic hazards." Thesis, Université de Paris (2019-....), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019UNIP7112.
Full textThe Western Kunlun mountain range is a slowly converging intra-continental orogen located at the northwestern boundary of the Tibetan Plateau. Despite evidence of shortening through the range during the Cenozoic, present-day shortening rates are too low to be properly quantified from geodetic techniques. This region has also recorded limited seismicity, but the recent July 2015 (Mw 6.4) Pishan earthquake shows that this mountain range remains seismic. In this thesis, we aim at identifying the structures that actively accommodate this deformation across the range, at quantifying their slip rate and at exploring the potential for major earthquakes in this region.To do so, we first focus on the epicentral zone of the Pishan earthquake. Combining analysis of satellite images and DEMs, we obtain a detailed morphological analysis of the Yecheng-Pishan fold and find nine levels of incised fluvial terraces and alluvial fans. From their incision pattern and using age constraints available on some of these terraces, we are able to quantify the slip rate on the underlying blind frontal ramp to 0.5 to 2.5 mm/yr over the last ~400 kyr, with a most probable long-term value of ~2.0-2.5 mm/yr. Thanks to a structural study of the mountain front based on topographical and geological maps, field observations and available seismic profiles, we also identify a major active thrust sheet forming the deformation front of the Western Kunlun Range. This thrust sheet roots into a shallow decollement that emerges at the surface 150-180 km further north within the Tarim Basin, at the Mazar Tagh ridge. Such important dimensions imply the possibility of major M ≥ 8 earthquakes in the case that the whole decollement is presently seismically locked and fully ruptures in one single seismic event. With the idea of exploring potential along-strike structural segmentation or variations in deformation rate or in kinematics along the mountain front, a morpho-structural analysis is also conducted at the Hotan anticline, located ~100 km east of the Pishan epicentral area, along the morphological front of the Western Kunlun. Here, we build three geological cross- sections and investigate the record of preserved fluvial terraces. Despite a change in the number of active blind structures accommodating deformation, the slip rate remains similar along the mountain front. This pattern may however have been more complex in the geological past. Finally, to have a better understanding on how this deformation is accommodated through this fault system and to further test the possibility that the Mazar Tagh is really structurally and kinematically related to the folds of the mountain front, we conduct a new morphological and structural analysis of the most frontal ramp emerging at the Mazar Tagh ridge. A structural cross-section is built thanks to the combination of a seismic profile crossing the ridge and using field measurements, allowing us to get the precise geometry of the emerging ramp. Despite the current aridity of the region, a set of terraces is identified and sampled in the field for OSL and 10Be dating. Using Pléiades images and derived DEMs, we map theses terraces to quantify the amount of deformation recorded by these markers. This analysis shows that the kinematics proposed is viable and deformation is most reasonably transmitted from the topographic front of the Western Kunlun Range all the way to the Mazar Tagh emerging ramp. We also investigate potential geomorphic markers that may keep a record of past mega-earthquakes at this site of the deformation front. Our results help us get a better knowledge on the structure and kinematics of this range and its deformation front, and to discuss potential seismic hazards in this slowly deforming region
Brunsmann, Quentin. "L’arc des Alpes occidentales : cinématique et mécanismes de formation au jour de nouvelles données structurales et paléomagnétiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS299.
