Relevant bibliographies by topics / Geophysics Rocks Seismic reflection method

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Academic literature on the topic 'Geophysics Rocks Seismic reflection method'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Geophysics Rocks Seismic reflection method"

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Heinonen, Suvi, Marcello Imaña, David B. Snyder, Ilmo T. Kukkonen, and Pekka J. Heikkinen. "Seismic reflection profiling of the Pyhäsalmi VHMS-deposit: A complementary approach to the deep base metal exploration in Finland." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): WC15—WC23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2011-0240.1.

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In the Pyhäsalmi case study, the seismic data is used in direct targeting of shallowly dipping mineralized zones in a massive sulfide ore system that was deformed in complex fold interference structures under high-grade metamorphic conditions. The Pyhäsalmi volcanic-hosted massive sulfide (VHMS) deposit ([Formula: see text]) is located in a Proterozoic volcanic belt in central Finland. Acoustic impedance of Pyhäsalmi ore ([Formula: see text]) is distinct from the host rocks ([Formula: see text]), enabling its detection with seismic reflection methods. Drill-hole logging further indicates that the seismic imaging of a contact zone between mafic and felsic volcanic rocks possibly hosting additional mineralizations is plausible. Six seismic profiles showed discontinuous reflectors and complicated reflectivity patterns due to the complex geology. The most prominent reflective package at 1–2 km depth was produced by shallowly dipping contacts between interlayered felsic and mafic volcanic rocks. The topmost of these bright reflections coincides with high-grade zinc mineralization. Large acoustic impedances associated with the sulfide minerals locally enhanced the reflectivity of this topmost contact zone which could be mapped over a wide area using the seismic data. Seismic data enables extrapolation of the geologic model to where no drill-hole data exists; thus, seismic reflection profiling is an important method for defining new areas of interest for deep exploration.
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Kukkonen, I. T., S. Heinonen, P. Heikkinen, and P. Sorjonen-Ward. "Delineating ophiolite-derived host rocks of massive sulfide Cu-Co-Zn deposits with 2D high-resolution seismic reflection data in Outokumpu, Finland." GEOPHYSICS 77, no. 5 (September 1, 2012): WC213—WC222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0029.1.

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Seismic reflection data was applied to a study of the upper crustal structures in the Outokumpu mining and exploration area in eastern Finland. The Cu-Co-Zn sulfide ore deposits of the Outokumpu area are hosted by Palaeoproterozoic ophiolite-derived altered ultrabasic rocks (serpentinite, skarn rock, and quartz rock) and black schist within turbiditic mica schist. Mining in the Outokumpu area has produced a total of 36 Mt of ore from three historical and one active mine. Seismic data comprises 2D vibroseis data surveyed along a network of local roads. The seismic sections provide a comprehensive 3D view of the reflective structures. Acoustic rock properties from downhole logging and synthetic seismograms indicate that the strongly reflective packages shown in the seismic data can be identified as the host-rock environments of the deposits. Reflectors show excellent continuity along the structural grain of the ore belt, which allows correlating reflectors with surface geology, magnetic map, and drilling sections into a broad 3D model of the ore belt. Massive ores have acoustic properties that make them directly detectable with seismic reflection methods assuming the deposit size is sufficient for applied seismic wavelengths. The seismic data revealed numerous interesting high-amplitude reflectors within the interpreted host-rock suites potentially coinciding with sulfides.
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Sexton, John L. "Seismic Reflection Expression of Reactivated Structures in the New Madrid Rift Complex." Seismological Research Letters 59, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.59.4.141.

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Abstract An important aspect of seismogenesis concerns the role of preexisting faults and other structural features as preferred zones of weakness in determining the pattern of strain accumulation and seismicity. Reactivation of zones of weakness by present day stress fields may be the cause of many intraplate earthquakes. To understand the relation between reactivated structures and seismicity, it is necessary to identify structures which are properly oriented with respect to the present-day stress field so that reactivation can occur. The seismic reflection method is very useful for identifying and delineating structures, particularly in areas where the structures are buried as in the New Madrid seismic zone. Application of the seismic reflection method in widely separated locations within the New Madrid rift complex has resulted in successful detection and delineation of reactivated rift-related structures which are believed to be associated with earthquake activity. The purpose of this paper is to discuss results from seismic reflection profiling in the New Madrid rift complex. Reflection data from several surveys including USGS Vibroseis* surveys in the Reelfoot rift area reveal reactivated faults and other deep rift-related structures which appear to be associated with seismicity. High-resolution explosive and Mini-Sosie** reflection surveys on Reelfoot scarp and through the town of Cottonwood Grove, Tennessee, clearly show reverse faults in Paleozoic and younger rocks which have been reactivated to offset younger rocks. A Vibroseis survey in the Wabash Valley area of the New Madrid rift complex provides direct evidence for a few hundred feet of post-Pennsylvanian age reactivation of large-offset normal faults in Precambrian-age basement rocks. Several earthquake epicenters have been located in the vicinity of these structures. In the Rough Creek graben, Vibroseis reflection data provide clear evidence for reactivation of basement faults. The success of these reflection surveys shows that well-planned seismic reflection surveys must be included in any program seeking to determine the relationship between preexisting zones of weakness and seismicity of an area.
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Carcione, José M., Hans B. Helle, Nam H. Pham, and Tommy Toverud. "Pore pressure estimation in reservoir rocks from seismic reflection data." GEOPHYSICS 68, no. 5 (September 2003): 1569–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1620631.

