Journal articles: 'Geophysics of Great Glen Fault'

1

McBride, J. H. "Does the Great Glen fault really disrupt Moho and upper mantle structure?" Tectonics 14, no. 2 (April 1995): 422–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94tc02172.

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Storetvedt, K. M. "Major late Caledonian and Hercynian shear movements on the Great Glen Fault." Tectonophysics 143, no. 4 (December 1987): 253–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(87)90213-7.

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Rock, N. M. S. "Major late Caledonian and Hercynian shear movements on the Great Glen Fault—Discussion." Tectonophysics 154, no. 1-2 (November 1988): 171–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90234-x.

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Storetvedt, K. M. "Major Late Caledonian and Hercynian shear movements on the Great Glen Fault—Reply." Tectonophysics 154, no. 1-2 (November 1988): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(88)90235-1.

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McBride, J. H. "Investigating the crustal structure of a strike-slip “step-over” zone along the Great Glen fault." Tectonics 13, no. 5 (October 1994): 1150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94tc00539.

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Storetvedt, K. M., E. Tveit, E. R. Deutsch, and G. S. Murthy. "Multicomponent magnetizations in the Foyers Old Red Sandstone (northern Scotland) and their bearing on lateral displacements along the Great Glen Fault." Geophysical Journal International 102, no. 1 (July 1990): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1990.tb00537.x.

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Torsvik, T. H., A. Trench, and M. A. Smethurst. "The British Siluro-Devonian palaeofield, the Great Glen Fault and analytical methods in palaeomagnetism: comments on paper by K. M. Storetvedtet al." Geophysical Journal International 105, no. 2 (May 1991): 467–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246x.1991.tb06725.x.

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CANNING, J. C., P. J. HENNEY, M. A. MORRISON, P. W. C. VAN CALSTEREN, J. W. GASKARTH, and A. SWARBRICK. "The Great Glen Fault: a major vertical lithospheric boundary." Journal of the Geological Society 155, no. 3 (May 1998): 425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.155.3.0425.

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STRACHAN, R. A., and J. A. EVANS. "Structural setting and U–Pb zircon geochronology of the Glen Scaddle Metagabbro: evidence for polyphase Scandian ductile deformation in the Caledonides of northern Scotland." Geological Magazine 145, no. 3 (March 6, 2008): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808004500.

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AbstractWithin the Scottish Caledonides, the Glen Scaddle Metagabbro was intruded into the Moine Supergroup of the Northern Highland Terrane after Grampian D2 folding and prior to regional D3 and D4 upright folding and amphibolite-facies metamorphism. A U–Pb zircon age of 426 ± 3 Ma obtained from the metagabbro is interpreted to date emplacement. D3–D4 folding is constrained to have occurred during the Scandian orogenic event. In contrast, polyphase folding and regional metamorphism of the Dalradian Supergroup southeast of the Great Glen Fault is entirely Grampian. These differences are consistent with published tectonic models that invoke a minimum of 700 km of post-Scandian sinistral displacements across the Great Glen Fault to juxtapose the Grampian and Northern Highland terranes.

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Bluck, B. J. "W. Q. Kennedy, the Great Glen Fault and strike-slip motion." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 16, no. 1 (1995): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.1995.016.01.08.

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Stewart, M., R. A. Strachan, and R. E. Holdsworth. "Structure and early kinematic history of the Great Glen Fault Zone, Scotland." Tectonics 18, no. 2 (April 1999): 326–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1998tc900033.

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Le Breton, E., P. R. Cobbold, and A. Zanella. "Cenozoic reactivation of the Great Glen Fault, Scotland: additional evidence and possible causes." Journal of the Geological Society 170, no. 3 (April 22, 2013): 403–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2012-067.

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ROGERS, D. A., J. E. A. MARSHALL, and T. R. ASTIN. "Short Paper: Devonian and later movements on the Great Glen fault system, Scotland." Journal of the Geological Society 146, no. 3 (May 1989): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.146.3.0369.

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DICKIN, A. P., and G. P. DURANT. "The Blackstones Bank igneous complex: geochemistry and crustal context of a submerged Tertiary igneous centre in the Scottish Hebrides." Geological Magazine 139, no. 2 (March 2002): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756802006283.

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The Blackstones Bank, located about 60 km WSW of the Isle of Mull in Western Scotland, is a submarine plutonic complex in the British Tertiary Igneous Province. Geochemical and isotopic analysis of gabbros, microgabbros and basic dykes shows that the magmas interacted strongly with crustal rocks during their emplacement. The isotopic signature of the contaminated Tertiary intrusions shows no evidence of any interaction with Archaean basement, despite the location of the Blackstones complex to the west of the Great Glen fault. Instead, the Blackstones rocks have crustal signatures resembling the Proterozoic basement and cover rocks of western Islay. It is therefore inferred that Early Proterozoic crust extends to the west of the Great Glen fault at this point on the Scottish continental shelf. In addition, the occurrence of similar isotopic signatures in Tertiary igneous rocks east of the Loch Gruinard fault confirms that Early Proterozoic basement extends under the Grampian block of mainland Scotland. When combined with published evidence from the Rockall bank, the new data constrain the location of an Archaean–Proterozoic crustal suture with a WNW trajectory which cuts across the continental shelf of northwest Britain.