Full textThe formation of orogenic arcs results from several tectonic processes that may have affected the pre-orogenic, pre-collisional tectonic setting, or the collisional tectonic. The formation of the Western Alpine arc is classically attributed to collisional indentation of the European margin and the orogenic prism by the Adriatic indenter. However, the direction of indentation, its rotational component, or the accommodation mechanisms of this indentation are not agreed upon and the numerous kinematic models of the arcuate geometry of the chain are not compatible with one another. The evaluation of the different models of the formation of the Western Alpine arc allows to put forward the probability of the existence of a proto-arc inherited from the subduction phase, and amplified by the Adriatic indentation towards the NW. These two processes explain the formation of the Western Alpine arc, except for its E-W southern termination. Indeed, the orientation of the Castellane Arc seems to be mainly inherited from the Pyrenean-Provençal structures, preceding Alpine collision, and reactivated by post-Tortonian (~12 Ma) N-S convergence, not directly related to Alpine collision. Concerning the WNW-ESE direction of the southern termination of the arc, which forms the Ligurian Alps, it seems to have rotated counterclockwise by 50° with the northern Apennines, linked to the rollback of the Adriatic slab, contemporary with the opening of the Liguro-Provençal basin (23-15 Ma). A compilation of paleomagnetic data in the Alps was constructed and completed with 11 new data sites. The study of vertical-axis rotations, estimated by paleomagnetic analysis refutes the existence of significant rotation of the Adriatic plate during Alpine collision. Oroclinal tests, carried out at several scales, show that the Western Alpine arc develops under the effect of indentation towards the NW from an orogenic prism that is already weakly arcuate before the onset of collision. Furthermore, the European continental margin does not seem to undergo significant rotation, implying propagation of an arc that is mainly inherited from the Mesozoic passive margin. The present geometry of the Western Alpine arc would be mainly controlled by the pre-collisional structure of the European margin that the orogenic prism adopts under the effect of NW Adriatic indentation. Its southern termination would have a different geodynamic history. It would be the result of Pyrenean-Provençal inheritance, reactivated during the Miocene in the External Zone, and of an anti-clockwise rotation of the Internal Zone, linked to the Apennine orogeny. Adriatic indentation, sometimes assumed to follow a westward trajectory, would be accommodated to the south of the arc by a sinistral shear zone of about 50km according to literature. This interpretation is tested by a structural field study, associated with a geostatistical analysis of map trajectories of the schistosity and stratigraphy planes. The results confirm the existence of sinistral shear zones associated with syn-collisional transpressive tectonics. However, these faults seem to represent minor structures with respect to the accommodation of 50 km of displacement. This structural analysis has also highlighted polyphase deformation in the Dauphinois, associated with localised mylonitisation is characterised by a N120° stretching. The assessment of the maximum temperatures by the RSCM method indicates temperatures above 350°C at the northern edge of the Argentera, reaching locally 400°C, corresponding to a regional metamorphism that is more important than the one attributed to this sector of the Alps. This metamorphism is mainly associated with tectonic burial due to thrusting of the internal nappes on the Dauphinois at the beginning of collision. In the Argentera Massif region, the Tmax in the Dauphinois correspond to a burial depth of 11.3 ± 1 km at the level of the Pennine Front, decreasing to 4 km below the Castellane arc
Blond, Ninon. "Dynamiques sédimentaires holocènes et terrasses agricoles dans les montagnes du Tigray oriental (Ethiopie) : évolutions, trajectoires et fonctionnement d’un paysage palimpseste depuis 8 500 ans." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2086.
Full textThe northern Tigray (Ethiopia) is characterized by vast plateaus with steeply sloping valleys on their edges. The bottoms of these valleys are now densely cultivated using terraces, water and soil conservation structures. In this mountainous context, archaeological remains from the Aksumite period (1st millennium BCE - 1st millennium CE) have been discovered on Wakarida site. Located on a spur, this small urban settlement raised the question of the relationship between environment, hydro-agricultural facilities and societies. Today, the surrounding valleys are filled by sedimentary accumulations several metres thick, cultivated in terraces. Are these structures the result of the centuries-old transmission of a landscape that could be called "fossil"? The result of the controlled sedimentation undertaken for a long time by the Aksumites and their descendants? The proximity of the structures and of the archaeological remains could suggest this, since the