To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Geophysics; Electrical resistivity tomography.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Geophysics; Electrical resistivity tomography'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Geophysics; Electrical resistivity tomography.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Liu, Shuyun. "A sequential inverse approach for hydraulic tomography and electrical resistivity tomography: An effective method for site characterization." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279846.
Full textAbstract:
Hydraulic tomography (i.e., a sequential aquifer test) has recently been proposed as a method for characterizing aquifer heterogeneity. In this study a sequential inverse approach is developed to interpret results of hydraulic tomography. The approach uses an iterative geostatistical inverse method to yield the effective hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer, conditioned on each set of head/discharge data. To efficiently include all the head/discharge data sets, a sequential conditioning method is employed. Two-dimensional numerical experiments were conducted to investigate the optimal sampling scheme for the hydraulic tomography. The effects of measurement errors and uncertainties in statistical parameters required by the inverse model were also investigated. The robustness of this inverse approach was demonstrated through its application to a hypothetical, three-dimensional, heterogeneous aquifer. Two sandbox experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the sequential geostatistical inverse approach under realistic conditions. One sandbox was packed with layered sands to represent a stratified aquifer while the other with discontinuous sand bodies of different shapes and sizes to represent a more complex and realistic heterogeneous aquifer. The tomography was found ineffective if abundant head measurements were collected at closely spaced intervals in a highly stratified aquifer. While it was found beneficial when head measurements were limited and the geological structure was discontinuous. The sequential inverse approach for hydraulic tomography was extended for electrical resistivity tomography. Numerical experiments were conducted to demonstrate the robustness of this approach for delineating the resistivity distribution in the subsurface and to investigate effectiveness of different sampling arrays of the ERT: the surface, the down-hole, and the combination of the surface and down-hole array. Orientation of bedding was found to dictate the effectiveness of the ERT layout. Samples were collected to quantify spatial variability of the resistivity-moisture relationship in the field. Numerical experiments then illustrated how the spatially varying relationship exacerbated the level of uncertainty in the interpretation of change of moisture content based on the estimated change in resistivity. A sequential inverse approach was then developed to estimate water content with less uncertainty by considering the spatial variability of the resistivity-moisture relationship and incorporating point moisture measurements and ERT data sets.
2
Schlosser, Kenneth. "MONITORING INFILTRATION FROM NATURAL STORMS USING TIME-LAPSE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2017. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/466404.
Full textAbstract:
GeologyM.S.
Time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (TL-ERT) enables an accurate characterization of the heterogeneity of flow through the unsaturated zone especially when compared to point measurements taken within the same survey area. The most powerful tool for understanding the unsaturated zone is a combination of several techniques. Many models of unsaturated zone flow assume a uniform wetting front even though the existence of preferential flow paths is well-documented in the literature. TL-ERT surveys were collected perpendicular to a stream at the Stroud Water Research Center in Chester County, PA to provide continuous measurement of unsaturated flow during two natural infiltration events. Dielectric sensors were installed along this transect to collect soil moisture data during these events. Additionally, slug tests and infiltrometer tests were collected along the transect to characterize the subsurface at the study site. TL-ERT successfully located sections with preferential flow, and these results were reproducible three months later. Other methods of measuring soil moisture content or infiltration rates were less successful at identifying preferential flow. The rates determined from point measurements often did not match where the TL-ERT identified zones of preferential flow. This comparison reveals that slow-infiltration points can exist within preferential pathways and exemplifies the importance of large-scale measurements in the unsaturated zone. Any scientific study looking at infiltration should consider utilizing TL-ERT to map where preferential flow may be occurring.
Temple University--Theses
3
Slater, Lee David. "An investigation of the ability of cross-borehole electrical imaging to assist in the characterisation of hydrogeological properties at the field scale." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360648.
Full text
4
Oldenborger, Greg Arthur. "Advances in electrical resistivity tomography : modeling, electrode position errors, time-lapse monitoring of an injection/withdrawal experiment, and solution appraisal /." ProQuest subscription required:, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1179956331&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=8813&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Boise State University, 2006.Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 319-331). Also available online via the ProQuest Digital Dissertations database.
5
Carsillo, Vincent John. "MONITORING STORMWATER INFILTRATION IN A VACANT LOT COMPARING TIME-LAPSE ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY TOMOGRAPHY." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/518905.
Full textAbstract:
GeologyM.S.
Vacant lots in cities and surrounding urban areas can potentially be used for stormwater management because they are pervious. However, the extent to which vacant lots provide pervious cover to increase infiltration and reduce stormflow is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to develop faster methods for monitoring stormwater infiltration to improve characterization of heterogeneous urban systems. Geophysical techniques are capable of mapping and characterizing subsurface materials, but are often limited by time and sensitivity constraints. In this study, the infiltration characteristics of a vacant lot created by the demolition of a house was characterized using a series of modeling, field and lab experiments. Site characterization under background conditions with an EM Profiler was used to map zones of different fill materials. Three zones were identified in the study site: grass area, driveway area, and a former house area. Transient soil moisture conditions were monitored during irrigation tests using two geophysical methods (electrical resistivity tomography [ERT] and electromagnetic induction [EM]) to evaluate method sensitivity and differences between the three zones. ERT proved more sensitive than EM profiling at detecting changes in the three zones. Soil moisture changes in the driveway area were particularly difficult to detect using EM. The EM Profiler showed a reduction rather than increase in conductivity at the start of irrigation and storms, which was attributed to flushing of high conductivity pore fluids by dilute irrigation or rain water. This explanation was supported using Archie’s Law to model the response of apparent conductivity under highly conductive pore fluid conditions. The EM Profiler was also used under natural precipitation conditions to quickly monitor areas too large for the ERT to reasonably survey. The results suggested that EM instrument drift needs to be corrected to make the method more sensitive. It was difficult to detect differences in hydrologic characterization between areas of the vacant lot using traditional soil point measurements because of the inherent spatial variability. The most useful point measurement was soil moisture loggers. Data from soil moisture loggers was used to parameterize the model; in addition, the soil moisture loggers showed a slow drying period. By combining the EM Profiler method with soil moisture data and applying corrections for drift, some improvement in sensitivity might be achieved. Quantitative characterization of fill material was shown by ERT, which detected more heterogeneous infiltration in the area of the former house than in the grass area.
Temple University--Theses
6
Frommel, Jamin C. "INTEGRATED GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION OF KARST FEATURES – INNER BLUEGRASS REGION OF KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2012. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/5.
Full textAbstract:
High-resolution electrical-resistivity, seismic-refraction, and seismic-reflection surveys were performed at three locations in the Inner Bluegrass Region of Kentucky along coincident survey lines in order to correlate results and determine which method is most effective at locating karst features in this area. The first two survey locations at Slack’s Cave and the Kentucky Horse Park were chosen in order to investigate known karst features. High and low electrical-resistivity anomalies were correlated to air- and water-filled karst voids, respectively. Seismic velocity anomalies, including parabolic time suppressions, amplitude terminations, and surface-wave backscatters, were also observed and correlated to these karst voids. These findings were applied to a third location along Berea Road in order to investigate undiscovered karst voids. Three seismic targets were selected based on backscatter anomaly locations and were aligned in a northwest trend following the general bedrock dip, joint orientations, and suspected conduit orientation. Overall, the seismic-reflection method provided the highest resolution and least ambiguous results; however, integration of multiple methods was determined to help decrease ambiguities in interpretation created by the inherent non-uniqueness found in the results of each method.
7
Crawford, Matthew M. "HYDROLOGIC MONITORING AND 2-D ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY IMAGING FOR JOINT GEOPHYSICAL AND GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SHALLOW COLLUVIAL LANDSLIDES." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ees_etds/61.
Full textAbstract:
Landslide characterization and hazard assessments require multidisciplinary approaches that connect geologic processes with geotechnical parameters. Field monitoring of hydrologic variables such as water content and water potential, coupled with geoelectrical measurements that can establish relationships used for geotechnical and landslide hazard investigations is deficient.
This study brings together different techniques to develop a methodology that connects geoelectrical measurements and shear strength. A field-based framework was established that includes (1) analysis of long-term soil moisture fluctuations within different landslides (2) establishment of constitutive and new equations that test the use of electrical conductivity to predict soil-water relationships and shear strength (3) using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) to support and facilitate the prediction of shear strength in a slope.
Hydrologic conditions including volumetric water content, water potential, and electrical conductivity in the soil were measured at three active landslides in Kentucky. The in-situ electrical conductivity used within the framework is valid as a predictor of suction stress and shear strength. The ERT supports interpretations of landslide failure zones, landslide type, lithologic boundaries, and changes in moisture conditions, but also is able to utilize the methodology to calculate shear strength, and provide a spatial view of shear strength in the slope. The practical application of this framework is to support landslide hazard assessment and further understand the long-term influence of moisture conditions in hillslope soils. These parameters are pertinent to investigating the stability of landslides that are often triggered or reactivated by rainfall.
8
Rugh, David F. "Evaluating Preferential Recharge in Blue Ridge Aquifer Systems Using Saline Tracers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35929.
Full textAbstract:
Multiple saline tracers were used to explore the role of geologic structure on groundwater recharge at the Fractured Rock Research Site in Floyd County, Virginia. Tracer migration was monitored through soil, saprolite, and fractured crystalline bedrock for a period of 3 months with chemical, physical, and geophysical techniques. Potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium bromide (KBr) tracers were applied at specific locations on the ground surface to directly test flow pathways in a shallow saprolite and deep fractured rock aquifer.
Previous work at the Fractured Rock Research Site have identified an ancient thrust fault complex that is present in the otherwise competent metamorphic bedrock; fracturing along this fault plane has resulted in a highly transmissive aquifer that receives recharge along the vertically oriented portion of the fault zone. A shallow aquifer has been located above the thrust fault aquifer in a heterogeneous saprolite layer that rapidly transmits precipitation to a downgradient spring.
