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Journal articles on the topic 'Geomorphology – South Africa'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Shaw, Paul, and Colin A. Lewis. "The Geomorphology of the Eastern Cape, South Africa." Geographical Journal 163, no. 3 (November 1997): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3059727.

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2

McCarthy, T. S., B. P. Moon, and M. Levin. "Geomorphology of the Western Bushmanland Plateau, Namaqualand, South Africa." South African Geographical Journal 67, no. 2 (September 1985): 160–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.1985.10559713.

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3

Marker, Margaret E. "The Knysna Basin, South Africa: geomorphology, landscape sensitivity and sustainability." Geographical Journal 169, no. 1 (March 2003): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1475-4959.04971.

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4

Dollar, Evan S. J. "Palaeofluvial geomorphology in southern Africa: a review." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 22, no. 3 (September 1998): 325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339802200302.

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This article presents an overview of palaeofluvial geomorphology research in southern Africa. For the purposes of this article this includes South Africa, Zimbabwe, Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana. Although interest in fluvial systems has a long history in southern Africa, the scientific study of rivers was initiated by the discovery of the first alluvial diamond along the banks of the Orange River in 1867. Since then, significant progress has been made in unravelling the fluvial history of southern Africa from the early Archaean Ventersdorp Contact Reef River to modern channel process studies. The development of an understanding of palaeofluvial systems has occurred along two main lines. The first was alluvial diamond exploration work undertaken by the large mining houses. The second line was of a more ‘academic’ interest and included determining the impact of superimposition, tectonics, base level and climate changes. The review suggests that southern Africa fluvial systems have shown large-scale changes in drainage pattern, discharge and sediment yield and that these can be related to a complex set of causative factors including the geological template, the Jurassic rifting of Gondwana, tectonic episodes and climate change.
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5

Grenfell, S. E., W. N. Ellery, and M. C. Grenfell. "Geomorphology and dynamics of the Mfolozi River floodplain, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Geomorphology 107, no. 3-4 (June 2009): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.12.011.

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6

Heritage, G. L., L. J. Broadhurst, and A. L. Birkhead. "The influence of contemporary flow regime on the geomorphology of the Sabie River, South Africa." Geomorphology 38, no. 3-4 (June 2001): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(00)00090-8.

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7

Cooper, J. Andrew G., and Andrew N. Green. "Geomorphology and preservation potential of coastal and submerged aeolianite: Examples from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Geomorphology 271 (October 2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.07.028.

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8

TOOTH, S., T. S. McCARTHY, P. J. HANCOX, D. BRANDT, K. BUCKLEY, E. NORTJE, and S. McQUADE. "THE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE NYL RIVER AND FLOODPLAIN IN THE SEMI-ARID NORTHERN PROVINCE, SOUTH AFRICA." South African Geographical Journal 84, no. 2 (September 2002): 226–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2002.9713774.

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9

Barker, Charles, and Gawie De Villiers. "A philosophical basis for the holistic study of landscape development in Geomorphology." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 27, no. 3 (September 16, 2008): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v27i3.89.

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The development of Geomorphology from two former major disciplines (Geography and Geology),makes it difficult for practitioners to accept a single major meta-paradigm as is the case with other earth sciences. It is also clear from current developments in the discipline, that the move away from the traditional qualitative research in micro-scale environments left a methodological gap in investigations into larger (meso-scale) phenomena. In this article, paradigms and science are examined with special reference to Geography as one of the parental sciences of Geomorphology (a view which is largely held in South Africa). After an elucidation of a meta-paradigm for Geomorphology, this meta-paradigm is then discussed in greater detail. Critical issues such as time and space and the way in which they are treated in Geomorphology are considered. Five social paradigms (functionalism, positivism, pragmatism, realism and the general systems theory or holism) used in Geomorphology are explained in as far as they have been applied to the discipline in the past. These are then linked to philosophical concepts and research approaches in landscape development in particular. The historical evolution of landscape development studies and principles of landscape development such as quantitative methods, antagonism, stability, equilibrium, catena’s, directedness, tectonics, and environmental variables provide the foundation from which the authors formulate a philosophical basis, “systemic realism”, for the integration of process and historic-genetic studies in Geomorphology. Several criteria are given for testing the proposed methodology, based on the components from which the approach was formulated. Results from a case study done on the Modder River catchment in the central Free State are compared with the suggested approach. Firstly, a conceptual model of the catchment is discussed. The identification of possible causal processes and environmental conditions is made from the conceptual model, previous studies and the spatial distribution of land forms and geological features in the catchment. Finally, some light is shed on the possible future development of the landscape. It is the authors’ contention that systemic realism forms a sound basis for future research in landscape development and, from there, provides a guideline to resource management.
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10

VAN COLLER, ALAN, KEVIN ROGERS, and GEORGE HERITAGE. "Linking riparian vegetation types and fluvial geomorphology along the Sabie River within the Kruger National Park, South Africa." African Journal of Ecology 35, no. 3 (September 1997): 194–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1997.090-89090.x.