Aksumite culture has similarities with that of the South Arabians, known for their talent in the construction of hydraulic structures.To answer these questions, a systemic methodology was applied. It borrows techniques from geomorphology, geoarchaeology and sedimentology, landscape history and geohistory, and develops ethnoarchaeological and ethno-geomorphological approaches.First, the study of sedimentary accumulations in the valleys of the region makes it possible to highlight the main phases of filling and the various factors controlling detritism, whether biophysical processes (climate change, vegetation cover) or anthropogenic action (deforestation, agriculture). Sediments accumulate from the 7th millennium BCE onwards, under a more humid climate with more regular rainfall than today (African Humid Period). From the 4th millennium BCE onwards, the equilibria changed, leading to the alternation of low and high energy flows. Finally, from the 1st millennium BCE, the influence of human societies became more noticeable in deposits that testify to advanced deforestation from the 13th century AD. No agricultural structure remains were detected in the fillings, which do not result from controlled sedimentation.From the 17th century AD onwards, chronostratigraphic records are missing. Textual and iconographic archives are used to understand the evolution of plant cover and to specify the period of appearance of terraces. They shed light on the position of Wakarida, on the fringes of the Aksum kingdom, following Ethiopian kingdoms and exploration routes. This situation has allowed the persistence of farming techniques over time, some of which date back to the prehistoric period. The only notable exception is the terraces, which are absent from these testimonies. According to the archives, they did not appear in the Tigray until the 1960s.The combination of interviews and archives provides details at the scale of the studied site. The surroundings of Wakarida have recently been repopulated and current structures have been built since the 1990s, in line with agrarian reforms and socio-political events. The terraces of Wakarida reflect the close relationship between economic, social, political and biophysical processes. Their future is now threatened by the regressive erosion that affects the valleys and by the rural exodus that risks breaking the fragile balance between slope, development, cultures and societies.The current structures, which are of recent construction, are therefore based on old fillings that continue to evolve. Thus, the hydroagricultural landscapes of the Wakarida region are not fossil but palimpsest
Oguadinma, Vivian Onyinyechukwu. "The submarine canyon heads of the Niger delta : structural controls, sedimentary infilling and Cenozoic evolution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILR087.
Full textSubmarine canyons are major corridors for transferring sediments from continents to deep submarine basins. Considered transit structures sealed by distal mud, canyons have little perspective in reservoir geology. The source of the sediments, the timing of inputs, and the transport mechanisms in submarine canyons differ from one margin to another depending on the climatic and geodynamic contexts, making it a vast field of study. This work presents the results of a high-resolution 3D seismic survey of a south-eastern submarine canyon in the Niger Delta, the Galabor Canyon. After a literature review, two articles submitted to BSGF are presented in this dissertation. The first article focuses on seismic geomorphology and the relationships between gravity deformation (shale ridges, detachment faults) and canyon dynamics. The seismic volume studied, wedged at the well (gamma ray and biostratigraphic calibration), was explored through (i) vertical sections along and across the thalwegs of the canyon and (ii) seismic attribute maps of key horizons. The confinement of turbiditic flows in intra slope basin bordered by shale ridges explains much of the trapping of sand at the upper slope. Channel processes are responsible for sorting and concentrating sand in meander belts that extend far beyond the initial incision. The second article concerns sequential stratigraphy. Two 100,000-year-old deposition sequences are identified, separated by a dated horizon of 0.99 Ma. In each sequence, the sand is not sourced by an incised valley but by the regressive submarine erosion of shelf-edge deltas. The sand is bypassed in the falling stage system tract, dominated by mass transport deposits, and preserved in the low stand system tract. The transgressive system tract, which is thick and forms an excellent seal above the sandy reservoir, is dominated by fine hemipelagic sedimentation and the high stand system tract is absent. Questions such as sediment source and flow transformations between gravity and tractive mechanisms remain unanswered
Baptiste, Julien. "Cartographie structurale et lithologique du substratum du Bassin parisien et sa place dans la chaîne varisque de l’Europe de l’Ouest : approches combinées géophysiques, pétrophysiques, géochronologiques et modélisations 2D." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2052/document.