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A method is used to obtain pore pressure in shaly sandstones based upon an acoustic model for seismic velocity versus clay content and effective pressure. Calibration of the model requires log data—porosity, clay content, and sonic velocities—to obtain the dry‐rock moduli and the effective stress coefficients as a function of depth and pore pressure. The seismic P‐wave velocity, derived from reflection tomography, is fitted to the theoretical velocity by using pore pressure as the fitting parameter. This approach, based on a rock‐physics model, is an improvement over existing pore‐pressure prediction methods, which mainly rely on empirical relations between velocity and pressure. The method is applied to the Tune field in the Viking Graben sedimentary basin of the North Sea. We have obtained a high‐resolution velocity map that reveals the sensitivity to pore pressure and fluid saturation in the Tarbert reservoir. The velocity map of the Tarbert reservoir and the inverted pressure distribution agree with the structural features of the Tarbert Formation and its known pressure compartments.
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White, Don, David Boerner, Jianjun Wu, Steve Lucas, Eberhard Berrer, Jorma Hannila, and Rick Somerville. "Mineral exploration in the Thompson nickel belt, Manitoba, Canada, using seismic and controlled‐source EM methods." GEOPHYSICS 65, no. 6 (November 2000): 1871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444871.

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Seismic reflection and electromagnetic (EM) data were acquired near Thompson, Manitoba, Canada, to map the subsurface extent of the Paleoproterozoic, nickel ore‐bearing Ospwagan Group. These data are supplemented by surface and borehole geology and by laboratory measurements of density, seismic velocity, and electrical conductivity, which indicate that Ospwagan Group rocks are generally more seismically reflective and electrically conductive than the Archean basement rocks that envelop them. The combined seismic/EM interpretation suggests that the Thompson Nappe (cored by Ospwagan Group rocks) lies blind beneath the Archean basement gneisses, to the east of the subvertical Burntwood lineament, in a series of late recumbent folds and/or southeast‐dipping reverse faults. The EM data require that the shallowest of these fold/fault structures occur within the basement gneisses or perhaps less conductive Ospwagan Group rocks. The results of this study demonstrate how seismic and deep sounding EM methods might be utilized as regional exploration tools in the Thompson nickel belt.
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Li, Tonglin, and David W. Eaton. "Delineating the Tuwu porphyry copper deposit at Xinjiang, China, with seismic-reflection profiling." GEOPHYSICS 70, no. 6 (November 2005): B53—B60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2122409.

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The Tuwu deposit is one of a series of recently discovered porphyry copper deposits in the eastern Tian Shan range of Xinjiang, China. Since its discovery in 1997, more than ten boreholes have been drilled and a suite of geophysical surveys has been acquired to delineate the deposit. As part of the geophysical program, a set of eight seismic reflection profiles was acquired in 2000, followed by a physical rock-property study in 2001. The ores are characterized by slightly higher density (Δρ ∼ 0.1 g/cm[Formula: see text]) and significantly higher P-wave velocity ([Formula: see text] ∼ 1.0–1.5 km/s) than the dioritic host rocks. The seismic surveys used 0.6- to 0.9-kg shallow dynamite sources, with a 24-channel end-on spread and offsets up to 350 m. The orebody and associated igneous layers dip steeply (>45°) toward the south, so careful processing of the seismic data was required. Weak reflections from stratigraphic contacts are visible on most of the profiles, including the top of the intrusion and the base of the orebody. Since the observed reflections include a significant out-of-plane component, we developed a simple 2.5D migration procedure. This method was applied to line drawings of the seismic profiles, providing the basis for delineation of the orebody in three dimensions. Synthetic seismic sections computed using the inferred bounding surfaces of the ore deposit are in reasonable agreement with observed reflections, even for along-strike lines not used to build the model. The ability to verify interpreted reflections using line intersections was critical to the development of our model. The results of this work indicate that seismic methods may be useful as an aid for mapping the flanks of shallow, moderately dipping porphyry copper orebodies and associated strata, particularly for defining the structure of deeper sections of the mineralized zones in advance of drilling.
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Louie, J. N., and J. E. Vidale. "Array analysis of reflector heterogeneity." GEOPHYSICS 56, no. 4 (April 1991): 565–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1443074.