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FLINN, DEREK. "The history of the Walls Boundary fault, Shetland: the northward continuation of the Great Glen fault from Scotland." Journal of the Geological Society 149, no. 5 (September 1992): 721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.149.5.0721.

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UNDERHILL, J. R., and J. A. BRODIE. "Structural geology of Easter Ross, Scotland: implications for movement on the Great Glen fault zone." Journal of the Geological Society 150, no. 3 (May 1993): 515–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.150.3.0515.

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Elmore, R. Douglas, Shannon Dulin, Michael H. Engel, and John Parnell. "Remagnetization and fluid flow in the Old Red Sandstone along the Great Glen Fault, Scotland." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 89, no. 1-3 (April 2006): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.11.034.

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Dichiarante, A. M., R. E. Holdsworth, E. D. Dempsey, K. J. W. McCaffrey, and T. A. G. Utley. "Outcrop-scale manifestations of reactivation during multiple superimposed rifting and basin inversion events: the Devonian Orcadian Basin, northern Scotland." Journal of the Geological Society 178, no. 1 (September 15, 2020): jgs2020–089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-089.

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The Devonian Orcadian Basin in Scotland hosts extensional fault systems assumed to be related to the initial formation of the basin, with only limited post-Devonian inversion and reactivation. However, a recent detailed structural study across Caithness, underpinned by published Re–Os geochronology, shows that three phases of deformation are present. North–south- and NW–SE-trending Group 1 faults are related to Devonian ENE–WSW transtension associated with sinistral shear along the Great Glen Fault during the formation of the Orcadian Basin. Metre- to kilometre-scale north–south-trending Group 2 folds and thrusts are developed close to earlier sub-basin-bounding faults and reflect late Carboniferous–early Permian east–west inversion associated with dextral reactivation of the Great Glen Fault. The dominant Group 3 structures are dextral oblique NE–SW-trending and sinistral east–west-trending faults with widespread syndeformational carbonate mineralization (± pyrite and bitumen) and are dated using Re–Os geochronology as Permian (c. 267 Ma). Regional Permian NW–SE extension related to the development of the offshore West Orkney Basin was superimposed over pre-existing fault networks, leading to local oblique reactivation of Group 1 faults in complex localized zones of transtensional folding, faulting and inversion. The structural complexity in surface outcrops onshore therefore reflects both the local reactivation of pre-existing faults and the superimposition of obliquely oriented rifting episodes during basin development in the adjacent offshore areas.Supplementary material: Stereographic projections of compiled structural data from individual fieldwork localities are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5115228

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KOCKS, H., R. A. STRACHAN, J. A. EVANS, and M. FOWLER. "Contrasting magma emplacement mechanisms within the Rogart igneous complex, NW Scotland, record the switch from regional contraction to strike-slip during the Caledonian orogeny." Geological Magazine 151, no. 5 (December 16, 2013): 899–915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756813000940.

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AbstractThe Rogart igneous complex is unique within the northern Scottish Caledonides because it comprises an apparent continuum of magma types that records a progressive change in emplacement mechanisms related to large-scale tectonic controls. Syn-D2 leucogranites and late-D2 quartz monzodiorites were emplaced during crustal thickening and focused within the broad zone of ductile deformation associated with the Naver Thrust. In contrast, emplacement of the post-D2 composite central pluton was controlled by development of a steeply dipping dextral shear zone along the Loch Shin Line, interpreted as an anti-Riedel shear within the Great Glen Fault system. The mantle-derived nature of the late-to-post-D2 melts implies that the Naver Thrust and the Loch Shin Line were both crustal-scale structures along which magmas were channelled during deformation. A U–Pb zircon age of 425±1.5 Ma for the outer component of the central pluton provides an upper limit on regional deformation and metamorphism within host Moine rocks. These findings are consistent with the view that a fundamental change in tectonic regime occurred in the Scottish Caledonides at c. 425 Ma, corresponding to the switch from regional thrusting that resulted from the collision of Baltica and Laurentia, to the development of the orogen-parallel Great Glen Fault system.

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Neill, I., and W. E. Stephens. "The Cluanie granodiorite, NW Highlands of Scotland: a late Caledonian pluton of trondhjemitic affinity." Scottish Journal of Geology 45, no. 2 (October 1, 2009): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/0036-9276/01-373.