Full textMapping the cadomian/variscan basement buried beneath the Paris basin is a key objective to improve the geological knowledge of the Variscan belt in West Europe. We address this objective using a combination of new and updated potential field data (aeromagnetic and gravity), as well as information provided by field studies and drill cores, and a library of petrophysical characteristics measured on field samples. On a large southern half of the Paris basin, from the Armorican Massif to the Vosges: i) we made a new interpretative structural sketch map under the sedimentary cover, ii) we proposed a detailed geological map of the Paris basin substratum, iii) we updated the tectonic sketch of the Variscan belt in France, supported by new geochronological determinations on deep drill cores. Altogether, these results show that the eo-Variscan suture is extended from the southern part of the Armorican Massif to the northern Vosges. Eastwards, the North-Armorican domain reaches the Bray fault; and the Saxothuringian zone is extended from the Vosges to the English Channel. In addition, based on combined aeromagnetic and gravity 2D modelling constrained by Couy deep borehole data, the PBMA source is interpreted as a deep intermediate-alkaline plutonic body. Finally, compiling bibliographic information together with our new results, we hypothesize that this magmatic body could have been emplaced in the early to late Visean period, during a NNE-SSW opening under a NNW-SSE shortening
Raimbault, Céline. "Evolution géomorphologique du littoral granitique sud-armoricain : approche terre-mer." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMLH19/document.
Full textThe granitic rocky coast evolution, in passive margin context, is still not completely understood as its evolution is lower. The aim of the South-Finistère shore zone studying is to better understand its development and erosive dynamic on a time scale ranging between Cenozoic and Quaternary. A detailed onshore/offshore mapping has been realized, highlighting several erosional features. From land seaward, a rasa (≈15m-high), a marine terrace (≈7m-high), a shore platform (0-5 m-high) and a rocky marine platform (-70 à 0m) have been emphasized. These objects evidence temporal variations in the response of the tectonic or eustatic processes. The 3D architecture of rocky marine platform demonstrates a highly fractured domain with major faults bounding several micro-blocks, reactivated between the Eocene (Pyrenean compression) and Late / Post-Oligocene (Rhine continental transform zone activation). The quantitative geomorphology applied on the western part of studying zone reveals none late-Cenozoic uplift. Consequently, the rasa and marine terrace have been shaped during a high paleo-sea level. The granitic surface’s erosion produces horizontal joint planes, as a result of weathering processes. The combination between planar and horizontal granitic jointing and the marine eustatic purge explains the large width of granitic eroded surfaces.Two eustatic purges (MIS 5 and Holocene) have been shaped the granitic shore zone and the vertical erosion, rate obtained for various lateritic horizon in onshore and shore domains, is ranging between 3.35 ±0.32 m.Ma-1 and 6.20 ± 0.80 m.Ma-1
Soroste, Marc. "Origine et évolution d'un réservoir carbonaté paléocène aquitain : structure des landes de Siougos (40)." Bordeaux 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR30203.
Full textThe objective of this study is to determine the origin and the evolution of the calcareous and dolomite paleocene reservoir of the structure "the Landes de Siougos" from the Palaeocene to the actuel, so during a time of 65 millions years. This study is based on: - the sedimentologic evolution of the aquitain basin from cretaceous period to the actuel - the hydrologic evolution of the paleocene reservoir from paleocene to the actuel, - the reconstitution of sequences of diagenetic and or mechanical transformations which have affected the paleocene sediments during 65 millions years, - the analysis of petrophysical features and porous systems of formations of actual paleocene reservoir. This study allowed to show: - eight sedimentary sequences from cenomanien to the actuel, - the definitive formation of the Siougos structure during the upper eocene to lower oligocene period, - a global sequence of transformations (dolomitisation, compaction, cementation, styloli- thisation, fissuration, dissolution), - two sweeping periods of the paleocene reservoir by an interface of brackish water and the end of paleocene and oligocene, - the principal period of reservoir's evolution between the end of paleocene and the beginning of the miocene
Maréchal, Anaïs. "Tectonique active de la zone de collision Yakutat - Nord Amérique : apport du GPS et de la géomorphologie à l'étude de la partition de la déformation." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS282.