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In deep crustal reflection study, as in conventional exploration seismology, it is important to determine the geometry of the physical contrasts between rocks that cause reflections, to make reliable geologic interpretations. Fundamentally different reflecting structures produce similar signatures in stacked seismic sections. We have developed a method that uses prestack records to differentiate lateral structural variations from lateral reflectivity variations and laterally homogeneous structures. Full‐wave acoustic multioffset synthetics of canonical 2-D reflector configurations, analyzed by statistically enhanced slant‐stack processes, show that lateral heterogeneity such as a wavy reflector can be identified from changes in slowness across a receiver array as a function of time. Application of these methods to deep crustal reflections, recorded in the Mojave Desert of southern California, identifies laterally heterogeneous midcrustal structures and is consistent with a laterally homogeneous Moho.
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Berryman, James G., Patricia A. Berge, and Brian P. Bonner. "Estimating rock porosity and fluid saturation using only seismic velocities." GEOPHYSICS 67, no. 2 (March 2002): 391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1468599.

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Evaluation of the fluid content in deep earth reservoirs or fluid contaminants in shallow earth environments has required the use of geophysical imaging methods such as seismic reflection prospecting. Interpretation of seismic velocities and amplitudes is based on theories of fluid‐saturated and partially saturated rocks that have been available since the 1950s. Here we present a new synthesis of the same physical concepts that uses compressional‐wave velocities together with shear‐wave velocities in a scheme that is much simpler to understand and apply yet yields detailed information about porosity and fluid saturation magnitudes and spatial distribution. The key idea revolves around the fact that the density and the Lamé elastic parameter λ are the only two parameters determining seismic velocities that also contain information about fluid saturation. At low enough frequencies, Gassmann's well‐known equations show that the shear modulus is independent of the fluid saturation level. We use these facts to construct saturation‐proxy and data‐sorting plots from seismic velocity data. The new method does not require reflectivity data, although it can use such information if available. The method can therefore be applied to a wide range of source–receiver configurations, including seismic reflection profiling (surface to surface), vertical seismic profiling (well to surface), and cross‐well seismic transmission tomography (well to well), since availability of reflection data is not a requirement.
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Hardage, Bob, Mike Graul, Tim Hall, Chris Hall, Mark Kelley, Valerie Smith, and Allen Modroo. "Determining fast-S and slow-S propagation directions with SV-P data produced by buried explosives and recorded with vertical geophones." Interpretation 9, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): T599—T609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2020-0226.1.

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We have evaluated the concept of practicing S-wave reflection seismology with legacy 3D seismic data generated by a P-wave source and recorded with only vertical geophones. This type of S-wave imaging is based on the principle that seismic P-wave sources not only produce a downgoing illuminating P wavefield, but they also simultaneously produce a downgoing illuminating SV wavefield that, in almost all cases, is suitable for S-wave reflection imaging. The S-mode used in this study is the SV-P, or converted-P, mode. This mode involves a downgoing illuminating SV wavefield and an upgoing reflected P-mode that is recorded by vertical geophones. In flat-layered stratigraphy, the lengths of the SV and P raypaths in SV-P imaging are identical to the lengths of the SV and P raypaths in P-SV imaging with P-sources and 3C geophones. P-SV imaging of deep rocks has been practiced for more than two decades; SV-P imaging is a new concept. SV-P data should provide the same options for investigating deep rocks as do P-SV data. We have determined one of the equivalences between SV-P data extracted from vertical-geophone data and P-SV data extracted from horizontal geophones: that both modes react to azimuth-dependent variations in the S velocity in anisotropic rocks. Azimuthal variations in the SV-P traveltime can be used to define the polarization direction of the fast-S-wave mode, which is also the azimuth of the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax). Our investigation demonstrates a noninvasive method for monitoring changes in the SHmax azimuth across a CO2 storage reservoir, or any targeted porous rock, as fluids are cycled into, and then out of, that rock’s pore space.
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Mitchell, James F., and Richard J. Bolander. "Structural interpretation using refraction velocities from marine seismic surveys." GEOPHYSICS 51, no. 1 (January 1986): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442026.