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SynopsisThe Cluanie Pluton is a late Caledonian granitoid emplaced into the Glenfinnan Division of the Moine Supergroup in the NW Scottish Highlands. A field investigation of the pluton and its internal facies is presented along with new major- and trace-element whole-rock XRF analyses, and geobarometric and geothermometric studies. Cluanie is predominantly composed of hornblende granodiorite characterized by varying concentrations of distinctive alkali feldspar megacrysts, with minor amounts of biotite granodiorite and rare mingled porphyritic microgranodiorite. The alkali feldspar megacrysts appear to be magmatic in origin. Rare spectacular pegmatitic concentrations most likely represent physical accumulation of the megacrysts. The pluton is geochemically a high Na/K trondhjemite, the only such pluton known among the Newer Granites of Scotland. On the basis of geochemical evidence and a comparison with partial melting experiments, we propose that the magmas were derived by fluid-rich melting of an amphibolitic source leading to relatively low temperature magmas which were significantly contaminated by Moine metasediments. The pluton was emplaced in the mid crust at about 4.3 kbar during an episode of dextral shear on the Glen Glass Fault related to regional strike-slip faulting on the Great Glen Fault system at c. 425 Ma.

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Rock, N. M. S. "Value of chemostratigraphical correlation in metamorphic terranes: an illustration from the Colonsay Limestone, Inner Hebrides, Scotland." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 76, no. 4 (1985): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300010683.

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ABSTRACTChemostratigraphical correlation provides valuable insights into the status of the Colonsay Group, which field and structural studies have left unresolved. Using published discriminant functions, major and trace element data support previously proposed correlations of the Colonsay Limestone with Appin Group (Lower Dalradian) limestones, and particularly with the Ballachulish Limestone Formation. They also tend to preclude correlations with other nearby Dalradian carbonate formations, with marbles of the early Precambrian Lewisian complex, and with miscellaneous unassigned limestones in a similar structural position to the Colonsay Limestone, astride the Great Glen fault.

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Peizhen, Zhang, Peter Molnar, Zhang Weigi, Deng Qidong, Wang Yipeng, B. C. Burchfiel, Song Fangmin, L. Royden, and Jiao Decheng. "Bounds on the Average Recurrence Interval of Major Earthquakes Along the Haiyuan Fault In North-Central China." Seismological Research Letters 59, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.3.81.

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Abstract Evidence of surface rupture has been found in trenches near Caiyuan and Shaomayin along the Haiyuan fault, where a great earthquake occurred in 1920. In addition to the 1920 earthquake, faulting occurred at least once between 2590 ± 190 years and 1525 ± 170 years B.P. in Caiyuan, and there probably was another event since 1525 ± 170 years B.P. The formation and later tilting of fault-related, scarp-derived colluvial wedges in the Shaomayin trench appear to record the occurrence of two pre-1920 events in the last 2200–3700 years, but there could have been three or more events. The average recurrence interval for great earthquakes along the Haiyuan fault probably exceeds 700 years, for the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake is the only major event to have been reported in this area in as many years of recorded history. Using a Holocene slip rate along this fault of 8 ± 2 mm/yr, and 8 m as the average amount of offset associated with past great events that have been determined by our previous studies, the resultant earthquake recurrence intervals would be from 800 to 1400 years. The results from our trenches and the historic record are consistent with this range.

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Kemp, Simon J., Martin R. Gillespie, Graham A. Leslie, Horst Zwingmann, and S. Diarmad G. Campbell. "Clay mineral dating of displacement on the Sronlairig Fault: implications for Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic evolution in northern Scotland." Clay Minerals 54, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 181–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/clm.2019.25.

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AbstractTemporary excavations during the construction of the Glendoe Hydro Scheme above Loch Ness in the Highlands of Scotland exposed a clay-rich fault gouge in Dalradian Supergroup psammite. The gouge coincides with the mapped trace of the subvertical Sronlairig Fault, a feature related in part to the Great Glen and Ericht–Laidon faults, which had been interpreted to result from brittle deformation during the Caledonian orogeny (c. 420–390 Ma). Exposure of this mica-rich gouge represented an exceptional opportunity to constrain the timing of the gouge-producing movement on the Sronlairig Fault using isotopic analysis to date the growth of authigenic (essentially synkinematic) clay mineralization. A series of fine-size separates was isolated prior to K–Ar analysis. Novel, capillary-encapsulated X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to ensure nearly perfect, random orientation and to facilitate the identification and quantification of mica polytypes. Coarser size fractions are composed of greater proportions of the 2M1 illite polytype. Finer size fractions show increasing proportions of the 1M illite polytype, with no evidence of 2M1 illite in the finest fractions. A series of Illite Age Analysis plots produced excellent R2 values with calculated mean ages of 296 ± 7 Ma (Late Carboniferous–Early Permian) for the oldest (2M1) illite and 145 ± 7 Ma (Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous) for the youngest (1M) illite. The Late Carboniferous–Early Permian (Faulting event 1) age may represent resetting of earlier-formed micas or authigenesis during dextral displacement of the Great Glen Fault Zone (GGFZ). Contemporaneous WNW(NW)–ESE(SE) extension was important for basin development and hydrocarbon migration in the Pentland Firth and Moray Firth regions. The Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (Faulting event 2) age corresponds with Moray Firth Basin development and indicates that the GGFZ and related structures may have acted to partition the active extension in the Moray Firth region from relative inactivity in the Pentland Firth area at this time. These new age dates demonstrate the long-lived geological activity on the GGFZ, particularly so in post-Caledonian times where other isotopic evidence for younger tectonic overprints is lacking.