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11

Rowntree, Kate. "AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF ALIEN INVASIVE VEGETATION ON THE GEOMORPHOLOGY OF RIVER CHANNELS IN SOUTH AFRICA." Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 17, no. 1-2 (June 1991): 28–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10183469.1991.9631311.

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12

McCarthy, T. S., S. Tooth, D. C. Kotze, N. B. Collins, G. Wandrag, and T. Pike. "The role of geomorphology in evaluating remediation options for floodplain wetlands: the case of Ramsar-listed Seekoeivlei, eastern South Africa." Wetlands Ecology and Management 18, no. 2 (July 5, 2009): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11273-009-9153-7.

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13

Green, A. N., J. A. G. Cooper, N. P. Dlamini, N. N. Dladla, D. Parker, and S. E. Kerwath. "Relict and contemporary influences on the postglacial geomorphology and evolution of a current swept shelf: The Eastern Cape Coast, South Africa." Marine Geology 427 (September 2020): 106230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2020.106230.

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14

Gericke, Ockert J. "GIS Applications to Investigate the Linkage between Geomorphological Catchment Characteristics and Response Time: A Case Study in Four Climatological Regions, South Africa." Water 11, no. 5 (May 23, 2019): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11051072.

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In flood hydrology, geomorphological catchment characteristics serve as fundamental input to inform decisions related to design flood estimation and regionalization. Typically, site-specific geomorphological catchment characteristics are used for regionalization, while flood statistics are used to test the homogeneity of the identified regions. This paper presents the application and comparison of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) modelling tools for the estimation of catchment characteristics to provide an enhanced understanding of the linkage between geomorphological catchment characteristics and response time. It was evident that catchment response variability is not exclusively related to catchment area, but rather associated with the increasing spatial–temporal heterogeneity of other catchment characteristics as the catchment scale increases. In general, catchment and channel geomorphology overruled the impact that catchment variables might have on the response time and resulting runoff. Shorter response times and higher peak flows were evident in similar-sized catchments characterized by lower shape factors, circularity ratios, and shorter centroid distances and associated higher elongation ratios, drainage densities and steeper slopes. The GIS applications not only enabled the inclusion of a more diverse selection of catchment characteristics as opposed to when manual methods are used, but the high degree of association between the different GIS-based methods also confirmed their preferential use.
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15

Diamond, R. E., M. A. Dippenaar, and S. Adams. "South African Hydrostratigraphy: A conceptual framework." South African Journal of Geology 122, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.25131/sajg.122.0027.

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Abstract South African geology, geomorphology and climate are distinctly variable, resulting in a complex hydrological cycle superimposed on equally complex ground conditions. With fractured and karstic systems dominating the hydrogeology, thick vadose zones comprising soil and rock and at highly variable moisture conditions contribute to complex hydrostratigraphic systems comprising various confining and hydraulically connected units. This paper proposed standard terminology for basic concepts pertaining to the description of ground and water in the subsurface to eventually propose a hydrostratigraphic classification based on abiotic factors fairly constant over short periods of time (geology, geomorphology and climate), as well as those temporally highly variable (climate) and those introduced by human involvement (society). Ten major hydrostratigraphic units are eventually described, namely the Cape Fold Belt, Kalahari Desert, Witwatersrand Supergroup, Malmani Subgroup, Cenozoic Coastal Deposits, Saldanian Basement, Karoo Main Basin, Namaqua-Natal Metamorphics, Waterberg Group, and Archaean Granitoids.
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16

BECKEDAHL, H. R., P. D. SUMNER, and G. GARLAND. "SOUTH AFRICAN GEOMORPHOLOGY: CRITICAL CHOICES FOR THE FUTURE." South African Geographical Journal 84, no. 1 (March 2002): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2002.9713765.

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17

Holmes, Peter J., Stefan W. Grab, and Jasper Knight. "South African geomorphology: current status and new challenges." South African Geographical Journal 98, no. 3 (July 19, 2016): 405–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2016.1208581.