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Subsurface structure can be mapped using refraction information from marine multichannel seismic data. The method uses velocities and thicknesses of shallow sedimentary rock layers computed from refraction first arrivals recorded along the streamer. A two‐step exploration scheme is described which can be set up on a personal computer and used routinely in any office. It is straightforward and requires only a basic understanding of refraction principles. Two case histories from offshore Peru exploration demonstrate the scheme. The basic scheme is: step (1) shallow sedimentary rock velocities are computed and mapped over an area. Step (2) structure is interpreted from the contoured velocity patterns. Structural highs, for instance, exhibit relatively high velocities, “retained” by buried, compacted, sedimentary rocks that are uplifted to the near‐surface. This method requires that subsurface structure be relatively shallow because the refracted waves probe to depths of one hundred to over one thousand meters, depending upon the seismic energy source, streamer length, and the subsurface velocity distribution. With this one requirement met, we used the refraction method over a wide range of sedimentary rock velocities, water depths, and seismic survey types. The method is particularly valuable because it works well in areas with poor seismic reflection data.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Geophysics Rocks Seismic reflection method"

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Zaske, Jörg Helmut. "Identification and attenuation of multiple reflections using wavefront characteristics /." [Karlsruhe] : Die Universität, 2000. http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/cgi-bin/psgunzip/2000/physik/1/1.pdf.

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Thesis (Doctoral)--Universität Karlsruhe, 2000.
Abstract in German. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-111). Also available via the World Wide Web. Also available via the World Wide Web. http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/cgi-bin/psview?document=2000/physik/1 http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/cgi-bin/psview?document=/2000/physik/2
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Vieth, Kai-Uwe. "Kinematic wavefield attributes in seismic imaging /." [Karlsruhe] : Die Universität, 2001. http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/vvv/2001/physik/2/2.pdf.

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Kirchner, Andreas. "Efficient repeat-modelling of time-lapse seismograms for reservoir monitoring /." [Karlsruhe] : Die Universität, 2001. http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/vvv/2001/physik/2/2.pdf.

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Thesis (Doctoral)--Universität Karlsruhe, 2000.
Abstract in German. Hochschulschrift = Thèse/Mémoire. Also available via the World Wide Web. http://www.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/cgi-bin/psview?document=2001/physik/2
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Bergman, Björn. "High-Resolution Seismics Methods Applied to Till Covered Hard Rock Environments." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Earth Sciences, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4811.

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Reflection seismic and seismic tomography methods can be used to image the upper kilometer of hard bedrock and the loose unconsolidated sediments covering it. Developments of these two methods and their application, as well as identifying issues concerning their usage, are the main focus of the thesis. Data used for this development were acquired at three different sites in Sweden, in Forsmark 140 km north of Stockholm, in the Oskarshamn area in southern Sweden, and in the northern part of the Siljan Ring impact crater area.

The reflection seismic data were acquired with long source-receiver offsets relative to some of the targeted depths to be imaged. In the initial processing standard steps were applied, but the uppermost part of the sections were not always clear. The longer offsets imply that pre-stack migration is necessary in order to image the uppermost bedrock as clearly as possible. Careful choice of filters and velocity functions improve the pre-stack migrated image, allowing better correlation with near-surface geological information.

The seismic tomography method has been enhanced to calculate, simultaneously with the velocity inversion, optimal corrections to the picked first break travel times in order to compensate for the delays due to the seismic waves passing through the loose sediments covering the bedrock.

The reflection seismic processing used in this thesis has produced high-quality images of the upper kilometers, and in one example from the Forsmark site, the image of the uppermost 250 meters of the bedrock has been improved. The three-dimensional orientation of reflections has been determined at the Oskarshamn site. Correlation with borehole data shows that many of these reflections originate from fracture zones.

The developed seismic tomography method produces high-detail velocity models for the site in the Siljan impact area and for the Forsmark site. In Forsmark, detailed estimates of the bedrock topography were calculated with the use of the developed tomography method.

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Ecevitoglu, Berkan G. "Velocity and Q from reflection seismic data." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77793.

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This study has resulted in the discovery of an exact method for the theoretical formulation of the effects of intrinsic damping where the attenuation coefficient, a(v), is an arbitrary function of the frequency, v. Absorption-dispersion pairs are computed using numerical Hilbert transformation; approximate analytical expressions that require the selection of arbitrary constants and cutoff frequencies are no longer necessary. For constant Q, the dispersive body wave velocity, p(v), is found to be p(v) = (p(vN)/(1+(1/2Q H(-v)/v)) where H denotes numerical Hilbert transformation, p(v) is the phase velocity at the frequency v, and p(vN) is the phase velocity at Nyquist. From (1) it is possible to estimate Q in the time domain by measuring the amount of increase, ΔW, of the wavelet breadth after a traveltime, Q=(2Δ𝛕)/(𝝅ΔW) The inverse problem, i.e., the determination of Q and velocity is also investigated using singular value decomposition (SVD). The sparse matrices encountered in the acquisition of conventional reflection seismology data result in a system of linear equations of the form AX = B, with A the design matrix, X the solution vector, and B the data vector. The system of normal equations is AᵀAX = AᵀB where the least-squares estimate of X = X = V(1/S)UᵀB and the SVD of A is A = USVᵀ. A technique to improve the sparsity pattern prior to decomposition is described. From an application of equation (2) using reference reflections from shallower reflectors, crystalline rocks in South Carolina over the depth interval from about 5 km to 10 km yield values of Qin the range Q = 250 - 300. Non-standard recording geometries ( "Q-spreads") and vibroseis recording procedures are suggested to minimize matrix sparseness and increase the usable frequency bandwidth between zero and Nyquist. The direct detection of body wave dispersion by conventional vibroseis techniques may be useful to distinguish between those crustal volumes that are potentially seismogenic and those that are not. Such differences may be due to variations in fracture density and therefore water content in the crust.
Ph. D.
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Gamboa, Fernando, and Universidade Estadual de Campinas Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências e. Engenharia de Petróleo. "Aplicações do metodo de superficie comum de reflexão (CRS) ao processamento sísmico." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/265465.