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Wellman, Charles H. "Spore assemblages from the Lower Devonian ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ deposits of the Northern Highlands of Scotland: the Berriedale Outlier." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 105, no. 3 (September 2014): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691015000055.

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ABSTRACTAssemblages of well-preserved dispersed spores have been recovered from the ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ deposits of the Berriedale Outlier in the Northern Highlands of Scotland. They belong to the annulatus–sextantii Spore Assemblage Biozone (AS SAB), in the spore zonation of Richardson & McGregor (1986), indicating an Early Devonian Emsian (but not earliest Emsian or latest Emsian) age. Comparison with the spore zonation of Streel et al. (1987) suggests they may be confined to the annulatus–bellatulus Oppel Zone (AB OZ), further constraining the age to early Emsian. This new biostratigraphical datum provides an age constraint for the onset of ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ sedimentation in the Orcadian Basin and, in particular, northwest of the Great Glen Fault System on the Northern Highlands. In the Orcadian Basin, there is a gap between ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ and ‘Middle Old Red Sandstone’ sedimentation, represented by either unconformity or disconformity, which appears to be variable in duration. In the Berriedale Outlier, it is estimated to represent up to 16 million years, but with an unknown thickness of ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ sequence removed at the unconformity. However, this basin-wide unconformity/disconformity is likely due to minor, local rather than large-scale, regional tectonism, and the evidence suggests little, if any, syn-depositional strike-slip movement along the Great Glen Fault System during Devonian ‘Old Red Sandstone’ deposition. The described spore assemblage is the most diverse AS SAB/AB OZ assemblage described from the British Isles. However, compared to contemporary spore assemblages from elsewhere on the Old Red Sandstone continent, the Scottish material is rather depauperate, with certain key taxa absent. This probably reflects subtle ecological effects, with the Scottish material representing restricted floras of the inland intermontaine basins.

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STEWART, M., R. A. STRACHAN, and R. E. HOLDSWORTH. "Direct field evidence for sinistral displacements along the Great Glen Fault Zone: late Caledonian reactivation of a regional basement structure?" Journal of the Geological Society 154, no. 1 (January 1997): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.154.1.0135.

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Brown, Alistair R., G. Serpell Edwards, and Robert E. Howard. "Fault slicing—A new approach to the interpretation of fault detail." GEOPHYSICS 52, no. 10 (October 1987): 1319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442245.

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The manner in which a fault intersects a hydrocarbon reservoir affects production characteristics and thus must be understood in great detail. A 3-D seismic data volume can be sliced interactively to yield seismic sections parallel to a fault plane. These fault slices can then be used in several ways for the study of faults. Tracking of correlative horizons on fault slices provides a map of fault throw and permits study of the throw as a function of vertical traveltime and horizontal position. Because a fault slice remains within one major fault block, the study of growth relationships in that block is facilitated. Splinter faults, which are also significant in development and production, can be studied effectively on fault slices because of the uniform proximity of these sections to the parent fault. We conclude that there is some uniformity in azimuth between splinter faults and their parent.

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Meltzner, Aron J., and David J. Wald. "Foreshocks and aftershocks of the great 1857 California earthquake." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 89, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 1109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0890041109.