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18

Willems, Luc, André Pouclet, and Jean-Paul Vicat. "Existence of karsts into silicated non-carbonated crystalline rocks in Sahelian and Equatorial Africa, hydrogeological implications." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 173, no. 4 (July 1, 2002): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/173.4.337.

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Abstract Various cavities studied in western Niger and South Cameroon show the existence of important karstic phenomena into metagabbros and gneisses. These large-sized caves resulted from generalized dissolution of silicate formations in spite of their low solubility. Karstification is produced by deep hydrous transfer along lithological discontinuities and fracture net works. The existence of such caves has major implications in geomorphology, under either Sahelian and Equatorial climate, and in hydrogeology and water supply, particularly in the Sahel area. Introduction. – Since a few decades, several karst-like morphologies are described in non-carbonated rocks (sandstones, quartzites, schistes, gneisses…) [Wray, 1997 ; Vicat and Willems, 1998 ; Willems, 2000]. The cave of Guéssédoundou in West Niger seems to be due to a large dissolution of metagabbros. The cave of Mfoula, South Cameroon, attests for the same process in gneisses. This forms proof that big holes may exist deeper in the substratum even of non-carbonated silicate rocks. Their size and number could mainly influence the landscape and the hydrogeology, especially in the Sahelian areas. Guéssédoundou, a cave into metagabbros in West Niger. – The site of Guéssédoundou is located 70 km south-west of Niamey (fig. 1). The cave is opened at the top of a small hill, inside in NNE-SSW elongated pit (fig. 2 ; pl. I A). The hole, 3 to 4 m deep and 20 m large, has vertical walls and contains numerous sub-metric angular blocks. A cave, a few meters deep, comes out the south wall. Bedrocks consist of metagabbros of the Makalondi greenstone belt, a belt of the Palaeoproterozoic Birimian Formations of the West Africa craton [Pouclet et al., 1990]. The rock has a common granular texture with plagioclases, partly converted in albite and clinozoisite, and pyroxenes pseudomorphosed in actinote and chlorite. It is rather fairly altered. Chemical composition is mafic and poorly alkaline (tabl. I). A weak E-W schistosity generated with the epizonal thermometamorphism. The site depression was created along a N010o shear zone where rocks suffered important fracturation and fluid transfers, as shown by its silification and ferruginisation. The absence of human activity traces and the disposition of the angular blocks attest that the pit is natural and was due to the collapse of the roof of a vast cavity whose current cave is only the residual prolongation. To the vertical walls of the depression and at the cave entry, pluridecimetric hemispheric hollows are observed (pl. I B). Smooth morphology and position of these hollows sheltered within the depression dismiss the assumptions of formation by mechanical erosion. In return, these features are typical shape of dissolution processes observed into limestone karstic caves. That kind of process must be invoked to explain the opening of the Guéssédoundou cave, in the total lack of desagregation materials. Dissolution of metagabbro occurred during hydrous transfer, which was probably guided by numerous fractures of the shear zone. Additional observations have been done in the Sirba Valley, where similar metabasite rocks constitute the substratum, with sudden sinking of doline-like depressions and evidence of deep cavities by core logging [Willems et al., 1993, 1996]. It is concluded that karstic phenomena may exist even in silica-aluminous rocks of crystalline terrains, such as the greenstones of a Precambrian craton. Mfoula a cave into gneisses in South Cameroon. – The cave of Mfoula is located 80 km north-east of Yaoundé (fig. 3). It is the second largest cave of Cameroon, more than 5,000 m3, with a large opening in the lower flank of a deep valley (pl. I C). The cavity is about 60 m long, 30 m large and 5 to 12 m high (fig. 4; pl. I D). It is hollowed in orthogneisses belonging to the Pan-African Yaoundé nappe. Rocks exhibit subhorizontal foliation in two superposed lithological facies: the lower part is made of amphibole- and garnet-bearing layered gneisses, and the upper part, of more massive granulitic gneisses. Average composition is silico-aluminous and moderately alkaline (tabl. I). The cave is made of different chambers separated by sub-cylindrical pillars. The ceiling of the main chamber, 6 m in diameter, is dome-shaped with a smooth surface (D, fig. 4). The walls have also a smooth aspect decorated with many hemispherical hollows. The floor is flat according to the rock foliation. They are very few rock debris and detrital fragments and no traces of mechanical erosion and transport. The general inner morphology is amazingly similar to that of a limestone cave. The only way to generate such a cavity is to dissolve the rock by water transfer. To test the effect of the dissolution process, we analysed a clayey residual sampled in an horizontal fracture of the floor (tabl. I). Alteration begins by plagioclases in producing clay minerals and in disagregating the rock. However, there is no more clay and sand material. That means all the silicate minerals must have been eliminated. Dissolution of silicates is a known process in sandstone and quartzite caves. It may work as well in gneisses. To fasten the chemical action, we may consider an additional microbial chemolitotrophe activity. The activity of bacteria colonies is known in various rocks and depths, mainly in the aquifer [Sinclair and Ghiorse, 1989 ; Stevens and McKinley, 1995]. The formation of the Mfoula cave is summarized as follow (fig. 5). Meteoric water is drained down along sub-vertical fractures and then along horizontal discontinuities of the foliation, particularly in case of lithological variations. Chemical and biological dissolution is working. Lateral transfers linked to the aquifer oscillations caused widening of the caves. Dissolved products are transported by the vertical drains. Regressive erosion of the valley, linked to the epeirogenic upwelling due to the volcano-tectonic activity of the Cameroon Line, makes the cavities come into sight at the valley flanks. Discussion and conclusion. – The two examples of the Guéssédoundou and Mfoula caves evidence the reality of the karsts in non-carbonated silicated rocks. The karst term is used to design ≫ any features of the classical karst morphology (caves, dolines, lapies…) where dissolution plays the main genetical action ≫ [Willems, 2000]. Our observations indicate that (i) the karst genesis may have occurred into any kind of rocks, and (ii) the cave formation is not directly dependent of the present climate. These facts have major consequences to hydrogeological investigations, especially for water supply in Sahelian and sub-desertic countries. Some measurements of water transfer speed across either sedimentary pelitic strata of the Continental terminal or igneous rocks of the substratum in West Niger [Estèves and Lenoir, 1996 ; Ousmane et al., 1984] proved that supplying of aquifers in these silico-aluminous rocks may be as fast as in a karstic limestone. That means the West Niger substratum is highly invaded by a karstic net and may hidden a lot of discontinuous aquifers. The existence of this karst system can be easily shown by morphological observations, the same that are done in karstic limestone regions (abnormally suspended dry valleys, collapses, dolines…). Clearly, this must be the guide for any search of water, even in desertic areas where limestones are absent.
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19