Full textIn SW Yukon – SE Alaska, the boundary between the Pacific and North America plates is characterized by a syntaxis at the transition between the Aleutian subduction to the W and the Fairweather – Queen Charlotte strike-slip faults to the SE. The relative motion is oblique to the main fault structures, and the area is marked by the Yakutat block collision. From the Chugach – Saint Elias mountains in the plate boundary zone (up to 6 000 m high) to the intraplate strike-slip faults, markers of the present-day deformation give information on its partition in the system.During my PhD, I first measure surface deformation using a dense GPS network, deployed up to 500 km inland the North America plate. After precise processing and corrections of transient effects in the area (postseismic and glacial isostatic rebound), a new residual velocity field is produced for the syntaxis area, from which I derive strain rates. Those data allow me to quantify the fault slip rates for Fairweather and southern Denali strike-slip faults, and to characterize a bi-modal deformation pattern: Along the plate boundary, the deformation is localized on large-scale structures (accretionary prism to the W, Fairweather to the E); In the syntaxis area, strain rates are the highest and the GPS data shows a diffuse intraplate deformation, similar to an indentor pattern. The Yakutat block seems to strongly drive the North America plate deformation.This indentor pattern induces strong lateral variations on the large intraplate faults: the Denali – Totschunda – Duke River system. In a second part, I realize a regional geomorphological study to characterize the role and slip rate of those faults. From very high-resolution Digital Elevation Models (~ 1 m), a detailed cartography is done. On the basis of fieldwork observations, I measure offsets of fluvial and glacial markers, which are sampled for dating. A dextral cumulative deformation is highlighted on the northern Denali Fault, where as all southern Denali is marked by vertical deformation. This study allows me to quantify new slip rates for the system Denali – Totschunda – Duke River, and to show the leading role of the Totschunda (~ 14 mm/a) and Duke River (~ 6 mm/a) faults, contrary to the Denali Fault (~ 1 mm/a) North of the syntaxis.The new tectonic model for the Yakutat collision provides an important case study for the understanding of indentor systems. The concomitance of a rigid-block deformation (to the West) and diffuse deformation (to the East), as well as the near-zero slip rate on the lithospheric-scale southern Denali Fault highlight the major control of boundary conditions and the structural heritage on the orogen deformation
Capderrey, Cécile. "Effets de la géomorphologie des rivières en tresses sur les communautés d’invertébrés aquatiques et sur la structuration génétique des populations du crustacé isopode souterrain Proasellus walteri." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10124/document.
Full textBraided rivers are large alluvial rivers found in piedmont mountainous areas. These rivers are very dynamic systems in space and time and exhibit particular geomorphology. The river flows alternatively into large alluvial plains or narrowing parts (also defined as canyons). This geomorphology impacts groundwater-surface water exchanges and sedimentary thickness. Groundwater-surface water exchanges occur at different scales, then interacting to shape biotic and abiotic filters for invertebrate communities. Canyons can reduce sedimentary continuity or interrupt it and may represent strong barriers to dispersal for sedimentary-dwelling organisms. This present work aimed at evaluating the effects of geomorphology in invertebrate community structure and as a potential barrier to dispersal in the subterranean organism Proasellus walteri. The different results obtained have shown that geomorphology structured invertebrate communities, highlighting a strong response in groundwater communities but not in surface communities and have shown that downstream parts of alluvial plains were hotspots of biodiversity. The results of this study also concluded on a positive effect of geomorphology in braided rivers on the genetic structure of P. walteri and underlined large effective population size and high dispersal ability, then removing some misconceptions about subterranean environment
Calmels, Fabrice. "Genèse et structure du pergélisol : étude de formes périglaciaires de soulèvement au gel au Nunavik (Québec nordique), Canada." Caen, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005CAEN2063.
Full textBouiflane, Mustapha. "Cartographies aéromagnétique et magnétique multi-échelles : étude structurale d'une région du Fossé rhénan." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2008/BOUIFLANE_Mustapha_2008.pdf.