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Abstract The San Andreas fault is the longest fault in California and one of the longest strike-slip faults anywhere in the world, yet we know little about many aspects of its behavior before, during, and after large earthquakes. We conducted a study to locate and to estimate magnitudes for the largest foreshocks and aftershocks of the 1857 M 7.9 Fort Tejon earthquake on the central and southern segments of the fault. We began by searching archived first-hand accounts from 1857 through 1862, by grouping felt reports temporally, and by assigning modified Mercalli intensities to each site. We then used a modified form of the grid-search algorithm of Bakun and Wentworth, derived from empirical analysis of modern earthquakes, to find the location and magnitude most consistent with the assigned intensities for each of the largest events. The result confirms a conclusion of Sieh that at least two foreshocks (“dawn” and “sunrise”) located on or near the Parkfield segment of the San Andreas fault preceded the mainshock. We estimate their magnitudes to be M ≈ 6.1 and M ≈ 5.6, respectively. The aftershock rate was below average but within one standard deviation of the number of aftershocks expected based on statistics of modern southern California mainshock-aftershock sequences. The aftershocks included two significant events during the first eight days of the sequence, with magnitudes M ≈ 6.25 and M ≈ 6.7, near the southern half of the rupture; later aftershocks included a M ≈ 6 event near San Bernardino in December 1858 and a M ≈ 6.3 event near the Parkfield segment in April 1860. From earthquake logs at Fort Tejon, we conclude that the aftershock sequence lasted a minimum of 3.75 years.

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Melgar, Diego, and Gavin P. Hayes. "The Correlation Lengths and Hypocentral Positions of Great Earthquakes." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 109, no. 6 (November 5, 2019): 2582–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120190164.

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Abstract Here, we revisit the issue of slip distributions modeled as spatially random fields. For each earthquake in the U.S. Geological Survey’s database of finite‐fault models (M 7–9), we measure the parameters of a best‐fitting von Karman autocorrelation function. We explore the source scaling properties of the correlation lengths and the Hurst exponent. We find that the behavior previously observed for more moderate events generally still holds at higher magnitudes and larger source dimensions. However, we find slightly larger correlation lengths and a lower mean Hurst exponent. The most important effect of these differences is that using our preferred parameters to generate stochastic slip models will lead to slightly larger asperities and more small‐scale structure in between them. We also define a new scaling relationship for the standard deviation of slip necessary for a full description of a spatially random field. Here, we also explore the patterns of where hypocenters are located within a fault. We find that strongly unilateral ruptures are comparatively rare and propose several probability density functions that can be used to randomly assign hypocentral positions when creating stochastic sources. When compared to simply randomly assigning the hypocenter anywhere on the fault, this leads to overall shorter duration sources.

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Yanis, Muhammad, Faisal Abdullah, Nasrullah Zaini, and Nazli Ismail. "The northernmost part of the Great Sumatran Fault map and images derived from gravity anomaly." Acta Geophysica 69, no. 3 (April 2, 2021): 795–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11600-021-00567-9.

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Jolivet, Marc. "Histoire de la dénudation dans le corridor du loch Ness (Écosse) : mouvements verticaux différentiels le long de la Great Glen Fault." Comptes Rendus Geoscience 339, no. 2 (February 2007): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2006.12.005.

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Liu, Yongsheng, and Ping Tong. "Eikonal equation-based P-wave seismic azimuthal anisotropy tomography of the crustal structure beneath northern California." Geophysical Journal International 226, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab103.

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SUMMARY Delineating spatial variations of seismic anisotropy in the crust is of great importance for the understanding of structural heterogeneities, regional stress regime and ongoing crustal dynamics. In this study, we present a 3-D anisotropic P-wave velocity model of the crust beneath northern California by using the eikonal equation-based seismic azimuthal anisotropy tomography method. The velocity heterogeneities under different geological units are well resolved. The thickness of the low-velocity sediment at the Great Valley Sequence is estimated to be about 10 km. The high-velocity anomaly underlying Great Valley probably indicates the existence of ophiolite bodies. Strong velocity contrasts are revealed across the Hayward Fault (2–9 km) and San Andreas Fault (2–12 km). In the upper crust (2–9 km), the fast velocity directions (FVDs) are generally fault-parallel in the northern Coast Range, which may be caused by geological structure; while the FVDs are mainly NE–SW in Great Valley and the northern Sierra Nevada possibly due to the regional maximum horizontal compressive stress. In contrast, seismic anisotropy in the mid-lower crust (12–22 km) may be attributed to the alignment of mica schists. The anisotropy contrast across the San Andreas Fault may imply different mechanisms of crustal deformation on the two sides of the fault. Both the strong velocity contrasts and the high angle (∼45° or above) between the FVDs and the strikes of faults suggest that the faults are mechanically weak in the San Francisco bay area (2–6 km). This study suggests that the eikonal equation-based seismic azimuthal anisotropy tomography is a valuable tool to investigate crustal heterogeneities and tectonic deformation.

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Mendum, J. R., and S. R. Noble. "Mid-Devonian sinistral transpressional movements on the Great Glen Fault: the rise of the Rosemarkie Inlier and the Acadian Event in Scotland." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 335, no. 1 (2010): 161–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp335.8.

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Antolik, M., D. Dreger, and B. Romanowicz. "Finite fault source study of the Great 1994 Deep Bolivia Earthquake." Geophysical Research Letters 23, no. 13 (June 15, 1996): 1589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96gl00968.