Illenberger, Werner K. "The geomorphologic evolution of the wilderness dune cordons, South Africa." Quaternary International 33 (January 1996): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(95)00099-2.

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20

Holland, Martin, and Kai T. Witthüser. "Evaluation of geologic and geomorphologic influences on borehole productivity in crystalline bedrock aquifers of Limpopo Province, South Africa." Hydrogeology Journal 19, no. 5 (May 10, 2011): 1065–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-011-0730-5.

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21

O'Keeffe, Jay. "Sustaining river ecosystems: balancing use and protection." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 33, no. 3 (June 2009): 339–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309342645.

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Sustainable management of natural resources is a well-accepted concept, but there are few practical guidelines for its application. This paper suggests methods for the sustainable operation of water resource use and protection. Environmental flows (EF) for rivers are used to illustrate some of the opportunities and problems inherent in managing rivers sustainably. In particular, there is a requirement for agreeing on clear and measurable environmental objectives for which a modified flow regime can be set. Knowledge from a number of different disciplines, including hydrology, ecology, hydraulics, geomorphology, water quality and socio-economics has to be integrated to provide holistic levels of understanding if sustainable management is to be achieved. Methods for EF assessment have been developed to provide an effective framework for integration leading to a clear end-point. The implementation of EF has been hampered in the past by a concentration on the ecohydrological technicalities of the process. More recently, it has been realized that achieving a consensus in the socio-economic and political context is of overriding importance for successful implementation. Case studies from South African river research over the past 20 years are used to illustrate the policies, methods, impediments and successes of sustainable river management. In particular, a recognition of complexity and change, both in ecosystems and in human thinking and behaviour, is emphasized. Timeframes of decades are required for both types of change, but there is evidence that patience is being rewarded by gradual success.
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22

Maurya, Ved P., Sergio L. Fontes, Vanderlei C. Oliveira Jr, and Emanuele F. La Terra. "Gradient based first- and second-order filters for the demarcation of continental–oceanic boundaries using satellite gravity data." Geophysical Journal International 221, no. 3 (February 14, 2020): 1499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa084.