Full textAeromagnetic and magnetic mapping were realized in the Rhine graben area. The stake is double, on one hand implementation and improvement of the magnetic vector measurement quality and on the other hand the structural study of this area. The originality of this works is using fluxgate vector magnetometer 3-axis for magnetic mapping in various acquisition configurations, airborne in particular. To improve the quality of measurement, a protocol of treatment remains necessary. The main problems in using fluxgate magnetometers arise from defect related to manufacturing but these can be overcome using a simple mathematical method of calibration. This method also has the advantage of compensating magnetometer defects and interference magnetization generated by the measuring equipment. We discussed the multi-scale magnetic mapping: data carried out on the ground, at an altitude of 50 m and 150 m using successively unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV’s) and piloted aircrafts. The purpose of the interpretation is to define the location and magnetization of structural elements for each recognized magnetic anomaly depending to depth. The contribution of magnetic mapping in understanding of structural study of the Rhine graben area was then validated by compilation of transformed magnetic anomaly maps, seismic reflection, geology of the area and synthetic modeling
Heintz, Maggie. "Structure et déformation du manteau continental sud américain : apport de la tomographie en ondes de surface et de l'anisotropie sismique." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20047.
Full textPistre, Séverin. "Structure fissurale et modélisation hydrodynamique : cas d'un réservoir aquifère en milieu granitique." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20009.
Full textDouvinet, Johnny. "Les bassins versants sensibles aux "crues rapides" dans le Bassin Parisien - Analyse de la structure et de la dynamique de systèmes spatiaux complexes." Phd thesis, Université de Caen, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344612.
Full textrésultats en réintégrant progressivement les autres variables de l'hydrosystème. Tous ces résultats aboutissent à la réalisation de différentes cartes de sensibilité dans ces régions du nord de la France.
Saltel, Marc. "Impact de structures géologiques sur l'alimentation de systèmes aquifères profonds - Fonctionnement hydrogéologique des antiformes du sud de Bordeaux." Phd thesis, Université Michel de Montaigne - Bordeaux III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00356084.
Full textDifférentes méthodes, faisant appel à plusieurs domaines des géosciences (géologie, géophysique, hydrogéologie, hydrologie, géomorphologie, géochimie isotopique, ...) ont été employées pour caractériser le fonctionnement hydrodynamique de cette entité et établir son rôle au sein du complexe aquifère nord aquitain.
L'interprétation des données issues des prospections effectuées (sondages de reconnaissance, sismique réflexion) a aboutit à la révision de la géologie du secteur et des conditions de gisement des réservoirs rencontrés. Les travaux réalisés montrent l'importance des phénomènes érosifs qui ont affecté l'ensemble étudié induisant l'absence de nombreux horizons aquifères du Tertiaire (Éocène, Oligocène et Miocène). Les formations du Crétacé supérieur, largement fissurées et karstifiées, occupent quant à elles une place majeure au sein de la structure.
L'étude du fonctionnement hydrodynamique de la structure s'est appuyée sur une étude transversale intégrant diverses analyses.
Tout d'abord, l'examen des modelés et des différentes chroniques piézométriques a montré l'importance de la structure dans la mise en charge des aquifères du complexe nord aquitain.
Ensuite, les différentes mesures effectuées sur le terrain ont mis en évidence l'existence, dans certains secteurs, d'une relation étroite entre les eaux de surface et de sub-surface et les eaux souterraines. Les cours d'eau recoupant l'axe de la structure sont ainsi caractérisés par des échanges avec les réservoirs souterrains (pertes et/ou émergences).
Par ailleurs, les nombreuses dépressions circulaires immergées présentes sur l'axe de la structure de Villagrains-Landiras, sont des marques de l'existence d'une communication privilégiée entre les eaux de la nappe de surface et les eaux du réservoir de la base du Crétacé supérieur. Ces formes caractéristiques ont une origine complexe combinant plusieurs processus (thermokarstique et cryptokarstique), la karstification des formations du secondaire ayant abouti à la suffosion des terrains meubles du Plio-Quaternaire.