Tracer monitoring was accomplished with differential electrical resistivity, chemical sampling, and physical monitoring of water levels and spring discharge. Tracer concentrations were monitored quantitatively with ion chromatography and qualitatively with differential resistivity surveys. KCl, applied at a concentration of 10,000 mg/L, traveled 160 meters downgradient through the thrust fault aquifer to a spring outlet in 24 days. KBr, applied at a concentration of 5,000 mg/L, traveled 90m downgradient through the saprolite aquifer in 19 days. KCl and KBr were present at the sampled springheads for 30 days and 33 days, respectively. Tracer breakthrough curves indicate diffuse flow through the saprolite aquifer and fracture flow through the crystalline thrust fault aquifer. Heterogeneities in the saprolite aquifer had a large effect on tracer transport, with breakthrough peaks varying several days over vertical distances of several meters.
Monitoring saline tracer migration through soil, saprolite, and fractured rock provided data on groundwater recharge that would not have been available using other traditional hydrologic methods. Travel times and flowpaths observed during this study support preferential groundwater recharge controlled by geologic structure. Geologic structure, which is not currently considered an important factor in current models of Blue Ridge hydrogeology, should be evaluated on a local or regional scale for any water resources investigation, wellhead protection plan, or groundwater remediation project.Master of Science
9
Bodine, Tyler S. "Reservoir Study and Facies Analysis of the Big Clifty Sandstone in South Central Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1610.
Full textAbstract:
The Big Clifty (Jackson) Sandstone Member of the Golconda Formation is the most important of the Mississippian (Chesterian) heavy-oil reservoirs in the southeastern Illinois Basin. Heavy oil reservoirs, or asphalt rock deposits, have been studied extensively in south central and western Kentucky, and ~2 billion barrels of original oil in place (OOIP) have been proposed to occur in the Big Clifty Sandstone. Despite high OOIP estimates, heterogeneities in the reservoir negatively impact the production of heavy oil deposits. Heterogeneities related to depositional facies changes are poorly understood in the Big Clifty Sandstone of Kentucky, where it has been mostly described as a 60-120 feet thick sandstone unit. In some locations, the Big Clifty occurs as two distinct sand bodies with intercalated mud-rich units and, most typically, with the greatest clay- and silt-rich units present between sandstone bodies. Questions exist as to how such muddy facies occur in the reservoir.
This study couples sedimentary facies analysis with sequence stratigraphy to assess how lithological factors affect the occurrence of petroleum in Big Clifty reservoirs. Multiple datasets were integrated to develop a depositional model for lithologic facies observed in this study. Datasets include core, exposure descriptions, petrographic analysis, bitumen concentrations, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), and borehole geophysical analysis. This study occurred in Logan, Warren, and Butler counties, with emphasis on an active asphalt-rock mine in Logan County. Surface geophysical methods aided in demarcating Chesterian limestones, sandstone bodies and, in particular, highly resistive heavy-oil laden Big Clifty channel bodies.
In Warren County, located E-NE of the Stampede Mine, the Big Clifty coalesces into a single amalgamated sandstone channel or a series of superimposed stacked channels as observed in outcrop along Indian Creek at McChesney Field Station and at Jackson’s Orchard. In these locations, the tidal influence is subtle with large-scale trough cross bedding dominating, and the contact on the Beech Creek Limestone is sharp. Facies changes related to the environment of deposition greatly impact the quality of heavy-oil reservoirs and must be taken into consideration during exploration and siting of asphalt rock mines.
10
Gebregziabher, Gared Berhanu [Verfasser]. "Environmental and engineering geophysical studies for sinkhole problems using seismic reflection, refraction tomography, electrical resistivity imaging, and joint inversions / Berhanu Gebregziabher Gared." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2011. http://d-nb.info/104185143X/34.
Full text
11
Tufekci, Sinan. "Combined Surface-Wave and Resistivity Imaging for Shallow Subsurface Characterization." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1250891786.
Full text
12
Shan, Chunling. "Natural and Controlled Source Magnetotelluric Data Processing and Modeling." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229917.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, four studies using different geophysical electromagnetic methods are presented. In the first study dealing with airborne measurements, the noise response due to the rotation of the aircraft and the aircraft itself as a metallic conductive body on the Earth's electromagnetic response in very low frequency and low frequency band was investigated. The magnetic fields are independent of the aircraft in the VLF band and part of the LF band. But at higher frequencies (above 100 kHz), the signals are more influenced by the aircraft. The aircraft also generates its own noise frequencies which are mixed with the radio transmitter signals. The second and third studies are applications of radio-, controlled source-magnetotellurics and electrical resistivity tomography methods at a quick-clay landslide site in southwest Sweden. The data are processed and modeled in 2D and 3D, and the models are compared with high-resolution seismic and geotechnical data. The obtained results were further validated and refined by performing synthetic tests in the second study. The third study shows that the 3D models provide larger and more continuous volume of the quick clay structure than traditional 2D models. Both studies have shown that integrated application of geophysical methods for landslides is ideal. Quick clays often overlie the coarse-grained layers showing an increase of resistivity values in the models. In the fourth study, a new audio magnetotelluric data acquisition technique is developed and is named moving magnetotellurics (MMT). In this new technique, the magnetic sensors are placed on the ground and only 15 to 20 minutes data are acquired for each station, which usually is enough to cover the frequency range 30-300 Hz. The new technique is more efficient and convenient than the traditional magnetotelluric method, and test measurements have shown that it is an applicable method in shallow depth studies.
13
Gresse, Marceau. "Imagerie géophysique (électrique et sismique) haute résolution et modélisation du système hydrothermal superficiel de la Solfatare de Pouzzoles, Italie du Sud. Application à l’étude des processus hydrothermaux." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAU035/document.
Full textAbstract:
Les Champs Phlégréens, situés dans la métropole napolitaine (Italie du sud), forment l’une des plus grandes structures volcaniques au monde. Depuis 1950, ce complexe volcanique manifeste un regain d’activité, qui s’est amplifié au cours de la dernière décennie. Cette accélération s’exprime au travers d’une intensification de la sismicité, de la déformation du sol ainsi qu’une extension de la zone de dégazage. L’ensemble des récentes études s’accorde à dire que le système s’achemine actuellement vers un point critique, sans toutefois pouvoir préciser quand et où pourrait avoir lieu une éventuelle éruption. Cette difficulté à prédire l’état réel du système est principalement associée à la présence d’un système hydrothermal relativement développé. Aux Champs Phlégréens, il est en effet difficile de déconvoluer les signaux provenant du forçage magmatique de ceux résultant de la réponse hydrothermale. L’objectif de cette thèse est donc d’améliorer les connaissances actuelles du système hydrothermal superficiel du volcan de la Solfatara, lieu où se concentre actuellement la reprise d’activité. Pour cela, une approche multidisciplinaire a été menée en deux phases : l’imagerie géophysique du volcan puis la modélisation de son système hydrothermal.La tomographie haute-résolution de résistivité électrique 3-D du cratère a permis de reconnaître les principales formations géologiques et leurs connexions avec les structures et écoulements hydrothermaux. L’interprétation du modèle de résistivité électrique a été réalisée grâce à un ensemble de mesures superficielles complémentaires : flux de CO2, température, potentiel spontané, capacité d’échange cationique et pH du sol. Deux panaches à dominante liquide ont été identifiés : la mare de boue de la Fangaia et la fumerole de Pisciarelli. À la Fangaia, une étude conjointe des modèles de résistivité électrique et de vitesses du sous-sol (obtenues par l’INGV) établit la présence de forts gradients, à la frontière entre panache hydrothermal et zone de dégazage diffus. Au niveau du principal secteur fumerolien, le modèle de résistivité électrique et la localisation des sources acoustiques révèlent clairement l’anatomie d’une zone fumerolienne. Deux conduits séparés, saturés en gaz, alimentent les fumeroles de Bocca Grande et de Bocca Nuova, depuis un même réservoir de gaz situé à ~50 mètres de profondeur. L’intense dégazage diffus produit à proximité de ces fumeroles occasionne la condensation de vapeur. Le modèle de résistivité électrique met en évidence la circulation souterraine de cet important volume d’eau, canalisée à l’intérieur d’une zone fracturée.En utilisant l’ensemble de ces informations structurelles, un modèle thermodynamique des écoulements multiphasiques de la principale zone fumerolienne a été réalisé. Ce modèle reproduit fidèlement les observables des fumeroles : température, flux et rapport CO2/H2O. Il valide l’imagerie géophysique et confirme l’interaction entre la circulation d’eau de condensation et l’un des conduits fumeroliens. Ainsi, cette simulation explique, pour la première fois par un effet d’interaction superficiel, les différentes signatures géochimiques des deux fumeroles : Bocca Nuova et Bocca Grande. L’approche multidisciplinaire, employée dans cette thèse, constitue une nouvelle étape vers une meilleure connaissance des interactions hydrothermales. Celles-ci doivent être prise en compte dans l’objectif de réaliser des modélisations dynamiques précises permettant d’appréhender in fine l’état réel du système volcaniqueThe Campi Flegrei caldera is located in the metropolitan area of Naples (Italy), and it is one of the largest volcanic systems on Earth. Since 1950, this volcanic complex shows significant unrest, which accelerated over the last decade with a rise in the seismic activity, ground deformation, and the extent of the degassing area. Recent studies indicate that the volcanic system is potentially moving toward a critical state, although their authors remain unable to point out when and where a possible eruption could take place. The difficulty of predicting the real volcanic state is here mainly related to the hydrothermal system. Indeed, at the Campi Flegrei, it is difficult to separate the magmatic input signal from the hydrothermal response. Hence, the aim of this thesis is to improve our knowledge on the shallow hydrothermal system of the Solfatara volcano, where most of the renewal activity takes place. A multidisciplinary approach has been performed in two steps: first a geophysical imagery of the volcano and second the modeling of its hydrothermal system.The 3-D electrical resistivity tomography of the crater allows to recognize the main geological units, and their connection with hydrothermal fluid flow features. The interpretation of the resistivity model has been realized thanks to numerous soil complementary measurements: CO2 flux, temperature, self-potential, Cation Exchange Capacity and pH. We identify two liquid-dominated plumes: the Fangaia mud pool and the Pisciarelli fumarole. In the Fangaia area, the comparison between electrical resistivity and velocity models reveals strong gradients related to a sharp transition at the border between the hydrothermal plume and the high diffuse degassing region. Combining electrical resistivity model with hydrothermal tremor sources localization reveal the anatomy of the main fumarolic area. Two separated conduits, gas-saturated, feed the two fumaroles Bocca Grande and Bocca Nuova. These conduits originate from the same gas reservoir located 60 m below the surface. The intense degassing activity, produced in the vicinity of fumaroles, creates large amounts of vapor condensation. The resistivity model reveals this condensate circulation, within a fractured area.All these results are incorporated into a multiphase flow model of the main fumarolic area. The simulation accurately reproduces the fumaroles observables: temperature, flux and CO2/H2O ratio. The model validates the geophysical imagery and confirms the interaction between Bocca Nuova fumarolic conduit and the condensate flow. Hence, this simulation explains for the first time the distinct geochemical signature of the two fumaroles due to a shallow water-interaction. The multidisciplinary approach performed in this thesis constitutes a new step toward a better understanding of hydrothermal interactions. Those phenomena have to be taken into account in order to perform dynamic modelling, and thus apprehend the real state of the volcanic system
14
Muchaidze, Iana. "Imaging in karst terrain using electrical resistivity tomography." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Muchaidze_09007dcc80534d1b.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2008.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed August 26, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 66-67).