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SUMMARY Demarcating the continental–oceanic boundary (COB) is extremely important as it contributes to an understanding of the tectonic environments of marginal basins through plate reconstructions. In general, the COB is estimated by jointly interpreting the features of the basement geomorphology, bathymetry and geophysical datasets, including gravity, magnetic, seismic and geochemical data. We propose a novel methodology named the tilt-theta angles correlation (TTAC), a second-order filtering approach to estimate the COB using high-resolution satellite gravity data. This method computes the angular difference or correlation angle between the vectors computed from the gradients of the tilt and theta derivative-based first-order filters. Oceanic regions generally exhibit small correlation angles (∼0°), thereby indicating a direct correlation; in contrast, continental regions depict large correlation angles (∼180°) and thus display an inverse correlation. The TTAC method marks the COB at the spatial position where the correlation angles abruptly shift from inverse to direct. Tests using synthetic data and the larger spectral energy content of TTAC for long wavelengths over tilt, theta and minus of the sign of vertical derivative (-SiVD) filters attest the effectiveness of the new methodology over first-order derivative based filters. Additionally, tests utilizing real data over both the West African Transform Margin (WATM) and across the South Atlantic Conjugate Margin (SACM) provide favourable results compared with the previous methodologies used to demarcate the COB. The COB estimates derived using the new methodology are consistent with the COB estimates obtained during recent plate-reconstruction studies. We also compare our results with an earlier interpretation along a conjugate margin encompassing magma-poor and magma-rich regions. In the complex rifted environments of the SACM, in which volcanic rocks are dominant, the TTAC methodology substantially improves the previous COB estimates, thereby establishing it as an efficient edge marker by simultaneously reducing small-scale geological noise and enhancing regional-scale geological contributions.
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23

Mhangara, Paidamwoyo, Willard Mapurisa, and Naledzani Mudau. "Image Interpretability of nSight-1 Nanosatellite Imagery for Remote Sensing Applications." Aerospace 7, no. 2 (February 25, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7020019.

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Nanosatellites are increasingly being used in space-related applications to demonstrate and test scientific capability and engineering ingenuity of space-borne instruments and for educational purposes due to their favourable low manufacturing costs, cheaper launch costs, and short development time. The use of CubeSat to demonstrate earth imaging capability has also grown in the last two decades. In 2017, a South African company known as Space Commercial Services launched a low-orbit nanosatellite named nSight-1. The demonstration nanosatellite has three payloads that include a modular designed SCS Gecko imaging payload, FIPEX atmospheric science instrument developed by the University of Dresden and a Radiation mitigation VHDL coding experiment supplied by Nelson Mandela University. The Gecko imager has a swath width of 64 km and captures 30 m spatial resolution images using the red, green, and blue (RGB) spectral bands. The objective of this study was to assess the interpretability of nSight-1 in the spatial dimension using Landsat 8 as a reference and to recommend potential earth observation applications for the mission. A blind image spatial quality evaluator known as Blind/Referenceless Image Spatial Quality Evaluator (BRISQUE) was used to compute the image quality for nSight-1 and Landsat 8 imagery in the spatial domain and the National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale (NIIRS) method to quantify the interpretability of the images. A visual interpretation was used to propose some potential applications for the nSight1 images. The results indicate that Landsat 8 OLI images had significantly higher image quality scores and NIIRS results compared to nSight-1. Landsat 8 has a mean of 19.299 for the image quality score while nSight-1 achieved a mean of 25.873. Landsat 8 had NIIRS mean of 2.345 while nSight-1 had a mean of 1.622. The superior image quality and image interpretability of Landsat could be attributed for the mature optical design on the Landsat 8 satellite that is aimed for operational purposes. Landsat 8 has a GDS of 30-m compared to 32-m on nSight-1. The image degradation resulting from the lossy compression implemented on nSight-1 from 12-bit to 8-bit also has a negative impact on image visual quality and interpretability. Whereas it is evident that Landsat 8 has the better visual quality and NIIRS scores, the results also showed that nSight-1 are still very good if one considers that the categorical ratings consider that images to be of good to excellent quality and a NIIRS mean of 1.6 indicates that the images are interpretable. Our interpretation of the imagery shows that the data has considerable potential for use in geo-visualization and cartographic land use and land cover mapping applications. The image analysis also showed the capability of the nSight-1 sensor to capture features related to structural geology, geomorphology and topography quite prominently.
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24

Makhubela, Tebogo V., Stephan R. Winkler, Vela Mbele, Jan D. Kramers, Rivoningo R. Khosa, Hendric P. Moabi, and Sibusiso M. Konyana. "Development of cosmogenic nuclide capabilities in South Africa and applications in Southern African geomorphology." South African Geographical Journal, June 10, 2020, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2020.1775689.