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Cox, Randel Tom. "Possbile Triggering of Earthquakes by Underground Waste Disposal in the El Dorado, Arkansas Area." Seismological Research Letters 62, no. 2 (April 1, 1991): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.62.2.113.

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Abstract From December, 1983 to September, 1989 twelve small earthquakes were recorded for the El Dorado, Arkansas area. Although the hypocenters for these events are poorly defined, the following observations in concert support the conclusion that the quakes were triggered. Prior to 1983 no seismicity was reported in the area, suggesting that the earthquakes were not naturally occurring and may have been the result of human activity. El Dorado is located at the margin of a region of underground waste brine disposal and along a major fault zone. Elevated pore pressures resulting from brine disposal may have reduced the normal stresses across fault surfaces and triggered fault movement. The two injection wells (Great Lakes Chemical Corporation SWD# 7 and 13) in the El Dorado South field in closest proximity to fault surfaces at the depth of injection also lie at the center of the macroseismic area of a magnitude 2.5 earthquake of December 12, 1988 and show increases in injection rates prior to periods of seismicity. These relationships suggest that pressured fluid injection triggers earthquakes in the area. Seismic energy greatly exceeds injection energy, suggesting that induced earthquakes release tectonic strain.

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Piety, Lucille A., Joanna R. Redwine, Sarah A. Derouin, Carol S. Prentice, Keith I. Kelson, Ralph E. Klinger, and Shannon Mahan. "Holocene Surface Ruptures on the Salinas Fault and Southeastern Great Southern Puerto Rico Fault Zone, South Coastal Plain of Puerto Rico." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 108, no. 2 (January 30, 2018): 619–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120170182.

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Sunasaka, Y., K. Toki, and A. S. Kiremidjian. "Evaluation of Damage Potential of Ground Motions during Great Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 19, no. 3 (August 2003): 713–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1597876.

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In order to select appropriate input ground motions for earthquake-resistant design or estimation of seismic safety of structures, their characteristics should be identified. In this paper, damage potential is defined as a spectrum of strength demand required to maintain a damage index less than or equal to a tolerable damage index value. The damage index proposed by Park and Ang (1985) and a bilinear model are used to calculate the strength demand spectrum. The damage index describes the state of the concrete structure from slight damage to severe damage or collapse. Studies of the damage potential of ground motions during the recent great earthquakes, including the 1995 Hyogoken-Nanbu earthquake in Japan and the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan, show that damage potential may be greatly affected by the location of the fault, the geological structure of the site, and the fault rupture mechanism. Furthermore, an estimation of damage potential of ground motions over a large area, Kawasaki City in Japan, is described.

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Untung, M., N. Buyung, E. Kertapati, Undang, and C. R. Allen. "Rupture along the Great Sumatran fault, Indonesia, during the earthquakes of 1926 and 1943." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 75, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0750010313.

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Brune, J. N. "Precarious Rocks along the Mojave Section of the San Andreas Fault, California: Constraints on Ground Motion from Great Earthquakes." Seismological Research Letters 70, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.70.1.29.

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Stewart, M., R. E. Holdsworth, and R. A. Strachan. "Deformation processes and weakening mechanisms within the frictional–viscous transition zone of major crustal-scale faults: insights from the Great Glen Fault Zone, Scotland." Journal of Structural Geology 22, no. 5 (May 2000): 543–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8141(99)00164-9.

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HUTTON, D. H. W., and M. McERLEAN. "Silurian and Early Devonian sinistral deformation of the Ratagain granite, Scotland: constraints on the age of Caledonian movements on the Great Glen fault system." Journal of the Geological Society 148, no. 1 (January 1991): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.148.1.0001.

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Li, Jianjun, Shankar Mitra, and Jie Qi. "Seismic analysis of polygonal fault systems in the Great South Basin, New Zealand." Marine and Petroleum Geology 111 (January 2020): 638–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2019.08.052.

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Scalera, Giancarlo. "Geodynamics of the Wadati-Benioff zone earthquakes: The 2004 Sumatra earthquake and other great earthquakes." Geofísica Internacional 46, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 19–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2007.46.1.2150.