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Orientador: Martin Tygel
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Facudade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias
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Resumo: O método Common Reflection Surface (CRS) tem por objetivo a obtenção de seções empilhadas de qualidade e extração de parâmetros do campo de onda que caracterizam o meio geológico, através de análises de coerência e com máxima utilização da redundância contida nos dados sísmicos de multicobertura. Para a realização dessas finalidades, o método CRS utiliza "famílias" de pares de fontes e receptores arbitrariamente dispostos em torno de um ponto central e empilhamentos através de tempos de trânsito multi-paramétricos. O CRS representa um significativo aprimoramento do clássico método Common midpoint (CMP), o qual utiliza famílias de pares fonte e receptor simetricamente dispostos em torno do ponto central (denominadas famílias CMP). Além disso, o número maior de parâmetros CRS permite melhores informações sobre o meio geológico. Neste trabalho, discutimos os fundamentos e principais resultados do método CRS na situação 2D, comparando-o ao método CMP. Dentre os vários estudos e aperfeiçoamentos realizados no método CRS, destacam-se (a) nova implementação do programa CRS, com utilização de parâmetros diretamente advindos dos dados; (b) implementação conjunta dos métodos CRS e CMP visando melhor contribuição de cada um deles para o imageamento sísmico; (c) introdução de nova metodologia para eliminação ou tenuação de ruído alinhado nas seções CRS e (d) investigação qualitativa e quantitativa das resoluções vertical e lateral do método CRS.
Abstract: The Common Reflection Surface (CRS) method is designed to produce stacked sections of superior quality, as well as a number of useful wavefield attributes that caracterize the geological subsurface. These attributes are estimated by means of coherency analysis methods, which optimally exploit the redundancy contained in the multicoverge seismic data. To take advantage of this redundancy, the CRS method employs "gathers" of source and receiver pairs, arbitrarily located around a fixed central point, with the help of multi-parametric traveltime moveouts. Waving the restriction of symmetric source-receiver pairs around the central point allows full use of the multicoverage data. As a result, CRS stacked sections are seen to be cleaner, with better signal-tonoise ratio and continuity of reflection events. We discuss the basics and main results of the CRS method, in the 2D situation, in close comparison with the classical CMP method. A number of improvements on the method itself, as well as on its practical applications, are presented. These include (a) a new implementation of CRS, with the use of parameters most directly related to the input data; (b) joint use of CRS and CMP, with the aim of obtaining the best possible processing and imaging results; (c) introduction of a new methodology to eliminate or attenuate aligned noise and (d) qualitative and quantitative investigation on vertical and lateral resolution in CRS sections.
Doutorado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Doutor em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Kamioka, Daniela Midori 1984. "Uma comparação entre semblances no método de ponto médio comum." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/306034.