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25

Grab, Stefan W., Andrew S. Goudie, Heather A. Viles, and Nicola Webb. "Sandstone geomorphology of the Golden Gate Highlands National Park, South Africa, in a global context." Koedoe 53, no. 1 (March 2, 2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v53i1.985.

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The Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP) is well known for its impressive sandstone formations. While previous geoscience research in the park has focused on geology, palaeontology, slope forms and the prominent lichen weathering, remarkably little has been written on the diversity and possible origins of sandstone phenomena in the region. The objectives of this study were (1) to present a geomorphological map of prominent and interesting landforms for particular portions of the park and (2) to document the variety of macro- and microscale sandstone formations observed. During field work, we undertook global positioning system measurements to map landforms and, in addition, measured the dimensions of several landform types. A Schmidt hammer was used to conduct rock hardness tests at a variety of localities and lithologies for comparative purposes. We indentified and mapped 27 macro- and microscale sandstone landforms, of which 17 are described in detail. It is demonstrated that for the most part, the landforms are a likely product of surface lithological reactions to a regional climate characterised by pronounced multitemporal temperature and moisture shifts, recently and in the past. However, many of the geomorphological processes producing landforms are controlled by microclimates set up by factors such as macro- and microtopography. Conservation implications: The GGHNP is best known for its geological, geomorphological and palaeontological heritage. This paper highlights the diversity of sandstone geomorphological phenomena, many of them rare and ‘unique’ to the region. Not only are these landforms of aesthetic interest to tourists, but they also provide microhabitats for biota. Thus, conservation of biota requires associated conservation of geo-environments where they are established.
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26

Grenfell, SE, and WN Ellery. "Hydrology, sediment transport dynamics and geomorphology of a variable flow river: The Mfolozi River, South Africa." Water SA 35, no. 3 (May 23, 2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v35i3.76764.

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27

Flemming, Burg, and Keith Martin. "The Breede River estuary (Cape Province, South Africa): A historical perspective on hydrology, geomorphology, and sedimentology." Geo-Marine Letters 41, no. 1 (February 25, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-021-00686-8.

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AbstractA hitherto unpublished historical dataset of the Breede River estuary, Western Cape, South Africa, that was collected in the summer season of 1983 is presented. Bathymetric, physiographic, and sedimentological data were collected at 1–1.5-km intervals between the mouth and the Malgas ferry crossing at km 35. The remaining estuary up to km 52 was not surveyed. Sedimentologically, the estuary could be divided into a lower marine sand reach (mouth to km 5), a mixed sand/mud reach (km 5–18.5), and a fluvial sand reach upstream of km 18.5. Hydrological data were collected at three midstream anchor stations (mouth, km 14.5, and km 24) which were occupied for complete tidal cycles. Five parameters were recorded: tidal elevation, current velocity, salinity, temperature, and light transmittance. Pronounced velocity asymmetries of the tides were revealed by phase delays between the times of low (high) water and corresponding slack water (turn of the tide), as well as considerable up-estuary delays in the occurrence of high and low tides. The mode of tidal wave propagation was synchronic (constant height) up to a distance of ~23 km at spring high tide and ~13 km at neap high tide, from where it proceeded in hyposynchronic mode (progressive decrease in height). Peak surface velocities reached 1.5 m/s at Station 1 (mouth), 0.6 m/s at Station 2 (km 14), and 0.45 m/s at Station 3 (km 24). The marine sand reach and parts of the mixed sand/mud and fluvial sand reaches were distinctly flood dominated as revealed by the orientation of bedforms. Salt water intrusion reached up to km 25, where river background levels were reached. Suspended sediment concentrations (turbidity) varied from 55–85 mg/l at the mouth, 65–200 mg/l in the mixed sand/mud reach, and 55–85 mg/l in the fluvial sand reach. At the time of observation, the Breede River estuary was in a well-mixed hydrological state. The fluvial sand reach displayed numerous, up to 18-m-deep scour pools. Grain-size distributions revealed distinct differences between the individual estuary sections, the sand/mud, and marine sand reaches, in particular, being characterized by up to four, mostly mixed hydraulic populations. Offshore seismic profiles suggest that the Duiwenhoks River, located 14 km to the east of the Breede mouth, was a tributary of the latter during Pleistocene sea-level lowstands. From a global perspective, the Breede River estuary conforms physically to typical small estuaries that are only marginally impacted by human interferences.
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28

Moon, B. P., and G. L. Heritage. "The contemporary geomorphology of the Letaba River in the Kruger National Park." Koedoe 44, no. 1 (July 1, 2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v44i1.185.