15
Earl, Simeon J. "Estimation of subsurface electrical resistivity values in 3D." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/e7842879-bf35-43eb-86d6-d4624fae9c3c.
Full text
16
Amidu, Sikiru Adetona Dunbar John A. "Electrical resistivity imaging for characterizing dynamic hydrologic systems." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5207.
Full text
17
Perren, Lee John. "Investigating the Performance Of Electrical Resistivity Arrays." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35240.
Full textAbstract:
2D inversion modeling of synthetic data is used to evaluate the performance of five electrical resistivity arrays, with the primary criteria being the reproduction of sharp model boundaries. 2D synthetic noise free data were calculated simulating a modern fixed spacing multi-electrode cable. Twelve 2D synthetic models, resembling a number of different geologic situations, were used to investigate performance of the dipole-dipole, pole-dipole, pole-pole, Wenner and Schlumberger arrays
Although the synthetic, noise-free data were well matched for all inversions, many of the inversion results exhibit substantial mismatches from the true model. The greatest resistivity mismatches are near model discontinuities. Resistivity mismatches become worse with depth and the geometry of geologic boundaries in the deep portion of the models are not well reproduced by any of the arrays. Field surveys must be designed so that the geologic target is in the middle of the data constrained region. Different arrays performed best for different models and a practical table is presented allowing the practitioner to choose the optimal array for the particular geologic situation under investigation. Although the dipole-dipole and pole-dipole arrays may not be the optimal array for a given geology, they rarely fail for any model, and thus are recommended for reconnaissance or preliminary investigations in regions of unknown geology.
Contrary to traditional advice found in textbooks, based on 1D profiling and sounding, and data plot comparison, this study, using 2D data and 2D inversion, finds the Wenner and Schlumberger arrays, thought to perform poorly for vertical boundaries, performed well for a vertical boundary and a thin vertical resistor. Similarly, the dipole-dipole and pole-dipole arrays, thought to perform poorly for horizontal and dipping boundaries, performed well for several models containing those geometries. Another interesting finding is that changing the polarity of geologic units from resistors to conductors changed relative array performance in most models.Master of Science
18
Usdosen, Ndifreke. "Algorithms for selecting optimal measurement locations in electrical resistivity tomography." Thesis, University of Reading, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603521.
Full textAbstract:
The problem of determining optimal measurement setups that improve the resolution of reconstructed images is well known in several inverse problem applications such as magnetic tomography, electrical impedance tomography, and electrical resistivity tomography. In electrical resistivity tomography, for example, several optimisation strategies have been proposed, their aim being to collect "optimal datasets", which when inverted , should give tomographic resolutions close to that obtained from “comprehensive datasets" comprising all possible linearly independent measurements. While these optimisation strategies are useful, there has been no conceptual framework developed for finding optimal measurement setups within the context of inverse problems. Electrical resistivity tomography is an ill-posed inverse problem, and components of the inversion process influence the nature of reconstructions obtained. Such a framework would incorporate within its optimisation process important components of the inversion process. This research describes the development of sl1ch a meta inverse framework. The framework incorporates within its optimisation process important ingredients of an inversion process such as choice of regularisation parameter, nature and size of data error, and a priori knowledge on solutions. As a first example, 'the framework is implemented for an acoustic source reconstruction linear problem, the aim being to find optimal acoustic receiver locations at which best reconstructions of the acoustic source strength can be obtained. To improve the quality of acoustic source strength reconstructions, a framework adaption algorithm is developed for use with the meta inverse framework The adaption algorithm uses successive measurements to improve the quality of reconstructions. Numerical results from implementing the meta inverse framework illustrate its success at finding optimal locations at which best reconstructions of the acoustic source strength can be obtained. The results also show that the framework adaption algorithm can be successfully implemented to improve the quality of reconstructions. To implement the meta inverse framework for electrical resistivity tomography, new forward and inverse solvers were developed. The forward solver is based on the finite integration technique (FIT), the inverse solver is called the domain search algorithm. The FIT solver generates the 'simulated data for an assumed resistivity model of the subsurface; the domain search inverse solver searches to find a resistivity model that gives an acceptable fit to the simulated data. Numerical results from implementing these solvers show that they are successful in simulating and reconstructing the resistivity distribution in electrical resistivity tomography. To find optimal electrode locations from which best reconstructions can be obtained for a 2D 'resistivity tomography problem, the meta inverse framework is incorporated into the forward and inverse solvers. Numerical results from implementing these algorithms show that the meta inverse framework is successful in finding optimal electrode locations at which best reconstructions can be obtained.
19
Pezeshkpour, Parsa. "Hydrogeological application of electrical resistivity tomography, implementing a fixed-electrode strategy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0025/NQ38291.pdf.
Full text
20
Kuras, Oliver. "The capacitive resistivity technique for electrical imaging of the shallow subsurface." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10171/.
Full textAbstract:
Capacitive resistivity (CR) is a novel geophysical technique for the non-intrusive characterisation of the shallow subsurface by electrical imaging. CR is capable of extending the scope of the conventional DC resistivity technique to the urban built environment and other settings where galvanic contact cannot be achieved or where high contact impedances result in poor data quality. Fundamentally, the CR technique is based upon the concept of capacitive coupling between sensors and the ground and a generalisation of the DC four-point array for measuring the resistivity of the subsurface at frequencies in the VLF range. This thesis provides a unified description of CR, including its physical principles, their theoretical formulation and practical implementation in geophysical instruments. In general, the transfer impedance across a capacitive array is a complex function of frequency and geometry. It is shown that a low induction number mode of operation exists where resistivity is proportional to the in-phase component of the transfer impedance. The quadrature component is generally sensitive to a combination of parameters including sensor elevation, dipole offset and ground resistivity. Under the low induction number regime, the electric field is quasi-stationary so that theoretical equivalence with the DC case is achieved and conventional DC interpretation schemes are applicable to CR data. A comprehensive parameter study undertaken in this thesis investigates the applicability of the technique under the specific conditions typically encountered in environmental and engineering site investigation surveys. In those circumstances, practical CR measurements are shown to be limited to an optimal frequency window between 1 kHz and 25 kHz. The condition of low induction numbers imposes further restrictions on the maximum dimensions of the sensor array and the minimum resistivity of the ground. However, a key finding of the parameter study is that even under the quasi-static regime, practical conditions may be such that substantial phase rotations may occur which are exclusively due to the capacitive nature of the technique. Modelling of sensor capacitances is used to demonstrate that the concept of point poles postulated in the quasi-static formulation of CR has a practical realisation in the form of plate-wire sensors. Subsequently, the fundamental concepts of CR are validated experimentally in a series of elementary surveys where the fully complex transfer impedance (amplitude and phase) is measured with a newly developed prototype CR instrument. It is shown that for assessments of shallow subsurface conditions with typical survey parameters and standard geometries, the observed responses are typically in-phase. However, it is also demonstrated that practical circumstances exist under which significant phase rotations can be observed. In such cases, an estimation of apparent resistivity using the in-phase component only is more appropriate than the magnitude-based calculation performed by existing commercial instruments. The nature of the CR technique facilitates the use of towed arrays that allow the dynamic collection of multi-offset apparent resistivity data without the disadvantages of galvanic coupling. This thesis examines the operational characteristics of towed CR arrays and compares data acquired with a range of instruments in a variety of different environments. It is shown that towed-array CR enables the collection of highly repeatable resistivity data at sampling intervals of the order of centimetres. Towing-induced noise is found to be much less problematic than previously found with DC towed-array techniques. It is also demonstrated that high-quality data can be obtained by towed-array CR on artificial surfaces such as tarmac or concrete. Consequently, the technique appears to be particularly suited for assessing the condition of engineered structures such as roads and pavements. Finally, it is demonstrated how multi-offset towed-array CR can be employed for electrical tomographic imaging of the shallow subsurface. Conventional DC resistivity interpretation schemes based on quasi-2D, 2D and 3D inversion algorithms are shown to be applicable to such datasets, provided that some elementary rules are observed with regard to the design of towed-array surveys. Real-time interpretation during data acquisition is shown to be feasible with a continuous vertical electrical sounding (CVES) technique based on a Zohdy-type inversion. Examples of 2D and 3D surveys over shallow targets show the superior quality and resolution of CR datasets compared with conventional DC resistivity.
21
Zadehkoochak, Mohsen. "Image reconstruction and spectral expansion analysis in electrical impedance tomography." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385528.
Full text
22
Boubaki, Nerouz. "Détection de cavités par deux méthodes géophysiques : radar de sol et mesures de résistivités électriques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00855987.