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Orientadores: Maria Amélia Novais Schleicher, Lúcio Tunes dos Santos
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica
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Resumo: Uma das principais etapas do processamento sísmico é a análise de velocidade. Essa é uma das técnicas que utilizam dados sísmicos organizados em famílias de ponto médio comum (CMP ¿ Common Midpoint). Encontrar curvas (por exemplo, hiperbólicas) pré-determinadas que se ajustam aos tempos de trânsito de reflexão da melhor maneira possível é de grande importância no processo CMP. Além disso, é necessário determinar corretamente os parâmetros que definem essas curvas de melhores ajustes, pois estes parâmetros transmitem informações importantes a serem extraídos dos dados sísmicos. Portanto, é essencial uma medida que estabeleça se certa curva se ajusta aos tempos de trânsito. A função semblance mede o grau de coerência (ou alinhamento) dos traços sísmicos ao longo das curvas testadas. A semblance convencional é uma medida robusta e fácil de ser calculada, e por esses motivos tem sido a mais utilizada dentre outras medidas. Além da função convencional, aplicamos outros dois tipos de funções: a Semblance com Peso e a Semblance AB. Os exemplos numéricos desse trabalho mostram que a medida de coerência com peso exibe uma melhor resolução no sentido de que as seções apresentam picos mais destacados com relação à semblance convencional, mas pelo fato dos valores obtidos pelas duas funções serem semelhantes e o custo computacional do cálculo da medida com peso ser bem superior à convencional, o esforço não vale a pena. Já a semblance AB tenta ser superior à convencional uma vez que para dados que apresentam um trend de amplitude (reversão de polaridade), a função AB apresenta uma pequeno aumento nos seus valores na região de reversão em questão, mas nada significativo, pelo menos nos exemplos de seção CMP utilizados nessa dissertação. Apesar de todas as tentativas de se obter uma medida de coerência que apresente melhores resultados com um baixo custo computacional, ainda assim a semblance convencional continua a apresentar resultados semelhantes aos outros métodos e com o menor tempo computacional para o seu cálculo
Abstract: One of the main steps of seismic processing is the velocity analysis. This is one of the methods that uses seismic data arranged in common midpoint (CMP) gathers. Finding predetermined curves (such as hyperbolic ones) that fit the reflection traveltimes the best possible way is of great importance in the CMP process. Moreover, it is necessary to correctly determine the parameters that define those best-fitting curves, as these parameters convey important information to be extracted from seismic data. Therefore, it is essential to establish a measure that determines if any curve fits the travel time. The semblance function is such a measure that determines the degree of coherence (or alignment) of the seismic traces along trial curves. Conventional semblance is a robust and easy-to-calculate measure, and for these reasons it has been the most used among other measures. Recently, two variations of semblance have been proposed in the literature: Weighted Semblance and AB Semblance. In this thesis, we show by means of numerical examples that Weighted Semblance provides better resolution in the sense that the semblance sections present more pronounced peaks than conventional semblance. However, the values obtained by the two functions are rather similar and the computational cost of calculating the weighted measure is much higher. Therefore, the effort is not worth it. AB semblance tries to be superior to the conventional function for data presenting an amplitude trend (for example, a polarity reversal). In our numerical tests, the AB function indeed provides a small increase in its values in the region of a polarity reversal, but nothing significant, at least for the CMP section examples used in this dissertation. Despite all attempts to obtain a coherence measure that offers better results with a low computational cost, conventional semblance still maintains similar results to other methods and the lowest computational time for its calculation
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Matematica Aplicada
Mestra em Matemática Aplicada
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Rueda, Serrano Dany 1982. "Random noise reduction by smoothing of CRS attributes = Redução do ruído aleatório mediante a suavização dos atributos CRS." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/262949.

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Orientador: Martin Tygel
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: A razão sinal-ruído, geralmente abreviada por razão S/N (do Inglês signal-to-noise ratio) é bastante afetada por ruídos aleatórios, os quais degradam a continuidade e identificação de refletores, com prejuízos para interpretação geológica. Com vistas à superação dessas dificuldades, apresentamos neste trabalho uma técnica baseado na suavização de parâmetros obtidos pela aplicação do método de empilhamento Common-Reection-Surface (CRS). A suavização é realizada através da utilização de estatísticas locais em pequenas janelas alinhadas com os eventos de reflexão. Primeiramente, os parâmetros CRS são estimados através de uma aplicação convencional do método CRS. Em seguida, os parâmetros CRS são suavizados de modo a eliminar flutuações e valores espúrios. Finalmente, os dados originais são submetidos a um novo empilhamento CRS, com utilização dos parâmetros suavizados recém obtidos. O processo pode ser aplicado de maneira iterativa para otimização de resultados. O esquema proposto foi aplicado em um dois conjuntos de dados marítimos 2D, um sintético e um de campo. No dado sintético, obtivemos uma efetiva atenuação do ruído aleatório com significativa ênfase dos eventos de reflexão. A aplicação nos dados de campo resultou num significativo increment da razão S/N com consequente ênfase e aumento de continuidade dos refletores. A interpretação sísmica dos elementos estratigráficos tornou-se mais precisa na seção pós-migrada em tempo (PostSTM) correspondente ao método CRS. A seção migrada foi obtida com a utilização dos parâmetros suavizados em conjunto com um guia de velocidade
Abstract: Signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio in seismic data is affected by random noise, influencing the continuity and identification of reflectors. In this work, I present a method to overcome this problem based on smoothing Common-Reflection-Surface (CRS) parameters through application of local statistics in small windows aligned with reflection events. First, the CRS parameters are obtained by a standard application of the CRS stack method. Subsequently, the CRS parameters are smoothed so as to eliminate fluctuations and outliers. Finally, a CRS stack is performed with the new, smoothed parameters. The process may be iterative, to achieve optimal results. The proposed scheme has been applied on a 2D synthetic data set and marine field data. The synthetic data application showed effective random noise attenuation plus highlighting of the reflection events. Application to the real marine data resulted in an increase of S/N ratio with consequent highlight and greater continuity of the reflections. The seismic interpretation of stratigraphic elements has been more precise in the PostSTM section related with the CRS stack method. It is performed using smoothed attributes and a velocity model as a guide
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Faccipieri, Junior Jorge Henrique 1983. "Separação e processamento de difrações em dados geofísicos de reflexão." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/262953.