En définitive, les différentes analyses isotopiques effectuées viennent appuyer les précédentes observations. Les secteurs dans lesquels des traces de tritium ont été retrouvées coïncident avec les zones d'échanges mises en évidence par les mesures en rivières et l'étude des dépressions ennoyées. D'une manière générale, la structure de Villagrains-Landiras apparaît comme une zone de recharge, les temps de résidence étant plus courts sur l'axe de la structure et ce pour différentes nappes.
Enfin, les écoulements au sein du complexe aquifère nord aquitain ont été appréhendés à l'aide d'un modèle hydrodynamique régional représentatif des échanges entre les 6 aquifères composant ce système. La géométrie des réservoirs a complètement été reprise sur la zone de Villagrains-Landiras de manière à restituer plus fidèlement le fonctionnement hydrodynamique de cet ensemble.
Ainsi, ce modèle a pu être utilisé pour mesurer l'impact à grande échelle de l'implantation de champs captants exploitant la nappe de la base du Crétacé supérieur sur la commune de Saint-Magne.
Lavest, Pascal. "Modélisation de la structure interne des réservoirs de type fluviatile : application sur un site de stockage de gaz en aquifère." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1996_LAVEST_P.pdf.
Full textTassy, Aurélie. "Karsts côtiers et canyons sous-marins de la marge provençale au Cénozoïque : Contrôle géodynamique, eustatique, hydrologique et structural." Phd thesis, Aix-Marseille Université, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830299.
Full textRavaut, Patrick. "Les anomalies de pesanteur en Oman : implications sur la structure et l'évolution tectonique de la chaîne nord-omanaise." Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20078.
Full textQuesnel, Florence. "Cartographie numérique en géologie de surface : application aux altérites à silex de l'ouest du Bassin de Paris." Phd thesis, Université de Rouen, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00739116.
Full textBoudry, Julie. "Implantation territoriale des terramares (Italie, provinces de Parme et Plaisance, XVIIe-XIIe siècles avant notre ère) : analyses géomorphologiques et spatiales." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010722.
Full textJaillet, Stéphane. "Un Karst couvert de bas-plateau : le Barrois : structure, fonctionnement, évolution." Bordeaux 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR30036.
Full textReulier, Romain. "Impact de la structure paysagère sur les dynamiques spatiales des transferts hydro-sédimentaires : approche par simulation multi-agents." Caen, 2015. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01264723.
Full textMany socio-economic and environmental issues associated with hydro-sedimentary transfers are organized within hydrosystems from agricultural fields up to rivers streams (soil loss, soil infertility, diffuse pollution, turbid flood. . . ). If transfers initiation conditions are well known at the agricultural field levels, the flow dynamic that occur on the slope remains poorly understood. It is especially true in small hydrosystems in north-western France, where the abundance of linear networks (hedges, roads, ditches, etc. ) that could interfere with the topographic flow dynamics are present in the landscape. To measure these impacts, which remain difficult to estimate, two complementary approaches have been developed within this thesis. First, a quantification of the hydro-sedimentary transfers was achieved during different rainfall events on a small Normandy catchment (17. 6 km², BV Lingèvres, Calvados). This work allowed us to highlight the importance of sedimentary flows that can pass though during runoff episode and the complexity of spatio-temporal dynamics induced by the landscape structure. In parallel to this "field" approach, a computer model in multi-agent systems (SMA) was designed. By relying on SMA capabilities to bring out the overall dynamics of a system based on interactions at a local level, it is possible to reconstruct the path of runoff and get clues on spatial analysis in order to measure the effect of the landscape structure. The SMA model requires little input data and was applied to various catchment with different landscape features. This model produces interesting results that allow us to better understand the consequences of the landscapes on runoff
Corenblit, Dov. "Structure et dynamique du paysage fluvial : études des rétroactions entre processus hydro-géomorphologiques et dynamique de la végétation du Tech (Pyrénées orientales)." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30197.
Full textJousselin, David. "Structure Détaillée et Propriétés Sismiques des Diapirs de Manteau dans l'Ophiolite d'Oman." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688291.
Full textJousselin, David. "Structure détaillée et propriétés sismiques des diapirs de manteau dans l'ophiolite d'Oman." Phd thesis, Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20072.