Full textAbstract:
La détection de cavités en milieu urbain est importante pour prévenir différentes causes d'accidents liés à des possibles effondrements. Les cavités sont aussi des cibles d'intérêts pour les archéologues, car les cavités oubliées sont de potentielles sources de matériel révélant des usages passés. Ces cavités sont de tailles différentes, d'origine anthropique ou non, en milieu extérieur ou sous des bâtiments. Leur taille, ainsi que les propriétés physiques du milieu extérieur dans lequel elles se situent, permettent l'utilisation de différentes méthodes géophysiques. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'utilisation de deux méthodes géophysiques, le radar de sol et la tomographie par mesures de résistivité électrique, pour localiser et déterminer les cavités métriques à sub-métrique dans le proche sous-sol (6 premiers mètres). Les mesures de radar de sol sont sensibles aux variations de permittivité diélectrique entre la cavité et le milieu extérieur. Nous montrons par des modélisations numériques un effet sur l'amplitude de la réfléchie en fonction du déport qui permet de discriminer entre une cavité vide et une cavité pleine d'eau. Nous étudions aussi l'amplitude de la réfléchie à incidence normale sur le toit d'une cavité à section carrée en fonction de sa profondeur et de sa taille. Nous mettons en évidence une relation logarithmique profondeur versus taille de cavité pour laquelle l'amplitude de la réfléchie est maximum pour les fréquences de prospection typiques du radar de sol. Par ailleurs nous confirmons qu'alors que les mesures radar permettent de déterminer avec précision les dimensions d'une anomalie dans un sous-sol homogène et peu conducteur, les mesures de résistivité électrique permettent elles de déterminer des zones de hautes résistivités à l'emplacement des cavités. Nous couplons ces deux méthodes géophysiques dans deux études de cas, en utilisant la profondeur des interfaces déterminées sur des radargrammes pour contraindre les modèles de résistivité inversés par l'ajout d'information a priori.
23
Sabo, Stephen Henry. "Evaluation of Capacitively-Coupled Electrical Resistivity for Locating Solution Cavities Overlain by Clay-rich Soils." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1219092853.
Full text
24
Gagliano, Michael Paul. "Assessment Of Electrical Resistivity Method To Map Groundwater Seepage Zones In Heterogeneous Sediments At Mirror Lake, NH." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/83757.
Full textAbstract:
GeologyM.S.
Temporal and spatial variability makes locating zones of seepage difficult using traditional point measurements. The goal of this project was to employ 2D electrical resistivity, 3D electrical resistivity, and time-lapse resistivity to improve our understanding of how small-scale heterogeneity controls seepage. We collected underwater electrical resistivity data along the southwest shore of Mirror Lake, NH, as part of a multi-year assessment of the utility of geophysics for mapping groundwater seepage beneath lakes. We found that resistivity could predict out-seepage. A line collected perpendicular-to-shore along the lake bottom starting 27-m off shore and continuing 27-m on shore (1-m electrode spacing) showed the water table dipping away from the lake, the steep gradient indicative of high out-seepage in this area. Resistivity could also broadly delineate high-seepage zones. An 80-m line collected parallel to shore using 0.5-m electrode spacing was compared with measurements collected the previous year using 1-m electrode spacing. Both data sets show the transition from high-seepage glacial outwash to low-seepage glacial till, demonstrating reproducibility. However, even the finer 0.5-m electrode spacing was insufficient to resolve the heterogeneity well enough to predict seepage variability within each zone. In two sections along this 80-m line, one over glacial outwash, the other over till, we collected 14 parallel lines of resistivity, 13.5-m long and spaced 1-m apart to form a 13.5 x 13-m data grid. These lines were inverted using two methods: 1) individually using a 2-D inversion program and then interpolated to create a 3-D volume and 2) they were jointly inverted to create a 3-D volume. Examination of resistivity slices through these volumes highlights the heterogeneity of both these materials, suggesting groundwater flow takes indirect flow paths. However, only when there was a strong contrast in resistivities (the till section) could a possible groundwater flow path be identified. Time-lapse resistivity was used to determine the effect of the top layer of fine sediments. A 13.5-m long time-lapse resistivity survey was completed in the glacial till using 0.5-m electrode spacing showed that disturbing only a few millimeters of superficial sediments produced up to a 6% change in resistivity. This change was accompanied by changes in seepage, indicating that the fine layer of sediments is a major control on seepage patterns. This project showed that combining several electrical resistivity methods provides a better understanding of subsurface heterogeneity and aids in the placement of point measurements. However, in such heterogeneous material the goal of predicting seepage variation still remains difficult.
Temple University--Theses
25
Mccrackin, Charles W. "Quasi 3-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Mapping of Air-filled Karst Conduits and Policy Implications." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4151.
Full textAbstract:
This study assesses the capability and practical applications of quasi 3-Dimensional (3D) electrical resistivity surveying (ER) for mapping air-filled karst conduits. Vadose zone caves within the Brooksville Ridge of West Central Florida are relatively similar in architecture, with N-S elongation, and do not consist of an interconnected network of conduits. A high resolution quasi-3D ER survey was performed over two mapped cave systems on the Brooksville Ridge. The resultant survey verified the general effectiveness of quasi-3D ER in locating the two known near-surface cave features. Several other locations in the survey show similar or stronger resistivity anomalies trending in a N-S direction; these are interpreted to represent previously unknown voids. The quality of inversion results were tested by comparing results against the known void locations and by computing cross-over errors from surveys conducted at the same point with different orientations. Our results show that 3D inversions of multiple adjacent parallel profiles produces higher quality results (lower cross-over errors, better fit to cave locations) than 2D inversions. The data indicate that no single value of resistivity can be used as a reliable indicator of the presence of a void, presumably due to variable void size and the complexity in resistivities in the host rock. With sinkholes continuing to be of concern to residential and urban development in West Central Florida, the results of this research show the necessity of applying geophysical techniques in order to reduce the potential hazards posed by karst terrain.
26
Warino, Charles T. "Resistivity and Radar Images of Collapse Features Attributed to a Previously Undocumented Shallow Coal Mine in Summit County, Ohio." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1225717244.
Full text
27
Agramakova, Yulia. "Time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography applied to cave sustainability (Barbados) and groundwater exploration (Saint Lucia)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65328.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, February 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-69).
In this work we apply the method of two-dimensional time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography (2D time-lapse ERT) for two different problems. In the first problem, we monitor the structural stability of the roof of the Great Hall cavern in the Harrison's cave system, Barbados. We present an interpretation and comparison of two sets of resistivity data collected over the Great Hall: one set collected by us in 2010, the other in 1996. Our results show that fracturing and degradation had progressed since 1996, indicating a gradual weakening of the structural stability of the roof of the Great Hall cavern. In the second problem, we conduct 2D ERT surveys during dry and rainy seasons to evaluate the potential and feasibility of groundwater exploration next to the Thomazo River in the Fond D'Or watershed in Saint Lucia. Interpretation of the ERT data sets reveals a lens of a porous rock that has a high potential to be a productive aquifer. We use the ERT time-lapse approach to evaluate the change in water content between dry and wet seasons in the potential aquifer.
by Yulia Agramakova.
S.M.
28
Sayer, Suzanne. "Applications of Roll-Along Electrical Resistivity Surveying in Conjunction with Other Geophysical Methods for Engineering and Environmental Site Characterization." Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-01252008-161612/.
Full text
29
Marklund, Per. "A 2D Electrical Resistivity Survey of Palsas in Tavvavuoma, sub-arctic Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-219932.
Full textAbstract:
Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is a commonly used geophysical method to investigate permafrost in the mountain environment, but few studies have employed this method in a permafrost affected peatland. For this thesis, 5 ERT profiles were measured over 17 palsas and peat-plateaus in a palsa peatland environment in Tavvavuoma, northern Sweden, where the primary aim was to investigate the depth to the base of permafrost under the mounds. These depths are also used to estimate the excess ice fraction (EIF), which is indicative of the proportion of segregation ice in the frozen core under the mounds. The internal structure of palsas and the spatial distribution of permafrost was also investigated from the inverted resistivity models. Permafrost thickness was found to range from 5 – 17 m, with the thickest permafrost in the west end of the study area. EIF values range between 0,04 to 0,58, with the lowest values in the same end as the deepest permafrost, where also low mound elevations are found. The deep permafrost combined with low mound elevations are suggested to be attributed to the presence of coarse grained (glaciofluvial) sediments where ice segregation formation is limited, thus small amounts of frost heave. Deep permafrost is possibly underlying at least two thermokarst depressions/fens in the area, which is suggested to obstruct their drainage. The height of the mounds was surprisingly found to decrease with permafrost thickness, a relationship that is likely to be an effect of the varied underlying sediment cover. This thesis demonstrates the applicability of ERT in peatland permafrost research, but also considers the limitations of the method.Elektrisk resistivitetstomografi (ERT) är en geofysisk metod som har använts flitigt vid undersökningar av alpin permafrost, men få studier har hittills tillämpat denna teknik vid undersökningar av permafrost i myrmarker. Under detta examensarbete på masternivå mättes 5 ERT-profiler över 17 palsar samt torvplatåer i ett palsmyrkomplex med sporadisk permafrost i Tavvavuoma, norra Sverige, med det primära målet att undersöka permafrostens mäktighet under dessa. De beräknade permafrostdjupen används även för att uppskatta isöverskottsfraktionen (EIF), vilket ger en indikation på andelen segregationsis i den frusna kärnan under respektive pals/torvplatå. Palsarnas interna struktur och den rumsliga utbredningen av permafrost i myren diskuteras också kvalitativt utifrån resistivitetsmodellerna. Permafrostmäktigheten under palsar och torvplatåer bestämdes till mellan 5 – 17 meter, med den djupaste permafrosten i den västra delen av studieområdet. Isöverskottsfraktionen varierar mellan 0,04 – 0,58, med de lägsta värdena i samma del av studieområdet som den djupaste permafrosten fanns, här är även palshöjderna låga. Den djupa permafrosten i kombination med låga palshöjder föreslås tillskrivas förekomst av grovkorniga (glaciofluviala) sediment i denna del av studieområdet, där bildningen av segregationsis begränsas. I och med detta begränsas mängden frosthävning, med låga palshöjder som resultat. Djup permafrost kan finnas under minst två thermokarstsänkor i området, vilket kan hindra dränering av dessa. Ett oväntat resultat var att palshöjd minskar med ökat permafrostdjup bland de studerade objekten, vilket bäst kan förklaras med det varierade sedimentunderlaget, som ger mycket olika förutsättningar för segregationsisbildning. Denna masteruppsats visar på tillämpligheten av ERT i myrmarker med permafrost, men beaktar även metodens begränsningar för denna tillämpning.