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Orientador: Martin Tygel
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica e Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: O método de empilhamento Common Reflection Surface (CRS) permite obter seções de afastamento nulo simuladas de maior qualidade e extrair um maior número de atributos que caracterizam o meio geológico que o tradicional método de empilhamento Common Midpoint (CMP)...Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital
Abstract: The Common Reflection Surface (CRS) method is able to obtain simulated zero-offset sections of higher quality and the extraction of a greater number of attributes which characterize the geological medium than the traditional Common Midpoint (CMP) method...Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic document
Mestrado
Reservatórios e Gestão
Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo
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Kulkarni, Mandar S. "Multi-coefficient Dirichlet Neumann type elliptic inverse problems with application to reflection seismology." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2010r/kulkarni.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 21, 2010). Additional advisors: Thomas Jannett, Tsun-Zee Mai, S. S. Ravindran, Günter Stolz, Gilbert Weinstein. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-64).
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Books on the topic "Geophysics Rocks Seismic reflection method"

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Baker, Gregory S. Processing near-surface seismic-reflection data: A primer / Gregory S. Baker. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1999.

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Gogonenkov, G. N. Seismic prospecting for sedimentary formations. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1990.

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Seismic prospecting for sedimentary formations. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1990.

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Imaging the earth's interior. Oxford [England]: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1985.

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European Association of Exploration Geophysicists. Meeting. Technical programme and abstracts of papers (oral and poster presentations: 54th Meeting and Technical Exhibition, Paris, France, 1 - 5 June 1992. Zeist, Neth: European Association of Exploration Geophysicists, 1992.

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European Association of Exploration Geophysicists. Meeting. Technical programme and abstracts of papers (oral and poster presentations: 53rd Meeting and Technical Exhibition, Florence, Italy, 26 May-30 May 1991. Zeist, Neth: European Association of Exploration Geophysicists, 1991.

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European Association of Exploration Geophysicists. Meeting. Technical programme and abstracts of papers (oral and poster presentations: 54th Meeting and Technical Exhibition, Paris, France, 1 - 5 June 1992. Zeist, Neth: European Association of Exploration Geophysicists, 1992.

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Gogonenkov, G. N. Izuchenie detalʹnogo stroenii͡a︡ osadochnykh tolshch seĭsmorazvedkoĭ. Moskva: "Nedra", 1987.

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McGee, Thomas Martin. Single-channel marine seismic profiling and the analysis of reverberatory sequences =: Eén-kanaals marien seismisch onderzoek en de analyse van resonantie in tijdreeksen. [Utrecht: Faculteit Aardwetenschappen der Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht, 1991.

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Juhlin, Christopher. Seismic attenuation, shear wave anisotropy and some aspects of fracturing in the crystalline rock of the Siljan Ring Area, Central Sweden. Uppsala: Academia Upsaliensis, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Geophysics Rocks Seismic reflection method"

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Baojun, Yang, Liu Cai, Han Liguo, Zhang Haijiang, and He Min. "A Study of Detachment Faults of the Upper Crust in Manzhouli-Suifenhe GGT by the Method of Vertical Seismic Reflection." In Geophysics, 51–61. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429070853-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Geophysics Rocks Seismic reflection method"

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Osukuku, Godfred, Abiud Masinde, Bernard Adero, Edmond Wanjala, and John Ego. "Integrated Geophysical Interpretation of Kerio Valley Basin Stratigraphy, Kenya Rift." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2670415-ms.