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The displacement of the Earth’s instantaneous rotation pole – observed at ASI of Matera, Italy – the seismic data (USGS) in the two days following the main shock, the high frequency P-wave radiation, the geomorphologic data, and the satellite data of uplift/subsidence of the coasts (IGG) converge toward a new interpretation of the Great Sumatran earthquake (TU=26 December 2004 - 00h 58m, Lat=3.3°N, Lon=95.8°E, H=10 km, M=9.3) based on the second conjugate – nearly vertical – CMT fault plane solution. In a non-double-couple treatment that considers non-negligible non-elastic contributions to the earthquake phenomena, only a nearly vertical fault can explain both high values of seismic moment and the ?3.0 mas (?10 cm) polhody displacement toward an azimuth exactly opposite to the epicentre azimuth. Case-histories of great earthquakes are then reviewed to highlight the overall analogies. The similarity of the vertical displacements shown by these earthquakes (Chile 1960, Alaska 1964, ...) leads to a common interpretation necessitating resort to a prevailing uprising of lithospheric material. This interpretation is supported by the inspection of the irregularities of the hypocentre distribution along the Wadati-Benioff zones. Moreover, in the case of great South American earthquakes, a volcanic eruptions-earthquakes correlation is clearly recognisable. A thorough revision of the pure elastic rebound model of great earthquakes occurrence and a complete overcoming of the large scale subduction concept is then needed.

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Saribudak, Mustafa, Michal Ruder, and Bob Van Nieuwenhuise. "Hockley Fault revisited: More geophysical data and new evidence on the fault location, Houston, Texas." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 3 (May 1, 2018): B133—B142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0519.1.

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Ongoing sediment deposition and related deformation in the Gulf of Mexico cause faulting in coastal areas. These faults are aseismic and underlie much of the Gulf Coast area including the city of Houston in Harris County, Texas. Considering that the average movement of these faults is approximately 8 cm per decade in Harris County, there is a great potential for structural damage to highways, utility infrastructure, and buildings that cross these features. Using integrated geophysical data, we have investigated the Hockley Fault, located in the northwest part of Harris County across Highway 290. Our magnetic, gravity, conductivity, and resistivity data displayed a fault anomaly whose location is consistent with the southern portion of the Hockley Fault mapped by previous researchers at precisely the same location. Gravity data indicate a significant fault signature that is coincident with the magnetic and conductivity data, with relatively positive gravity values observed in the downthrown section. Farther north across Highway 290, the resistivity data and the presence of fault scarps indicate that the Hockley Fault appears to be offset to the east, which has not been previously documented. The publicly available LiDAR data and historical aerial photographs of the study area support our geophysical findings. This important geohazard result impacts the mitigation plan for the Hockley Fault because it crosses and deforms Highway 290 in the study area. The nonunique model of the gravity and magnetic data indicates strong correlation of a lateral change in density and magnetic properties across the Hockley Fault. The gravity data differ from the expected signature. The high gravity observed on the downthrown side of the fault is probably caused by the compaction of unconsolidated sediments on the downthrown side. There is a narrow zone of relative negative magnetic anomalies adjacent to the fault on the downthrown side. The source of this magnetization could be due to the alteration of mineralogies by the introduction of fluids into the fault zone.

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Zhang, Buchun, Yuhua Liao, Shunmin Guo, Robert E. Wallace, Robert C. Bucknam, and Thomas C. Hanks. "Fault scarps related to the 1739 earthquake and seismicity of the Yinchuan graben, Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu, China." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 76, no. 5 (October 1, 1986): 1253–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0760051253.

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Abstract Surface faulting accompanying the great Yinchuan-Pingluo earthquake of 1739 in Ningxia Huizu Zizhiqu (Ningsia Hui Autonomous Region) produced two sections of fault scarps 3.5 and 16.5 km long and separated from one another by 65 km along strike. The scarps are on the west side of the Yinchuan graben along the east flank of the Helan Shan (Holan Mountains). The east side of the faults is downthrown, and surface offsets at the fault are as much as 5.3 m on the Hongguozigou (northern) section, and 4.6 m on the Suyukou (southern) section. Actual net displacement may be slightly less. Near the north end of the set of faults, the Great Wall is offset by about 2.7 m vertically and about 3 m right laterally. On scarps more than 2 m high, a free face has persisted for the 245 yr since the scarps were formed in 1739; free faces commonly are 2 to 3 m high. The 1739 fault displacement occurred, at least in part, along an older fault scarp that is estimated from profile analysis to be about 12,000 yr old. The historical record of destructive earthquakes in the Yinchuan graben since 1010 A.D. includes only one near M 8 in 1739, and only two of approximately M 6.5, one in 1143 and the other in 1477. Average recurrence intervals for major earthquakes comparable to that of 1739 in the Yinchuan graben probably are measured in thousands and possibly ten thousand or more years.

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Arsdale, Roy Van, Jodi Purser, William Stephenson, and Jack Odum. "Faulting along the southern margin of Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 88, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0880010131.