30
Snapp, Michael Andrew. "Electrical resistivity measurements of mechanically stabilized earth retaining wall backfill." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19771.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Civil Engineering
Stacey Kulesza
In Kansas, mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) retaining walls are typically backfilled with coarse aggregate. Current backfill material testing procedures used by the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) utilize on-site observations for construction quality assurance and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials standard T 288-12 (“Standard Method of Test for Determining Minimum Laboratory Soil Resistivity”). AASHTO T 288-12 is designed to test a soil sample’s electrical resistivity (ER) that correlates to its corrosion potential. However, the test, based on material passing through a No. 10 sieve, is inappropriate for coarse aggregate typically used by KDOT as the aggregate will be retained on a No. 10 sieve and potentially leads to over-conservative designs. However, ER imaging provides a two-dimensional (2D) profile of bulk ER of backfill material, thereby yielding more information regarding backfill uniformity compared to traditional sampling. The objective of this study was to characterize bulk ER of in-place MSE wall backfill aggregate. In this study, MSE walls selected by KDOT were tested using ER imaging during construction to determine bulk ER of the backfill. Variations within backfill ER may be a result of varying aggregate material, inclusions of fines, thoroughness of compaction, and the presence of water. ER imaging was used on five walls: four MSE walls and one gravity retaining wall that contained no reinforcement. One MSE wall contained metal reinforcement, while the other four walls contained geosynthetic. The ER imaging field method produced a 2D profile that depicted ER uniformity for bulk analysis. A post processing algorithm was generated to remove the subjective nature of the ER imaging results. The program determines the bulk ER based upon the ER imaging results. These results indicate that the laboratory analysis of AASHTO T 288-12 under-estimates the bulk ER of in-situ backfill material. Identification of a material’s bulk ER will help characterize the ER of aggregates in a complementary KDOT project. Results of this study will be used to recommend an in-situ test method for aggregate used by KDOT.
31
Miceli, Christina. "Seasonal Cycling in Electrical Resistivities at Ten Thin Permafrost Sites, Southern Yukon and Northern British Columbia." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23463.
Full textAbstract:
Permanent electrode arrays were set up at ten monitoring sites from Whitehorse, Yukon, to Fort St. John, British Columbia, in order to gain a clearer perspective of the effectiveness of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) monitoring over an annual cycle of freezing and thawing. This research forms part of a longer-term project that is attempting to use ERT to examine changes in permafrost resulting from climate change. Inter-site and intra-site variability were examined by installing and maintaining data-loggers to monitor active layer and shallow permafrost temperatures, air temperatures, and snow depths at each site from August 2010 – August 2011. Additional site information was collected on each ERT survey date, including frost table depths, snow depths, and vegetation heights. Based on nearby community records, the climate in the region has been warming by a rate of 0.3 to 0.5 °C per decade since 1970. The permafrost at all ten sites was characteristic of sporadic discontinuous and isolated patches permafrost zones, and is classified as Ecosystem-protected. Nine of the ten permafrost sites had permafrost that was thinner than the 14 or 7 m penetration depth of the ERT survey (three-layer system consisting of an active layer, permafrost, and sub-permafrost perennially unfrozen zone). The most predictable results were achieved at the two-layer system site (active layer overlying permafrost to the base of the profile) in each of its virtual resistivity boreholes, relative resistivity change comparisons, and mean near-surface apparent resistivity progressions. ERT is an effective method of delineating permafrost boundaries in thin permafrost environments and does show strength when monitoring areas of seasonally frozen ground. Repeat surveys at a site indicate seasonal changes in three-layer conditions, but not as predictably as those in a two-layer system. In order to receive the most accurate information regarding permafrost extent and thickness, it appears ideal to conduct ERT surveys annually, within the same month as the previous year’s survey.
32
Fry, Robert J. "Time-lapse Geophysical Investigations over Known Archaeological Features Using Electrical Resistivity Imaging and Earth Resistance." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6901.
Full textAbstract:
Electrical methods of geophysical survey are known to produce results that are hard to predict at different times of the year, and under differing weather conditions. This is a problem which can lead to misinterpretation of archaeological features under investigation. The dynamic relationship between a ‘natural’ soil matrix and an archaeological feature is a complex one, which greatly affects the success of the feature’s detection when using active electrical methods of geophysical survey. This study has monitored the gradual variation of measured resistivity over a selection of study areas. By targeting difficult to find, and often ‘missing’ electrical anomalies of known archaeological features, this study has increased the understanding of both the detection and interpretation capabilities of such geophysical surveys.
A 16 month time-lapse study over 4 archaeological features has taken place to investigate the aforementioned detection problem across different soils and environments. In addition to the commonly used Twin-Probe earth resistance survey, electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and quadrature electro-magnetic induction (EMI) were also utilised to explore the problem. Statistical analyses have provided a novel interpretation, which has yielded new insights into how the detection of archaeological features is influenced by the relationship between the target feature and the surrounding ‘natural’ soils.
The study has highlighted both the complexity and previous misconceptions around the predictability of the electrical methods. The analysis has confirmed that each site provides an individual and nuanced situation, the variation clearly relating to the composition of the soils (particularly pore size) and the local weather history. The wide range of reasons behind survey success at each specific study site has been revealed. The outcomes have shown that a simplistic model of seasonality is not universally applicable to the electrical detection of archaeological features. This has led to the development of a method for quantifying survey success, enabling a deeper understanding of the unique way in which each site is affected by the interaction of local environmental and geological conditions.
33
Kuntz, Zoé. "Electrical Resistivity Tomography Investigations of Discontinuous Mountain Permafrost and its Relation to Elevation and Vegetation, Yukon." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35577.
Full textAbstract:
This study seeks to better understand the relationship between permafrost, elevation and vegetation cover, and to test the hypothesis that changes in mountain permafrost distribution and characteristics occur at vegetation type boundaries, as they do in latitudinal permafrost.
Twelve electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were completed at vegetation transitions on selected slopes near Whitehorse and Dawson, Yukon, in July 2015. Wenner arrays with 2 m spacing between electrodes were used to complete the 80-280 m long surveys. Organic layer thickness and vegetative species composition were recorded in a transect for each survey. Ground-truthing via frost probing, pit digging, and ground temperature data from past and present weather stations aided in the analysis of ERT profiles.
Several different resistivity patterns are present along the profiles. These patterns indicate some presence of permafrost along most of the slopes sampled. Exceptions include south-facing slopes free of permafrost and a few slopes with inconclusive resistivity interpretations due to complex resistivity patterns and ground-truthing difficulties.
Overall, the results indicate that changes in permafrost distribution and characteristics do not consistently occur at vegetation type boundaries. At the scale examined, treeline is not as important a demarcation point for changes in permafrost as initially thought. Changes in organic mat, surficial geology, and snow cover (via micro-topography) appear to be as important as vegetation variation. These local controls play a significant role on permafrost distribution across both altitudinal and latitudinal forest-tundra ecotones. However, the propensity of alpine environments for cold air drainage and surface lapse rate inversions can create differences between the permafrost trends across altitudinal and latitudinal ecotones.
34
Fry, Robert James. "Time-lapse geophysical investigations over known archaeological features using electrical resistivity imaging and earth resistance." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6901.
Full textAbstract:
Electrical methods of geophysical survey are known to produce results that are hard to predict at different times of the year, and under differing weather conditions. This is a problem which can lead to misinterpretation of archaeological features under investigation. The dynamic relationship between a ‘natural’ soil matrix and an archaeological feature is a complex one, which greatly affects the success of the feature’s detection when using active electrical methods of geophysical survey. This study has monitored the gradual variation of measured resistivity over a selection of study areas. By targeting difficult to find, and often ‘missing’ electrical anomalies of known archaeological features, this study has increased the understanding of both the detection and interpretation capabilities of such geophysical surveys. A 16 month time-lapse study over 4 archaeological features has taken place to investigate the aforementioned detection problem across different soils and environments. In addition to the commonly used Twin-Probe earth resistance survey, electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and quadrature electro-magnetic induction (EMI) were also utilised to explore the problem. Statistical analyses have provided a novel interpretation, which has yielded new insights into how the detection of archaeological features is influenced by the relationship between the target feature and the surrounding ‘natural’ soils. The study has highlighted both the complexity and previous misconceptions around the predictability of the electrical methods. The analysis has confirmed that each site provides an individual and nuanced situation, the variation clearly relating to the composition of the soils (particularly pore size) and the local weather history. The wide range of reasons behind survey success at each specific study site has been revealed. The outcomes have shown that a simplistic model of seasonality is not universally applicable to the electrical detection of archaeological features. This has led to the development of a method for quantifying survey success, enabling a deeper understanding of the unique way in which each site is affected by the interaction of local environmental and geological conditions.