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The Letaba River drains part of Northern Province in north-east South Africa. Its catchment has been modified significantly by human activity which has affected the flow regime; it experiences only ephemeral flows through the Kruger National Park to its confluence with the Olifants River. Although the Letaba is similar to the other rivers in the Kruger National Park in that it displays some bedrock influenced channel features, increased sediment delivery from the degraded catchment upstream has resulted in extensive alluviation within the channel. Sections of channel flowing over bedrock with no sediment covering are rare, and the river comprises a series of channel types: mixed anastomosing, alluvial braided, mixed pool-rapid and alluvial single thread. Each is characterised by a different combination of morphological units which relate to the degree of alluviation in the channel. These channel types are described in detail and inferences are made concerning their formation and maintenance from field observation and measurement.
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29

Bosino, Alberto, Alice Bernini, Greg A. Botha, Greta Bonacina, Luisa Pellegrini, Adel Omran, Volker Hochschild, Christian Sommer, and Michael Maerker. "Geomorphology of the upper Mkhomazi River basin, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, with emphasis on late Pleistocene colluvial deposits." Journal of Maps, July 14, 2020, 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1790435.

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30

Heritage, G. L., and B. P. Moon. "The contemporary geomorphology of the Sabie River in the Kruger National Park." Koedoe 43, no. 1 (July 2, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v43i1.207.

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The Sabie River in the Kruger National Park has been described as the most pristine in South Africa. It has remained largely free of direct alteration along its 110 km length within the reserve and as such displays a high geomorphic diversity. This physical vari- ability supports a great diversity of flora and fauna including a number of species endemic to the river. The diversity in fluvial form is the result of a high degree of bedrock influence coupled with a rapidly changing energy regime. Steeper bedrockinfluenced areas alternate with more gently sloping alluvial segments to create a series of channel types ranging from bedrock anastomosing through to alluvial single thread and braided sections. Each channel type is part of a continuum that relates to the degree of alluviation of the river on the bedrock template. Descriptions of the characteristic channel types associated with the Sabie River, together with associated morphologic units are given together with the areal extent of the changing morphology in the Kruger National Park. Each morphologic unit is characterised by size, shape, sedimentology and flow influence. Recent research into the degree and direction of morphologic change in the Sabie River is also summarised in the light of possible catchment management.
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31

Woodborne, Mike, and Burg Flemming. "Sedimentological evidence for seiching in a swell-dominated headland-bay system: Table Bay, Western Cape, South Africa." Geo-Marine Letters 41, no. 4 (September 18, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-021-00718-3.

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AbstractTable Bay, South Africa, is a typical headland-bay system with a shoreline that can be described by a logarithmic spiral. A peculiarity and unique feature of Table Bay is the juxtaposition of Robben Island opposite its headland. As a consequence, the bathymetry defines an ellipsoidal basin which was postulated to potentially resonate in the form of long-period standing waves (seiches). One aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate whether any evidence for such resonant oscillations could be detected in the geomorphology and sediment distribution patterns. Indeed, the ellipsoidal shape of the basin can be framed by two converging log-spirals with their centres located opposite each other, one off Robben Island and the other on the Cape Town side of the bay. The so-called apex line, which divides the two spirals into equal parts is aligned SW–NE, i.e. more or less parallel to the direction of ocean wave propagation. The distribution patterns of all sedimentary parameters were found to be characterised by a strikingly similar trend to either side of the apex line. This supports the hypothesis that the basin of Table Bay appears to resonate in the form of a mode 1 standing wave, with the node positioned above the apex line in the centre of the bay. The maximum period of such a standing wave was calculated to be around 37 min. The study demonstrates that large-scale sediment distribution patterns can reveal the existence of specific hydrodynamic processes in coastal embayments. It is recommended that this phenomenon be investigated in greater detail aimed at verifying the existence of resonant oscillations in Table Bay and, in the event, at establishing its precise nature and trigger mechanism.
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32

Flemming, Burg, and Keith Martin. "Sedimentology of a coastal shelf sector characterised by multiple bedload boundaries: Plettenberg Bay, inner Agulhas Bank, South Africa." Geo-Marine Letters 41, no. 3 (July 6, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00367-021-00702-x.