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Abstract This research work attempts to map out the stratigraphic sequence of the Kerio Valley Basin using magnetic, gravity and seismic data sets. Regional gravity data consisting of isotactic, free-air and Bouguer anomaly grids were obtained from the International Gravity Bureau (BGI). Magnetic data sets were sourced from the Earth Magnetic Anomaly grid (EMAG2). The seismic reflection data was acquired in 1989 using a vibrating source shot into inline geophones. Gravity Isostacy data shows low gravity anomalies that depict a deeper basement. Magnetic tilt and seismic profiles show sediment thickness of 2.5-3.5 Km above the basement. The Kerio Valley Basin towards the western side is underlain by a deeper basement which are overlain by succession of sandstones/shales and volcanoes. At the very top are the mid Miocene phonolites (Uasin Gishu) underlain by mid Miocene sandstones/shales (Tambach Formation). There are high gravity anomalies in the western and southern parts of the basin with the sedimentation being constrained by two normal faults. The Kerio Valley Basin is bounded to the west by the North-South easterly dipping fault system. Gravity data was significantly of help in delineating the basement, scanning the lithosphere and the upper mantle according to the relative densities. The basement rocks as well as the upper cover of volcanoes have distinctively higher densities than the infilled sedimentary sections within the basin. From the seismic profiles, the frequency of the shaley rocks and compact sandstones increases with depths. The western side of the basin is characterized by the absence of reflections and relatively higher frequency content. The termination of reflectors and the westward dip of reflectors represent a fault (Elgeyo fault). The reflectors dip towards the west, marking the basin as an asymmetrical syncline, indicating that the extension was towards the east. The basin floor is characterized by a nearly vertical fault which runs parallel to the Elgeyo fault. The seismic reflectors show marked discontinuities which may be due to lava flows. The deepest reflector shows deep sedimentation in the basin and is in reasonable agreement with basement depths delineated from potential methods (gravity and magnetic). Basement rocks are deeper at the top of the uplift footwall of the Elgeyo Escarpment. The sediments are likely of a thickness of about 800 M which is an interbed of sandstones and shales above the basement.
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McClymont, Alastair, Erin Ernst, Paul Bauman, and Nicholas Payne. "Integrating Geophysical and Geotechnical Engineering Methods for Assessment of Pipeline Geohazards." In 2016 11th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2016-64222.

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Because pipelines can cover extensive distances through diverse terrain, they are subject to various geohazards, including slope failure and earthquake damage, which can have costly environmental and monetary impacts over their designed operational lifetime. Here, we show how geophysical investigative techniques can be used to complement other geotechnical investigation methods to provide a detailed understanding of site geology to best inform geohazard assessments. We pay particular attention to how multiple geophysical methods can be used to obtain spatially continuous measurements of subsurface physical properties, and layer and structural geometries. The geophysical data can then be used to either interpolate or extrapolate geotechnical engineering properties between and away from boreholes and excavations, or optimize the locations of subsequent boreholes or excavations. To demonstrate the utility of our integrated approach of incorporating geophysical methods to geohazard assessments, two case studies are presented. The first case study shows how electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), seismic refraction tomography (SRT) and multichannel analysis of surface wave (MASW) datasets are used to constrain the thickness and extent of potentially sensitive glaciomarine clay layers that are subject to slope instability and structural failure along a proposed pipeline route near Kitimat, British Columbia (BC). A second case study describes how high-resolution ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and seismic reflection surveys are used to locate and characterize fault strands that may cause future ground deformation at a proposed pipeline crossing of the Tintina/Rocky Mountain Trench fault in northeastern BC.
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Gorelik, G., L. Budanov, D. Ryabchuk, V. Zhamoida, and I. Neevin. "Application of Cdp Seismic Reflection Method in Buried Paleo-Valley Study." In Engineering and Mining Geophysics 2019 15th Conference and Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201901777.

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Turchkov, A. M., A. N. Oshkin, I. P. Korotkov, E. A. Keldyushova, and A. A. Vyaznikovcev. "Using Areal Common Depth-Point (CMP) Seismic Reflection Method for Additional Exploration of the Coal Field." In Engineering and Mining Geophysics 2020. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202051148.

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Chunlin, Xie, Gu Haiyan, Wang Zihe, Liu Weiwei, Hu Jiuzhan, and Li Yongyi. "Thin beds prediction method in the context of strong seismic reflection shielding." In SEG 2018 Workshop: Reservoir Geophysics, Daqing, China, 5-7 August 2018. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and the Chinese Geophysical Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/rege2018-45.1.

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Scholtz, P., and G. Szőts. "Enhanced Q Estimation by Iterative Spectral Ratio Method for High Resolution Seismic Reflection Image." In 24th European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201802565.

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Ito, Shunichiro, Takao Aizawa, Fumio Nakada, and Ryosuke Kitamura. "Detecting Abandoned Air‐Raid Shelter Using the S‐Wave Seismic Reflection Method." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2008. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.2963219.

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Maraio, S., P. P. G. Bruno, and V. Picotti. "High Resolution Seismic Imaging in Alpine Environment by Common Reflection Surface Method." In Near Surface Geoscience 2015 - 21st European Meeting of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201413774.

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Ito, Shunichiro, Takao Aizawa, Fumio Nakada, and Ryosuke Kitamura. "Detecting Abandoned Air-Raid Shelter Using The S-Wave Seismic Reflection Method." In 21st EEGS Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.177.33.

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Zhong, Shihang. "A New Version of Seismic Wave Reflection Method Fit for Urban Exploration — Landsonar." In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2011. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.3614103.

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