35
Teixeira, Washington Luiz Evangelista. "Um estudo das condi??es de percola??o e estabilidade em barragens de terra mediante m?todos geof?sicos: caso do dique de Sant Lloren? de Montgai - Espanha." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18368.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T19:48:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
WashingtonLET_TESE.pdf: 9876489 bytes, checksum: b0b53c16cdf88ab9e63cb1b22c08ab0f (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2013-06-17The monitoring of Earth dam makes use of visual inspection and instrumentation to identify and characterize the deterioration that compromises the security of earth dams and associated structures. The visual inspection is subjective and can lead to misinterpretation or omission of important information and, some problems are detected too late. The instrumentation are efficient but certain technical or operational issues can cause restrictions. Thereby, visual inspections and instrumentation can lead to a lack of information. Geophysics offers consolidated, low-cost methods that are non-invasive, non-destructive and low cost. They have a strong potential and can be used assisting instrumentation. In the case that a visual inspection and strumentation does not provide all the necessary information, geophysical methods would provide more complete and relevant information. In order to test these theories, geophysical acquisitions were performed using Georadar (GPR), Electric resistivity, Seismic refraction, and Refraction Microtremor (ReMi) on the dike of the dam in Sant Lloren? de Montgai, located in the province of Lleida, 145 km from Barcelona, Catalonia. The results confirmed that the geophysical methods used each responded satisfactorily to the conditions of the earth dike, the anomalies present and the geological features found, such as alluvium and carbonate and evaporite rocks. It has also been confirmed that these methods, when used in an integrated manner, are able to reduce the ambiguities in individual interpretations. They facilitate improved imaging of the interior dikes and of major geological features, thus inspecting the massif and its foundation. Consequently, the results obtained in this study demonstrated that these geophysical methods are sufficiently effective for inspecting earth dams and they are an important tool in the instrumentation and visual inspection of the security of the dams
O monitoramento do comportamento de barragens de terra faz uso da inspe??o visual e da instrumenta??o para identificar e caracterizar danos no barramento ou estruturas auxiliares. A primeira ? subjetiva possibilitando erros de interpreta??o ou omiss?o, mesmo assim, alguns problemas s? podem ser detectados tardiamente. A instrumenta??o tem se mostrado satisfat?ria, mas pode apresentar restri??es por quest?es t?cnicas ou operacionais. Assim, pode existir defici?ncia nas informa??es produzidas pela inspe??o visual e pela instrumenta??o. A Geof?sica disp?e de m?todos consolidados, n?o invasivos, n?o destrutivos, e de baixo custo, com forte potencial para atuar auxiliando a instrumenta??o convencional, podendo, no caso de inexist?ncia ou falha geral desta, fornecer informa??es mais completas e relevantes que a inspe??o visual. Para fundamentar essas afirma??es, foram realizadas aquisi??es geof?sicas de Resistividade El?trica, Georadar (GPR), S?smica de refra??o, e Refraction Microtremor (ReMi) no dique da barragem de Sant Lloren? de Montgai, localizada na prov?ncia de Lleida, a 145 Km de Barcelona Catalunha. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram que os m?todos geof?sicos utilizados respondem individualmente de forma satisfat?ria ?s condi??es construtivas do dique de terra, ?s anomalias presentes, e ? geologia encontrada (aluvi?o, rochas carbon?ticas e evapor?ticas). Pode se afirmar ainda que esses m?todos, quando utilizados de forma integrada, s?o capazes de diminuir as ambiguidades nas interpreta??es individuais e permitem o imageamento satisfat?rio do interior do dique e das principais fei??es geol?gicas e dessa forma inspecionar o maci?o e sua funda??o. Dessa forma, os resultados apresentados por essa pesquisa demonstram que os m?todos geof?sicos constituem uma importante ferramenta que pode ser utilizada na verifica??o das condi??es do maci?o de uma barragem de terra
36
Gandolfo, Otavio Coaracy Brasil. "Um estudo do imageamento geoelétrico na investigação rasa." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44133/tde-25042008-142218/.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho trata do estudo detalhado e com profundidade das metodologias de aquisição, processamento e interpretação de dados de caminhamentos elétricos, sob o enfoque de investigações voltadas a objetivos rasos. Nas técnicas de aquisição 2D (caminhamentos) foram utilizados os arranjos dipolo-dipolo, pólo-dipolo, pólo-pólo e Wenner, permitindo comparações quanto à eficácia dos mesmos. Foi testada uma genuína aquisição 3D utilizando o arranjo pólo-pólo, avaliando-se suas potencialidades e limitações. O Schlumberger foi o arranjo empregado para a execução de SEVs que auxiliaram na interpretação e quantificação das seções geoelétricas 2D, principalmente no que se refere à distribuição vertical das resistividades. Os modelos geoelétricos 2D foram obtidos com um programa de inversão de dados (RES2DINV) que, em tese, é capaz de corrigir as distorções observadas nas pseudo-seções de resistividade elétrica aparente correspondentes aos diversos arranjos utilizados no trabalho. Estes modelos constituem imagens que apresentam uma melhor correspondência com a realidade geológica em subsuperfície, o que facilita a interpretação dos resultados. Procurou-se explorar o máximo as potencialidades do programa de inversão, visando a obtenção de imagens de boa qualidade. A interpretação geofísica foi sempre efetuada com base em informações diretas disponíveis (furos de sondagem, trincheiras, poços e afloramento). Em uma escala de investigação rasa, a resolução passa a ter uma importância fundamental. Procurou-se demonstrar que, quando são utilizados pequenos espaçamentos entre eletrodos (menores que quatro metros), particularmente no caso do dipolo-dipolo, é possível a execução de mais níveis de investigação em profundidade (superiores a oito) ainda com uma boa qualidade do sinal. Por outro lado, os arranjos dipolo-dipolo e pólo-pólo permitem um número muito maior de níveis de investigação sem a limitação das pequenas aberturas, mas com alguma perda em definição. Como conseqüência, tem-se um significativo aumento na quantidade de dados gerados na seção, o que contribui para o incremento da resolução bi-dimensional. Outro aspecto testado e avaliado foi o da utilização de múltiplos espaçamentos entre eletrodos sobre o mesmo perfil de levantamento. Este interessante procedimento garante, além de resolução nas porções rasas (graças aos espaçamentos pequenos), o alcance de maiores profundidades de investigação (devido aos espaçamentos maiores) em uma mesma seção. A eficácia desta prática foi verificada tanto na construção das pseudo-seções, como nos modelos geoelétricos gerados pela inversão dos dados (modelagem). A metodologia foi testada em três distintas áreas tendo por objetivo o mapeamento de um nível d´água raso, a determinação da profundidade e conformação de topo rochoso e o mapeamento de uma provável pluma de contaminação. Além de uma ampla revisão bibliográfica sobre o assunto, foi também abordado neste trabalho o controverso tema da profundidade de investigação que de fato se verifica com os arranjos de eletrodos comumente empregados em eletrorresistividade. Procurou-se, com esta tese, contribuir para um melhor entendimento acerca do tema \"imageamento geoelétrico\" e alguns tópicos a ele relacionados, quais sejam: arranjo de eletrodos, procedimentos para se conseguir um bom volume de dados na seção, utilização eficiente do programa de inversão que gera os modelos e, finalmente, a interpretação dos resultados sempre balizada por informações diretas disponíveis e por outros métodos ou técnicas geofísicas de apoio.This paper addresses a detailed, in-depth study on data aquisition, processing and interpretation methodologies for 2D electrical profilings, focusing on investigations oriented to shallow targets. Two-dimensional (electrical profilings) acquisition techniques were used on a wide range of arrays - dipole-dipole, pole-dipole, pole-pole and Wenner arrays - for efficiency comparison purposes. A real 3D acquistion was tested with the pole-pole array in order to check its potential use and limitations. Schlumberger was the array used for SEVs, which helped to interpret and quantify 2D geoelectrical sections, especially as to the vertical distribution of resistivity. The 2D geoelectrical models were generated with an inversion computer program (RES2DINV), which basically corrects any distortions found in the apparent resistivity pseudosections corresponding to the arrays included in this study. These models create images that better match the subsurface geological reality, therefore simplifying the interpretation of results. We tried to explore the full potential use of the inversion computer program for good quality images. The geophysical interpretation was always based on the subsurface information available (boreholes, trenches, wells and outcrop). Resolution is critical in a shallow investigation scale. This study tried to show that the use of small spacings between electrodes (less than four meters), particularly in dipole-dipole arrays, allows for more in-depth investigation levels (greater than eight) without compromising signal quality. On the other hand, dipole-dipole and pole-pole arrays allow for a larger number of investigation levels without small spacings limitations, but with a slight loss of definition. Consequently, there is a significant increase in the amount of data generated at the section, enhancing 2D resolution. Another aspect tested and assessed was the use of multiple spacings between electrodes on the same survey profile. In addition to resolution in shallow sections (thanks to small spacings), this interesting procedure allows deeper investigation levels (due to larger spacings) in the same section. The efficacy of this practice was verified both in the development of pseudo-sections and in the geoelectrical models generated by inversion modelling. The methodology was tested in three different areas in order to map a shallow water table, determine the depth and shape of the bedrock, and map a potential contaminant plume. In addition to the broad literature review available, this paper also covered the controversial topic of depth investigation actually present in electrode arrays typically used in electrical resistivity methods. This thesis tried to provide a better understanding of \"geoelectrical resistivity imaging\" and related topics such as: electrode array, procedures required to generate good volumes of data in the section, efficient use of the inversion computer program behind the models and, lastly, interpretation of results, always based on the subsurface information available and on other supporting geophysical methods or techniques.
37
Maxime, Arsène Duguay. "Permafrost Changes Along the Alaska Highway Corridor, Southern Yukon, from Ground Temperature Measurements and DC Electrical Resistivity Tomography." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24300.
Full textAbstract:
Permafrost temperatures were measured by the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) in 1977-1981 at boreholes along a proposed pipeline route in the southern Yukon. Analysis of climate station records indicate that mean annual air temperatures in the region have since increased by 0.5-1.0˚C. Renewed interest in the pipeline and the need to develop adaptation strategies for existing highway infrastructure have meant that information on permafrost and geotechnical conditions must be updated. To accomplish this goal, a total of eight GSC boreholes ranging in depth from 5-9 m were located, unblocked of ice and instrumented with thermistor cables and data-loggers to permit renewed ground temperature monitoring. Manual temperature measurements were also taken at four other shallow boreholes. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys were conducted at each site.
MAGTs below 1 m at permafrost sites in the study area range from -0.2˚C to -1.5˚C with permafrost depths greater than 25 m. The permafrost at the study sites can be classified as sporadic discontinuous and extensive discontinuous. Ground temperatures indicate that permafrost can persist under warmer climatic conditions as long as it remains protected by its ecosystem properties.
Thermal monitoring for 2011-2012 shows an average increase of 0.5-1.0˚C when compared to the original 1978-1981 ground temperatures. This slow rate of ground warming is mainly attributed to a combination of limited climate change, especially in the south of the study area, ground temperatures close to 0˚C, and the possible disturbance of sites from the removal of vegetation prior to the original measurements being made. ERT surveys conducted at most borehole sites show deeper thaw or taliks where the cleared cut-line used for geophysical work in the 1970s is crossed.
These results indicate the impacts of climate change and environmental change in the study area over the past three decades. They appear to match the relatively slow rates of ground warming observed elsewhere in northern Canada where permafrost temperatures are close to 0˚C and where warming also requires changes in latent heat due to internal thaw. TTOP equilibrium modelling suggests that if climate change is responsible for the ground warming, most of the change can be attributed to the step-like MAAT increase that occurred between 1975-1976.