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Abstract The Reelfoot Lake basin, Tennessee, is structurally complex and of great interest seismologically because it is located at the junction of two seismicity trends of the New Madrid seismic zone. To better understand the structure at this location, a 7.5-km-long seismic reflection profile was acquired on roads along the southern margin of Reelfoot Lake. The seismic line reveals a westerly dipping basin bounded on the west by the Reelfoot reverse fault zone, the Ridgely right-lateral transpressive fault zone on the east, and the Cottonwood Grove right-lateral strike-slip fault in the middle of the basin. The displacement history of the Reelfoot fault zone appears to be the same as the Ridgely fault zone, thus suggesting that movement on these fault zones has been synchronous, perhaps since the Cretaceous. Since the Reelfoot and Ridgely fault systems are believed responsible for two of the main-shocks of 1811-1812, the fault history revealed in the Reelfoot Lake profile suggests that multiple mainshocks may be typical of the New Madrid seismic zone. The Ridgely fault zone consists of two northeast-striking faults that lie at the base of and within the Mississippi Valley bluff line. This fault zone has 15 m of post-Eocene, up-to-the-east displacement and appears to locally control the eastern limit of Mississippi River migration. The Cottonwood Grove fault zone passes through the center of the seismic line and has approximately 5 m of up-to-the-east displacement. Correlation of the Cottonwood Grove fault with a possible fault scarp on the floor of Reelfoot Lake and the New Markham fault north of the lake suggests the Cottonwood Grove fault may change to a northerly strike at Reelfoot Lake, thereby linking the northeast-trending zones of seismicity in the New Madrid seismic zone.

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46

Leather, David. "A new geological map and review of the Middle Devonian rocks of Westray and Papa Westray, Orkney, Scotland." Scottish Journal of Geology 57, no. 2 (April 19, 2021): sjg2020–030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sjg2020-030.

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The Middle Devonian lacustrine sediments of Orkney, off the NE Scottish mainland, are composed largely of the Lower and Upper Stromness formations and overlying Rousay Formation. These three formations have been subdivided and defined by vertebrate biostratigraphic biozones with recent division of the Rousay Formation into three further units based on characteristic fish fossils. The division of the Rousay Formation has enabled a map to be constructed of the solid geology of the island of Westray, Orkney, based on fish identification, detailed logging of sedimentary cycles throughout the Rousay succession, parameters of divisional boundaries, and a survey of faults marking sinistral transtensional movement parallel to the Great Glen Fault. Post-Carboniferous shortening and basin inversion led to uplift, folding and reactivation of normal faults as reverse faults, to form a positive strike-slip flower structure in Westray. A suite of Permian igneous dykes intruded across Orkney include three minor offshoots in Westray. The resulting map is the first to make use of biostratigraphic units within the Rousay Flagstone, which are now regarded as Members.

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STEWART, M., R. A. STRACHAN, M. W. MARTIN, and R. E. HOLDSWORTH. "Constraints on early sinistral displacements along the Great Glen Fault Zone, Scotland: structural setting, U–Pb geochronology and emplacement of the syn‐tectonic Clunes tonalite." Journal of the Geological Society 158, no. 5 (September 2001): 821–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs.158.5.821.

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48

Pollitz, Fred F., Charles W. Wicks, and Jerry L. Svarc. "Coseismic Fault Slip and Afterslip Associated with the 18 March 2020 M 5.7 Magna, Utah, Earthquake." Seismological Research Letters 92, no. 2A (January 13, 2021): 741–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0220200312.

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Abstract The 2020 Magna, Utah, earthquake produced observable crustal deformation over an ∼100 km2 area around the southeast margin of Great Salt Lake, but it did not produce any surface rupture. To obtain a detailed picture of the fault slip, we combine strong-motion seismic waveforms with Global Positioning System static offsets and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations to obtain kinematic and static slip models of the event. We sample the regional seismic wavefield with three-component records from 68 stations of the University of Utah Seismograph Stations network. We find that coseismic slip and afterslip, with predominantly normal slip, distributed on a shallowly west-dipping plane, possibly augmented by afterslip on a steeply northeast-dipping plane, best fits the joint dataset. The west-dipping plane locates near previously inferred sources of interseismic creep at depth. Hence, the earthquake may have occurred on the down-dip extension of the Wasatch fault and activated further slip (afterslip) at shallow depth east of the hypocenter. This inferred afterslip may have driven the vigorous aftershock activity that was concentrated east of the hypocenter.

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Minson, S. E., M. Simons, J. L. Beck, F. Ortega, J. Jiang, S. E. Owen, A. W. Moore, A. Inbal, and A. Sladen. "Bayesian inversion for finite fault earthquake source models – II: the 2011 great Tohoku-oki, Japan earthquake." Geophysical Journal International 198, no. 2 (July 20, 2014): 922–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu170.

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Bellier, Olivier, and Michel Sébrier. "Relationship between tectonism and volcanism along the Great Sumatran Fault Zone deduced by spot image analyses." Tectonophysics 233, no. 3-4 (May 1994): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(94)90242-9.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Geophysics of Great Glen Fault'

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