Full textDeal, Eric. "A Probabilistic Approach to Understanding the Influence of Rainfall on Landscape Evolution." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU012/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we address the problem of how climate drives landscape evolution. Specifically, we work on the relationship between rainfall and fluvial erosion using a probabilistic approach. First we develop a mean-independent methodology to characterize the variability of daily rainfall. The mean-independent nature allows for simple, objective comparison of rainfall variability in climatically different regions. It also proves useful for integrating the concept of rainfall variability into theory. We apply this method over the Himalayan orogen using high spatial and temporal resolution rainfall data sets and find significant variations in rainfall variability over the Himalayan orogen. By taking into account variability of rainfall in addition to mean rainfall rate, we find a pattern of rainfall that, from a geomorphological perspective, is significantly different from mean rainfall rate alone. Next we develop of theory of stream power fluvial erosion that allows for realistically parameterized rainfall and hydrology. This is accomplished by integrating an established stochastic-mechanistic model of hydrology into a threshold-stochastic formulation of stream power. The hydrological theory provides equations for the daily streamflow distribution and variability as a function of climatic boundary conditions that are applicable across most of the observed range of streamflow regimes on Earth. The new parameters introduced are rooted firmly in established climatic and hydrological theory and are easily measured. This framework allows us to predict how fluvial erosion rates respond to changes in realistic rainfall forcing. We find that hydrological processes can have a significant influence on how erosive a particular climatic forcing will be. This framework can be used as a foundation for landscape evolution models that have realistic climatic and hydrological boundary conditions. One of the main strengths of integrating hydrology into the stream power model is to reveal the dependence of both streamflow mean and variability on the climatic forcing and ecohydrological response. This negative correlation of the mean and variability vastly restricts the likely responses of a river basin to changing climate. Our theoretical framework also describes the scaling daily variability with several other ecohydroclimatic parameters. We find that the aridity index, the basin response time, and the effective soil depth are the most important controls on discharge variability. This has important implications for the role of hydrology and vegetation in landscape evolution. Finally, we demonstrate that the way the Earth's surface responds to short-term climatic forcing variability is primarily determined by the existence and magnitude of erosional thresholds. We show that, irrespective of the nature of the erosional process, it is the ratio between the threshold magnitude and the mean magnitude of climatic forcing that determines whether variability matters or not and in which way. Among many other implications, our findings help provide a general framework to understand and predict the response of the Earth's surface to changes in mean and variability of rainfall and river discharge. The generality of this finding has important implications for the other work in this thesis, as well as previous work on role of rainfall and discharge variability on fluvial erosion
Sliger, Michel. "Structure et évolution du pergélisol depuis le Pléistocène Tardif, Beaver Creek, Yukon." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/15862.
Full textThe Beaver Creek Road Experimental Site (62º 20’ 20’’ N – 140º 50’ 10’’ O) sits on the Beaver Creek moraine. This landform was already evolving before the Last Glacial Maximum. In a single square kilometer perimeter, its topography, vegetation, soil and cryostratigraphy have been studied with a geosystemic perspective to detail its catena and related structure. Furthermore, the cryostratigraphy has been interpreted considering the literature to suggest a landscape evolution model. Recent changes at the site were integrated in the model to actualize the geosystem’s evolutive trend. This work has shown that the durability of the permafrost is strongly supported by the wetlands associated to flat lowlands. On the one hand, some moraine hillcrests are still slightly outcropping. There, the limited moisture inhibited the development of peat and intrasedimentary ice (<1 m). On the other hand, the depressions are quite flat and extended. They inherited not only of the crest’s eroded sediments, but they also fixed an important quantity of ice and organic matter (>15 m) by the mean of syngenetic permafrost aggradation driven by the climate and preserved by the ecosystem. At least one thermoerosion event occurred before the last syngenetic aggradation stage (Holocene), but was only a partial one. The ongoing global warming threatens to trigger another permafrost degradation stage on the drainage basin scale. On the field unit scale, the land use is already degrading the local ice-rich permafrost.