38
Schwartz, Benjamin Farley. "Hydrogeophysical quantification of infiltration and recharge through soil-filled sinkholes using Time Domain Reflectometry and Electrical Resistivity Tomography." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29748.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation presents the results of a detailed physical and hydrogeophysical study of two soil-filled sinkholes mantled by ancient New River fluvial terrace deposits. Research was performed at the Virginia Tech Kentland Experimental Farms in Whitethorne, Virginia, USA between fall 2003 and spring 2007, and focused on characterizing infiltration, deep drainage, and recharge through soil-filled sinkholes. Using hydrogeophysical methods, the spatial and temporal distribution of soil moisture was modeled and potential recharge was quantified in two soil-filled sinkholes.
Access-tube time domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to derive one-dimensional (1-D) soil moisture profiles. During access-tube installation, 470 soil samples were obtained from depths between 0.3 and to 9.0 m and characterized both physically and chemically. Using these data, a TDR calibration method was developed. Physio-chemical, TDR moisture, and 1-D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data were used to derive a numerically optimized form of Archieâ s Law which was used to convert ERT measurements into volumetric soil moisture. These results led to development of 2-D ERT-derived distributions of soil moisture in three transects across the two sinkholes in two terraces. Potential recharge was quantified using time-series ERT data with comparison to modeled cumulative potential evapotranspiration (PET) and cumulative precipitation between May 17 and October 9, 2006. The patterns of ERT-derived potential recharge values compared well with those expected from PET and precipitation data. Over the monitoring period from late spring to early fall during this study, results showed that a period of intense rain followed by a 31-day period of consistent rain, in which the rate of precipitation was equal to or exceeded PET, were the only periods in which significant amounts of potential recharge occurred (from 19 to 31% of cumulative precipitation during the study). Spatial distributions of ERT-derived moisture clearly revealed that significant amounts of infiltration occurred on sinkhole flanks and bottoms. Runoff during periods of intense rain flowed to the topographically lowest point in the sinkholes where it infiltrated and resulted in localized zones of enhanced infiltration and potential recharge to the water table.Ph. D.
39
Englert, Andreas, Andreas Kemna, Jun-feng Zhu, Jan Vanderborght, Harry Vereecken, and Tian-Chyi J. Yeh. "Comparison of smoothness-constrained and geostatistically based cross-borehole electrical resistivity tomography for characterization of solute tracer plumes." EDITORIAL BOARD WATER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624391.
Full textAbstract:
Experiments using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) have shown promising results in reducing the uncertainty of solute plume characteristics related to estimates based on the analysis of local point measurements only. To explore the similarities and differences between two cross-borehole ERT inversion approaches for characterizing salt tracer plumes, namely the classical smoothness-constrained inversion and a geostatistically based approach, we performed two-dimensional synthetic experiments. Simplifying assumptions about the solute transport model and the electrical forward and inverse model allowed us to study the sensitivity of the ERT inversion approaches towards a variety of basic conditions, including the number of boreholes, measurement schemes, contrast between the plume and background electrical conductivity, use of a priori knowledge, and point conditioning. The results show that geostatistically based and smoothness-constrained inversions of electrical resistance data yield plume characteristics of similar quality, which can be further improved when point measurements are incorporated and advantageous measurement schemes are chosen. As expected, an increased number of boreholes included in the ERT measurement layout can highly improve the quality of inferred plume characteristics, while in this case the benefits of point conditioning and advantageous measurement schemes diminish. Both ERT inversion approaches are similarly sensitive to the noise level of the data and the contrast between the solute plume and background electrical conductivity, and robust with regard to biased input parameters, such as mean concentration, variance, and correlation length of the plume. Although sophisticated inversion schemes have recently become available, in which flow and transport as well as electrical forward models are coupled, these schemes effectively rely on a relatively simple geometrical parameterization of the hydrogeological model. Therefore, we believe that standard uncoupled ERT inverse approaches, like the ones discussed and assessed in this paper, will continue to be important to the imaging and characterization of solute plumes in many real-world applications. (C) 2016 Hohai University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.
40
Seaton, William. "Aquifer Characterization in the Blue Ridge Physiographic Province." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26205.
Full textAbstract:
Existing models of the hydrogeology in the Blue Ridge Province in the eastern United States generally assume a simplified two-layered system consisting of shallow unconsolidated and relatively homogeneous and porous regolith with a water-table aquifer that slowly supplies water downward to the underlying variably fractured crystalline bedrock. In these models, interconnected fractures in the crystalline bedrock act as conduits for predominantly downward vertical and limited horizontal flow. Fracture density is depthà limited and correlated with proximity to topographic lineaments. Current models consider the porous regolith as the primary water storage reservoir for the entire aquifer system.
In this research, detailed hydrogeologic studies in the Blue Ridge Province in Floyd County, Virginia reveal a substantially different framework for groundwater flow. Recent acquisition of two-dimensional surface resistivity profiles collected using a variety of array techniques combined with borehole geophysical logs revealed new insights into this geologically complex province. Dipole-dipole arrays were particularly important in gathering high resolution resistivity profiles that document horizontal and vertical resistivity variation reflecting changes in subsurface geology and anomalous low resistivity areas in crystalline bedrock associated with fault zones.
The shallow regolith contains unsaturated areas and also localized sand and clay prone facies with water table and confined aquifer conditions residing locally. Hydraulic heads between the shallow aquifer and the deeper fractured bedrock aquifer can vary by 20 m vertically. Within the crystalline bedrock are anomalous lower resistivity intervals associated with ancient fault shear zones. Brecciated rock adjacent to the shear zones, and the shear zones themselves, can be hydraulically conductive and serve as pathways for groundwater movement. Aquifer testing of the regolith-bedrock fracture system occurred over a 6-day period and produced rapid and relatively uniform drawdowns in surrounding wells completed in the fractured bedrock aquifers. The shallow aquifers experienced minimal drawdowns from the aquifer test indicating low vertical hydraulic conductivity and limited communication between the shallow and deeper bedrock aquifers. Water chemistry and chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) age dating analyses indicated significant differences between water samples from the shallow and deep aquifers. A new conceptual model for Blue Ridge aquifers is proposed based on these research findings.Ph. D.
41
Ishizu, Keiichi. "Clarifying detailed resistivity structures in seafloor hydrothermal fields by inversion of electric and electromagnetic data." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253259.
Full text
42
Linde, Niklas. "Characterization of Hydrogeological Media Using Electromagnetic Geophysics." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Geofysik, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5912.
Full textAbstract:
Radio magnetotellurics (RMT), crosshole ground penetrating radar (GPR), and crosshole electrical resistance tomography (ERT) were applied in a range of hydrogeological applications where geophysical data could improve hydrogeological characterization. A profile of RMT data collected over highly resistive granite was used to map subhorizontal fracture zones below 300m depth, as well as a steeply dipping fracture zone, which was also observed on a coinciding seismic reflection profile. One-dimensional inverse modelling and 3D forward modelling with displacement currents included were necessary to test the reliability of features found in the 2D models, where the forward models did not include displacement currents and only lower frequencies were considered. An inversion code for RMT data was developed and applied to RMT data with azimuthal electrical anisotropy signature collected over a limestone formation. The results indicated that RMT is a faster and more reliable technique for studying electrical anisotropy than are azimuthal resistivity surveys. A new sequential inversion method to estimate hydraulic conductivity fields using crosshole GPR and tracer test data was applied to 2D synthetic examples. Given careful surveying, the results indicated that regularization of hydrogeological inverse problems using geophysical tomograms might improve models of hydraulic conductivity. A method to regularize geophysical inverse problems using geostatistical models was developed and applied to crosshole ERT and GPR data collected in unsaturated sandstone. The resulting models were geologically more reasonable than models where the regularization was based on traditional smoothness constraints. Electromagnetic geophysical techniques provide an inexpensive data source in estimating qualitative hydrogeological models, but hydrogeological data must be incorporated to make quantitative estimation of hydrogeological systems feasible.
43
Van, Niekerk Ashton. "A spatial-temporal conceptualization of groundwater flow distribution in a granite fractured rock aquifer within the southern supersite research catchment of the Kruger National Park." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4285.
Full textAbstract:
Masters of ScienceUnderstanding the hydrogeology of fractured or crystalline rocks is complicated because of complex structure and a porosity that is almost exclusively secondary. These types of geologies exhibit strong heterogeneities and irregularities contrasted in hydraulic properties, spacing and flow direction within fractured rock aquifers. Therefore it is important to develop a conceptual model based on site specific data such as the hydraulic roles between groundwater and nearby hillslope/surface water bodies in order to understand its movement within the environment. Therefore this study intends to develop a hydrogeological conceptual model associated with the dominant groundwater flow processes at a 3rd order scale within the Kruger National Park (KNP).
44
Bergmann, Peter [Verfasser]. "Time-lapse seismic and electrical resistivity tomography combined for monitoring of the CO2 storage site, Ketzin, Germany / Peter Bergmann." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1033789933/34.
Full text
45
Tucker, Nicole M. "Analyzing Tidal Fluctuations in the Big Pine Key Freshwater Lens with Time-Lapse Resistivity." FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/947.
Full textAbstract:
The tidal influence on the Big Pine Key saltwater/freshwater interface was analyzed using time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging and shallow well measurements. The transition zone at the saltwater/freshwater interface was measured over part of a tidal cycle along three profiles. The resistivity was converted to salinity by deriving a formation factor for the Miami Oolite. A SEAWAT model was created to attempt to recreate the field measurements and test previously established hydrogeologic parameters. The results imply that the tide only affects the groundwater within 20 to 30 m of the coast. The effect is small and caused by flooding from the high tide. The low relief of the island means this effect is very sensitive to small changes in the magnitude. The SEAWAT model proved to be insufficient in modeling this effect. The study suggests that the extent of flooding is the largest influence on the salinity of the groundwater.