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AbstractThe study deals with a large sand body (spit-bar) attached to the eastern tip of the Robberg Peninsula, Plettenberg Bay, South Africa. To date, the bar has prograded about 8 km beyond the tip of the peninsula. The bar top is predominantly composed of medium sand, the upper slope of fine sand, and the lower slope of fine muddy sand. Stratigraphically, the sedimentology thus documents an upward coarsening, calcareous quartz-arenitic depositional sequence. The spit-bar as a whole forms the eastern end of a sediment compartment that is clearly distinguishable from neighbouring compartments on the basis of its geomorphology, the textural characteristics of the sediment, and the distribution of sediment thicknesses. Aeolian overpass across the peninsula appears to have formed a fan-like sand deposit in its rear, which is perched upon the upper shoreface of the bay as suggested by the bathymetry to the north of the peninsula. It forms an integral part of the sediment body defining the spit-bar. The estimated volume of sand stored in the spit-bar amounts to 5.815 km3, of which 0.22 km3 is contributed by the aeolian overpass sand. The sediment sources of the spit-bar are located up to 100 km to the west, where a number of small rivers supply limited amounts of sediment to the sea and numerous coastal aeolianite ridges in the Wilderness embayment have been subject to erosion after becoming drowned in the course of the postglacial sea-level rise since about 12 ky BP. By contrast, the sediment volume in the adjacent compartment B to the north (Plettenberg Bay), which has been supplied by local rivers, amounts to only 0.127 km3. In a geological context, large sand bodies such as the Robberg spit-bar are excellent exploration models for hydrocarbons (oil and gas).
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33

Grenfell, MC, SE Grenfell, and D. Mazvimavi. "Morphodynamic modelling of dryland non-perennial riverscapes, with implications for environmental water allocation." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment, March 10, 2021, 030913332199663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133321996639.

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Reach-scale river restoration or environmental water allocation (EWA) exercises typically address the magnitude and temporal dynamics (frequency, duration, timing, rate of change) of flows required to sustain desirable ecological conditions along a river. The role of geomorphology in this process is to broaden the gaze beyond flows to consider larger and longer-term interactions between valley lithological structure, and the feed and fate of flow-sediment mixtures. This paper proposes the integration of numerical morphodynamic modelling in evaluations of environmental water requirements for non-perennial riverscapes (channel–riparian–floodplain environments). The paper presents a methodological framework, and proof of concept case study from the Touws River, South Africa, for the application of morphodynamic modelling in EWA. The paper illustrates operational approaches to modelling the complexity of dryland mixed bedrock-alluvial (and mixed-load) riverscapes with highly variable non-perennial flow regimes, including an approach to generating initial bed conditions for numerical experiments by ‘morphodynamic spin-up’, and approaches to synthesising and presenting numerical experiment output in the form of a dynamic range of potential variability in metrics of physical habitat suitability and diversity, and disturbance/renewal regimes. Such efforts can assist in enhancing field observations and testing field-based hypotheses of flow-sediment regime–physical habitat associations, extending the timescales of analysis beyond field observation, and constraining uncertainty about the dynamic range of variability in responses to predicted future flow-sediment regime modifications. Further research is needed to develop growth models appropriate for key non-perennial river vegetation types, to support biomorphodynamic modelling of geomorphology–vegetation interactions, and to determine or predict appropriate inlet sediment concentrations for historical and future modification scenarios.
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34

Master, Sharad. "A few hours in the Seychelles with Alex du Toit in 1938." South African Journal of Science 116, no. 7/8 (July 29, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2020/7747.

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Alexander Logie du Toit (1878–1948) was South Africa’s most famous geologist during his lifetime, having authored five books which brought him world renown. In December 1937 to January 1938, accompanied by his wife Evelyn, he visited India in order to attend the Jubilee Indian Science Congress in Calcutta and to do field work in coal and diamond mines. On the return journey to Africa by ship, they stopped for a few hours in Port Victoria on Mahé Island in the Seychelles archipelago. They also passed by Silhouette Island. Du Toit recorded his activities in a diary, and his geological observations in a notebook, where he also drew a sketch of Mahé, and recorded steep structures on the east coast of Silhouette. Although he had not visited the Seychelles before, his deep understanding of the problems of Seychelles geology resulted from his comprehensive research on Indian Ocean geology for his 1937 book Our Wandering Continents. He made remarkably accurate observations on the geomorphology and structure, some of which were only confirmed decades later when the Seychelles were mapped in the 1960s to 1990s. His bold and prescient ideas on the breakup of the Gondwana continent, and on the formation of the Indian Ocean, have been amply confirmed by modern studies, especially by those of Lewis D. Ashwal and his collaborators.
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