46
Carrazza, Leonardo Paioli [UNESP]. "Identificação de cavidades em voçoroca por meio da aplicação do método geofísico da eletrorresistividade." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/137805.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Leonardo Paioli Carrazza (leopcarrazza@hotmail.com) on 2016-04-05T22:42:13Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Dissertação_Leonardo_Paioli_Carrazza.pdf: 3964409 bytes, checksum: c0e32a8f0bc03d0337063173dd600bcd (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-07T14:29:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carrazza_lp_me_rcla.pdf: 3964409 bytes, checksum: c0e32a8f0bc03d0337063173dd600bcd (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-07T14:29:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carrazza_lp_me_rcla.pdf: 3964409 bytes, checksum: c0e32a8f0bc03d0337063173dd600bcd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-11
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A expansão urbana desordenada pode gerar graves consequências ao ambiente. A falta de planejamento no escoamento de águas pluviais, aliado à baixa coesão de alguns terrenos pode proporcionar o surgimento de voçorocas, cuja evolução pode resultar em riscos geotécnicos para a população ao redor. Neste sentido, a geofísica possibilita um diagnóstico de produtos da evolução de voçorocas, como o fenômeno de piping, que consiste na geração natural de cavidades no solo. O contraste de resistividade elétrica entre o solo e o espaço vazio da cavidade possibilitam o uso do método da Eletrorresistividade neste tipo de estudo. Este método foi utilizado na investigação de uma voçoroca no município de São Pedro (SP), para a avaliação da continuidade de cavidades formadas por processos de erosão interna ou piping. Foram realizadas 6 linhas paralelas de imageamento elétrico para medidas de resistividade elétrica, com espaçamento de 1m entre eletrodos, de 5m entre linhas, por meio do arranjo Wenner-Schlumberger. A correlação entre dados geofísicos e cavidades revelou uma assinatura geoelétrica de alta resistividade, possivelmente devido à ausência de preenchimento. A integração lateral das seções em mapas de isovalores para a profundidade de ocorrência das cavidades, revela o prolongamento e a ramificação de pipings em porções mais internas do terreno.
Unorganized urban expansion can result in several consequences to the environment. The absense of planning in the flow of rain water, allied with low cohesion in some terrains can generate gullies, which growing can offer geotechnical risks for the population. By this case, geophysics allows the diagnostic of some products from gully erosion, like the piping phenomena, where natural cavities are formed in the subsoil.The Electrical resistivity contrasts from the soil and the cavities filling material allows the application of Electrorresistivity method. The method was applied in a gully in São Pedro (SP) county to detect cavities formed in a process denominated internal erosion or piping. Were used 6 parallel lines of electrical imaging for the measurement of electrical resistivity values with 84 electrodes and spacing of 1m between each one, 5m between each acquisition line, by the Wenner-Schlumberger array. The results show high resistivity assignature probably due to the absence of filling in the cavities. The lateral integration of the sections in a isovalues map to the depth where occurs the cavities reveals the length and ramifications of the pipings in the internal portions of the terrain.
47
Camarero, Pedro Lemos [UNESP]. "Análise de integridade física de barragens de terra a partir da integração do método geofísico da eletrorresistividade com ensaios geotécnicos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138891.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by Pedro Lemos Camarero null (camarero@folha.com.br) on 2016-05-23T22:57:01Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Análise de integridade Física de Barragens de Terra a partir da integração do método geofísico da eletrorresistividade com ensaios geotécnicos.pdf: 5497568 bytes, checksum: 87ea6f438628a89617555e0a6fb716dc (MD5)Rejected by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo a orientação abaixo: O arquivo submetido não contém a Folha de aprovação. A versão submetida por você é considerada a versão final da dissertação/tese, portanto não poderá ocorrer qualquer alteração em seu conteúdo após a aprovação. Corrija esta informação e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-05-25T19:40:42Z (GMT)
Submitted by Pedro Lemos Camarero null (camarero@folha.com.br) on 2016-05-26T17:51:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Análise de integridade Física de Barragens de Terra a partir da integração do método geofísico da eletrorresistividade com ensaios geotécnicos.pdf: 5603284 bytes, checksum: 57cc0506d6e9e96bea9a3ed5dc59a2e7 (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-30T17:17:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 camarero_pl_me_rcla.pdf: 5603284 bytes, checksum: 57cc0506d6e9e96bea9a3ed5dc59a2e7 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-30T17:17:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 camarero_pl_me_rcla.pdf: 5603284 bytes, checksum: 57cc0506d6e9e96bea9a3ed5dc59a2e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-15
Dams are structures that dam rivers and streams for a variety of purposes. These structures, often need to be sturdy to withstand the force of the impoundment and the high values of accumulated water load. The constant maintenance of these structures is essential, since a possible accident can lead to damage of catastrophic proportions. This study presents an inexpensive alternative, simple and quick application for investigation of seepage of water in Earth dams, built with distinct loan material. The research methods used were: geotechnical tests as granulometric analysis, determination of the physical indexes of soil, permeability test with permeameter of Guelph and the geophysical method of electric resistivity, from electrical resistivity tomography. At each dam, were acquired three geophysical lines parallel to the longitudinal axis of the dam. The spacing between electrodes was 2m and the array used in the study was Wenner. The results are presented from geophysical images with 2D and 3D electrical resistivity values measured and modeled, where it was possible to identify areas of low relative values of electrical resistivity, interpreted as saturated areas and likely infiltration of the body of the dam. The quantitative data of the Geotechnical testing contribute to greater understanding of the internal water flow.
Barragens são estruturas que represam rios e córregos para diversas finalidades. Essas estruturas, geralmente precisam ser robustas para suportar a força do represamento e os altos valores de carga de água acumulados. A constante manutenção dessas estruturas é imprescindível, uma vez que um acidente eventual pode gerar danos de proporções catastróficas. Esse estudo apresenta uma alternativa barata, de simples e rápida aplicação para investigação de zonas de percolação de água em barragens de terra, construídas com material de empréstimo distintos. Os métodos de investigação utilizados foram: ensaios geotécnicos como análise granulométrica, determinação dos índices físicos do solo, ensaio de permeabilidade com o permeâmetro de Guelph e, o método geofísico da eletrorresistivade, a partir da técnica do imageamento elétrico. Em cada barragem, foram adquiridas três linhas geofísicas paralelas ao eixo longitudinal da barragem. O espaçamento entre eletrodos foi de 2m e o arranjo utilizado no estudo foi o Wenner. Os resultados são apresentados a partir de imagens geofísicas 2D e 3D com valores de resistividade elétrica medida e modelada, onde foi possível identificar zonas de baixos valores relativos de resistividade elétrica, interpretadas como zonas saturadas e de provável infiltração no corpo da barragem. Os dados quantitativos dos ensaios geotécnicos contribuem para maior entendimento do fluxo hídrico interno.
48
Mol, L. "Sandstone weathering, Electrical Resistivity Tomography, and the deterioration of San Rock Art in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park, South Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e73c62d5-5dbb-4fb9-abe5-3de53efe5ced.
Full textAbstract:
Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) is a novel technique which can be used to build up a 2D pseudo-section of resistivity distribution of a porous material. Here, it is used to visualise internal moisture regimes by measuring the resistivity distribution of transects within sandstone, inferring that high resistivity equals low moisture content and vice versa. This method was used to perform two intermediate complexity laboratory tests; the first one to determine high-resolution, multi-scale drying patterns of sandstone, the second to determine capillary ingress of moisture within a sandstone block and the influence of temperature on moisture distribution. It was found that moisture behaviour showed far more complex patterns than previously acknowledged. A new model is therefore proposed which describes the influence of increased near-surface temperatures on capillary rise. This series of tests bridge the gap between field observations and mathematical models, as well as confirm the validity of ERT as a geomorphological tool. This research was continued by investigating the role of internal moisture in sandstone weathering using the Golden Gate Highlands National Park (GGHNP), South Africa as a case study. The ERT data was correlated with Equotip (rock surface hardness) and Protimeter (rock surface saturation) measurements. Seven sites were investigated, which showed that there is a non-linear correlation between rock surface hardness and internal moisture patterns. In addition, annual change measurements confirmed that the fluctuating patterns of internal moisture can be correlated to strengthening or weakening of the rock surface. This research therefore proposes two new conceptual weathering models. The first correlates ‘optimal moisture content’ to rock surface strength. The second correlates the development of shelters and changing weathering patterns to the non-linear interaction between case hardening and internal moisture. This new approach to sandstone weathering can be incorporated into conservation methods, as rock surface loss is one of the main causes of the San Rock Art deterioration observed in the GGHNP.
49
Silva, Olavo Luppi. "Detecção da contração muscular através da tomografia de impedância elétrica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3152/tde-18072013-154905/.
Full textAbstract:
Atualmente existem diversos métodos e equipamentos disponíveis no mercado para análise da biomecânica do movimento humano. No entanto, mesmo uma equipe multidisciplinar, dispondo de um laboratório completo de análise do movimento, pode falhar na identificação de quais grupos musculares estão sendo recrutados durante um exercício. Sobretudo quando a musculatura de interesse é profunda. O objetivo desta tese é propor formas de detectar a contração muscular através da Tomografia por Impedância Elétrica (TIE). Um modelo de elementos finitos de condução elétrica é utilizado para resolver o problema inverso através do algoritmo de Newton-Raphson de forma a obter as imagens de TIE. Um novo modelo de eletrodo e o método de erro de discretização da malha são introduzidos como forma de melhorar as imagens de TIE. Além disso, a variabilidade da impeditividade de tecidos musculo-esqueléticos é medida experimentalmente, in vivo tanto em repouso quanto em exercício. Os resultados mostram que o sangue tem um papel importante nas mudanças de impeditividade e que as variações medidas durante as contrações musculares parecem estar relacionadas à taxa de contração do movimento. As imagens de TIE, obtidas in vivo de um voluntário, apresentam um aumento de resistividade durante a contração muscular.Presently, there are several methods and equipment available in the market for the biomechanical analysis of human movement. However, even a well trained multidisciplinary team, equipped with a complete motion analysis laboratory, may fail to identify which muscle groups are being recruited during an exercise. Specially when deep muscles are being considered. The main objective of this work is to propose forms to detect muscle contraction from Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) images. A finite element electrical conduction model is used to solve an inverse problem with Newton-Raphson algorithm in order to produce EIT images. A new electrode model is proposed and the mesh discretization error method is implemented to improve EIT images. Additionally the variability of impeditivity of musculo-skeletal tissues is measured experimentally in vivo both at rest and during exercise. The results show that blood has an important role in muscle impeditivity changes and that resistivity variations during muscle contractions seem to be related to movement contraction rate. The EIT images, obtained in vivo from a volunteer, show an increase of resistivity during muscle contraction.
50
McGarr, Jeffery T. "Geophysical Imaging of Hyporheic Mixing Dynamics Within Compound Bar Deposits." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1617109253147661.
Full text